CN1043801C - Method for making thermal-insulating leakage-resistant decoration element used in outer side of external wall - Google Patents
Method for making thermal-insulating leakage-resistant decoration element used in outer side of external wall Download PDFInfo
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- CN1043801C CN1043801C CN 97103938 CN97103938A CN1043801C CN 1043801 C CN1043801 C CN 1043801C CN 97103938 CN97103938 CN 97103938 CN 97103938 A CN97103938 A CN 97103938A CN 1043801 C CN1043801 C CN 1043801C
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- 238000005034 decoration Methods 0.000 title claims description 16
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 8
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000004570 mortar (masonry) Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000011810 insulating material Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000004567 concrete Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000010438 granite Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000012856 packing Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011505 plaster Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000004513 sizing Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000009977 dual effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003292 glue Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 10
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 abstract description 9
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 abstract 2
- 239000012774 insulation material Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000011449 brick Substances 0.000 description 13
- 229920006389 polyphenyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 239000011150 reinforced concrete Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000004566 building material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000004134 energy conservation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000004026 adhesive bonding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002528 anti-freeze Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005538 encapsulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011490 mineral wool Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004321 preservation Methods 0.000 description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010792 warming Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004078 waterproofing Methods 0.000 description 2
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 235000007926 Craterellus fallax Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000007175 Datura inoxia Species 0.000 description 1
- 108010010803 Gelatin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Orthosilicate Chemical compound [O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000265 Polyparaphenylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 208000037656 Respiratory Sounds Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000001154 acute effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005030 aluminium foil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010426 asphalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007710 freezing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008014 freezing Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008273 gelatin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000159 gelatin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000019322 gelatine Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000011852 gelatine desserts Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940074869 marquis Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000003205 muscle Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000011056 performance test Methods 0.000 description 1
- -1 polyphenylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- VBUNOIXRZNJNAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N ponazuril Chemical compound CC1=CC(N2C(N(C)C(=O)NC2=O)=O)=CC=C1OC1=CC=C(S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F)C=C1 VBUNOIXRZNJNAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000741 silica gel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002027 silica gel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010257 thawing Methods 0.000 description 1
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- Finishing Walls (AREA)
- Building Environments (AREA)
Abstract
The present invention relates to a building member, particularly to a thermal-insulation impervious decorative member of the outside of an outer wall. A rectangular groove (1) is precast by a wire net, cement and mortar. In casting, 4 to 20 connecting columns (2) are preburied, a closed rectangular inner frame (3) is connected with the end surfaces of the connecting columns, thermal-insulation materials (4) are filled in the groove below the inner frame, an inner circle of the inner frame (3) is an air layer (12), the surface of an outer circle of the inner frame is contacted and connected with a rectangular sealing strip (5) which extends out of the end face of the groove, 4 to 8 metal strips (6) for being connected with a wall body are fixed on the inner frame, decorative materials or patterns are attached to the surface of a member A, and thereby, a member single body is formed. In finishing, a plurality of member single bodies are fixed on the wall body of the outside of an outer wall, gaps among members are successively arranged in a sealing bottom strip (7), an expansion strip (8) and a sealing cover strip (9), and an integral thermal-insulation impervious decorative layer of the outside of the outer wall is formed. The present invention has the characteristics of thermal insulation, crack prevention, water seepage prevention, obvious decorative effect, low cost, easy construction and energy saving.
Description
A kind of precast facade thermal-insulating leakage-resistant decoration element used in outer side relates to building class formation member and manufacture technology field thereof.
The finishing of building, particularly insulation, antiseepage, the decoration in the exterior wall outside are one of important process of builing industry.
Finishing for the exterior wall outside has three kinds of forms, i.e. exterior wall coating materials substantially; Gluing ornamental; Integral body installs insulation layer additional.
Above-mentioned several form, weak point mainly shows: cost height, heat insulation effect are poor, the waterproof anticracking deficiency, decorative effect is not attractive in appearance etc.
