CN1058945C - Boiling-preventing and antifreezing coolant for diesel locomotive - Google Patents
Boiling-preventing and antifreezing coolant for diesel locomotive Download PDFInfo
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- CN1058945C CN1058945C CN 97115296 CN97115296A CN1058945C CN 1058945 C CN1058945 C CN 1058945C CN 97115296 CN97115296 CN 97115296 CN 97115296 A CN97115296 A CN 97115296A CN 1058945 C CN1058945 C CN 1058945C
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- boiling
- preventing
- internal combustion
- antifreezing coolant
- locomotive
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- Expired - Fee Related
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- 230000003137 locomotive effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 32
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 title abstract description 9
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 29
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 9
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- QRUDEWIWKLJBPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzotriazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2N[N][N]C2=C1 QRUDEWIWKLJBPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000012964 benzotriazole Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium silicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-][Si]([O-])=O NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920000141 poly(maleic anhydride) Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 235000019353 potassium silicate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
- PIICEJLVQHRZGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylenediamine Chemical compound NCCN PIICEJLVQHRZGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- GSEJCLTVZPLZKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triethanolamine Chemical compound OCCN(CCO)CCO GSEJCLTVZPLZKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000001434 methanylylidene group Chemical group [H]C#[*] 0.000 claims description 5
- 229940045641 monobasic sodium phosphate Drugs 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- WXMKPNITSTVMEF-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium benzoate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 WXMKPNITSTVMEF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000004299 sodium benzoate Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000010234 sodium benzoate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
- AJPJDKMHJJGVTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium dihydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [Na+].OP(O)([O-])=O AJPJDKMHJJGVTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 5
- TVXXNOYZHKPKGW-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium molybdate (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-][Mo]([O-])(=O)=O TVXXNOYZHKPKGW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000001488 sodium phosphate Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910000162 sodium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- RYFMWSXOAZQYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K trisodium phosphate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O RYFMWSXOAZQYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 5
- 229960004418 trolamine Drugs 0.000 claims description 5
- 108010053481 Antifreeze Proteins Proteins 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000002528 anti-freeze Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000110 cooling liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 6
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000007710 freezing Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 230000008014 freezing Effects 0.000 abstract description 5
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000007306 turnover Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 abstract 7
- 239000008235 industrial water Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 abstract 2
- 238000010009 beating Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000013329 compounding Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000005536 corrosion prevention Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000003628 erosive effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000012809 cooling fluid Substances 0.000 description 14
- 230000005764 inhibitory process Effects 0.000 description 9
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 3
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000009746 freeze damage Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000010287 polarization Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000306 recurrent effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 2
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dihydrogen sulfide Chemical compound S RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JLVVSXFLKOJNIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium ion Chemical compound [Mg+2] JLVVSXFLKOJNIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003637 basic solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007664 blowing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010432 diamond Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000295 fuel oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000037 hydrogen sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010687 lubricating oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001425 magnesium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003020 moisturizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960003885 sodium benzoate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000003643 water by type Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003245 working effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Landscapes
- Preventing Corrosion Or Incrustation Of Metals (AREA)
Abstract
The present invention discloses special boiling-preventing and antifreezing coolant for internal combustion locomotive with large power on railways. The special boiling-preventing and antifreezing coolant is universal in winter and summer. The boiling-preventing and antifreezing coolant is directly prepared from industrial water: ethylene glycol of which the mass percent is from 30 to 65 for adjusting boiling point, and freezing point and compounding corrosion inhibitor with good comprehensive effect, comprising corrosion prevention, rust prevention, scale prevention, etc., are added into the industrial water to be stirred evenly. The boiling-preventing and antifreezing coolant has the advantages of wide material source and easy use. When the internal combustion locomotive stays, the boiling-preventing and antifreezing coolant enables an internal combustion engine not to freeze at-50DEG C. When in operation, the boiling-preventing and antifreezing coolant enables the internal combustion engine not to boil at 110 DEG C. When the internal combustion locomotive runs more than 200, 000 km, metal parts can not generate cavitation erosion. The boiling-preventing and antifreezing coolant has a good use effect on the internal combustion engines of automobiles, tractors, engineering machines, tanks, etc. and also creates technical conditions for increasing the speed and the power, quickening the turnover, reducing the temperature beating and saving the energy of the internal combustion locomotive with large power on the railways.
