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CN1040420C - 吸收紫外线的绿色玻璃 - Google Patents

吸收紫外线的绿色玻璃 Download PDF

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CN1040420C
CN1040420C CN93114463A CN93114463A CN1040420C CN 1040420 C CN1040420 C CN 1040420C CN 93114463 A CN93114463 A CN 93114463A CN 93114463 A CN93114463 A CN 93114463A CN 1040420 C CN1040420 C CN 1040420C
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tio
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feo
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J·F·克伦维德
J·A·古洛塔
L·J·谢利思塔克
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    • C03C4/08Compositions for glass with special properties for glass selectively absorbing radiation of specified wave lengths
    • C03C4/085Compositions for glass with special properties for glass selectively absorbing radiation of specified wave lengths for ultraviolet absorbing glass
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Abstract

一种绿色的吸收紫外线的玻璃,它具有标准的钠钙硅基础玻璃组成和着色剂部分,着色剂部分主要包括小于2.0%(wt)的TiO2和大于0.6%(wt)的总铁(以Fe2O3计),FeO/总铁量比小于0.35。
对0.154至0.189英寸的厚度范围,该玻璃具有不大于38%的紫外线透射度(300至400nm)和至少70%的可见光透射度(光源A)。

Description

吸收紫外线的绿色玻璃
本申请是1992年3月26日提交的美国专利系列申请No.07/857,903的继续部份申请,No.07/857,903又是1990年7月30日提交的美国专利系列申请No.07/559,915的继续部份申请。
本发明涉及钠钙硅玻璃,特别适用于在窗用玻璃应用中以控制太阳辐射的透射。一般,玻璃可被描述为用绿色的,并且将其设计为低热透系数的,并在紫外线波长范围内有特别强的吸收。因为在象汽车这样的应用中,希望要降低太阳光线损坏塑料和织物的速度。本发明的特别的目的在于,通过减少所需高成本成份的量,使得可以低成本制造这种类型的玻璃。
钠钙硅平板玻璃的基本特征在于其下述组成,(以占玻璃总重量的重量百分比计):
         SiO2              66-75%
         Na2O              10-20
         CaO                 5-15
         MgO                 0-5
         Al2O3            0-5
         K2O                0-5
在玻璃组成中,还可以出现使它微量成份,包括如SO3这样的助熔剂和精制剂。在平板玻璃中,有时还包括少量的K2O,BaO或B2O3以及其它微量组份,可以认为它们是任选的。在该基础玻璃中加入使玻璃产生透射性质的着色组份。在与本发明有关的玻璃中,主要着色剂是铁,铁通常是以Fe2O3和FeO的形式存在。为方便起见,不管实际的存在形式如何,本文的玻璃中存在的铁的以Fe2O3总量表示。典型的绿色汽车玻璃的总铁量为大约0.5%(wt),FeO对总量的比例为大约0.25。
近来,尽量利用汽车窗用玻璃的太阳效能变得重要起来。使用更大面积的玻璃以及避免使用CFC空调冷却剂加重了汽车内部和空调系统的负担。在一些汽车玻璃中限制紫外线透射不大于38%的目标已经确定。同时,要求在汽车可视区域的玻璃具有至少70%的照明透射。