In July, 1991, Beijing publish (building energy conservation practical technique data compilation " the 64th～65 page, External Walls Heating Insulation is disclosed, it is characterized in that installing the insulation layer of forming by air layer, insulation layer, top layer additional in the whole exterior wall outside.As seen, difficulty of construction is big, cost height, not easy-maintaining.
Deutsche Bundespatent PAT-NO DD276319 discloses the external bag isolation layer of exterior wall, with special gelatin isolation layer is sticked on the exterior wall, and then with the glass fiber nailing fastening it.French Patent (FRP) PAT-NO FR2667638 discloses exterior wall with five layers of thermal and sound insulating materials, and first floor and last one deck are big mesh material, and the second layer is a glass fiber, and the 3rd layer be aluminium foil, and the 4th layer is asphalt paper, every 50 centimeters spacings usefulness continuously connected fasteners fastening it.European patent PAT-NO EP550043 discloses the outer extraordinary isolation layer of layer of transparent that is coated with, and this coating is made by fine-particle powders such as quartz, silica gel, aluminium magensium silicate, carbonate.Also have at wall face and paste one deck mineral wool board, use the keel crosswise fixed, will be vertically fixed on the lateral keel with the keel of hook, the concrete of plug-in 600 * 100 * 12mm is hung wall brick, and hanging between wall brick and mineral wool board has 2 centimeters gap approximately, forms air heat-insulation layer.
External these technology still do not overcome aforementioned weak point.
We are in the utility model patent 94205171.8 " precast facade heat preservation energy-saving decorative panel " of application in March nineteen ninety-five and mandate; it is characterized in that comprising that its skin is a ferrocement mortar topping; band muscle mortar connected body; plate body structure with internal layer reinforced concrete mortar frame composition; the polyphenyl heat insulating material is wrapped in wherein; post high density polyphenyl bar around it, four jiaos are embedded with thicker wire.Now, we on preparation method, with on body of wall is connected, and in the processing of the reliability of plate seam sealing and structure contact, have done improvement on heat insulation effect, more perfect.
The objective of the invention is to: prepare a kind of member, be fixed on the skin outside, cut off cold bridge, reach the purpose of exterior wall outside insulation;
The present invention also aims to: adopt multi-layer sealed technology between the member, reach the purpose of sealing, anticracking, waterproof;
The present invention also aims to: paste multiple ornament at member A face, reach the more outstanding purpose of decorative effect;
The present invention also aims to: because member is at underground plane operation, piecemeal is fixed on the exterior wall outside, thereby reaches easy working purpose;
The present invention also aims to: since simple in structure, reduce cost the purpose of reducing investment outlay thereby reached;
The present invention also aims to: owing to implemented exterior-wall heat insulation, improved interior temperature, can fuel saving, reached purpose of energy saving.
Above-mentioned purpose mainly is achieved through the following technical solutions;
Thermal-insulating leakage-resistant decoration element used in outer side of external wall is made up of square type groove, inside casing, connecting column, weather strip, heat insulating material, bonding jumper.
Cavity in integral prefabricated rectangular recess (1), several connecting columns of vertical fixing (2), and in rectangular connecting column end face of structuring the formation, the inside casing of a bonding sealing (3), filled heat insulating material (4) in the groove under the inside casing, the inside casing medial surface is an air layer, the bonding rectangle perimeter weather strip (5) that extends the groove end face of inside casing lateral surface, there are several bonding jumpers (6) to be connected on the inside casing (3), constitute the monomer of thermal-insulating leakage-resistant decoration element thus.
By a plurality of above-mentioned monomers, be assembled in the exterior wall outside according to the order of sequence again,, be combined as the exterior wall outside insulation layer of thermal-insulating leakage-resistant decoration element by the encapsulation process in the slit between the member.
The A face of member has ornament materials or pattern.
The Component and B face is connected with exterior wall outside body of wall.
Purpose of the present invention can also reach by other measures:
1. groove (1) is by galvanized wire mesh or gauze wire cloth, cement, mortar, prefabricated forming, and in the prefabricated process, post that is fixedly connected (2) and inside casing (3) form structural skeleton.
