CN104202007A - Active broadband matching method of short-wave frequency-band electrically small antenna and matching circuit thereof - Google Patents
Active broadband matching method of short-wave frequency-band electrically small antenna and matching circuit thereof Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种短波频段电小天线的有源宽带匹配方法及其匹配电路，联合非福斯特电抗元件和无源宽带匹配网络对电小天线进行匹配，所述非福斯特电抗元件由负阻抗变换器实现，负阻抗变换器和无源宽带匹配网络级联形成一个二端口有源宽带匹配网络，该匹配网络的一端口连接电小天线，二端口连接发射机/接收机。本发明综合考虑了非福斯特电抗元件和无源宽带匹配网络的实现，在非福斯特电抗元件的实现过程中能够对引入的损耗进行调控，用负电容和负电感的串联组合代替传统的单个负电容，使得抵消阻抗虚部的效果更好，在匹配网络中引入传输线变压器，可以通过微调传输线变压器的变比来补偿测试值和设计值之间的偏差。
The invention discloses an active broadband matching method for an electrically small antenna in a short-wave frequency band and a matching circuit thereof. The electrically small antenna is matched in combination with a non-Foster reactance element and a passive broadband matching network. The non-Foster reactance element Realized by a negative impedance converter, the negative impedance converter and a passive broadband matching network are cascaded to form a two-port active broadband matching network, one port of the matching network is connected to an electric small antenna, and the other port is connected to a transmitter/receiver. The present invention comprehensively considers the realization of the non-Foster reactance element and the passive broadband matching network. During the realization of the non-Foster reactance element, the loss introduced can be regulated, and the series combination of negative capacitance and negative inductance is used to replace traditional A single negative capacitance makes the effect of offsetting the imaginary part of the impedance better. Introducing a transmission line transformer in the matching network can compensate the deviation between the test value and the design value by fine-tuning the transformation ratio of the transmission line transformer.
Description
技术领域 technical field
本发明涉及电磁场与电磁波领域，尤其是一种短波频段电小天线的有源宽带匹配方法及其匹配电路。 The invention relates to the fields of electromagnetic fields and electromagnetic waves, in particular to an active broadband matching method and a matching circuit for an electrically small antenna in a short-wave frequency band.
背景技术 Background technique
短波通信是指利用频率为3MHz～30MHz的电磁波进行的无线电通信，有时候也把中波的高频段1.5MHz～3MHz归于短波频段。短波通信多年来被广泛应用于政府、军事、外交、气象、商业等部门，特别是在军事部门，它始终是军事指挥的重要手段之一。由于短波频段的频率较低（1.5MHz～30MHz），相对应的波长较长（10m～200m），目前为了适应天线小型化要求而设计的短波天线其尺寸往往小于0.1个波长，这就使得短波天线常常表现为电小尺寸，这种现象在短波频段的低端尤为突出。 Shortwave communication refers to radio communication using electromagnetic waves with a frequency of 3MHz to 30MHz. Sometimes the high frequency band of medium wave 1.5MHz to 3MHz is also classified as shortwave frequency band. Shortwave communication has been widely used in government, military, diplomatic, meteorological, commercial and other departments for many years, especially in the military department. It has always been one of the important means of military command. Due to the low frequency of the short-wave band (1.5MHz～30MHz) and the corresponding long wavelength (10m-200m), the size of the short-wave antenna designed to meet the requirements of antenna miniaturization is often less than 0.1 wavelength, which makes the short-wave Antennas are often electrically small, especially at the low end of the shortwave band.
当天线的最大物理尺寸 远小于其工作波长，即满足时，天线即属于电小天线。天线的输入阻抗可表示为，对电小天线而言其特点是电阻分量很小而电抗分量很大。当电抗分量远远大于电阻分量并且都严重偏离馈线特性阻抗时，会带来两个显著问题：一个是天线和馈线严重失配；另一个是天线储存的能量远远大于辐射的能量，这时天线相当于一个具有微量辐射能力的电容器。这两个问题带来的后果就是天线的实际增益特别低。 When the maximum physical size of the antenna Much smaller than its operating wavelength , which satisfies , the antenna is an electrically small antenna. The input impedance of the antenna can be expressed as , for an electrically small antenna, it is characterized by a resistive component is small and the reactance component very big. When the reactance component is much larger than the resistance component and both seriously deviate from the characteristic impedance of the feeder, two significant problems will be caused: one is that the antenna and the feeder are seriously mismatched; the other is that the energy stored by the antenna is much greater than the energy radiated, at this time The antenna is equivalent to a capacitor with a small amount of radiation capability. The consequence of these two problems is that the actual gain of the antenna is extremely low.
