CN104255909A - 一种牛奶杀菌消毒方法及其设备 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明是有关于一种牛奶杀菌消毒方法及其设备,该方法为将牛奶经过高强度、高密度的紫外线光消毒杀菌,再经过过滤器过滤并在80度至98度温度下加热;该设备包括设备本体、过滤器及加热装置,所述的设备本体上设有进口和出口,设备本体上方安装有过滤器,过滤器上设有加热装置,加热装置与温度控制系统连接。本发明的方法及设备节能环保,设备运行成本低,既可达到对牛奶杀菌消毒的作用又不影响牛奶的影响成分,加工后的牛奶不会被二次污染,保存时间长。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及食品加工领域,特别是涉及一种牛奶杀菌消毒方法及其设备。
背景技术
牛奶是人们日常生活中不可缺少的营养必需品,然而新鲜的牛奶中通常会含有较多的病菌,不能直接饮用,需要进行杀菌消毒处理。
(一)细菌
牛乳中存在的微生物有细菌、酵母和霉菌,其中以细菌在牛乳贮藏与加工中的意义为最重要。细菌大小平均约为牛乳脂肪球的1/125,直径约为O.6um。
1、乳酸菌
乳酸菌可利用碳水化合物产生乳酸,即进行乳酸发酵。从牛乳中很容易分离得到乳酸菌,其在分类学上属于乳酸菌科。乳酸菌一般为无孢子球菌或杆菌,属厌氧型或兼性厌氧型细菌。进行乳酸发酵时,其有时产生挥发性酸或气体。
2、丙酸菌
此为产生丙酸发酵的菌群,可将乳糖及其他碳水化合物分解为丙酸、醋酸与二氧化碳。此种菌为革兰氏阳性短杆菌,为制造瑞士干酪的发酵剂,其制出的干酪上有孔。
3、肠细菌
肠细菌寄生于肠中,为革兰氏阴性短杆菌。肠细菌为兼性厌氧性细菌,以大肠菌群、病原菌、沙门氏菌为主要菌群。
大肠菌群可将碳水化合物发酵,产生酸及二氧化碳、氢等气体。因大肠菌群来自于粪便,所以被规定为牛乳污染的指标菌。
4、孢子杆菌
孢子杆菌为形成内孢子的革兰氏阳性杆菌,可分为好氧性芽孢杆菌属与厌氧性梭状芽孢杆菌属。
5、小球菌属
小球菌属为好气性产生色素的革兰氏阳性球菌。在牛乳中常出现的有小球菌属与葡萄球菌属。葡萄球菌的菌体如葡萄串般排列,其多为乳房炎乳或食物中毒的原因菌。
6、假单胞菌
假单胞菌是利用鞭毛运动的需氧性菌,荧光假单胞菌和腐败假单胞菌为其代表菌。这种菌可将乳蛋白质分解成蛋白胨或将乳脂肪分解产生脂肪分解臭。这种菌能在低温下生长繁殖。
7、产碱杆菌属
产碱杆菌可使牛乳中所含的有机盐(柠檬酸盐)分解而形成碳酸盐,从而使牛乳转变为碱性。粪产碱杆菌为革兰氏阴性需氧性菌,这种菌在人及动物肠道内存在,它随着粪便而使牛乳污染。这种菌的适宜生长温度在25-37℃。稠乳产碱杆菌常在水中存在,为革兰氏阴性菌,是需氧性的。这种菌的适宜生长温度在10-26℃,它除能产碱外,并能使牛乳粘质化。
8、病原菌
牛乳中有时混有病原菌,会在人群中传染疾病,因此必须严格控制牛乳的杀菌、灭菌,使病原菌不存在。
混入牛乳中的主要病原菌有:沙门氏菌属的伤寒沙门氏菌、副伤寒沙门氏菌、肠类沙门氏菌,志贺氏菌属的志贺氏痢疾杆菌,弧菌属的霍乱弧菌,白喉棒状杆菌,人形结核菌,牛形结核菌,牛传染性流产布鲁氏杆菌,炭疽菌,大肠菌,葡萄球菌,溶血性链球菌,无乳链球菌,病原性肉毒杆菌。
(二)真菌
新鲜牛乳中的酵母主要为酵母属、毕赤氏酵母属、球拟酵母属、假丝酵母属等菌属,常见的有脆壁酵母菌、洪氏球拟酵母、高加索乳酒球拟酵母、球拟酵母等。其中,脆壁酵母与假丝酵母可使乳糖发酵而且用以制造发酵乳制品。但使用酵母制成的乳制品往往带有酵母臭,有风味上的缺陷。
牛乳中常见的霉菌有乳粉胞霉、乳酪粉胞霉、黑念珠霉、变异念珠霉、腊叶芽枝霉、乳酪青霉、灰绿青霉、灰绿曲霉和黑曲霉,其中的乳酪青霉可制干酪,其余的大部分霉菌会使干酪、乳酪等污染腐败。
(三)噬茵体
侵害细菌的滤过性病毒统称为噬菌体,亦称为细菌病毒。目前已发现大肠杆菌、乳酸菌、赤痢菌、沙门氏杆菌、霍乱菌、葡萄球菌、结核菌、放线菌等多数细菌的噬菌体。噬菌体长度多为50-80nm,可分为头部和尾部。噬菌体头部含有脱氧核糖核酸(DNA),可以支配遗传物质,使其对宿主菌株有选择特异性;尾部由蛋白质组成。噬菌体先附着宿主细菌,然后再侵入该菌体内增殖,当其成熟生成多数新噬菌体后,即将新噬菌体放出,并产生溶菌作用。
对牛乳、乳制品的微生物而言,最重要的噬菌体为乳酸菌噬菌体。作为干酪或酸乳菌种的乳酸菌有被其噬菌体侵袭的情形发生,以致造成乳品加工中的损失。
就以上名目繁多的细菌需要采用科学的手段处理,否则对人将构成重大生命威胁。