2. the connecting column (2) that is fixed in the groove (1) is 4～20.
3. the groove of rectangle (1) gabarite 300 * 300～2000 * 2000mm, thickness is not less than 30mm.
4. connecting 3～8 on the inside casing (3) and be affiliated to the fixedly bonding jumper of usefulness (6) with body of wall.
5. the ornament materials and the pattern that are attached of member A face comprises ceramic tile, mosaic, granite, terrazzo concrete, granitic plaster, parian, embossment, convexo-concave line, spraying, titanizing, glass, plain plane etc.
6. during the metope of the finishing exterior wall outside, the break joint between each member, under the peripheral weather strip (5) of two members, the sealing sill strip (7) of packing into successively, expansion bar (8), sealing cover fillet (9).
7. installation component, when running into door and window, in the gap of member and door and window, the sizing material weather strip (10) of packing into is smeared concrete cover (11) protection again.
8. the member monomer sticks with glue respectively and is connected dual mode with bonding jumper (6) and is fixed on the body of wall of the exterior wall outside.
Owing to adopted technique scheme and measure, made the present invention have remarkable result:
1. the external side insulation of exterior wall
Outer body of wall (brick wall, reinforced concrete wall etc. are arranged) outer surface, the outside two vertical planes and interface and door and window and body of wall junction etc., owing to cut off plate seam place heat bridge, make outer body of wall be in the full bag state of peripheral polyphenyl bar and polyphenyl insulation layer, cause exterior wall to significantly reduce the generation cold bridge phenomenon, therefore can realize the excellent insulating effect.Through repeatedly performance test of China Building Materials Academy, its every technical performance index is good, meets the requirements fully.Wherein " insulation: coefficient of thermal conductivity 0.1282W/mk (to 1 centimeter cement board and 2.8 centimeters polyphenyl composite materials); engineering calculation shows: 240 brick walls paste this insulation construction of extension outward and are equivalent to 860 brick walls; 200 reinforced concrete walls paste this insulation construction of extension (thick 6 centimeters of polyphenyl) outward and are equivalent to 720 brick walls, satisfy and exceed the index of national regulation 620 brick walls energy-conservation 50% ".
2. gasproof marquis, indeformable, not crackle, antifreeze, waterproof
The precast facade thermal-insulating leakage-resistant decoration element, structural performance is good, and the intensity height is not yielding, safe and reliable.Plate body is a space multistory framework, and the shell flat board is frame supported in the inner part, and not bending is difficult for broken.Such structure way makes external wall reach whole parcels especially for the encapsulation process of heat insulating material creates conditions, and the processing of plate seam node is very perfect, constructional waterproofing is wherein arranged, the material waterproofing of appearance is arranged again, airtight layer by layer, all guaranteed for the insulation and the waterproof of seam.
Through China Building Materials Academy's antifreezing test, promptly carry out freezing and thawing test 50 times at subzero-15 ℃～-20 ℃, check the outward appearance no change, the quality that this warming plate is described is believable, can antifreeze waterproof.
3. obvious energy conservation is higher than more than 50%
Through China Building Materials Academy heat-insulating property is tested, recording coefficient of thermal conductivity is 0.1282W/mk, shows through engineering calculation:
240 brick walls paste this insulation construction of extension outward and are equivalent to 860 brick walls.
200 reinforced concrete walls paste this insulation construction of extension outward and are equivalent to 720 brick walls.
Therefore, 860 brick walls are compared with 620 brick walls with 720 brick walls, and its energy-saving effect will be considerably beyond 50%.
4. decorative effect is outstanding
This energy is the prefabricated heat preservation structural component with good heat insulation effect, energy-saving effect in advance, decorative cover can post ceramic tile (Fig. 5), mosaic (Fig. 6), granite (Fig. 7), terrazzo concrete (Fig. 8), the acute stone (Fig. 9) of water, parian (Figure 10), embossment (Figure 11), convexo-concave line (Figure 12), spraying (Figure 13), titanizing (Figure 14), glass (Figure 15), plain dull and stereotyped (Figure 16) or the like in advance in processing factory, building exterior decoration is once finished when construction and installation, its horn of plenty art of building, to increase the appearance of the city attractive in appearance, created good condition.
