CN105027940B - A kind of Rocky Desertification Region herbage planting and establishing method and its application method - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention discloses a kind of Rocky Desertification Region pasture planting method, the characteristics of for Rocky Desertification Region, by Rocky Desertification grade classification, herbage is screened, soil prepares, forage seeds are selected, Seed Treatment, sowing time selects, application rate is selected, seeding method is selected, suppression and field management technology after broadcasting, realize scientific pasture growing, obtain the herbage of high yield, remarkable in economical benefits and environment is produced to be greatly improved, play and conserve water and soil, improve stony desertification environment, can also effectively improve and maintain soil primary productivity, increase Agriculture, forestry And Animal Husbandry yield, improve farmers' income, soil carbon sink can also be effectively increased simultaneously, improve environmental quality.

Description

A kind of pasture planting method in rocky desertification area and its application method

technical field

The invention belongs to the technical field of pasture planting and relates to a method for planting pasture in rocky desertification areas.

Background technique

The southwest karst area is the largest area among the world's three major karst contiguous areas, with the most fragile ecological environment, and the degree of rocky desertification is the most serious. Solving the problem of rocky desertification is one of the most urgent tasks in the entire karst mountain area. The problem of rocky desertification consists of two main aspects, one is the ecological environment, and the other is the social economy. The rocky desertification problem is mainly due to the blind and unreasonable development of the ecological environment by people with backward economy, which leads to the gradual deterioration of the ecological environment and finally hinders the development of social economy. Agriculture, grassland, forestry and grassland projects are one of the best ways to restore the ecological environment of rocky desertification and develop social economy. The soil layer in the rocky desertification area is shallow and the fertility is low. Before the construction of agricultural, grass, forest and grass projects, some key technologies should be studied to ensure the smooth development of follow-up work. Grassland planting technology, economic forest planting technology, and shelter forest planting technology are the core keys to the optimal allocation of agricultural, grass, forest and grass space. Therefore, for the special regional environment of rocky desertification, it is necessary to consider these three perspectives as a whole. Grass is the material basis of agricultural, grass, forest and grass measures in rocky desertification control projects, and is an important part of ecological restoration in rocky desertification areas and improvement of water and soil conservation efficiency. The soil moisture in the rocky desertification area is short, and the light resources are relatively short. The photosynthetic rate is the most basic factor for the production of forage grass. Therefore, the forage planted in the rocky desertification area must have high photosynthetic efficiency and high water use efficiency. However, there is no scientific, economical and complete technology for pasture planting in rocky desertification areas with good water and soil conservation.

Contents of the invention

The technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a method for planting pasture in rocky desertification areas, which solves the problems of lack of science and difficulty in planting pasture grass in rocky desertification areas and poor economic benefits, and plays a role in maintaining water and soil and improving the rocky desertification environment , can also effectively improve and maintain the primary productivity of land, increase the output of agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry, increase farmers' income, and at the same time effectively increase soil carbon sinks and improve environmental quality, so as to overcome the shortcomings of existing technical problems.

Technical solution of the present invention: a method for planting grass in rocky desertification areas, comprising the following steps:

(1) Gradation of rocky desertification: Classification of rocky desertification grades according to the exposed rate of porphyry rocks in 0.2km ² map and the vegetation + soil coverage rate in 0.2km ² map;

(2) Grass screening: screen for grasses with strong drought resistance, cold resistance and stress resistance;

(3) Land preparation: Harmful weeds need to be thoroughly removed, soil plowed, and base fertilizer applied before artificial grassland is established;

(4) Seed treatment: remove impurities, use the method of scraping the seed coat, soaking the seeds at different temperatures or chemical treatment, remove the awns, and dress the seeds with fertilizers and insecticides;

(5) Selection of the sowing period: the temperature of the sowing period rises above 5°C, and the spring sowing is in February to March;

(6) Seeding amount: the main calculation formula is as follows:

Actual sowing volume = sowing volume when the seed price is 100% / seed price

Seed price = clarity × germination rate × 100%

Clarity (%)=(sample weight-impurity weight)/sample weight×100%

Germination rate (%) = number of germinated grains/number of tested grains × 100%;

(7) Sowing depth: 1~10cm sowing depth;

(8) Sowing method: unicast or mixed broadcast;

(9) Suppress the surface soil after sowing;

(10) Field management: Field management includes topdressing, irrigation, weed control, pest control, pre-winter management, grass harvesting, and construction of supporting facilities.