采用两种方法改善玻璃的光性能并达到这些目标。在这一种方法中,在玻璃中使用高铁含量。下面给出了两例这种高铁的,深绿色型的市售退火产品以及一例传统的浅绿色玻璃的颜料组成以及其透射性质:
            浅绿     深绿    深绿
            实例A    实例B   实例C
总铁(wt.%) 0.521    0.803   0.728
FeO/总铁    0.268    0.284   0.291
LTA(%)    80.45    71.1    72.44
TSUV(%)    54.82    38.8    42.28
TSIR(%)    37.38    22.4    24.62
TSET(%)    57.85    44.5    46.92
尽管在实例B和C中显示了紫外线透射的下降,但是该百分比仍然超过了要求的目标。仅通过增加总铁量来降低紫外线透射是不希望的,因为不能允许降低光(可见光)透射。而且,使用很高浓度的铁会给玻璃的制造造成问题,例如缩短炉龄或增加用电。
第二种方法是在玻璃中使用氧化铈或者氧化铈加氧化钛以减少紫外线透射,如美国专利2,860,059和5,077,133中的公开,下述实例是采用后一种方法的市售产品。
                    实例D
         CeO2(wt.%)   0.60
         TiO2(wt.%)   0.22
         总铁(wt.%)    0.783
         FeO/总铁       0.266
         LTA(%)       72.5
         TSUV(%)       31.8
         TSIR(%)       23.7
         TSET(%)       45.7
该玻璃显示出具有所要求的低紫外线透射和高可见光透射的组合,但是铈源的高成本显著地提高了制造玻璃的成本。要求的是达到这些目标同时并不引起如此之高的原料成本。
现已经发现,当回火和暴露在太阳紫外辐射中时,按照这两种方法制造的玻璃会变黑。这反过来又降低了可见光的透视。于是,有必要减少热吸收成份(Fe2O3),以确保玻璃在使用之后具有至少70%的可见光透射度。
出于这些原因,希望生产具有增强的光谱性质,但是成本低,受太阳作用少的玻璃。
上面的和本说明书通篇所提供的透射数据,除了特别指明的之外,是以厚度为3.9mm(0.154英寸)的玻璃为基础的。透光度(LTA)是在380至770nm的波长范围内,在10nm的间隔下,采用C.L.E.标准光源A测定的。太阳紫外光总透射度(TSUV)是在波长范围300-400nm间隔10nm测定的。太阳总红外透射度(TSIR)是在波长800-2100nm范围内间隔50nm测定的。总的太阳能透射度(TSET)代表一个计算值,它是基于在300至2100nm范围内,在50nm下测定的透射度。
为了确定该透射数据值,在波长范围〔a,b〕内对透射值进行积分。用点{X0,X1,…,Xn}将该范围划分成长度为h的n个等分的子区间,其中Xi=a+(i×h)。一般地是使用矩形规则或梯形规则计算透射数据。对每一种方法,使用不同的插值函数以近似每个子区间内的积分值f。由这些插值函数的积扮的总和给出积分的近似值: I = ∫ a b f ( X ) dX
在矩形规则的情形下,常数值f(Xi)被用作f(X)在〔Xi-1,Xi〕上的近似值。这得到了f(X)对〔a,b〕的阶跃函数近似和数值积分公式为: I = Σ i = 1 n f ( x i ) xh
对梯形规则,在〔Xi-i,Xi〕上用直线端点处通过f的曲线来近似f(X)。于是,在〔a,b〕上f(X)的插值函数被分段线性化,积分式变成: I = [ f ( X 0 ) + 2 Σ f = 1 n - 1 f ( X i ) + f ( X n ) ] x ( h / 2 )
本说明书中的透射数据采用梯形规则计算。
本发明提供一种绿色的、紫外线吸收的钠钙硅玻璃,对0.154至0.189英寸(3.9至4.9mm)的厚度范围的玻璃,它的可见光透射为至少70%,紫外线透射不超过38%。在本发明中通过使用一种着色剂来获得这些性质,着色剂的量小于总的玻璃组成重量的2.0%(wt)的TiO2,优选的是0.05至0.60%(wt)的TiO2;大于0.60%(wt)的总铁量(以Fe2O3计),优选的是0.6至0.95%(wt)的总铁量,以及FeO/总铁量的比例(以FeO计的二价铁量被以Fe2O3计的总铁量除)小于0.350,优选的是0.24至0.29。铁和氧化钛的组合实际上可以提高可见光透射度,因此允许使用最大浓度的热吸收剂,并且提高太阳对玻璃的总效能。
