CN105153138A - 一种抑制李黑节病菌生长的化合物 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明发现对李黑节病菌具有抑菌和杀菌活性的化合物。其李黑节病菌的最小抑菌浓度MIC值为16μg/mL,最小杀菌浓度MBC值为32μg/mL。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及化合物的新用途,阐明药物化学结构与细菌的生物活性之间的关系,更具体的说,是探索化合物对李黑节病菌的抑菌和杀菌活性。
背景技术
李黑节病于1821年在美国宾西法尼亚首次被发现,目前已扩展到美国(全境)、加拿大(全境)和墨西哥,尤其在西部地区发病严重。黑节病主要危害李子、樱桃等果树的枝条,主要症状特点是在发病部位形成肿大的节或瘤状物,后期变得坚硬、粗糙而黑色,黑节病也因此得名。该病菌是欧洲和地中海区域植保组织(EPPO)的A1类检疫性有害生物。
李黑节病菌的主要寄主是李属植物的李子和樱桃树,美国、欧洲和日本的李子品种均可发病,杏树、樱桃树和野生的北美李树也可侵染。野生李属植物分布广泛,是潜在的侵染源,容易被人忽视,应当引起重视。该病可以导致当年生幼小枝条的死亡;较大枝条连续几年受害后死亡;病枝新梢发育不良,病树衰弱、矮小、畸形并逐渐死亡;果实产量降低或者丧失观赏价值。同时,病树易感染其他病虫害,造成复合侵染,加重危害。
在北美洲,黑节病菌严重侵染李子树,而对桃树侵染的经济损失不大。据报道,该病曾造成李树10%的产量损失,樱桃1%的产量损失。在一些家庭果园,由于无法实施有效的防治措施,经过几年的侵染发展,果树可能不再结果并失去经济价值,从而造成黑节病侵染的毁灭性损失。
李黑节病的典型症状是引起寄主组织膨大,在枝条上形成圆柱形或者纺锤形的病“结/节”。病原菌主要侵染新梢、枝条和果刺,偶尔也可侵染树干。在早春,上年侵染的枝条组织发生小而淡褐色的肿大,肿大部分随着寄主细胞间厚壁病原菌的生长而逐渐扩大,并最终裂开,病结首先出现在叶柄的基部;至晚春时,在幼嫩的病结上产生柔软(多汁的)的质地,表面上有时覆盖一层绒状、橄榄绿色的分生孢子层。在夏季,幼嫩的结/节发展得更黑、更长;到秋天时,病结变得坚硬、易碎、粗糙而黑色。
在下一个生长季节(第2年),病结继续扩大,围绕新梢或枝条,可从半英尺发展到1英尺或者更长;直径可以高达2英寸。小的枝条在被侵染之后,通常在1年内死亡;大的枝条在被环茎侵染后可以存活几年。如果不采取有效的防治措施,随着病情的加重,树势会逐渐变弱,甚至死亡。老的病节有时呈白色或粉色,此时,黑节病菌通常已经死亡,在夏季易被其他次生真菌侵染,从而加重对植物的危害。
李黑节病菌有两个生长阶段。有性阶段是子囊菌亚门梨孢壳菌属,无性阶段为半知菌亚门黑星孢属,异名为芽孢菌属。假囊壳表生或突出,生于表生的菌丝体或假子座上,陀螺状,暗色。子囊孢子棒状或橄榄状,顶端钝圆,基部锥形,靠近基部有一个隔膜,表面光滑,幼嫩时无色,后变成淡绿色至灰色,大小为14~18μm×4.5~6μm。分生孢子梗上部曲膝状,大小70μm×(5~7)μm;分生孢子单生或者链生,卵形、倒卵形或不规则形状,无隔膜或者有一个隔膜,表面光滑,淡褐色,大小为3~13μm×3~5μm。
黑节病菌的侵染循环因地区不同而表现不同。例如在加拿大的NovaScotia,至少需要2年时间完成1次侵染循环,而在美国的Michigan和加拿大的Ontario地区,侵染当年(1年)即可完成侵染循环。黑节病菌在侵染枝条的病结中越冬。春天病结表面的子囊中产生子囊孢子(侵染性孢子,初侵染源),并可延续产生几年。子囊孢子的产生高峰在落花前或者落花后。在雨后湿润的条件下可强力弹射,弹射高度可高达45mm,但是50%的孢子的弹射距离小于10mm。
子囊孢子随风传播,在适合的湿度条件下,萌发侵染新生长的绿色幼嫩枝条。菌体在寄主组织内生长,使寄主组织膨大形成肿状物(结)。如果仔细观察可在当年侵染枝条的夏末发现“结”,但是通常是在来年的春天,当“结”开始迅速扩大时才被注意到。新的子囊孢子也是在第二年的春天形成,继续侵染新生的枝条。分生孢子在病结表面大量产生,但在病害侵染中并不起作用。在春秋月份,病原菌在受侵染的组织中持续生长,使“结”每年延长几个英寸,最终缠绕受侵染的枝条,直至枯竭死亡。病菌侵染的时期是在果树萌芽和开花后2周内,环境温度要求在13~25℃。传播途径为子囊孢子借风在发病果园内近距离传播,而通过受侵染的枝条/苗木经人为运输做远距离传播。
发明内容
本发明采用体外抗菌试验,研究化合物对李黑节病菌的生物活性。
本发明的具体技术方案如下:
本发明的创新点是发现化合物对李黑节病菌有良好的抑菌和杀菌活性,并测量得到其最小抑菌浓度MIC值和最小杀菌浓度MBC值,属于首次公开。
所述化合物结构特征如下图式所示:
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施实例,进一步详细地说明本发明。应理解下面实施例仅用于说明本发明而不用于限制本发明范围。
实施实例1
测量最小抑菌浓度MIC值。
