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CN1052441C - 电焊方法 - Google Patents

电焊方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN1052441C
CN1052441C CN94119350A CN94119350A CN1052441C CN 1052441 C CN1052441 C CN 1052441C CN 94119350 A CN94119350 A CN 94119350A CN 94119350 A CN94119350 A CN 94119350A CN 1052441 C CN1052441 C CN 1052441C
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preheating
welding
accessory
pipe joint
plastics
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CN1108996A (zh
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R·米勒
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Friatec AG
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Friatec AG
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
    • B29C65/34—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement"
    • B29C65/3472—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" characterised by the composition of the heated elements which remain in the joint
    • B29C65/3476—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" characterised by the composition of the heated elements which remain in the joint being metallic
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
    • B29C65/34—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement"
    • B29C65/3404—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" characterised by the type of heated elements which remain in the joint
    • B29C65/342—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" characterised by the type of heated elements which remain in the joint comprising at least a single wire, e.g. in the form of a winding
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01—General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/02—Preparation of the material, in the area to be joined, prior to joining or welding
    • B29C66/024—Thermal pre-treatments
    • B29C66/0242—Heating, or preheating, e.g. drying
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/50—General aspects of joining tubular articles; General aspects of joining long products, i.e. bars or profiled elements; General aspects of joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars; General aspects of joining several hollow-preforms to form hollow or tubular articles
    • B29C66/51—Joining tubular articles, profiled elements or bars; Joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars; Joining several hollow-preforms to form hollow or tubular articles
    • B29C66/53—Joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars
    • B29C66/534—Joining single elements to open ends of tubular or hollow articles or to the ends of bars
    • B29C66/5344—Joining single elements to open ends of tubular or hollow articles or to the ends of bars said single elements being substantially annular, i.e. of finite length, e.g. joining flanges to tube ends
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
    • B29C66/91—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/914—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/9141—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature
    • B29C66/91411—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature of the parts to be joined, e.g. the joining process taking the temperature of the parts to be joined into account
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
    • B29C66/91—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/914—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/9161—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux
    • B29C66/91641—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux the heat or the thermal flux being non-constant over time
    • B29C66/91643—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux the heat or the thermal flux being non-constant over time following a heat-time profile
    • B29C66/91645—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux the heat or the thermal flux being non-constant over time following a heat-time profile by steps
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
    • B29C66/91—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/914—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/9161—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux
    • B29C66/91651—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux by controlling or regulating the heat generated by Joule heating or induction heating
    • B29C66/91653—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux by controlling or regulating the heat generated by Joule heating or induction heating by controlling or regulating the voltage, i.e. the electric potential difference or electric tension
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
    • B29C66/91—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/914—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/9161—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux
    • B29C66/91651—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux by controlling or regulating the heat generated by Joule heating or induction heating
    • B29C66/91655—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux by controlling or regulating the heat generated by Joule heating or induction heating by controlling or regulating the current intensity
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
    • B29C66/91—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/919—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux characterised by specific temperature, heat or thermal flux values or ranges
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
    • B29C66/91—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/919—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux characterised by specific temperature, heat or thermal flux values or ranges
    • B29C66/9192—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux characterised by specific temperature, heat or thermal flux values or ranges in explicit relation to another variable, e.g. temperature diagrams
    • B29C66/91921—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux characterised by specific temperature, heat or thermal flux values or ranges in explicit relation to another variable, e.g. temperature diagrams in explicit relation to another temperature, e.g. to the softening temperature or softening point, to the thermal degradation temperature or to the ambient temperature
    • B29C66/91931—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux characterised by specific temperature, heat or thermal flux values or ranges in explicit relation to another variable, e.g. temperature diagrams in explicit relation to another temperature, e.g. to the softening temperature or softening point, to the thermal degradation temperature or to the ambient temperature in explicit relation to the fusion temperature or melting point of the material of one of the parts to be joined
    • B29C66/91935—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux characterised by specific temperature, heat or thermal flux values or ranges in explicit relation to another variable, e.g. temperature diagrams in explicit relation to another temperature, e.g. to the softening temperature or softening point, to the thermal degradation temperature or to the ambient temperature in explicit relation to the fusion temperature or melting point of the material of one of the parts to be joined lower than said fusion temperature
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/50—General aspects of joining tubular articles; General aspects of joining long products, i.e. bars or profiled elements; General aspects of joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars; General aspects of joining several hollow-preforms to form hollow or tubular articles
    • B29C66/51—Joining tubular articles, profiled elements or bars; Joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars; Joining several hollow-preforms to form hollow or tubular articles
    • B29C66/52—Joining tubular articles, bars or profiled elements
    • B29C66/522—Joining tubular articles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
    • B29C66/94—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the time

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Lining Or Joining Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)