为了解决由电小天线阻抗虚部远大于阻抗实部并且都严重偏离馈线特性阻抗而带来的两个问题，提出基于非福斯特电抗元件和无源宽带匹配网络形成有源宽带匹配网络对电小天线进行匹配的方法，以及非福斯特电抗元件和无源宽带匹配网络相结合的匹配电路设计。首先利用非福斯特电抗元件抵消电小天线过大的阻抗虚部，抵消后的阻抗虚部并没有完全消失而是和阻抗实部处于一个量级，然后利用无源宽带匹配网络的阻抗变换作用将与非福斯特电抗元件作用后的天线阻抗匹配到馈线的特性阻抗。 In order to solve the two problems caused by the imaginary part of the impedance of the electrically small antenna is much larger than the real part of the impedance and both seriously deviate from the characteristic impedance of the feeder, an active broadband matching network pair based on non-Foster reactive elements and a passive broadband matching network is proposed. A method for matching electrically small antennas, and a matching circuit design combining non-Foster reactive elements and passive broadband matching networks. Firstly, the non-Foster reactive element is used to offset the excessive imaginary part of the impedance of the electrically small antenna. The imaginary part of the impedance after cancellation does not completely disappear but is in the same order of magnitude as the real part of the impedance, and then the impedance transformation of the passive broadband matching network is used. The action will match the antenna impedance after the action of the non-Foster reactive element to the characteristic impedance of the feeder.
使用由传统电抗元件即电感和电容搭建的无源匹配网络对电小天线进行匹配时，由于受到增益—带宽理论的限制，如果要展宽带宽就要牺牲增益，所以用这种方法实现的宽频带电小天线其增益都是很低的，而如果要求增益不被过多牺牲那么就只能实现窄带匹配。 When using a passive matching network built by traditional reactive components, namely inductors and capacitors, to match an electrically small antenna, due to the limitation of the gain-bandwidth theory, if the bandwidth is to be widened, the gain must be sacrificed. The gain of small antennas is very low, and if the gain is not required to be sacrificed too much, then only narrowband matching can be achieved.
使用对电小天线进行加载的方法可以改善天线的阻抗特性使之易于匹配，但加载使用的是由电阻、电容和电感构成的有耗网络，这样的加载由于直接引入了损耗会导致天线的辐射效率降低，而且加载引入的损耗越大加载后的天线越易于通过无源宽带匹配网络实现匹配，因此用这种方法实现的宽频带电小天线其增益通常也都很低。 Using the method of loading an electrically small antenna can improve the impedance characteristics of the antenna and make it easy to match, but the loading uses a lossy network composed of resistance, capacitance and inductance. Such loading will cause radiation of the antenna due to the direct introduction of loss. The efficiency is reduced, and the greater the loss introduced by loading, the easier it is for the loaded antenna to be matched through the passive broadband matching network. Therefore, the gain of the broadband small antenna realized by this method is usually very low.
使用由非福斯特电抗元件即负电感和负电容搭建的有源匹配网络对电小天线进行匹配时，一方面打破了增益—带宽理论的限制，另一方面引入的损耗较之于加载引入的损耗要小很多，因此可以获得良好的增益、带宽性能。但是目前常见的电小天线有源宽带匹配方法往往只考虑了非福斯特电抗元件的实现而没有考虑非福斯特电抗元件抵消电小天线阻抗虚部后的进一步匹配工作，也没有考虑实现非福斯特电抗元件时引入的损耗。 When using an active matching network built with non-Foster reactive elements, namely negative inductance and negative capacitance, to match an electrically small antenna, on the one hand, it breaks the limit of the gain-bandwidth theory, and on the other hand, the loss introduced is compared to that introduced by loading. The loss is much smaller, so good gain and bandwidth performance can be obtained. However, the current common active broadband matching methods for electrically small antennas often only consider the realization of non-Foster reactive elements and do not consider the further matching work after the non-Foster reactive elements offset the imaginary part of the impedance of the electrically small antenna, nor consider the realization of Losses introduced by non-Foster reactive elements.