5. draw materials conveniently, easy to manufacture, be easy to construction and installation, can be used for high-rise building building and lightweight structures building, and the common engineering building.
This warming plate is easy to construction and installation, at first is that weight is lighter, and the on-gauge plate molded dimension with 600 * 600 * 65 or 75 is an example, heavily about 10～12 kilograms, meets the weight range that constructor one people can move substantially.
Accompanying drawing of the present invention and drawing are described as follows:
The vertical view of Fig. 1 thermal-insulating leakage-resistant decoration element
Fig. 2 thermal-insulating leakage-resistant decoration element sectional drawing
Fig. 3 two thermal-insulating leakage-resistant decoration element plates seam sectional drawing
Fig. 4 thermal-insulating leakage-resistant decoration element and door and window gap section figure
Fig. 5 is attached to the ceramic tile face of member A face
Fig. 6 is attached to the mosaic surface of member A face
Fig. 7 is attached to the granite surface of member A face
Fig. 8 is attached to the terrazzo concrete face of member A face
Fig. 9 is attached to the granitic plaster face of member A face
Figure 10 is attached to the imitative Dali face of member A face
Figure 11 is attached to the relief surface of member A face
Figure 12 is attached to the convexo-concave line face of member A face
Figure 13 is attached to the spraying face of member A face
Figure 14 is attached to the titanizing face of member A face
Figure 15 is attached to the glass of member A face
Figure 16 is attached to the plain plane of member A face
Among the figure: rectangular recess (1), connecting column (2), inside casing (3), heat insulating material (4), peripheral weather strip (5), bonding jumper (6), sealing sill strip (7), expansion bar (8), sealing cover fillet (9), sizing material weather strip (10), cement topping (11), air layer (12)
Below in conjunction with drawings and Examples the present invention is described further explanation:
In mould, make skeleton with gauze wire cloth, cement, mortar moulding by casting, prefabricated 600 * 600mm, thickness 65mm, the rectangular recess 1 of the high 40mm of groove nation.In the casting process, imbed the connecting column 2 of the high 30mm of φ 30mm, connecting column is fixed 2 at the cavity of groove 1, rectangular uniform 8 along recess edge.
On the end face of 8 connecting columns 2 in edge, connect the inside casing 3 of a sealing, the inside casing outside dimension is 536 * 536mm, cross section 25mm * 25mm.
Inside casing is concordant with groove 1 groove nation down, whole filling polyphenylene resin heat insulating material 4.
The medial surface of inside casing 3 is an air layer.
Establish the bonding jumper 6 of 3 φ 2 * 60mm on the inside casing 3.
The A face of rectangular recess 1 can make various patterns, Pasting ceramic tile (Fig. 5), mosaic (Fig. 6), granite (Fig. 7), terrazzo concrete (Fig. 8), granitic plaster (Fig. 9), parian (Figure 10), embossment (Figure 11), convexo-concave line (Fig. 1 2), spraying (Figure 13), titanizing (Figure 14), the plain plane of glass (Figure 15) (Figure 16) etc.
Constituted the monomer of exterior wall outside thermal-insulating leakage-resistant member (can with decorative cover) thus.Can select polylith member monomer according to the exterior wall area, be assembled into exterior wall outside insulation layer.
During finishing, the member monomer is connect on the exterior wall lateral surface with high-performance building is gluing, and fix it, destroy pulling force and can reach more than 500 kilograms with bonding jumper 6.
At the seam crossing of every module component, the sealing bottom 7 of the high-quality of packing into successively, flexible expanding layer 8, the sealing cap rock 9 of high-quality.
When installation component runs into door and window,, and spread cement 11 and protected with 10 sealings of sizing material weather strip.