Preferably, the removal of weeds in the above step (3) uses a herbicide that kills; the soil cultivation is carried out in places where the thickness of the soil layer is more than 20cm, plowing, harrowing, plowing, and suppression. When sowing or cutting grass Along the contour line of the slope, and according to the site conditions, carry out sowing or hole sowing and control the row spacing, adopt no-tillage method below the thickness of the soil layer 20cm, and plant in holes; Deep application, layered application, and mixed application of various fertilizers. Before plowing, evenly spread farm manure or green manure and slow-release chemical fertilizers on the cultivated land, and plow them under the soil layer when plowing the land. Apply 15000~30000 kg/hm ² .

Preferably, the sowing method in the above step (8) is for rocky desertification areas with an average annual temperature of 16-18 degrees, 1500-1700 kWh/m ² , and a frost-free period of more than 300 days. Under the main planting of uni-sowing stylo or alfalfa, the main method is drill sowing or broadcasting, and sporadic plots are planted in holes. Planting stylo or alfalfa under dragon fruit forests can improve fruit quality. Root nodules were inoculated with forage grasses, and the combination mode of "tree-shrub-grass" was formed by the intercropping of grasses + leguminous forages and walnut + thorn pear, or the combination mode of "nong-grass" was formed by the intercropping of grasses + leguminous forages and crops.

Preferably, for the topdressing in the above step (10), the topdressing fertilizer is mainly quick-acting chemical fertilizer, and the fertilization of leguminous pasture should be from the late branching stage to the budding stage and after each cutting, and the topdressing fertilizer is mainly P fertilizer and K fertilizer. , apply 25~75 kg/hm ² , and N fertilizer should be applied at the seedling stage. For gramineous grassland, N fertilizer should be used mainly after jointing to heading stage and after each cutting, and 30~90kg/hm2 should be applied, mixed with Grassland fertilization should be based on P fertilizer and K fertilizer, and fertilization should be divided into at least two periods. In the case of sufficient irrigation, decomposed farmyard manure should be applied every 3 to 4 years, and the fertilization rate should be 7500~15000 kg/hm ² .

Preferably, the irrigation in the above step (10) is watered at least once when the grass turns green when drought occurs. Gramineae is from jointing to flowering or even milk maturity, and leguminous pasture is from the late branching stage to the budding stage. 1~2 times, in the case of sufficient water source, water once after each cutting.

Preferably, the weed control in the above step (10) adopts plowing the land and cutting immature weeds.

Preferably, for the harvesting of pasture grass in the above step (10), the stubble height of the lower grass mowing is 3-4 cm, the height of the upper grass mowing stubble is 5-6 cm, and the last mowing stubble of each year should be 10 cm above.

Preferably, the above-mentioned pasture planting method in rocky desertification areas also includes grassland improvement, temporary enclosure, removal of toxic and harmful weeds, supplementary sowing and replanting to restore damaged grassland, reduction of grazing or prohibition of grazing, and pasture compensation by mowing , Supplementary sowing is mainly carried out corresponding supplementary sowing and cuttings according to which pasture grass in the grassland is more reduced.

Beneficial effects of the present invention: Compared with the prior art, the present invention can classify land rocky desertification, pasture selection, land preparation, pasture species selection, seed treatment, sowing date selection, sowing rate selection, sowing mode selection, post-sowing Repression and field management technologies can realize scientific forage planting and obtain high-yield forage. The economic benefits are significant and the environment can be greatly improved. It can maintain water and soil, improve the rocky desertification environment, and can effectively improve and maintain the primary productivity of the land. The output of agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry can increase farmers' income, and at the same time, it can effectively increase soil carbon sinks and improve environmental quality.

detailed description

Now in conjunction with following examples the present invention is further explained and illustrated.