发明内容 Contents of the invention
本发明的目的在于提供一种综合考虑了非福斯特电抗元件和无源宽带匹配网络的短波频段电小天线的有源宽带匹配方法及其匹配电路，以解决上述背景技术中提出的问题。 The purpose of the present invention is to provide an active broadband matching method and a matching circuit for an electrically small antenna in the short-wave frequency band that comprehensively consider non-Foster reactive elements and passive broadband matching networks, so as to solve the problems raised in the above-mentioned background technology.
为实现上述目的，本发明提供如下技术方案： To achieve the above object, the present invention provides the following technical solutions:
一种短波频段电小天线的有源宽带匹配方法，是将电小天线通过由非福斯特电抗元件和无源宽带匹配网络构成的有源宽带匹配网络与发射机或接收机匹配。电小天线连接负阻抗变换器的端口1，通过负阻抗变换器实现的非福斯特电抗元件抵消电小天线过大的阻抗虚部，负阻抗变换器的端口2连接无源宽带匹配网络的端口3，通过无源宽带匹配网络对与非福斯特电抗元件作用后的天线阻抗进行变换，无源宽带匹配网络的端口4连接发射机/接收机。 An active broadband matching method for an electrically small antenna in a short-wave frequency band is to match the electrically small antenna with a transmitter or a receiver through an active broadband matching network composed of a non-Foster reactance element and a passive broadband matching network. The electrically small antenna is connected to port 1 of the negative impedance converter, the non-Foster reactive element realized by the negative impedance converter is used to offset the excessive imaginary part of the impedance of the electrically small antenna, and the port 2 of the negative impedance converter is connected to the passive broadband matching network Port 3 is used to transform the antenna impedance after interacting with non-Foster reactive elements through a passive broadband matching network, and port 4 of the passive broadband matching network is connected to the transmitter/receiver.
其具体操作步骤如下：（1）通过电磁计算软件仿真或实验测量获取电小天线的阻抗数据；（2）确定负阻抗变换器中各元件的大小；（3）调节负阻抗变换器中各元件的大小；（4）确定无源宽带匹配网络；（5）计算匹配后天线的电特性。 The specific operation steps are as follows: (1) Obtain the impedance data of the small antenna through electromagnetic calculation software simulation or experimental measurement; (2) Determine the size of each component in the negative impedance converter; (3) Adjust the components in the negative impedance converter (4) Determine the passive broadband matching network; (5) Calculate the electrical characteristics of the matched antenna.
作为本发明进一步的方案：所述的短波频段电小天线的宽带有源匹配方法的匹配电路，包括无源宽带匹配网络和负阻抗变换器；所述无源宽带匹配网络包括传输线变压器、电感和电容，通过改变电感和电容的连接方式形成两种不同类型的无源宽带匹配网络，对与负阻抗变换器实现的非福斯特电抗元件作用后的电小天线阻抗进行匹配； As a further solution of the present invention: the matching circuit of the broadband active matching method of the electric small antenna in the shortwave frequency band includes a passive broadband matching network and a negative impedance converter; the passive broadband matching network includes a transmission line transformer, an inductor and Capacitor, by changing the connection mode of inductance and capacitance to form two different types of passive broadband matching networks, to match the impedance of the electrically small antenna after the action of the non-Foster reactive element realized by the negative impedance converter;
所述负阻抗变换器中包含两个低噪声双结型晶体管、偏置电阻、扼流电感、隔直电容和负载；低噪声双结型晶体管A的基极分别连接偏置电阻Rz1、扼流电感Lx2和隔直电容Cx2，偏置电阻Rz1另一端通过扼流电感Lx4分别连接低噪声双结型晶体管A的集电极和负载电感LL，扼流电感Lx2另一端通过偏置电阻Ry1分别连接偏置电阻Rx1并接地，偏置电阻Rx1另一端通过扼流电感Lx1分别连接隔直电容Cx1和低噪声双结型晶体管A的发射极；所述隔直电容Cx2另一端分别连接扼流电感Lx3、负载电容CL、扼流电感Lx5和低噪声双结型晶体管B的集电极，扼流电感Lx3另一端连接电源Vdc1的正极，负载电容CL另一端连接负载电感LL另一端，扼流电感Lx5另一端通过偏置电阻Rz2分别连接隔直电容Cx3、扼流电感Lx6和低噪声双结型晶体管B的基极，隔直电容Cx3另一端通过扼流电感Lx8连接电源Vdc2的正极，扼流电感Lx6另一端通过偏置电阻Ry2分别连接偏置电阻Rx2、隔直电容Cx4并接地，偏置电阻Rx2另一端通过扼流电感Lx7分别连接低噪声双结型晶体管B的发射极和隔直电容Cx4的另一端。 