Abstract

本发明涉及管子与配件或管接头的电焊方法，其中配件或管接头使用的材料和管子一样，也是可焊接的热塑性塑料，它们还包含有一个可在焊接时通入电流的线圈或加热螺旋线。在焊接前对塑料进行预热，为了进行预热，将加热能量输入线圈或加热螺旋线，使塑料达到一个比其熔点低一个预定值的温度。

Description

电焊方法
本发明涉及一种电焊方法。
由DE3810795A1已知一种加热螺旋线的配件自动焊的电焊机，借助于一种电焊方法可以制作塑料管的密封连接。已知的焊接配件或焊接管接头的内表面具有由导电材料制的加热螺旋线或线圈。它们可以通入电流，以便用电焊机将管端连接起来，所以，紧邻导电线材处的配件和管端的塑料熔化，并互相连接。主要取决于焊接电流和电压强度与持续时间的焊接能量在这种现有的电焊机中通过一个识别卡来进行控制，识别卡与配件连系，并利用扫描器从识别卡上读得电焊机所需要的关键数据。作为识别卡首先采用线条编码，其中包含有为控制焊接过程所需要的关键数据，例如直径、壁厚以及电线的电阻。由扫描器得知这些参数，并输入电焊机，通过焊接程序可达到最佳调节。在这种先有的电焊机中，还附加地通过温度传感器测得环境温度，并据此修正规定的焊接工作。但实际上，由于在要相互焊接的表面之间间隙过大和/或太不均匀，因而带来了些问题。这种间隙的产生是由于加工误差以及管子的变形，管子变形是储存过程引起的不圆度。上述问题首先出现在大直径的管子上，它们的直径大于等于280毫米。当管子直径为450毫米时，其误差或间隙宽度约为5-6毫米，对于这种管子通常采用带加强装置的管子配件。用不着特别强调，这类间隙沿圆周其宽度并不是常数，而是在零与最大距离之间改变。在配件表面与管子表面之间间隙宽度最小或相互接触的地方，加热量强于间隙宽度大的区域，从而在实际上不可避免地产生不均匀的焊接质量、夹气或缩孔。
因此，本发明的目的是提供一种形成管子与焊接配件或管接头的连接而进行电焊的方法，利用这种方法可以避免出现上述缺点，并在简便可行的情况下能具有最佳焊接效果。本方法可以无困难地补偿不均匀性或误差。本方法操作简便，在焊接前或焊接进行中不要求有特殊的调整措施和准备工作等。
上述目的是这样达到的，管子与配件或管接头电焊的方法，配件或管接头与管子一样，也是由热塑性可焊塑料制成，它们含有一个在焊接时可通入电流的线圈或加热螺旋线，其特征为：在焊接前对塑料进行预热；为了进行预热，在线圈或加热螺旋线中加入加热能量，使塑料达到一个比其熔点低一个预定值的温度。
根据本发明提供的形成管子与焊接配件或管接头的连接而进行电焊的方法，该配件或管接头和管子一样由一种热塑性可焊接的塑料制成，其中含有一个为进行电焊可加载的线圈或加热螺旋线，其特征为，采用一种焊接配件或管接头，其加热导线不带塑料包封、敞开地设置在内表面中；
在焊接前，通过以焊接所需的小部分加热能量对线圈或加热螺旋线加载，对管子以及焊接配件或管接头的塑料进行预热，以便使塑料达到一个比其熔点低的预定值的温度；
在管子和配件或管接头之间达到温度平衡以前，输入为进行焊接所需的加热能量，同时预热导致管子的膨胀较配件或管接头强，从而减少了原先存在的、管子外表面和配件或管接头的内表面之间的间隙。
按本发明的方法可在成本最低的情况下进行工作可靠的焊接。通过预热能可靠补偿误差和不均匀性，所以在开始真正的焊接时得到的是可重现的条件。预热时用比焊接时低得多的热能。在这一阶段，将塑料加热到一个低于塑料熔点的预定温度值。按本发明的预热导致管子和配件沿径向膨胀，尤其是管子。特别重要的事实是，加热线圈的线材不用塑料外皮包围和绝缘，而是敞开着放在焊接配件或焊接管接头的内表面中。考虑到导电线材没有用塑料外皮包围，而是敞开着装在焊接配件或管接头内表面中这一事实，所以造成了一个在配件中和一个在塑料管中的两个加热强度大致相同的加热工作面，并导致管子中沿其壁厚的温度梯度大于配件。这使得管子的膨胀速度大于配件的膨胀速度，从而使管子外壁与配件内壁互相靠近并从而减小间隙。经过较长的预热时间后，保证塑料管要焊接的表面直接贴靠在焊接或加热线圈上。
预热后最好紧接着立即进行焊接。可以确定，短时间的间断只要不破坏配件和管子之间起决定作用的温度平衡，是没有害处的。为了规定预热时的加热量，可以在电压给定的情况下减小电流，和在电流给定的情况下降低电压；此外，也可以为减小加热量相应地同时降低电压和电流。相对于焊接时额定值的减小量，最好在5％至20％的范围内小于电流和/或电压的额定值。大体上减小10％是最恰当的。此外，应当注意，预热应持续一段时间，持续时间的长短，其数量级与真正进行焊接时所需持续的时间相当。当预热时间相对于焊接时间的偏差在+/-50％的范围内时可获得良好的焊接效果，其中，若偏差在+/-25％范围内，业已证明是特别恰当的。此方法以非常有利的方式可用于尺寸较大的管子与管接头，且管子额定内径至少为200毫米，尤其最小280毫米。最后，已经认识到通过预热塑料至少在加热螺旋线附近被加热到一个比塑料的熔点低一个预定值的温度。业已证明，最好至少将加热螺旋线附近的塑料温度置于一个比塑料熔点低5％至20％的温度，最好大体上低10％。对于聚乙烯，它的熔点为110℃，预热到100℃可获得最好效果。
按本发明的预热另一个重要的优点是，进入间隙中的液体尤其是水被同时加热和汽化或蒸发。迄今为止必须采取特殊措施，防止液体侵入要焊接的配件和管端表面之间的间隙中去，因为这些液体会造成气孔，导致有缺陷的焊接。尤其是过去在实际上有这样的缺点，即由此而造成的缺陷位置常常不能立即被发现，只有在工作过程中，当管子受到介质压力出现了不密封时才能看出，这时便需要采取费用很大的修理措施。通过预加热使与此有关的的危险和/或装配缺陷得以避免。
在按本发明的特殊设计中，规定了预热的关键参数，主要是电流的大小和电流的持续时间，规定了配件的参数，即大小和/或材料。为此，各种配件最好有一个存储器或识别卡，本文开始所提及的已知的焊接参数最好也储存在它们里面，并作好查询的准备。