Embodiment 1: a kind of grass planting method in rocky desertification area, comprises the following steps:

(1) Classification of rocky desertification: according to the exposed rate of porphyry rocks in 0.2km ² map and the vegetation + soil coverage rate in 0.2km ² map, land is divided into rocky desertification grades. Moderate karst rocky desertification is at 0.2km ² The exposed rate of porphyry rock is 51-70%, and the coverage rate of 0.2km ² is 49-30%. The rocky desertification is intensified, the soil erosion is serious, the soil layer is shallow, and most of them are rocky slope farmland and sparse irrigation. Grassy slopes with large slopes (generally greater than 25°), strongly disturbed by human activities, serious soil erosion, and frequent ecological and geological natural disasters; moderately rocky desertification areas have fragile ecological environments, shallow soil layers, and relatively harsh vegetation growth conditions , the community organization of the natural grassland ecosystem is relatively simple, the proportion of high-quality forage grass is small, and the control of rocky desertification is more difficult; the intensity of rocky desertification is 71-90% in the 0.2km ² map, and the exposed rate of the 0.2km ² map is 71-90%. The coverage rate of vegetation + soil cover is 29-10%. The rocky desertification is strong, the surface cover is scarce, and there is basically no soil to flow. Most of them are difficult-to-use lands that are about to lose their agricultural value. The rocky desertification process is close to the top level. The rest The situation is mild rocky desertification;

(2) Grass selection: According to the grade of rocky desertification and its natural geographical conditions and socio-economic characteristics, the selection of pasture species should be based on the principles of adapting measures to local conditions and taking into account ecological and economic benefits, and screening out drought-resistant, cold-resistant, and resistant grasses. Grasses with strong reversibility, preferably brome brome, perennial ryegrass, tall fescue, duck grass, alfalfa, red clover, white clover, forage corn, chicory, and stylo , Royal Bamboo Grass;

(3) Land preparation: Harmful weeds such as Eupatorium adenophorum and sorrel need to be completely removed before planting artificial grasslands. Other weeds should also be removed before planting, using herbicides such as glyphosate Phosphine, etc.; soil cultivation, the soil layer in the rocky desertification area is extremely shallow, the soil layer is seriously missing, lacks the covering layer, leaching layer, and sedimentary layer, basically only the parent material layer, so it needs to be adjusted according to local conditions. In places where the thickness of the soil layer is more than 20cm Carry out plowing, harrowing, plowing, and suppression of the land to facilitate the emergence of seedlings. When sowing or cutting pastures, follow the contour line of the slope, and broadcast or hole-seek according to the site conditions and control the row spacing, which is conducive to water and soil conservation. The soil thickness below 20cm adopts the no-tillage method and hole planting to reduce the disturbance to the soil alone. For sporadic land, follow the principle of "seeing needles" to plant flexibly; the base fertilizer is mainly organic fertilizer, and decomposed fertilizer should be used. Fertilization, layered application, mixed application of various fertilizers, farm retting or green manure and slow-release chemical fertilizers (such as phosphate rock powder, superphosphate, calcium magnesium fertilizer, etc.) Plow it under the soil layer to meet the needs of pasture or crops throughout the growth period. It is best to combine the base fertilizer with autumn plowing to increase production. The growth condition in a year, the amount of base fertilizer is generally determined by combining factors such as the type of forage grass and fertilizer quality, and generally 15000~30000 kg/hm ² is applied;

The principle of pasture species selection is suitable for the natural and geographical environment of rocky desertification areas, and can meet the requirements of establishing artificial grasslands. Select excellent pasture species with strong adaptability, high economic and ecological benefits, and the quality of the sown seeds should meet the national quality standards. High quality and low price, cutting varieties such as imperial bamboo grass should pass the quality inspection and immunity inspection, and be planted nearby;

(4) Seed treatment: Before sowing, the seeds must be tested for seed germination rate and clarity, and the purchased seeds should be treated to remove impurities to ensure the emergence rate. For leguminous pastures such as white clover and red clover, there may be hard seeds. In some cases, the method of rubbing the seed coat, soaking the seeds at different temperatures or chemical treatment can be used to improve the quality of sowing and germination rate. For grass seeds such as flat ear brome and perennial ryegrass, grinding can be used to remove awns and awning machines can be used to remove awns. Improves seed quality. When sowing, use appropriate amount of fertilizer and insecticide to dress the seeds, which is beneficial to the growth of seedlings and reduces the damage of soil pests. In addition, we should also pay attention to the problem of rhizobia inoculation of leguminous forage grass to improve its nitrogen fixation ability;

