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CN105829284A - 制备金刚烷甲酰胺类化合物的方法 - Google Patents

制备金刚烷甲酰胺类化合物的方法 Download PDF

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CN105829284A
CN105829284A CN201480066979.0A CN201480066979A CN105829284A CN 105829284 A CN105829284 A CN 105829284A CN 201480066979 A CN201480066979 A CN 201480066979A CN 105829284 A CN105829284 A CN 105829284A
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adamantane
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CN105829284B (zh
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B·哈里奇安
J·G·罗萨
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Abstract

一种制备金刚烷甲酰胺类化合物的有效方法,所述方法快速,不使用有机溶剂或通过移除有机溶剂或副产物的方式耗力地分离或纯化产物,并且具有改善的产率和纯度。

Description

制备金刚烷甲酰胺类化合物的方法
发明领域
本发明涉及一种制备金刚烷甲酰胺类化合物(adamantanamide)的方法。
发明背景
已经对金刚烷衍生物,在某些情况下,金刚烷甲酰胺类化合物进行了描述。参见例如Kilburn等人,US专利8,053,431B2;WO2004/089415A2(NovoNordiskA/S);WO2004/089416A2(NovoNordiskA/S);Narula等人,US4,985,403;Mathonneau,US2006057083;WO06/119283(Hunton&WilliamsLLP);WO08/054144(AmorepacificCorporation)。金刚烷甲酰胺类化合物是已知的药剂,并且最近也已经用于化妆品组合物中。
通过使羧酸酰氯与伯胺或仲胺反应(Schotten-Baumann型反应),已经制得酰胺。在第一步骤中,酰氯与胺反应,由此形成酰胺,伴随着形成质子和氯离子。需要加入碱来吸收该酸性质子,否则反应将无法继续进行。名称“Schotten-Baumann”反应条件通常用于表示使用由水和有机溶剂组成的两相溶剂体系。水相内的碱中和反应中产生的酸,而原料和产物保留在有机相中,通常是二氯甲烷或乙醚。使得碱存在于不同的相中防止了胺反应物被质子化,否则其无法作为亲核试剂反应。
例如,参见Klug等人,US2010/0273879;Katsuhiko等人,JP04308558ABS;Zainab等人,WO2010/117258A1;Asano等人,AmphiphilicOrganocatalystforSchotten-Baumann-TypeTosylationofAlcoholsunderOrganicSolventFreeCondition,OrganicLetters,2009年2月9日,第11卷,第8期,第1757-1759页;Harte等人,Synthesisofα-chloroamidesinwater,SupplementaryInformation,TetrahedronLetters,第1-6页;Harte等人,Synthesisofα-chloroamidesinwater,TetrahedronLetters,2006年6月15日,第47卷,第6321-6324页;Morita等人,Water-solventmethodfortosylationandmesylationofprimaryalcoholspromotedbyKOHandcatalyticamines,GreenChem.,2005年8月11日,第7卷,第711-715页;Nakatsuji等人,WaterSolventMethodforEsterificationandAmideFormationbetweenAcidChloridesandAlcoholsPromotedbyCombinedCatalyticAmines:SynergybetweenN-MethylimidazoleandN,N,N’,N’-Tetramethylethylenediamine(TMEDA),Adv.Synth.Catal,2006,第348卷,第2057-2062页;Pappas等人,Selectiveacylationofpolyamineswithacidanhydridesandacidchloridesinwater,LetterinOrganicChemistry,2010,第7卷,第7期,第539-541页;Sawamura等人,Manufactureofcarboxylicacidamides,JapanKokaiTokkyoKobo,1992。
遗憾的是,在金刚烷甲酰胺类化合物的情况中,原料金刚烷甲酰氯为固体,并且反应需要有机溶剂,而其使用是不受欢迎的:它可能是有毒和/或易燃的,并且,在任何情况下,均需要在反应结束时移除。如果原料金刚烷甲酰氯不溶,则反应需要很长时间且不充分。而且,现有工艺经常导致副产物形成,其同样需要复杂/耗力的移除。
发明概述
本发明包括一种制备金刚烷甲酰胺类化合物的方法,该方法包括以下步骤:
i.将0.9至1摩尔当量的烷基胺与1.0至1.5摩尔当量的碱在足量的水中混合,以使得烷基胺在水溶液中的浓度在0.1至1.0M之间且pH在8至14之间;
ii.将混合物加热到50℃至90℃范围内的温度,以得到加热的烷基胺碱性水溶液;
iii.将1摩尔当量的金刚烷甲酰氯加入到加热的烷基胺碱性水溶液中,以得到双相混合物;
iv.搅拌烷基胺和金刚烷甲酰氯的双相混合物,并且使温度保持在50℃至90℃的范围内,直到反应完成;
v.搅拌并使反应混合物冷却至低于30℃,以使金刚烷甲酰胺类化合物产物从反应混合物中沉淀出来;以及
vi.从反应混合物中分离出金刚烷甲酰胺类化合物产物。
本发明方法快速,不需要通过移除有机溶剂或副产物的方式耗力地分离或纯化产物,并且具有改善的产率和纯度。
发明详述
除了在实施例中,或者另有明确指示之处,本说明书中表示材料的量或反应条件、材料的物理性质和/或用途的所有数值要理解为被术语“约”修饰。
应当注意的是,在详细说明任意浓度或量的范围时,任意特定较高浓度可以与任意特定较低浓度或量相结合。
为了避免疑惑,术语“包含”旨在表示“包括”而未必是“由…组成”或“由…构成”。换句话说,所列步骤或选项无需详尽无遗。
金刚烷甲酰胺类化合物
就可以根据本发明方法制备的金刚烷甲酰胺类化合物而言,通常没有限制。本发明方法最适用于合成1-金刚烷甲酰胺类化合物,因为在可用作制备金刚烷甲酰胺类化合物原料的多种金刚烷衍生物中,1-金刚烷甲酰氯最为常见,且可批量商购。一旦使1-金刚烷甲酰氯与胺反应,即得到1-金刚烷甲酰胺。通常,根据本发明方法制备的金刚烷甲酰胺类化合物表示为具有式I或式II的化合物。式I的金刚烷甲酰胺类化合物是优选的,因为当针对我们关注的生物目标进行测试时,它们通常比式II的那些化合物更有效,产生更优异的功能益处。