本发明还提供一种生产绿色的紫外线吸收的玻璃的方法,该玻璃的紫外线透射度不超过38%(300至400nm),可见光透射度(光源A)为至少70%,玻璃厚度0.154-0.189英寸,该方法包括熔化和形成钠钙硅玻璃的步骤,该玻璃具有着色剂部分,其主要包括,以重量百分比计,小于2.0%(wt)的TiO2,优选的是0.05至0.60(wt)的TiO2,以及大于0.6%(wt)的铁(以Fe2O3计),优选的是0.6至0.95%(wt)的总铁,以及FeO/总铁量的比例(以FeO计的二价铁量被以Fe2O3计的总铁量除)小于0.350,优选的是0.24至0.29;将玻璃回火使其可见光透射度提高至大于70%。
基础玻璃的组成对本发明不是关键的,可以常规铁钠钙硅平板玻璃组成,其特征在于如上所述的范围。该基础玻璃最好是本领域内熟练技术人员公知的,在连续熔化炉中是可生产、并且通过浮法工艺形成平板玻璃的。在下述实例(前面讨论的实例A)中给出了本发明的基础玻璃的一个具体实例。
         基础玻璃实例A的组成
   SiO2        72.67  %(wt)
   Na2O        13.76
   CaO          8.71
   MgO          3.84
   Al2O3      0.14
   K2O         0.05
   SO3         0.214
   Fe2O3(总量)0.521
另外,可以存在痕量的杂质而对玻璃不会有显著的影响。在玻璃的生产中,象SO2这样的助熔剂和精制剂是有用的,但是其在玻璃中的残留量有所不同,并对玻璃产品的性质没有显著的影响。在本实例中存在的K2O是杂质,其存在是不需要的,尽管它在玻璃中的作用基本上等价于Na2O。熔化成实例1的玻璃配料批量混合物如下:
     沙             1000份(重量)
     苏打灰         329
     石灰石         71
     白云石         242
     石膏           19.65
     红铁粉         6.4
重要的是控制二价铁量对总铁量的比例,以得到所要求的光谱性质。控制该二价铁量对总铁量的比例的方法之一是选择包括在配料批量混合物中的煤或其它还原剂的量。除煤之外,在玻璃的熔化中,已知各种其它的碳源可用作还原剂。另一种方法是通过控制在熔化炉中空气对燃料的比例。在熔化炉中,高的空气对燃料的比例产生较强的氧化条件,但又反过来,降低了二价铁对总铁的比例。特别指明氧化控制措施取决于特定熔化炉的特定操作特征。在某些情形下,如采用实例A中的基础玻璃,则希望不包括煤或其它还原剂,以得到本发明要求的正常玻璃的氧化还原条件。
已发现,钠钙硅玻璃的光谱性质的变化是其后续使用和工艺的结果。更具体地说,当暴露在紫外线辐射中时,玻璃趋于变黑,这反过来又降低LTA,TSUV和TSET。称之为日晒的这种效应,在高铁(Fe2O3>0.6wt%)和含铈的玻璃中特别显著。另外还发现,回火也改变玻璃的光谱性质。这里所有用的回火,指的是加热玻璃至高于其退火点温度,对钠钙硅玻璃一般为大约1000至1040°F(530至560℃),并使之急冷,玻璃温度通过退火范围急速下降至玻璃退火点温度,它一般是大约925至970°F(496至521℃)。该操作在玻璃的外层引起压应力,在中心引起张应力。
参见表1,实施例1至3是实例A所述的基础玻璃的改进,它指出了在玻璃配料中使用TiO2有利于降低紫外线透射以及提高可见光透射度。表1表示了基础玻璃的改进形式和基于每一组的六个样品的回火玻璃的平均光谱性质。表2表示了由于日晒和回火,实施例1,2,和3的光谱性质的百分比的变化。实施例1和2的结果是以实际生产的玻璃为基的,实施例3的结果是以实验室熔体为基础的。
                  表1
           (0.154英寸参照厚度)
            实施例1    实施例2    实施例3Fe2O3(wt.%) 0.917      0.523      0.824Redox           0.262      0.268      0.267TiO2           0.017      0.325      0.40LTA(%)        70.3       79.6       71.3TSUV(%)        37.0       48.3       36.6TSIR(%)        19.8       37.9       21.7TSET(%)        42.7       57.2       43.7