Claims (12)

1.形成管子与焊接配件或管接头的连接而进行电焊的方法，该配件或管接头和管子一样由一种热塑性可焊接的塑料制成，其中含有一个为进行电焊可加载的线圈或加热螺旋线，其特征为，采用一种焊接配件或管接头，其加热导线不带塑料包封、敞开地设置在内表面中；
在焊接前，通过以焊接所需的小部分加热能量对线圈或加热螺旋线加载，对管子以及焊接配件或管接头的塑料进行预热，以便使塑料达到一个比其熔点低的预定值的温度；
在管子和配件或管接头之间达到温度平衡以前，输入为进行焊接所需的加热能量，同时预热导致管子的膨胀较配件或管接头强，从而减少了原先存在的、管子外表面和配件或管接头的内表面之间的间隙。
2.按照权利要求1所述的方法，其特征为：为了进行预热，输入的电流和/或有关的电压，相对于焊接时的额定值减小一个预定的值，减小的量在5％至20％的范围的数量级内。
3.按照权利要求1所述的方法，其特征为：为了进行预热，输入的电流和/或有关的电压，相对于焊接时的额定值减小一个预定的值，减小的量是在10％的数量级内。
4.按照权利要求1至3之一所述的方法，其特征为：在预热时，至少在线圈或加热螺旋线附近的塑料被加热到一个相对于塑料熔点低一个预定值的温度，在预热时此温度比此塑料的熔点低5％至20％。
5.按照权利要求1至3之一所述的方法，其特征为：在预热时，至少在线圈或加热螺旋线附近的塑料被加热到一个相对于塑料熔点低一个预定值的温度，在预热时此温度比此塑料的熔点低10％。
6.按权利要求1至3之一所述的方法，其特征为：对于配件或管接头可获得使用的最小公称直径为200毫米，和/或线圈或加热螺旋线的线材不用塑料绝缘体包围；和/或线圈或加热螺旋线直接放在配件或管接头内表面上或内表面内。
7.按权利要求1至3之一所述的方法，其特征为：对于配件或管接头可获得使用的最小公称直径为280毫米，和/或线圈或加热螺旋线的线材不用塑料绝缘体包围；和/或线圈或加热螺旋线直接放在配件或管接头内表面上或内表面内。
8.按照权利要求1至3之一所述的方法，其特征为：各配件或各焊接管接头预热用的参数储存在一个有关的存储器中，该存储器是形式上为线条编码的存储器，在进行焊接前查询并利用它进行自动预热。
9.按照权利要求1至3之一所述的方法，其特征为：预热的时间规定为与进行焊接所需时间相同。
10.按照权利要求9所述的方法，其特征为：预热时间相对于焊接时间的偏差在+/-50％范围之内。
11.按照权利要求9所述的方法，其特征为：预热时间相对于焊接时间的偏差在+/-25％范围内。
12.按照权利要求1至3之一所述的方法，其特征为：预热紧挨着焊接之前进行，预热结束后在没有间隔地的情况下，立即将电流和/或电压提高到焊接所需的额定值。
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