The negative impedance converter includes two low-noise bijunction transistors, a bias resistor, a choke inductor, a DC blocking capacitor and a load; the bases of the low-noise bijunction transistor A are respectively connected to the bias resistor R z1 , the choke The current inductance L x2 and the DC blocking capacitor C x2 , the other end of the bias resistor R z1 is respectively connected to the collector of the low-noise bijunction transistor A and the load inductance L L through the choke inductance L x4 , and the other end of the choke inductance L x2 is passed through The bias resistor R y1 is respectively connected to the bias resistor R x1 and grounded, and the other end of the bias resistor R x1 is respectively connected to the DC blocking capacitor C x1 and the emitter of the low-noise double-junction transistor A through the choke inductor L x1; The other end of the direct capacitor C x2 is respectively connected to the collector of the choke inductor L x3 , the load capacitor C L , the choke inductor L x5 and the low-noise bijunction transistor B, and the other end of the choke inductor L x3 is connected to the positive pole of the power supply V dc1 , The other end of the load capacitor C L is connected to the other end of the load inductance L L , and the other end of the choke inductor L x5 is respectively connected to the DC blocking capacitor C x3 , the choke inductor L x6 and the base of the low-noise double-junction transistor B through the bias resistor R z2. The other end of the DC blocking capacitor C x3 is connected to the positive pole of the power supply V dc2 through the choke inductor L x8 , and the other end of the choke inductor L x6 is respectively connected to the bias resistor R x2 , the DC blocking capacitor C x4 and grounded through the bias resistor R y2 , the other end of the bias resistor R x2 is respectively connected to the emitter of the low-noise bijunction transistor B and the other end of the DC blocking capacitor C x4 through the choke inductor L x7 .
作为本发明进一步的方案：所述扼流电感和隔直电容共同作用使实现非福斯特电抗元件的电路具有合适的直流通路和交流通路。 As a further solution of the present invention: the choke inductance and the DC blocking capacitor work together so that the circuit realizing the non-Foster reactive element has a suitable DC path and an AC path.
作为本发明再进一步的方案：所述低噪声双结型晶体管的型号为NE68133。 As a further solution of the present invention: the model of the low-noise double-junction transistor is NE68133.
与现有技术相比，本发明的有益效果是： Compared with prior art, the beneficial effect of the present invention is:
本发明综合考虑了非福斯特电抗元件和无源宽带匹配网络的实现，完成了电小天线匹配的全过程，在非福斯特电抗元件的实现过程中能够对引入的损耗进行调控，使得引入的损耗不至于过大又有利于后面无源宽带匹配网络的实现，在利用非福斯特电抗元件抵消电小天线阻抗虚部时，用负电容和负电感的串联组合代替传统的单个负电容，使得抵消效果更好，本发明可以评估匹配网络的损耗和计算考虑匹配网络后天线的实际增益，并且在匹配网络中引入了传输线变压器，可以通过微调传输线变压器的变比来补偿测试值和设计值之间的偏差。 The present invention comprehensively considers the realization of the non-Foster reactance element and the passive broadband matching network, completes the whole process of electric small antenna matching, and can regulate the loss introduced during the realization process of the non-Foster reactance element, so that The loss introduced will not be too large and it is beneficial to the realization of the passive broadband matching network. When using non-Foster reactive components to offset the imaginary part of the electrically small antenna impedance, the traditional single negative capacitance is replaced by a series combination of negative capacitance and negative inductance. Capacitance, so that the offset effect is better, the present invention can evaluate the loss of the matching network and calculate the actual gain of the antenna after considering the matching network, and introduce a transmission line transformer in the matching network, and can compensate the test value and Deviation between design values.
附图说明 Description of drawings
图1为本发明的结构示意图。 Fig. 1 is a structural schematic diagram of the present invention.
图2为本发明中实现非福斯特电抗元件的原理框图。 Fig. 2 is a functional block diagram for implementing non-Foster reactive elements in the present invention.
图3为本发明中一种无源宽带匹配网络电路图。 Fig. 3 is a circuit diagram of a passive broadband matching network in the present invention.
图4为本发明中另一种无源宽带匹配网络电路图。 FIG. 4 is a circuit diagram of another passive broadband matching network in the present invention.