            表2
   (光谱性质百分比的变化)实施例1
      LTA      TSUV      TSIR     TSET回火      -0.4      -2.2      0        -0.3日晒      -0.7      -0.8      0.4      -0.2总计      -1.1%    -3.0%    0.4%    -0.5%实施例2
      LTA      TSUV      TSIR     TSET回火      -0.2      -1.5      0.2      0日晒      -0.4      -0.8      0.5      0.1总计      -0.6%    -2.3%    0.7%    0.1%实施例3
       LTA     TSUV      TSIR     TSET回火       0.6      -3.4      0.4      0.6日晒       -0.4     -0.5      0.5      0总计       0.2%    -3.9%    0.9%    0.6%
参见表1,虽然所有三个实施例均包括TiO2,实施例1中的0.017wt%量只是痕量TiO2,来源于玻璃配料材料中的杂质。从实施例2和3可以看到,和基础玻璃组成(实例A)相比,向典型的钠钙硅玻璃(实施例2)和高铁玻璃(实施例3)中加入TiO2,分别将紫外线透射度降低了12%和33%。由此可见,本文所公开的浓度的TiO2或TiO2及外加铁(Fe2O3)的量可以用作紫外线辐射吸收剂,以降低紫外线透射度,而不需要其它的添加剂。
参见表2,在日晒和回火之后,TiO2对LTA的影响特殊意义。在实施例1中,LTA下降的总量为1.1%。这意味着在回火和暴露在紫外线辐射之后,对退火玻璃,70.3%的LTA最终会下降至大约69.2%。请注意,该LTA值低于联邦法律所要求的70%值。在实施例2中,LTA下降了0.6%,这是实施例1中下降值的大约一半。在实施例3中,LTA实际上增加了0.2%。
在比较日晒和回火对LTA单独的影响时,在实施例1中,日晒使LTA降低了0.7%,而在实施例2和3中仅降低了0.4%,在实施例1中,回火使LTA降低了0.4%,在实施例2中只降低了0.2%。在实施例3中,回火实际上使LTA提高了0.6%,而不是如实施例1所示使之降低。当与实施例1相比时,在实施例3中日晒和回火对LTA的降低效应以及透射度出人意料的增加是特别有意义的,因为两个组成均有几乎相同的高含量的总铁以及类似的氧化还原作用,这种影响可主要归因于TiO2的存在。结果,显然是铁和氧化钛的结合使用可以实际上提高LTA,因此允许使用最大量的铁并提高玻璃对太阳作用的总放能。
表2还指出了,实施例3中的TSUV下降大于实施例1,有50%的增加是归因于回火,而起因于日晒的下降则减少了。TSUV的下降是有利的,因为TSUV是玻璃组成试图要降低的光谱性质。而且,由于实施例1和3的铁含量和氧化还原作用是类似的,故TSUV有利的下降主要归因于在玻璃中存在TiO2
在本发明中,使用TiO2以增强玻璃的光谱性质。更具体地,不仅在退火玻璃中加入之以降低TSUV,而且作为回火和日晒的结果进一步降低TSUV,并改善紫外线透射性能。另外,通过防止日晒和回火,TiO2减少了LTA的下降。而在一些例子中,实际上提高了LTA。结果,玻璃组成可以用氧化钛配方以提供光谱性质,特别是LTA和TSUV,这些性质涉及是否满足所要求的技术特性的界线,期望玻璃的日晒和回火会提高LTA而降低TSUV,以使玻璃满足技术特性要求:
表3,4,5和6表明了包括高铁以及TO2的其它玻璃组成及其日晒和回火之前的光谱性质的例子。表3和表4中的光谱数据是基于实验室熔体的,参考厚度分别为0.154英寸(3.9mm)和0.189英寸(4.9mm)。表5和表6中的光谱数据是用计算机模型产生的,它预示了以玻璃组成和氧化还原作用为基础的玻璃的光谱性质。
                             表3
                        (0.154英寸厚度)