其中,X选自:
进一步地,其中
t为1至8的整数;Y是氢、或卤素,
其中R1各自独立地为氢或C1-4烷基。
优选地,X选自Xd、Xe、Xf、Xg,更优选Xd和Xe,理想地,X选自Xe和Xd,其中R1在除一个碳之外的所有碳上为氢,且在该单个碳上被甲基或乙基基团单取代或双取代。
优选的式I化合物(其中X选自Xa、Xb、Xc、Xd、Xe、Xf、Xg、Xh、Xi)为:
甲酮,(吗啉基)三环[3.3.1.13,7]癸-1-基-(C1)
甲酮,(哌啶基)三环[3.3.1.13,7]癸-1-基-(C2)
甲酮,(吡咯烷基)三环[3.3.1.13,7]癸-1-基-(C3)
甲酮,(氮杂环丁烷基)三环[3.3.1.13,7]癸-1-基-(C4)
甲酮,(六氢氮杂基)三环[3.3.1.13,7]癸-1-基-(C5)
甲酮,(4-氰基-哌啶基)三环[3.3.1.13,7]癸-1-基-(C6)
甲酮,(4-酰胺基-哌啶基)三环[3.3.1.13,7]癸-1-基-(C7)
甲酮,(三环[3.3.1.13,7]癸烷基)-N-三环[3.3.1.13,7]癸-1-基-(C8)
甲酮,(十氢异喹啉基)三环[3.3.1.13,7]癸-1-基-(C9)
甲酮,(十氢喹啉基)三环[3.3.1.13,7]癸-1-基-(C10)
甲酮,(3,3-二甲基-1-哌啶基)三环[3.3.1.13,7]癸-1-基-(C11)
甲酮,(2-甲基-1-哌啶基)三环[3.3.1.13,7]癸-1-基-(C12)
甲酮,(4-甲基-1-哌啶基)三环[3.3.1.13,7]癸-1-基-(C13)
甲酮,(3-甲基-1-哌啶基)三环[3.3.1.13,7]癸-1-基-(C14)
甲酮,(3,5-二甲基-1-哌啶基)三环[3.3.1.13,7]癸-1-基-(C15)
甲酮,(4-甲基-4-乙基-哌啶基)三环[3.3.1.13,7]癸-1-基-(C16)
甲酮,(3,3-二乙基-1-吡咯烷基)三环[3.3.1.13,7]癸-1-基-(C17)
更优选的化合物是化合物C9至C17,并且最优选的化合物是C11至C17,最佳为C14,由于以下事实:当针对多种所关注的生物目标进行测试时,这些化合物显示出最高的有效性,产生了更优异的功能益处。
根据本发明方法制备的式II的金刚烷甲酰胺类化合物具有以下通式结构:
其中R各自独立地为氢、甲基、乙基或C3至C18,优选C3至C10,(即C3、C4、C5、C6、C7、C8、C9、C10)直链或支链烷基、环烷基或环杂烷基基团,条件是两个R基团不同时为氢:
甲酮,(N,N-二异丙基)三环[3.3.1.13,7]癸-1-基-(C18)
甲酮,(3,3-二甲基丁氨基)三环[3.3.1.13,7]癸-1-基-(C19)
甲酮,(2,2-二甲基丙氨基)三环[3.3.1.13,7]癸-1-基-(C20)
甲酮,(1,1-二甲基-3,3-二甲基丁氨基)三环[3.3.1.13,7]癸-1-基-(C21)
甲酮,(1,3-二甲基-丁氨基)三环[3.3.1.13,7]癸-1-基-(C22)
其中,更优选的是化合物C19、C20、C21和C22,且最优选的是化合物C19和C21。
本发明方法
本发明方法的步骤(i)包括将烷基胺与碱水溶液混合。烷基胺可以是仲胺或伯胺、直链或支链或环状的、取代或未取代的。选择烷基胺,以使得该烷基胺的烷基部分形成所需金刚烷甲酰胺类化合物的相应酰胺部分。
并且更特别地,对于化合物C1-C17,胺为:
并且在式II的金刚烷甲酰胺类化合物的情况中,对于化合物C18-C22
所有适用于本发明方法的胺均获自商业来源。
本发明方法的步骤(i)中使用的碱可以是有机或无机的。优选的是无机碱,因为它们是成本有效的并且产生无毒盐。
特别优选的是氢氧化钠、碳酸钠和碳酸氢钠,因为它们产生无毒的氯化钠作为溶液中唯一的副产物,其容易通过过滤与产物分离。氢氧化钠是最优选的,因为它是三者中的较强碱,导致更高效的反应速率。