图5为本发明中实现非福斯特电抗元件的电路原理图。 Fig. 5 is a schematic diagram of a circuit for implementing a non-Foster reactive element in the present invention.
图6为本发明中负阻抗变换器的直流等效电路图。 Fig. 6 is a DC equivalent circuit diagram of the negative impedance converter in the present invention.
图7为本发明中负阻抗变换器的交流等效电路图。 Fig. 7 is an AC equivalent circuit diagram of the negative impedance converter in the present invention.
图8为本发明中有源宽带匹配网络在各频点的传输损耗计算框图。 Fig. 8 is a block diagram of the transmission loss calculation of the active broadband matching network at each frequency point in the present invention.
图9为本发明中考虑有源宽带匹配网络后电小天线的电特性计算框图。 Fig. 9 is a block diagram for calculating the electrical characteristics of an electrically small antenna considering an active broadband matching network in the present invention.
具体实施方式 Detailed ways
下面将结合本发明实施例中的附图，对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整的描述，显然，所描述的实施例仅仅是本发明一部分实施例，而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例，本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例，都属于本发明保护的范围。 The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some, not all, embodiments of the present invention. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by persons of ordinary skill in the art without making creative efforts belong to the protection scope of the present invention.
请参阅图1，本发明实施例中，一种短波频段电小天线的有源宽带匹配方法及其匹配电路，电小天线连接负阻抗变换器的端口1，通过负阻抗变换器实现的非福斯特电抗元件抵消电小天线过大的阻抗虚部，负阻抗变换器的端口2连接无源宽带匹配网络的端口3，通过无源宽带匹配网络对与非福斯特电抗元件作用后的天线阻抗进行变换，无源宽带匹配网络的端口4连接发射机/接收机。 Please refer to Fig. 1, in the embodiment of the present invention, a kind of active broadband matching method and matching circuit of electric small antenna of short-wave frequency band, electric small antenna connects the port 1 of negative impedance converter, the non-welfare that realizes by negative impedance converter The Förster reactance element offsets the imaginary part of the excessive impedance of the electric small antenna, and the port 2 of the negative impedance converter is connected to the port 3 of the passive broadband matching network, and the antenna after acting on the non-Förster reactance element through the passive broadband matching network The impedance is transformed, and port 4 of the passive broadband matching network is connected to the transmitter/receiver.
请参阅图2，将负阻抗变换器视为一个一端口网络，端口电压和负载电压之间的关系为：，从端口流入的电流和流经负载的电流之间的关系为：，由于输入阻抗，负载阻抗，所以可以得到的关系，从而实现负阻抗变换。 Referring to Figure 2, consider the negative impedance transformer as a one-port network with the port voltage and load voltage The relationship between is: , the current flowing from the port and the current flowing through the load The relationship between is: , due to the input impedance , load impedance , so one can get The relationship, so as to realize the negative impedance transformation.
请参阅图3～4，无源宽带匹配网络包括传输线变压器、电感和电容；无源宽带匹配网络有两种类型，一种类型如图3所示，传输线变压器T通过电感L1分别连接电容C1和电感L2，电感L2另一端分别连接电容C2和电感L3，电感L3另一端分别连接电容C3和负载ZL；无源宽带匹配网络的另一种类型如图4所示，传输线变压器T分别连接电容C1和电感L1，电感L1另一端分别连接电容C2和电感L2，电感L2另一端分别连接电容C3和电感L3，电感L3另一端连接负载ZL；ZL为电小天线和非福斯特电抗元件作用后的阻抗，图中电感、电容的元件值和传输线变压器的变比可以通过实频法计算或者利用ADS的优化功能而确定。 Please refer to Figures 3 to 4. The passive broadband matching network includes a transmission line transformer, inductor, and capacitor. There are two types of passive broadband matching network. One type is shown in Figure 3. The transmission line transformer T is connected to capacitor C1 and capacitor C1 through inductor L1. Inductor L2, the other end of inductor L2 is connected to capacitor C2 and inductor L3 respectively, and the other end of inductor L3 is respectively connected to capacitor C3 and load Z L ; another type of passive broadband matching network is shown in Figure 4, and the transmission line transformer T is connected to capacitor C1 and inductor L1, the other end of inductor L1 is connected to capacitor C2 and inductor L2 respectively, the other end of inductor L2 is connected to capacitor C3 and inductor L3 respectively, and the other end of inductor L3 is connected to load Z L ; Z L is an electrically small antenna and non-Foster reactance The impedance after the component acts, the component value of the inductance and capacitance in the figure and the transformation ratio of the transmission line transformer can be calculated by the real frequency method or determined by using the optimization function of ADS.