对牛奶的消毒、灭菌一般采用高温灭菌方式,在高温灭菌后降温到人可饮用温度时人就可以直接饮用。然而灭菌后的牛奶的营养成分往往被人们忽视,因牛奶只有在高温130度状态下才能杀死所有细菌,而在温度达到100度后牛奶便失去了营养,这是常人未知的常识。为解决这个矛盾,人们采取了低温冷冻等方法,均未能彻底解决既保证牛奶营养不变,又达到彻底杀菌消毒的问题。如何创设一种可有效杀灭细菌真菌,又能保证牛奶营养成分不流失的新的牛奶杀菌消毒方法及其设备,实属当前重要研发课题。
发明内容
本发明要解决的技术问题是提供一种牛奶杀菌消毒方法及其设备,使其可有效杀灭牛奶中的细菌真菌,又能保证牛奶营养成分不流失,从而解决现有的牛奶杀菌消毒会破坏牛奶营养成分的不足。
为解决上述技术问题,本发明提供一种牛奶杀菌消毒方法,首先将牛奶经过380-430nm的紫外线光消毒杀菌,再经过过滤器过滤并在80度至98度温度下加热2分钟。
所述的过滤器的滤芯由活性碳纤维和陶瓷的复合材料制成。
本发明还提供应用上述方法杀菌消毒的设备,包括设备本体、过滤器及加热装置,所述的设备本体上设有进口和出口,设备本体上方安装有过滤器,过滤器上设有加热装置,加热装置与温度控制系统连接。
进一步的,所述的设备本体、进口和出口均由白钢或镀锣的食品级材料制成。
所述的设备本体上部设有密封罩。
采用这样的设计后,本发明至少具有以下优点:
本发明采用的牛奶杀菌消毒方法及其设备,不仅满足了牛奶保鲜要求,营养不流失,通过采用温度与光线和过滤器消毒杀菌法,达到消毒杀菌的目的。
本发明适用于牛奶保鲜消毒杀菌和饮料、果汁、矿泉水等液体杀菌消毒范围使用。
本发明的方法及设备节能环保,设备运行成本低,加工后的牛奶不会被二次污染,保存时间长。
附图说明
上述仅是本发明技术方案的概述,为了能够更清楚了解本发明的技术手段,以下结合附图与具体实施方式对本发明作进一步的详细说明。
图1是本发明一种牛奶杀菌消毒设备的结构示意图。
图2是本发明拆除密封罩后的结构示意图。
其中,1为设备本体,2为过滤器,3为进口,4为出口,5为密封罩。
具体实施方式
参照图1-2所示,本发明提供一种牛奶杀菌消毒方法,首先将牛奶经过380-430nm的紫外线光消毒杀菌,细菌中的脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)、核糖核酸(RNA)和核蛋白的吸收紫外线的最强峰在254~257nm。细菌吸收紫外线后,引起DNA链断裂,造成核酸和蛋白的交联破裂,杀灭核酸的生物活性,致细菌死亡;
再经过过滤器过滤并在80度至98度温度下加热2分钟,过滤掉大于奶分子的所有细菌。
过滤器的滤芯优选为活性碳纤维和陶瓷的复合材料制成。
本发明还提供应用上述方法杀菌消毒的设备,包括设备本体1、过滤器2及加热装置,所述的设备本体1上设有进口3和出口4,设备本体1上方安装有过滤器2,过滤器2上设有加热装置,加热装置与温度控制系统连接。
所述的设备本体1、进口3和出口4均由白钢或镀锣的食品级材料制成。
所述的设备本体1上部设有密封罩5。
本发明的设备使用方法简单,将采集下来的或收购回来的牛奶,通过设备进口输送到设备本体中,在设备中流过的牛奶,经过高强度,高密度的紫外线光消毒杀菌,又经过温度加热到80度至98度的过滤器加热2分钟,杀灭并过滤掉未杀死的细菌,然后从出口流出,此时,牛奶中的细菌以被完全杀灭且不改变牛奶中含有的营养成分。以此方法对牛奶保鲜杀菌消毒后可直接灌装或用于其他食品加工使用。
以上所述,仅是本发明的较佳实施例而已,并非对本发明作任何形式上的限制,本领域技术人员利用上述揭示的技术内容做出些许简单修改、等同变化或修饰,均落在本发明的保护范围内。
Claims (5)
1.一种牛奶杀菌消毒方法,其特征在于,首先将牛奶经过380-430nm的紫外线光消毒杀菌,再经过过滤器过滤并在80度至98度温度下加热2分钟。
2.根据权利要求1所述的牛奶杀菌消毒方法,其特征在于,所述的过滤器的滤芯由活性碳纤维和陶瓷的复合材料制成。
3.应用权利要求1所述的牛奶杀菌消毒方法的设备,其特征在于,包括设备本体、过滤器及加热装置,所述的设备本体上设有进口和出口,设备本体上方安装有过滤器,过滤器上设有加热装置,加热装置与温度控制系统连接。
4.根据权利要求3所述的牛奶杀菌消毒设备,其特征在于,所述的设备本体、进口和出口均由白钢或镀锣的食品级材料制成。
5.根据权利要求3所述的牛奶杀菌消毒设备,其特征在于,所述的设备本体上部设有密封罩。
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