Claims (9)
1. precast facade thermal-insulating leakage-resistant decoration element used in outer side, be by rectangular recess, connecting column, inside casing, weather strip, heat insulating material, bonding jumper constitutes, it is characterized in that: the cavity in integral prefabricated rectangular recess (1), several connecting columns of vertical fixing (2), and in rectangular connecting column end face of structuring the formation, the inside casing (3) that connects a sealing, filled heat insulating material (4) in the groove under the inside casing, the inside casing medial surface forms air layer (12), the bonding rectangle perimeter weather strip (5) that extends the groove end face of inside casing lateral surface, there are several bonding jumpers (6) to be connected on the inside casing (3), constitute the member monomer of prefabricated thermal insulation leakage-resistant decoration thus
By many member monomers, be assembled in the exterior wall outside according to the order of sequence again, form the thermal-insulating leakage-resistant decoration topping,
The A face of member has ornament materials and pattern,
Component and B face and exterior wall external wall sports association connect.
2. according to the described member of claim 1, it is characterized in that: groove (1) be with wire gauze, cement, mortar is prefabricated forms, the post (2) that is fixedly connected in the prefabricated process, and inside casing (3) form structural skeleton.
3. according to the described member of claim 1, it is characterized in that: the connecting column (2) that is fixed in the groove (1) is 4～20.
4. according to the described member of claim 1, it is characterized in that: rectangular recess (1) gabarite is 300 * 300～2000 * 2000mm, and its thickness is not less than 30mm.
5. according to the described member of claim 1, it is characterized in that: inside casing (3) first line of a couplet then 3～8 be affiliated to the fixedly bonding jumper of usefulness (6) with body of wall.
6. according to the described member of claim 1, it is characterized in that: ornament materials and pattern that member A face is attached comprise: ceramic tile, mosaic, granite, terrazzo concrete, granitic plaster, parian, embossment, convexo-concave line, spraying, titanizing, glass, plain plane etc.
7. according to the described member of claim 1, it is characterized in that: the slit behind the last wall between each member, under the peripheral weather strip (5) of two members, the sealing sill strip (7) of packing into successively, expansion bar (8), sealing cover fillet (9).
8. according to the described member of claim 1, it is characterized in that: in the gap of member and door and window, the sizing material weather strip (10) of packing into was smeared the concrete cover protection again when installation component ran into door and window.
9. according to the described member of claim 1, it is characterized in that: the member monomer sticks with glue respectively and bonding jumper (6) connection dual mode is fixed on the body of wall of the exterior wall outside.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN 97103938 CN1043801C (en) | 1997-04-07 | 1997-04-07 | Method for making thermal-insulating leakage-resistant decoration element used in outer side of external wall |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN 97103938 CN1043801C (en) | 1997-04-07 | 1997-04-07 | Method for making thermal-insulating leakage-resistant decoration element used in outer side of external wall |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN1167194A CN1167194A (en) | 1997-12-10 |
| CN1043801C true CN1043801C (en) | 1999-06-23 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN 97103938 Expired - Fee Related CN1043801C (en) | 1997-04-07 | 1997-04-07 | Method for making thermal-insulating leakage-resistant decoration element used in outer side of external wall |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN1043801C (en) |
Families Citing this family (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN100535355C (en) * | 2007-09-29 | 2009-09-02 | 邸占英 | Rock-imitated heat-preserving decorating wall and manufacturing method thereof |
| CN103132619A (en) * | 2011-11-28 | 2013-06-05 | 王炜 | Heat-preservation technology for usage of hollow glass on wall body |
| CN102661014B (en) * | 2012-05-20 | 2014-12-24 | 王睿敏 | Multi-interlayer self-waterproof prefabricated heat insulation external wall panel for building |
| JP6283335B2 (en) * | 2015-09-15 | 2018-02-21 | ニチハ株式会社 | Exterior structure |
| CN108301581B (en) * | 2017-01-12 | 2021-09-21 | 株式会社钟化 | Indoor wall surface structure and manufacturing method thereof |
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1997
- 1997-04-07 CN CN 97103938 patent/CN1043801C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN1167194A (en) | 1997-12-10 |
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