请参阅图5，短波频段电小天线的有源宽带匹配电路中，负阻抗变换器中包含两个低噪声双结型晶体管、偏置电阻、扼流电感、隔直电容和负载；低噪声双结型晶体管A的基极分别连接偏置电阻Rz1、扼流电感Lx2和隔直电容Cx2，偏置电阻Rz1另一端通过扼流电感Lx4分别连接低噪声双结型晶体管A的集电极和负载电感LL，扼流电感Lx2另一端通过偏置电阻Ry1分别连接偏置电阻Rx1并接地，偏置电阻Rx1另一端通过扼流电感Lx1分别连接隔直电容Cx1和低噪声双结型晶体管A的发射极；所述隔直电容Cx2另一端分别连接扼流电感Lx3、负载电容CL、扼流电感Lx5和低噪声双结型晶体管B的集电极，扼流电感Lx3另一端连接电源Vdc1的正极，负载电容CL另一端连接负载电感LL另一端，扼流电感Lx5另一端通过偏置电阻Rz2分别连接隔直电容Cx3、扼流电感Lx6和低噪声双结型晶体管B的基极，隔直电容Cx3另一端通过扼流电感Lx8连接电源Vdc2的正极，扼流电感Lx6另一端通过偏置电阻Ry2分别连接偏置电阻Rx2、隔直电容Cx4并接地，偏置电阻Rx2另一端通过扼流电感Lx7分别连接低噪声双结型晶体管B的发射极和隔直电容Cx4的另一端。 Please refer to Fig. 5, in the active broadband matching circuit of the electric small antenna in the shortwave frequency band, the negative impedance converter includes two low-noise bijunction transistors, bias resistors, choke inductors, DC blocking capacitors and loads; the low-noise dual The base of the junction transistor A is respectively connected to the bias resistor R z1 , the choke inductor L x2 and the DC blocking capacitor C x2 , and the other end of the bias resistor R z1 is respectively connected to the set of the low-noise bijunction transistor A through the choke inductor Lx4 The electrode and the load inductance L L , the other end of the choke inductance L x2 are respectively connected to the bias resistor R x1 and grounded through the bias resistor R y1 , and the other end of the bias resistor R x1 is respectively connected to the DC blocking capacitor C x1 through the choke inductor L x1 and the emitter of the low-noise double-junction transistor A; the other end of the DC blocking capacitor C x2 is respectively connected to the choke inductor L x3 , the load capacitor C L , the choke inductor L x5 and the collector of the low-noise double-junction transistor B , the other end of the choke inductor L x3 is connected to the positive pole of the power supply V dc1 , the other end of the load capacitor C L is connected to the other end of the load inductor L L , the other end of the choke inductor L x5 is connected to the DC blocking capacitor C x3 , respectively through the bias resistor R z2 The choke inductor L x6 and the base of the low-noise double-junction transistor B, the other end of the DC blocking capacitor C x3 is connected to the positive pole of the power supply V dc2 through the choke inductor L x8 , and the other end of the choke inductor L x6 is connected to the bias resistor R y2 Connect the bias resistor R x2 , the DC blocking capacitor C x4 and ground respectively, and the other end of the bias resistor R x2 is respectively connected to the emitter of the low-noise double-junction transistor B and the other end of the DC blocking capacitor C x4 through the choke inductor L x7 .
低噪声双结型晶体管的型号为NE68133，偏置电阻的作用是确定晶体管的工作点，扼流电感的作用是通直流隔交流，隔直电容的作用是隔直流通交流。 The model of the low-noise double-junction transistor is NE68133. The function of the bias resistor is to determine the operating point of the transistor. The function of the choke inductor is to pass DC and block AC. The function of the blocking capacitor is to block DC and pass AC.
请参阅图6～7，扼流电感和隔直电容共同作用使实现非福斯特电抗元件的电路具有合适的直流通路和交流通路，通过直流通路确定晶体管的静态工作点，通过交流通路确定负阻抗变换器的变比，通过调节偏置电阻的大小移动晶体管的工作点和改变负阻抗变换器引入的损耗大小。 Please refer to Figures 6 to 7. The choke inductance and the DC blocking capacitor work together to make the circuit that realizes the non-Foster reactive element have a suitable DC path and an AC path. The static operating point of the transistor is determined through the DC path, and the negative voltage is determined through the AC path. The transformation ratio of the impedance converter moves the operating point of the transistor and changes the loss caused by the negative impedance converter by adjusting the size of the bias resistor.