(1)营养肉汤的配制:取营养肉汤30g加1000mL蒸馏水即得。使用前121℃高压蒸汽灭菌20min待用。
(2)营养琼脂固体培养基的配制:取营养琼脂45g加1000mL蒸馏水即得。使用前121℃高压蒸汽灭菌20min待用。
(3)菌株的培养:操作于超净工作台上进行。吸取已灭菌的液体培养基l0mL,放在已灭菌的试管中,然后用接菌环挑取一个菌落,加到液体培养基中,放于培养箱内培养,细菌培养24h,培养温度为28℃。
(4)菌液配制及计数:将培养后的菌液,釆用10倍稀释法用液体培养基稀释,并用血球计数板在显微镜上初步观察计数,然后将菌液用液体培养基稀释,作为加入供试品中的菌液。细菌采用平板计数法进行计数,将以上菌液用无菌生理盐水再稀释100倍,取50μL,均匀涂于已铺有固体培养基的平皿中,培养24h,培养温度为28℃。培养后,单个活细菌生长形成一个菌落,统计菌落数目,即可计算出样品中的含菌数。
计算公式为:菌液浓度=n×20×100cfu/mL
(5)药品溶液的配制:称取化合物,加入灭菌生理盐水,摇勾,得均匀溶液,备用。存放于4℃冰箱保存待用。
(6)最小抑菌浓度(MIC)与最小杀菌浓度(MBC)的测定:采用微量肉汤稀释法测定最小抑菌浓度MIC(MinimalInhibitoryConcentration)。MIC为最小抑菌浓度,即药物与一定浓度的菌液作用后,能够抑制可见菌生长的最低浓度。
采用二倍稀释法将药液用无菌生理盐水将药液稀释系列浓度,0.5、1、2、4、8、16、32、64、128和256μg/mL,在96孔板上1~10行,每孔加100μL不同浓度的药液和100μL菌液,使最终菌液浓度为1~5×105cfu/mL,第11行以无菌生理盐水加菌液作为阳性对照,第12行以不加菌液的无菌生理盐水为阴性对照,混匀后于28℃培养24h,以肉眼观察药物最低浓度管中无细菌生长者为该试验药物的MIC,每个实验重复三次。
测得最小抑菌浓度MIC值为16μg/mL。
实施实例2
测量最小杀菌浓度MBC值。
(1)营养肉汤的配制:取营养肉汤30g加1000mL蒸馏水即得。使用前121℃高压蒸汽灭菌20min待用。
(2)营养琼脂固体培养基的配制:取营养琼脂45g加1000mL蒸馏水即得。使用前121℃高压蒸汽灭菌20min待用。
(3)菌株的培养:操作于超净工作台上进行。吸取已灭菌的液体培养基l0mL,放在已灭菌的试管中,然后用接菌环挑取一个菌落,加到液体培养基中,放于培养箱内培养,细菌培养24h,培养温度为28℃。
(4)菌液配制及计数:将培养后的菌液,釆用10倍稀释法用液体培养基稀释,并用血球计数板在显微镜上初步观察计数,然后将菌液用液体培养基稀释,作为加入供试品中的菌液。细菌采用平板计数法进行计数,将以上菌液用无菌生理盐水再稀释100倍,取50μL,均匀涂于已铺有固体培养基的平皿中,培养24h,培养温度为28℃。培养后,单个活细菌生长形成一个菌落,统计菌落数目,即可计算出样品中的含菌数;计算公式为:菌液浓度=n×20×100cfu/mL。
(5)药品溶液的配制:称取化合物,加入灭菌生理盐水,摇勾,得均匀溶液,备用。存放于4℃冰箱保存待用。
(6)最小抑菌浓度(MIC)与最小杀菌浓度(MBC)的测定:采用微量肉汤稀释法测定最小杀菌浓度MBC(MinimalBactericidalConcentration)。在MIC基础上,从每管吸取10μL溶液,点于固体培养基上,继续按MIC培养条件下培养,以完全杀灭细菌的最低浓度为最小杀菌浓度(菌落数小于等于5)。
采用二倍稀释法将药液用无菌生理盐水将药液稀释系列浓度,0.5、1、2、4、8、16、32、64、128和256μg/mL,在96孔板上1~10行,每孔加100μL不同浓度的药液和100μL菌液,使最终菌液浓度为1~5×105cfu/mL,第11行以无菌生理盐水加菌液作为阳性对照,第12行以不加菌液的无菌生理盐水为阴性对照,混匀后于28℃培养24h,以肉眼观察药物最低浓度管中无细菌生长者为该试验药物的MIC。将上述未见生长细菌的各孔中的肉汤取10μL接种于营养琼脂平板上,做好标记,于28℃培养24h,以仍无细菌生长的管内药物浓度记为该药的MBC,每个实验重复三次。
测得最小杀菌浓度MBC值为32μg/mL。
Claims (1)
1.一种抑制李黑节病菌生长的化合物,其特征在于:
(1)结构特征如下图式所示:
(2)其可作为李黑节病菌的抑制剂和杀菌剂;
(3)其对李黑节病菌的最小抑菌浓度MIC值为16μg/mL;
(4)其对李黑节病菌的最小杀菌浓度MBC值为32μg/mL。
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| EP0360417A2 (en) * | 1988-08-24 | 1990-03-28 | Schering Agrochemicals Limited | Derivatives of 4-fluoroanthranilic acid and their use as fungicides |
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