(5) Selection of sowing date: The sowing date is mainly based on natural conditions, such as temperature, moisture, etc., but the cultivation system, variety, labor force, etc. should also be considered. For primary sowing, the minimum temperature required for seed germination should be reached. During the sowing period, the temperature rises above 5°C and the moisture content is good enough to sow. Spring sowing is in February to March;

(6) Sowing amount: Correct sowing of forage grass is very important. It not only affects the yield of pasture grass, but also affects the use life of artificial grassland. Less sowing and thin seedlings will affect the yield; if the amount of sowing is large, the seedlings will be too dense, which will affect the development and cause the grassland to decline in advance. To reduce the useful life, the sowing amount should consider the price of seeds, seed clarity, germination rate, etc. The main calculation formula is as follows:

Actual sowing volume = sowing volume when the seed price is 100% / seed price

Seed price = clarity × germination rate × 100%

Clarity (%)=(sample weight-impurity weight)/sample weight×100%

Germination rate (%) = number of germinated grains/number of tested grains × 100%;

(7) Sowing depth: Sowing depth is 1~10cm. The sowing depth mainly depends on forage seeds, soil type, soil moisture, soil evaporation conditions, etc. Generally, the sowing depth of leguminous forage is shallower than that of Gramineae, and the soil in rocky desertification areas is shallow , the soil moisture content is low, especially the soil layer is thinner in the rocky desertification area, which requires us to pay special attention to the soil treatment when sowing, as shown in Table 1;

(8) Sowing method: Single sowing or mixed sowing. For rocky desertification areas with an annual average temperature of 16-18 degrees, 1500-1700 kWh/m ² , and a frost-free period of more than 300 days, the effect of single-sowing Huangzhu grass is remarkable. Under the Zanthoxylum bungeanum, we mainly plant uni-sowed stylo or alfalfa to increase nitrogen supply by fertilizing the soil, mainly adopting drill sowing or sowing, and sporadic plots are planted in holes. Plant stylo or alfalfa under the dragon fruit forest to increase nitrogen supply for dragon fruit , to improve the quality of the fruit, it is not recommended to mix with Gramineae to avoid its plundering of water and fertilizer and reduce the yield of dragon fruit. When sowing pasture, use water-retaining agent to improve seed survival rate and legume forage to inoculate root nodules. Use Gramineae + legume forage with walnut +Prickly pear intercropping forms the combination mode of "tree-shrub-grass" or the intercropping of grasses + legumes and crops forms the combination mode of "agriculture-grass";

(9) Suppress the surface soil after sowing, and make the topsoil compact after sowing, or form an isolation layer within a certain depth of the surface, which is tight at the top and empty at the bottom, and has the effect of soil moisture conservation. Suppression can reduce the pores in the soil and reduce the soil moisture. Water evaporates, tightens capillary water pipes, and water evaporates strongly in rocky desertification areas. The effect of suppression after sowing is better than that of suppression before sowing, which is conducive to the contact between seeds and moist soil, and is conducive to water absorption, emergence, and drought resistance and moisture conservation of seeds;

(10) Field management: Grasslands in intensive rocky desertification areas, especially the newly planted grasslands in the early stage, must be scientifically and meticulously managed to achieve better results. Reasonable and effective field management is a necessary measure for the establishment of high-yield and efficient artificial grasslands. Field management Including topdressing, irrigation, weed control, pest control, pre-winter management, pasture harvesting, and construction of supporting facilities;

Topdressing: After the grassland is planted, due to the increasing demand for pastures, especially the growth period of pastures has a greater nutritional demand, the slow release of base fertilizer is difficult to meet, so it is necessary to topdress fertilizers. Topdressing fertilizers are mainly quick-acting chemical fertilizers. Bean Grass grasses should be fertilized from the late branching stage to the budding stage and after each cutting. The topdressing fertilizer is mainly P fertilizer and K fertilizer, and 25~75kg/hm ² is applied, and N fertilizer is also needed at the seedling stage. From jointing to heading stage and after each cutting, N fertilizer should be used as the main fertilizer, and 30-90 kg/hm ² should be applied. P fertilizer and K fertilizer should be used as the main fertilizer for mixed grassland, and fertilization should be divided into at least two stages. If there is plenty, apply decomposed farmyard manure once every 3 to 4 years, and fertilize 7,500 to 15,000 kg/hm ² ;