            Ex.4     Ex.5     Ex.6     Ex.7     Ex.8Fe2O3(wt.%) 0.807    0.833    0.830    0.837    0.808氧化还原作用    0.260    0.283    0.270    0.28     0.285TiO2(wt.%)    0.42     0.42     0.42     0.42     0.41LTA(%)        72.3     72.6     71.1     70.9     71.2TSUV(%)        37.1     36.2     36.6     35.9     36.8TSIR(%)        24.0     25.2     21.2     21.6     21.6TSET(%)        45.4     46.1     43.3     43.4     43.6
                  表4
              (0.189英寸厚度)
            Ex.9    Ex.10    Ex.11   Ex.12    Ex.13Fe2O3(wt.%) 0.729   0.738    0.764   0.749    0.718氧化还原作用    0.255   0.274    0.251   0.254    0.265TiO2(wt.%)    0.41    0.42     0.47    0.52     0.42LTA(%)        70.5    70.7     69.9    70.3     70.9TSUV(%)        34.3    35.4     33.1    32.2     35.7TSIR(%)        21.0    20.6     20.0    21.3     20.3TSET(%)        42.8    42.7     41.9    42.7     42.7
                     表5
              (0.154英寸厚度)
            Ex.14   Ex.15    Ex.16  Ex.17   Ex.18Fe2O3(wt.%) 0.910   0.930   0.845   0.925   0.807氧化还的作用    0.268   0.252   0.265   0.255   0.262TiO2(wt.%)    0.05    0.15    0.30    0.30    0.35LTA(%)        70.5    70.7    71.7    70.6    72.6TSUV(%)        36.6    34.7    36.4    34.0    37.0TSIR(%)        20.9    22.0    23.4    21.8    25.2TSET(%)        43.1    43.7    45.0    43.4    46.3
               表6
              (0.189英寸厚度)
            Ex.19    Ex.20   Ex.21   Ex.22   Ex.23Fe2O3(wt.%) 0.700    0.700   0.690   0.700   0.650氧化还原厚度    0.268    0.272   0.265   0.265   0.280TiO2(wt.%)    0.05     0.15    0.30    0.35    0.40LTA(%)        71.5     71.2    71.6    71.3    71.8TSUV(%)        37.9     37.1    35.9    37.1    36.7TSIR(%)        22.6     22.1    23.3    22.9    23.4TSET(%)        44.6     44.1    44.8    44.4    45.0
在实施例4至23中,期望日晒和回火会以类似于实施例3所示的方式来影响玻璃的组成。
以试验结果为基础,相信可以使用在玻璃配料中的含量高达2.0%(wt)的TiO2,来降低紫外线透射度至要求的水平,特别是不超过38%的水平。
本文在300至400nm的波长范围内,报导紫外线透射度。其他人可使用300至390nm的范围来测定紫外线。如使用300至390nm的范围,则本发明的最大紫外线透射度为38%的目标等价于31%。另外,如果在300至390nm范围上使用矩形规则,则最大紫外线透射的目标会接近34%。