请参阅图3～9，短波频段电小天线的有源宽带匹配方法的具体实施步骤如下： Please refer to Figures 3 to 9, the specific implementation steps of the active broadband matching method for the electric small antenna in the shortwave band are as follows:
（1）获取电小天线的阻抗数据。通过电磁计算软件仿真或实验测量得到短波频段电小天线的阻抗数据和一端口参数文件。 (1) Obtain the impedance data of the electrically small antenna. The impedance data and a port parameter file of the electric small antenna in the short-wave frequency band are obtained through electromagnetic calculation software simulation or experimental measurement.
（2）确定负阻抗变换器中各元件的大小。根据所处频段确定隔直电容和扼流电感的大小，使它们能在该频段内真正起到隔直流通交流和隔交流通直流的作用；根据电小天线阻抗虚部的特点选取合适的电容与电感串联组合作为负阻抗变换器的负载，使实现的非福斯特电抗元件能够最大程度地抵消电小天线的阻抗虚部；根据所用晶体管的数据手册和直流等效电路确定偏置电阻的大小，使晶体管工作在期望的工作点上。 (2) Determine the size of each component in the negative impedance converter. Determine the size of the DC-blocking capacitor and choke inductance according to the frequency band, so that they can really play the role of blocking DC-AC and AC-DC in this frequency band; select the appropriate capacitor according to the characteristics of the imaginary part of the impedance of the small antenna Combining in series with an inductor as a load of a negative impedance converter enables the realized non-Foster reactive element to offset the imaginary part of the impedance of an electrically small antenna to the greatest extent; determine the value of the bias resistor according to the data sheet of the transistor used and the DC equivalent circuit size, so that the transistor operates at the desired operating point.
（3）调节负阻抗变换器中各元件的大小。在ADS中利用步骤（1）中得到的一端口参数文件建立天线的一端口参数模型，根据步骤（2）中初步确定的元件值建立负阻抗变换器的电路原理图，将二者相连接，查看与非福斯特电抗元件作用后天线的阻抗特性，调节负阻抗变换器的负载和偏置电阻使得天线阻抗虚部剩余量的绝对值最小而阻抗实部的增加量不多。阻抗实部的增加将体现为负阻抗变换器的传输损耗，但是另一方面，阻抗实部的增加有利于下一步无源宽带匹配网络的设计，所以需要将阻抗实部的增加控制在适当的范围内，使得引入的损耗在可接受范围内并且后面的无源宽带匹配网络能够设计出来。 (3) Adjust the size of each component in the negative impedance converter. In ADS, use the one-port parameter file obtained in step (1) to establish a one-port parameter model of the antenna, and establish the circuit schematic diagram of the negative impedance converter according to the component values initially determined in step (2), and connect the two, Check the impedance characteristics of the antenna after interacting with the non-Foster reactive element, adjust the load and bias resistance of the negative impedance converter to make the absolute value of the residual imaginary part of the antenna impedance minimum and the increase of the real part of the impedance small. The increase in the real part of the impedance will be reflected in the transmission loss of the negative impedance converter, but on the other hand, the increase in the real part of the impedance is beneficial to the design of the passive broadband matching network in the next step, so it is necessary to control the increase in the real part of the impedance in an appropriate Within the range, the loss introduced is within an acceptable range and the subsequent passive broadband matching network can be designed.
其中，ADS是美国安捷伦公司开发的电子设计自动化软件，其全称为Advanced Design System，它是当前射频和微波领域电子设计的主流自动化工具，该软件功能强大、仿真手段丰富，能极大提高复杂电路的设计效率。 Among them, ADS is an electronic design automation software developed by Agilent Corporation of the United States. Its full name is Advanced Design System. It is the mainstream automation tool for electronic design in the field of radio frequency and microwave. design efficiency.
（4）确定无源宽带匹配网络。在此根据天线与非福斯特电抗元件作用后的阻抗特点选取合适的网络结构，以天线与非福斯特电抗元件作用后的阻抗为匹配对象，利用ADS的优化功能或者实频算法确定网络中各元件的数值和传输线变压器的变比，达到最终的匹配要求。 (4) Determine the passive broadband matching network. Here, select the appropriate network structure according to the impedance characteristics of the antenna and the non-Foster reactive element, take the impedance of the antenna and the non-Foster reactive element as the matching object, and use the optimization function of ADS or the real frequency algorithm to determine the network structure. The value of each component in and the transformation ratio of the transmission line transformer meet the final matching requirements.