Irrigation: Irrigation can greatly increase the yield of forage grass. By setting up small water cellars to store water, it can basically meet the water demand of forage grass during the critical period. In the stage of leguminous herbage, it is watered 1-2 times from the late branching stage to the budding stage. When the water source is abundant, it is watered once after each cutting;

Weed control: Plow the land and cut immature weeds. Weeds are very harmful to newly established artificial grasslands, especially perennial pastures that grow slowly and are easily competed by weeds. Appropriate sowing time can reduce weeds. Grass quantity, sowing perennial weeds and other weeds in spring will cause harm to the planted sowing grass, while sowing in summer and autumn will use plowing to destroy weeds, reduce the number of weeds, and mowing immature weeds is also It can reduce its harm to the next stubble, and carry out necessary chemical weeding according to the specific situation;

Pest control: Different cultivars have different pests and diseases. The principle of "prevention first, combined with prevention and control" is mainly implemented. From seed quarantine to land plowing and field management, strict control should be carried out. At present, the prevention and control of field pests and diseases Mainly use chemicals for prevention and control, but use as little as possible to reduce its pollution to the environment, production technology prevention and control, use existing experience to mow them before the high incidence of diseases and insect pests, reduce losses and the probability of outbreaks of diseases and insect pests, natural enemy control , using the theory of biophase control to control some pests and diseases, and planting excellent varieties that are resistant to pests and diseases to reduce the probability of outbreaks of pests and diseases;

Harvesting of forage: The time of mowing has a great influence on the regeneration of forage, the frequency of mowing and the next year's yield. Harvested at the same time, generally such as perennial ryegrass, tall fescue, flat brome and other gramineous pastures are mowed from earing to early flowering, while leguminous pastures are mowed at the early flowering stage not only for the current year but also for the next year's grass yield and nutrition. The effect is the best, and the cutting height also has a great influence on the yield, quality and regenerated grass. Generally, the stubble height of the lower grass such as white clover is 3~4 cm, and the upper grass such as alfalfa and duckweed The height of the stubble left after mowing is 5-6 cm, and the stubble left after the last cut every year should be more than 10 cm, which is convenient for storing nutrients in winter and overwintering safely. Different mowing times in the Huajiang Demonstration Area and Salaxi Demonstration Area will result in different mowing frequencies. Generally, it is used in the tillering stage. It can be mowed 7 times a year, 6 times in the jointing stage, and 4 times in the heading stage. It can be mowed three times during the flowering and mature stages. Because the frost-free period in the Huajiang demonstration area is about 30 days shorter than that in the Salaxi demonstration area, and because of the heat conditions, the Huajiang demonstration area can usually be mowed once more than the Salaxi demonstration area.

Preferably, the above-mentioned pasture planting method in rocky desertification areas also includes grassland improvement. Grassland degradation is relatively serious in the early stage of artificial grassland planting, toxic and harmful weeds increase rapidly, high-quality pastures decrease more, and grass production drops sharply, which is harmful to ecological animal husbandry. The development has caused serious impacts. For this, temporary enclosure should be adopted, toxic and harmful weeds should be removed, and the damaged grassland should be restored by supplementary sowing and replanting. At this time, grazing should be reduced or prohibited, and pasture compensation should be carried out by mowing. Supplementary sowing is mainly based on which forage grass has been reduced more, corresponding supplementary sowing and cuttings, watering after supplementary sowing or increasing survival rate after rain, and taking corresponding improvement measures according to the degradation form of rocky desertification grassland, as shown in Table 2 Reseeding measures for artificial grassland degraded by rocky desertification.