本发明的玻璃具有明显的绿色。颜色可以是品味问题,对于本发明具体的颜色特征不是关键问题,但是按照本发明制造的玻璃的特征在于,色纯度大于1%,通常是2-4%,主要波长是295至535nm。
在本发明中,在玻璃组成中所包括的钛是以氧化钛的形式。本领域内的熟练技术人员在知道除TiO2之外的其它钛形式,例如元素形式,也可以用在配料组成中,但在配料熔融和精制过程中,它将转化成为本文所公开范围内的这种氧化物的形式。
本发明的玻璃的总的太阳能透射度(TSET)是相对低的,因此显著地降低了通过用这种玻璃装成的窗户的热能,本发明的玻璃的TSEF通常小于45%,尽管对本发明不是关键性的。
本发明已结合具体实施方案进行了描述,但是应该理解,本领域内熟练的技术人员所公知的改变和变化可属于本发明的范围内,如下述权利要求。

Claims (11)

1.一种绿色的吸收紫外线的钠钙硅玻璃,它具有着色剂部份,着色剂部份主要包括小于2.0%(wt)的TiO2和大于0.6%(wt)的铁(以Fe2O3计),FeO/总铁量的比例小于0.35(以重量计);对3.9至4.9mm的厚度范围,该玻璃具有不大于38%的紫外线透射度(300至400nm)和至少70%的可见光透射度(光源A)。
2.权利要求1的玻璃,所述着色剂部份包括0.6-0.95%(wt)的铁(以Fe2O3计),FeO/总铁量的比为0.24至0.29,以及0.05-0.60%(wt)的TiO2
3.权利要求2的玻璃,所述着色剂部份包括0.65-0.925%(wt)的铁(以Fe2O3计),FeO/总铁量的比为0.251至0.285,以及0.15-0.52%(wt)的TiO2
4.权利要求1的玻璃,在3.9mm的参考厚度下,所述紫外线透射度不大于38%,所述可见光透射度为至少70%。
5.权利要求4的玻璃,所述着色剂部份包括0.8-0.95%(wt)的铁(以Fe2O3计),FeO/总铁量的比为0.24至0.29,以及0.05-0.50%(wt)的TiO2
6.权利要求5的玻璃,所述着色剂部份包括0.807-0.925%(wt)的铁(以Fe2O3计),FeO/总铁量的比为0.252至0.285,以及0.15-0.42%(wt)的TiO2
7.权利要求1的玻璃,在4.9mm的参考厚度下,所述紫外线透射度不大于38%,所述可见光透射度为至少70%。
8.权利要求7的玻璃,所述着色剂部份包括0.6-0.8%(wt)的铁(以Fe2O3计),FeO/总铁量的比为0.24至0.29,以及0.05-0.60%(wt)的TiO2
9.权利要求8的玻璃,所述着色剂部份包括0.65-0.764%(wt)的铁(以Fe2O3计),FeO/总铁量的比为0.251至0.280,以及0.15-0.52%(wt)的TiO2
10.权利要求1的玻璃,所述玻璃的主波长为495-535nm。
11.权利要求1的玻璃,所述玻璃厚度范围内,所述玻璃的总太阳能透射度小于45%。
CN93114463A 1992-11-13 1993-11-12 吸收紫外线的绿色玻璃 Expired - Lifetime CN1040420C (zh)

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DE69309398T2 (de) 1997-10-23
KR940011381A (ko) 1994-06-21
DK0598305T3 (da) 1997-10-13
US6551953B1 (en) 2003-04-22
CA2109059C (en) 1997-05-13
US5593929A (en) 1997-01-14
NZ248851A (en) 1995-12-21
AU5035693A (en) 1994-05-26
AU655126B2 (en) 1994-12-01
CN1087612A (zh) 1994-06-08
DE69309398D1 (de) 1997-05-07
JPH08717B2 (ja) 1996-01-10
JPH06191881A (ja) 1994-07-12
ATE151060T1 (de) 1997-04-15
BR9304509A (pt) 1994-05-17
EP0598305B1 (en) 1997-04-02
CA2109059A1 (en) 1994-05-14
ES2102580T3 (es) 1997-08-01
GR3023831T3 (en) 1997-09-30
KR960010584B1 (ko) 1996-08-06
EP0598305A1 (en) 1994-05-25

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