Description
The present invention relates to a kind of both antifreezely, anti-again boiling and slow good diesel locomotive cooling fluid and the manufacture method thereof of only effect is a kind of general cooling fluid of railway high powered diesel locomotive summer in winter that is specially adapted to.
Diesel locomotive adopts the cooling fluid of recirculated water as parts such as diesel cylinder liner, body, heat exchanger, charge air cooler, scatterer, water pumps, and interpolation slow only agent that material source is wide, cost is low in cooling fluid: antiscale, anticorrosion, anti-cavitation pitting, to reach the saving fuel oil, prolong the turnaround, give full play to the purpose of locomotive power.Chinese patent 94113222.6 discloses the cooling fluid of available service water preparation, reduces cost though it has reached on the identical basis of inhibition usefulness, the convenient target of using, it in actual use, the locomotive water temperature is higher than 100 ℃ of i.e. boiling string water auto stops.Be lower than 0 ℃ and promptly freeze, water-cooling system freeze injury accident takes place, the pulling power when having limited the railway locomotive heavy-duty service.When locomotive stops winter, must carry out the slow speed of revolution with diesel engine, temperature is beaten in the idle running winter protection.Simultaneously, cause a large amount of consumptions of lubricating oil.
The purpose of this invention is to provide a kind ofly with service water preparation, 200,000 kilometers of locomotive running gear are cavitation pitting not, and when stopping ,-50 ℃ do not freeze, during operation, and 110 ℃ of general diesel locomotive cooling fluid and manufacture method thereof of summer in ebullient winter not.
Purpose of the present invention realizes like this: in service water, add difficult evaporable multivalence alcohol as ethylene glycol, regulate the freezing point and the boiling point of service water; Interpolation is made up of Sodium orthomolybdate, water glass, Sodium Benzoate, SODIUM PHOSPHATE, MONOBASIC, trolamine, benzotriazole, polymaleic anhydride, ethylenediamine tetraacetic methene sodium phosphate, and the inhibiter of inhibition, scale inhibition, high comprehensive performance such as anticorrosion and antirust, and it is selected by science to above-mentioned each amounts of components, when preparing cooling fluid of the present invention, earlier with benzotriazole with hot water or dissolve with ethanol after, drop in the service water dissolving together, stir with other component again, regulate its pH value greater than 8 with NaOH.The concrete prescription of above-mentioned cooling fluid following (mass percent): the water glass 0.1-0.3 of ethylene glycol 30-65, SODIUM PHOSPHATE, MONOBASIC 2.0-4.0, trolamine 1.0-3.0, Sodium Benzoate 1.0-2.0, Sodium orthomolybdate 0.5-1.5, M＞3, benzotriazole 0.05-0.15, polymaleic anhydride 0.05-0.15, ethylenediamine tetraacetic methene sodium phosphate 0.1-0.3, surplus is a service water.Wherein, ethylene glycol: be a kind of difficult evaporable multivalence alcohol, 197.2 ℃ of boiling points are regulated evaporation of water speed with water different ratios mixing energy, reduce freezing point; Water glass (M＞3), thick liquid.Precipitation membranous type inhibiter can block the cathode and anode process simultaneously.Multiple metal all there is corrosion inhibition.