（5）计算匹配后天线的电特性。在ADS中直接得到考虑有源宽带匹配网络后电小天线的端口特性如输入阻抗和电压驻波比。在ADS中以电小天线在各频点的初始阻抗值加在有源宽带匹配网络的一端，通过计算可以得到有源宽带匹配网络在各频点的传输损耗。在ADS中提取有源宽带匹配网络的二端口参数，在电磁计算软件中利用得到的二端口参数建立二端口网络，将该二端口网络与天线模型相连接，计算考虑有源匹配网络后天线的各种电参数包括增益。 (5) Calculate the electrical characteristics of the antenna after matching. In ADS, the port characteristics of the electrically small antenna, such as input impedance and voltage standing wave ratio, are obtained directly after considering the active broadband matching network. In ADS, the initial impedance value of the electrically small antenna at each frequency point is added to one end of the active broadband matching network, and is calculated by The transmission loss of the active broadband matching network at each frequency point can be obtained. Extract the two-port parameters of the active broadband matching network in ADS, use the obtained two-port parameters in the electromagnetic calculation software to establish a two-port network, connect the two-port network with the antenna model, and calculate the antenna after considering the active matching network Various electrical parameters include gain.
本发明综合考虑了非福斯特电抗元件和无源宽带匹配网络的实现，完成了电小天线匹配的全过程，在非福斯特电抗元件的实现过程中能够对引入的损耗进行调控，使得引入的损耗不至于过大又有利于后面无源宽带匹配网络的实现，在利用非福斯特电抗元件抵消电小天线阻抗虚部时，用负电容和负电感的串联组合代替传统的单个负电容，使得抵消效果更好，本发明可以评估匹配网络的损耗和计算考虑匹配网络后天线的实际增益，并且在匹配网络中引入了传输线变压器，通过微调传输线变压器的变比可以补偿测试值和设计值之间的偏差。 The present invention comprehensively considers the realization of the non-Foster reactance element and the passive broadband matching network, completes the whole process of electric small antenna matching, and can regulate the loss introduced during the realization process of the non-Foster reactance element, so that The loss introduced will not be too large and it is beneficial to the realization of the passive broadband matching network. When using non-Foster reactive components to offset the imaginary part of the electrically small antenna impedance, the traditional single negative capacitance is replaced by a series combination of negative capacitance and negative inductance. Capacitance, so that the offset effect is better, the present invention can evaluate the loss of the matching network and calculate the actual gain of the antenna after considering the matching network, and introduce a transmission line transformer in the matching network, and the test value and design can be compensated by fine-tuning the transformation ratio of the transmission line transformer deviation between values.
对于本领域技术人员而言，显然本发明不限于上述示范性实施例的细节，而且在不背离本发明的精神或基本特征的情况下，能够以其他的具体形式实现本发明。因此，无论从哪一点来看，均应将实施例看作是示范性的，而且是非限制性的，本发明的范围由所附权利要求而不是上述说明限定，因此旨在将落在权利要求的等同要件的含义和范围内的所有变化囊括在本发明内。不应将权利要求中的任何附图标记视为限制所涉及的权利要求。 It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the invention is not limited to the details of the above-described exemplary embodiments, but that the invention can be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics of the invention. Accordingly, the embodiments should be regarded in all points of view as exemplary and not restrictive, the scope of the invention being defined by the appended claims rather than the foregoing description, and it is therefore intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description. All changes within the meaning and range of equivalents of the elements are embraced in the present invention. Any reference sign in a claim should not be construed as limiting the claim concerned.
此外，应当理解，虽然本说明书按照实施方式加以描述，但并非每个实施方式仅包含一个独立的技术方案，说明书的这种叙述方式仅仅是为清楚起见，本领域技术人员应当将说明书作为一个整体，各实施例中的技术方案也可以经适当组合，形成本领域技术人员可以理解的其他实施方式。 In addition, it should be understood that although this specification is described according to implementation modes, not each implementation mode only contains an independent technical solution, and this description in the specification is only for clarity, and those skilled in the art should take the specification as a whole , the technical solutions in the various embodiments can also be properly combined to form other implementations that can be understood by those skilled in the art.
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