可使用的其它碱是所选的第I族碱金属(例如Li、K和Cs)及第II族碱土金属例如(Mg、Ca和Ba)的氢氧化物、碳酸盐、碳酸氢盐和氧化物;有机碱,例如吡啶、醇盐(甲醇盐或叔丁醇盐)、三乙醇胺。
烷基胺和碱的相对量为使得在反应完成时不具有过量的原料成分。根据本发明的方法,0.9至1摩尔当量的烷基胺和1.0至1.5摩尔当量的碱,优选1.0至1.2摩尔当量的碱。最优选地,烷基胺与碱的摩尔当量比为1∶1。
在本发明方法的步骤(i)中,足量的水用于制备浓度为0.1至1.0M,优选0.5至1.0,最优选0.7至1.0且最佳为0.8至1.0的所得烷基胺水溶液。所得烷基胺水溶液的pH在8至14,优选9至14,最优选10至14且最佳为10至12的范围内。碱越强,pH越高,且反应时间越快。
在本发明方法的步骤(ii)中,将步骤(i)所得到的烷基胺的碱水溶液,加热到高于烷基胺酰氯的熔点之上(其熔点为49-51℃)。该温度一般在50℃至90℃,优选55℃至90℃,且最优选55℃至80℃的范围内。持续搅拌该加热的烷基胺水溶液,并且向该溶液中加入1至1.1摩尔当量的金刚烷甲酰氯。在间歇法中,金刚烷甲酰氯以固体形式在持续的剧烈搅拌下逐渐添加。在连续法中,金刚烷甲酰氯可以以预熔融的物流形式添加。金刚烷甲酰氯可商购得到,例如购自Sigma-Aldrich。由于烷基胺的碱水溶液温度升高,金刚烷甲酰氯保持为熔融形式并且双相混合物导致:第一相为水性烷基胺,第二相为金刚烷甲酰氯的有机熔融相。在此时,双相混合物的温度可能因为烷基胺与金刚烷甲酰氯之间的放热反应而升高。该温度保持在50℃至90℃,优选55℃至90℃,最优选55℃至80℃的范围内,并且在任何情况下,温度稍高于金刚烷甲酰氯的熔点,从而使金刚烷甲酰氯保持为熔融形式。本发明的该步骤通常持续15分钟至2小时,优选15分钟至1小时,最优选15分钟至30分钟。一旦反应完成,使反应混合物冷却至室温,在任何情况下温度均低于30℃,这使得金刚烷甲酰胺类化合物产物从反应混合物中沉淀出来。在本发明最后一步中,通过离心或过滤,优选通过过滤,分离出沉淀的产物。
最终的反应混合物在水中含有金刚烷甲酰胺类化合物(产物)、氯盐和金刚烷羧酸盐。优选地,本发明方法还包含步骤(vii),其中将过滤或离心所得的任何残余的金刚烷羧酸盐再循环并且转化为金刚烷甲酰氯。
本发明方法是有利的,至少因为它不使用任何有机溶剂,导致副产物的形成最小化(如果有的话),并且相对快速。其还导致90%至99%,优选95%至99%,且最优选至少98%至99%的改善的纯度,以及90%至99%,优选95%至99%,且最优选至少98%至99%的改善的产率。
实施例
实验方法
所有试剂和溶剂均获自商业来源并且未经进一步纯化直接使用。
反应监测方法
薄层色谱法(使用10%乙酸乙酯的己烷溶液)和/或气相色谱法(使用三氟化硼∶甲醇衍生)。对于后一种方法,在不同时间点移出反应等分试样(100微升),分配到15%异丙醇的氯仿溶液∶1N盐酸(500微升∶500微升)中,分离并蒸发有机层,得到固体。将固体物质(10毫克)溶于三氟化硼∶甲醇溶液(1毫升)中,在100℃下加热5分钟,使得冷却至室温,并且用己烷∶水(2毫升∶1毫升)稀释。分离/蒸发有机层,残余物溶于丙酮(1毫升)并稀释到百万分之20份,以用于气相色谱法分析。在不同的时间点(例如0、15、30、60、120分钟)进行监测,以确定反应完成情况。
实施例1
进行本发明范围内的方法的一个实施例。