Sodium orthomolybdate: white or absinthe-green diamond crystal.Absorption membranous type inhibiter.In the galvanostatic polarization test, its disruptive potential is than water glass (140MV) big five times (710MV); Trolamine: colourless viscous liquid.Absorbing carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide in basic solution play the inhibition rust inhibition; Benzotriazole: faint yellow to white crystalline powder, be the good inhibiter of copper and alloy thereof, in the water of chloride, have and slow down the effect that incrustation scale is separated out and pH value descends; Sodium Benzoate: white or colourless powder, sanitas preferably; SODIUM PHOSPHATE, MONOBASIC, colourless or white powder, pH value buffer reagent; Polymaleic anhydride: light yellow viscous liquid.The normal use with the organic phosphates inhibiter has the calcium that reduces or eliminates in the water, the corrosion-mitigation scale-inhibition effect that magnesium ion is separated out; Ethylenediamine tetraacetic methene sodium phosphate: be the organic phosphates inhibiter.Contain in the molecule-the P=0 group, have the ability that forms chromium complex with divalent-metal ions such as calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, with the compound use of polymaleic anhydride, anticorrosion-antiscaling effect is better;
Cooling fluid of the present invention has following advantage: the inhibition efficiency height; Corrosion speed is slow; Easy to use with the service water preparation: all service waters that meets railway steam vehicle oiler feed water quality standard can use, and can make the same moisturizing at any time on the spot along the railway of diesel locomotive with steam locomotive, thereby locomotive servicing is simplified, and operational efficiency increases substantially; End-use performance is bigger:
The present invention-50 ℃ does not freeze.China's locomotive is fundamentally eliminated stopped recurrent freeze injury accident winter, reduce the loss, also can realize reducing winter locomotive wheel spin and beat temperature, thereby prolong locomotive work-ing life, energy-saving and cost-reducing extra earning joint; The present invention is not seethed with excitement for 110 ℃.Not only can eliminate recurrent string water stopping accident when having the locomotive oepration at full load now, also develop to high-power, high-speed direction, an important basic condition is provided for the China railways locomotive; The raw materials used resource of the present invention is extensive, and production method is simple, and price is lower more than 1/3rd than commercially available Japanese TCL deicing fluid.Has bigger economic efficacy.
Below in conjunction with embodiment the present invention is described in further detail: take by weighing each component of embodiment 1#, 2#3# respectively by following mass percent;
A is an ethylene glycol in the table, b is a SODIUM PHOSPHATE, MONOBASIC, c is a trolamine, d is a Sodium Benzoate, and e is a Sodium orthomolybdate, and f is the water glass of M＞3, g is a benzotriazole, h is a polymaleic anhydride, and i is an ethylenediamine tetraacetic methene sodium phosphate, and j is service water (non-carbonate hardness is less than 1.0 equivalent parts per millions or meet the service water of railway steam vehicle oiler feed water quality standard); After each component weighing is got all the ready, at first benzotriazole is dissolved with dropping into together in the service water with other medicament after hot water or the dissolve with ethanol, is diluted to normality, stirring promptly is mixed with.Adjust pH value greater than 8 with sodium hydroxide in case of necessity.
Water coolant of the present invention, through entrusting BJ University of Aeronautics ﹠ Astronautics to use FD0-2 type galvanic corrosion instrument, the special six kind metal testing plates identical with diesel locomotive, adopt linear polarization method, wanting under the continuous 80 hours identical simulated conditions of 80 ± 2 ℃ of blowing airs, is that TCL non-freezing solution (card of trademark registration the 269424th in China) that the industrial Co., Ltd. of compound prescription deionized water cooling fluid and Japanese paddy river oiling produces is made into-35 ℃ working concentration cooling fluid and has done the evaluation comparison test with 2# cooling fluid of the present invention by its explanation with the used 3# silicon of China railways locomotive.Its result is as shown in the table:
Three kinds of prescription inhibition efficiency comparison sheets
The result shows: inhibition efficiency of the present invention is up to 98.99%, and it is high by 2.23% to produce the TCL non-freezing solution than Japan.A corrosion speed 0.009mm/a so the present invention can not only mechanically use at automobile, tank, tractor and engineering machine, also can use on heavy duty.
Cooling fluid of the present invention is used for locomotive, and 200,000 kilometers of locomotive running gear are cavitation pitting not, and stops time-50 and ℃ do not freeze, and during operation, water temperature is not seethed with excitement for 110 ℃.But be general diesel locomotive cooling fluid of a kind of summer in winter, it improves speed for diesel locomotive, increases power, accelerates turnover, reduces and beats temperature, realizes the energy-saving and cost-reducing condition of having created.