Claims (6)

1. a grass planting method in rocky desertification area, is characterized in that: comprise the following steps: (1) Gradation of rocky desertification: Classification of rocky desertification grades according to the exposed rate of porphyry rocks in 0.2km ² map and the vegetation + soil coverage rate in 0.2km ² map; (2) Grass screening: screen for grasses with strong drought resistance, cold resistance and stress resistance; (3) Land preparation: Harmful weeds need to be thoroughly removed, soil plowed, and base fertilizer applied before artificial grassland is established; (4) Seed treatment: remove impurities, use the method of scraping the seed coat, soaking the seeds at different temperatures or chemical treatment, remove the awns, and dress the seeds with fertilizers and insecticides; (5) Selection of the sowing period: the temperature of the sowing period rises above 5°C, and the spring sowing is in February to March; (6) Seeding amount: the main calculation formula is as follows: Actual sowing volume = sowing volume when the seed price is 100% / seed price Seed price = clarity × germination rate × 100% Clarity (%)=(sample weight-impurity weight)/sample weight×100% Germination rate (%) = number of germinated grains/number of tested grains × 100%; (7) Sowing depth: 1~10cm sowing depth; (8) Sowing method: unicast or mixed broadcast; For the sowing method in the step (8), for the rocky desertification area, the annual average temperature is 16-18 degrees, 1500-1700 kWh/m ² , and the frost-free period is more than 300 days. Single-sowing emperor bamboo grass is used. Planting uni-sowing stylo or alfalfa mainly adopts drill sowing or broadcasting, sporadic plots use hole sowing, planting stylo or alfalfa under dragon fruit forests to improve fruit quality, using water retaining agent to improve seed survival rate and leguminous pasture when sowing grass Root nodules are inoculated, and intercropping of gramineous grass + leguminous forage with walnut + prickly pear is used to form the combination mode of "tree-shrub-grass" or intercropping of gramineous + leguminous forage with crops to form the combination mode of "agriculture-grass"; (9) Suppress the surface soil after sowing; (10) Field management: Field management includes topdressing, irrigation, weed control, pest control, pre-winter management, grass harvesting, and construction of supporting facilities; For the irrigation in the step (10), when the herbage turns green, pour the green water at least once in case of drought. Gramineae is from jointing to flowering or even milk maturity stage, and leguminous forage is from the late branching stage to the budding stage, watering for 1~ 2 times, in the case of sufficient water source, water 1 time after each cutting. 2. A method for planting grass in rocky desertification areas as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: the removal of weeds in the step (3) uses a herbicide; the soil is cultivated at a soil layer thickness of 20 cm or more Plowing, harrowing, plowing, and compaction should be carried out in places where sowing or cutting pastures should be carried out along the contour line of the slope, and according to the site conditions, sowing or hole sowing should be carried out and the row spacing should be controlled. The no-tillage method should be adopted when the thickness of the soil layer is less than 20cm. , hole planting; the base fertilizer to be used is mainly organic fertilizer, and decomposed fertilizer is used. When fertilizing, deep application, layered application, and mixed application of various fertilizers are applied. On the cultivated land, plow it under the soil layer when plowing the land, and apply 15000~30000 kg/hm ² of basal fertilizer combined with autumn plowing. 3. A method for planting herbage in rocky desertification areas as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: the topdressing in the step (10) is mainly quick-acting chemical fertilizers, and fertilization of leguminous pastures should be done in the late branching stage To the budding stage and after each cutting, the topdressing fertilizer is mainly P fertilizer and K fertilizer, and 25~75 kg/hm ² is applied, and N fertilizer is also needed at the seedling stage. After each mowing, N fertilizer should be the main fertilizer, and 30-90 kg/hm ² should be applied. P fertilizer and K fertilizer should be used as the main fertilizer for mixed grassland, and fertilization should be divided into at least two phases. Apply decomposed farmyard manure once every 3~4 years, and fertilize 7500~15000 kg/hm ² . 4. A method for planting pasture in rocky desertification areas according to claim 1, characterized in that: the weed control in the step (10) adopts plowing the land and cutting immature weeds. 5. A method for planting grass in rocky desertification areas according to claim 1, characterized in that: for the harvesting of the grass in the step (10), the height of the stubble is 3-4 cm when the grass is mowed at the bottom, and the grass is mowed at the top. The stubble height should be 5-6 cm, and the stubble should be more than 10 cm for the last cut every year. 6. A method for planting pasture grass in rocky desertification areas as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: it also includes grassland improvement, temporary enclosure, removal of toxic and harmful weeds, supplementary sowing and replanting to restore damaged grassland, and reduction of grazing Or grazing is prohibited, pasture compensation is carried out through mowing, and supplementary sowing is mainly carried out according to which pasture grass in the grassland has decreased more and corresponding supplementary sowing and cuttings.