在55℃下,将3-甲基哌啶(59毫升,0.5摩尔)加入到剧烈搅拌的氢氧化钠(20克,0.5摩尔)在水(622毫升)中的溶液中,接着缓慢加入1-金刚烷甲酰氯(90克,0.5摩尔),添加时使其熔融。在完全添加酰氯后,观察到10℃的放热(从55℃至65℃),并且反应组合物由双相混合物(水相和熔融有机相)组成。气相色谱法监测表明,反应在15分钟后完成。使混合物在搅拌的同时冷却至室温。产物结晶为白色固体并过滤,依次用水、0.5N盐酸、水洗涤,并在高真空下干燥,得到纯产物(108克,产率94%,纯度>99%)。
对比例A
室温方法,在本发明范围之外:
在大约22℃下,将3-甲基哌啶(2.68毫升,0.023摩尔)加入到剧烈搅拌的氢氧化钠(1.06克,0.026摩尔)在水(33毫升)中的溶液中,接着缓慢加入1-金刚烷甲酰氯(5克,0.025摩尔)。在完全添加酰氯后,观察到大约5℃的放热(从21.8℃至26.3℃),并且反应组合物由双相混合物(水相和油状固体相)组成。在室温下剧烈搅拌该混合物并通过气相色谱法监测完成情况(大约24小时)。产物结晶为白色固体并过滤,依次用水、0.5N盐酸、水洗涤,并在高真空下干燥,得到纯产物(5.35克,产率95%,纯度>99%)。
对比例B
非水方法,在本发明范围之外:
将二异丙基乙胺(18.4毫升,0.11摩尔)加入到1-金刚烷甲酰氯(20克,0.10摩尔)和3-甲基哌啶(12.5毫升,0.11摩尔)在二氯甲烷(170毫升)中的溶液中,该溶液在室温下搅拌16小时。在此时,薄层色谱法[15∶85乙酸乙酯∶己烷,20微升等分试样至叔丁基甲基醚∶1N盐酸(400微升∶400微升)中]显示形成单一产物,并剩余少量原料。该溶液用0.1N盐酸(50毫升)、饱和碳酸氢钠溶液(50毫升)、饱和氯化钠溶液(50毫升)洗涤,使用硫酸钠干燥,过滤,并移除溶剂,得到粗产物,其通过在硅胶上使用15∶85乙酸乙酯∶己烷的快速柱色谱法进一步纯化,得到纯产物(23.7克,产率90%,纯度>99%)。
可以看出,室温方法(对比例A)与本发明方法相比耗时长得多:24小时而不是15分钟。非水方法同样比本发明方法耗时长得多(16小时而不是15分钟),涉及到使用有机溶剂,导致产率降低并且更难以纯化。

Claims (10)

1.一种制备金刚烷甲酰胺类化合物的方法,所述方法包括以下步骤:
i.将0.9至1摩尔当量的烷基胺与1.0至1.5摩尔当量的碱在足量的水中混合,以使得烷基胺在水溶液中的浓度在0.1至1.0M之间且pH在8至14之间;
ii.将混合物加热到50℃至90℃范围内的温度,以得到加热的烷基胺碱性水溶液;
iii.将1摩尔当量的金刚烷甲酰氯加入到加热的烷基胺碱性水溶液中,以得到双相混合物;
iv.搅拌烷基胺和金刚烷甲酰氯的双相混合物,并且使温度保持在50℃至90℃的范围内,直到反应完成;
v.搅拌并使反应混合物冷却至低于30℃,以使金刚烷甲酰胺类化合物产物从反应混合物中沉淀出来;以及
vi.从反应混合物中分离出金刚烷甲酰胺类化合物产物。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述方法进一步包括额外步骤,其中将反应混合物中的残余金刚烷羧酸盐再循环并且转化为金刚烷甲酰氯。
3.根据权利要求1或权利要求2所述的方法,其中所述碱是无机碱。
4.根据权利要求3所述的方法,其中所述碱选自碱金属氢氧化物、碳酸盐及其混合物。
5.根据权利要求3所述的方法,其中所述碱是氢氧化钠。
6.根据权利要求1-5任一项所述的方法,其中所述温度在55℃至80℃的范围内。
7.根据权利要求1-6任一项所述的方法,其中步骤(i)中的pH在10至12范围内。
8.根据权利要求1-7任一项所述的方法,其中所述反应完成耗时15分钟至2小时。
9.根据权利要求1-8任一项所述的方法,其中步骤(iii)中加入的金刚烷甲酰氯已经过预熔融。
10.根据权利要求1-8任一项所述的方法,其中步骤(iii)中加入的金刚烷甲酰氯以固体形式逐渐添加。
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