Claims (3)
- A diesel locomotive anti-ly boil, anti-freeze cooling liquid, it is characterized in that: by the material preparation of following mass percent: the water glass 0.1-0.3 of ethylene glycol 30-65, SODIUM PHOSPHATE, MONOBASIC 2.0-4.0, trolamine 1.0-3.0, Sodium Benzoate 1.0-2.0, Sodium orthomolybdate 0.5-1.5, M＞3, benzotriazole 0.05-0.15, polymaleic anhydride 0.05-0.15, ethylenediamine tetraacetic methene sodium phosphate 0.1-0.3 and surplus are that non-carbonate hardness is less than 1.0 milligrams. equivalent/liter service water.
- The described diesel locomotive of claim 1 anti-ly boil, the production method of anti-freeze cooling liquid, it is characterized in that: during preparation earlier with benzotriazole with hot water or dissolve with ethanol after, drop into dissolving in the service water together, stir with other component again.
- 3. diesel locomotive according to claim 2 is anti-to boil, the production method of anti-freeze cooling liquid, it is characterized in that: regulate its pH value greater than 8 with NaOH.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN 97115296 CN1058945C (en) | 1997-09-02 | 1997-09-02 | Boiling-preventing and antifreezing coolant for diesel locomotive |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN 97115296 CN1058945C (en) | 1997-09-02 | 1997-09-02 | Boiling-preventing and antifreezing coolant for diesel locomotive |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN1174186A CN1174186A (en) | 1998-02-25 |
| CN1058945C true CN1058945C (en) | 2000-11-29 |
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Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN 97115296 Expired - Fee Related CN1058945C (en) | 1997-09-02 | 1997-09-02 | Boiling-preventing and antifreezing coolant for diesel locomotive |
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| Country | Link |
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| CN (1) | CN1058945C (en) |
Families Citing this family (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE10302093A1 (en) * | 2003-01-21 | 2004-07-29 | Basf Ag | Heat carrier liquid concentrate based on glycol or diluted with water, used in solar plant, e.g. in direct contact with glass, contains aliphatic amine, silicate, triazole or thiazole corrosion inhibitor, molybdate and hard water stabilizer |
| CN1331977C (en) * | 2004-11-26 | 2007-08-15 | 吉林正基科技开发有限责任公司 | Antirust non-freezing solution from polyaniline |
| CN100410423C (en) * | 2005-10-31 | 2008-08-13 | 余卓新 | Synthetic liquid for oxidation resistant of non-ferrous metals and mfg. method thereof |
| CN101397490B (en) * | 2008-02-26 | 2010-10-06 | 周庆国 | Nonalcoholic constant temperature high efficiency fuel-economizing protecting agent for engine water system |
| CN102095047B (en) * | 2009-12-09 | 2013-05-22 | 周庆国 | Liquid aerospace heat insulating preparation |
| CN101787263A (en) * | 2010-03-12 | 2010-07-28 | 康树人 | Heat transfer medium special for solar heat pump and preparation method thereof |
| CN102384206B (en) * | 2011-09-02 | 2014-03-12 | 芜湖禾田汽车工业有限公司 | Anti-corrosion damping liquid of hydraulic mount product of automobile engine |
| CN103450858A (en) * | 2013-08-23 | 2013-12-18 | 南通市康桥油脂有限公司 | Locomotive anti-freezing liquid |
| CN104313595B (en) * | 2014-09-26 | 2017-11-28 | 中国石油化工集团公司 | A kind of MTU diesel coolants composite anti-corrosion erosion agent and preparation method thereof |
| CN108359415B (en) * | 2015-09-23 | 2020-07-10 | 山东安纳吉能源科技发展有限公司 | Ethylene glycol type solar heat-conducting medium |
| CN112778981A (en) * | 2019-11-11 | 2021-05-11 | 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 | Antifreezing solution and preparation method thereof |
-
1997
- 1997-09-02 CN CN 97115296 patent/CN1058945C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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| CN1174186A (en) | 1998-02-25 |
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