CH658803A5 - ELECTRODE AND DEVICE FOR ELECTROSTATIC APPLICATIONS. - Google Patents

Description

The invention relates to an electrode according to the preamble of patent claim 1 and a device according to the preamble of patent claim 13.

The invention is concerned with the manufacture and use of electrodes for delivering or receiving electrical charges, such as those used in gas cleaning systems, as well as in the field of bioelectronics and room air conditioning. The electrode can also be used in other predominantly electrostatically oriented tasks, such as when electrostatic charges are removed from plastic surfaces or for various cleaning purposes.

Electrostatic filters are increasingly used in gas and air purification. Electrostatic filters offer several advantages over mechanical filters. This eliminates the need for uselessness and the consequent replacement of the filter elements. Above all, however, particles with a grain size of less than one micrometer can be separated using electrostatic filters. Such particles would pass through the usual mechanical filters without hindrance. This affects not only the finest dust particles, vapors and odor particles, but also microorganisms.

Electrical gas cleaning devices are generally constructed in two stages. In the first step, the contaminants to be separated (soot, dust particles, gases, vapors, etc.) are ionized, i.e. electrically charged. The charged particles are then deposited by electrostatic forces on appropriately polarized separation electrodes and can be removed by various methods such as tapping or washing.

The ionization is usually carried out with the help of spray electrodes, which are known in various designs. The electrostatic peak effect or corona discharge is used here, in addition to sufficient high voltage, what is important is only the smallest possible radius of curvature of the electrode or of components of the electrode. Accordingly, metallic tips, edges and corners or thin wires are used in various arrangements. The charges emitted by the tips and the ions formed by impact processes attach themselves to the pollution particles. The charged particles are then deposited on the counter electrode. Since the fields built up by such electrodes are very inhomogeneous, electrically neutral particles can also be influenced via the polarization effect (dipole formation) and electrostatic forces on the dipole. Additional particles are charged by direct contact with the electrode.

The high speed of electrodes and ions in the vicinity of the tips, however, also causes the formation of ozone by impact processes in this type of ionization

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unavoidable. Because of the toxicity of ozone, this side effect is undesirable and disadvantageous, particularly in living and working spaces. In addition, since the favorable operating voltage in such devices is just below the breakdown voltage, complicated stabilizing circuits for the electrode voltage are necessary for optimal use. The considerable electrostatic forces between the individual components of the electrodes also require relatively complex fastening and suspension devices, since changed distances would increasingly lead to flashovers. Of course, with the high voltages used, there must also be sufficient protection against accidental contact by means of current limiting circuits or secure installation. Overall, the construction of the devices is quite complicated. When cleaning the air in human living and working areas, there is a relief in that the aerosols to be removed are already largely charged. Light ions and electrons, which are caused by ionization processes of radioactive earth radiation, cosmic radiation etc. emerge, namely quickly accumulate larger cores, dust and odor particles.

Recently electrodes of the type of the spray and tip electrodes described above have also been used for electrical room air conditioning. It has been shown that air electricity, i.e. the number of ions in the air and the field they generate, and in particular the ratio of the number of positive ions to the number of negative ones, has an impact on well-being and health. Under normal conditions, there is a predominance of negative ions in the natural atmosphere and an electric field with the positive pole in the ionosphere, at a field strength of approx. 130 V / m near the ground. Deviations from these conditions were recognized as harmful and act in the direction of poor concentration, quicker fatigue, greater risk of infection and. Ä ... For example, the well-known blow-drying complaints are at least partly attributed to air-electric influences. The electrical conditions are more or less disturbed in closed rooms and vehicles. Usually there is an overweight of positive ions; the electrical field is shielded by Faraday cages (e.g. reinforced concrete structures). The task of bioclimatization devices and ionizers is therefore to restore the natural electrical conditions. The big disadvantage with the already known devices is again above all the ozone formation, especially of course with tip electrodes, but also at the edges of surface electrodes.

The object of the invention is to create an electrode with which an electrical field which is as uniform as possible can be built up over a larger area or with which uniform ionization can be achieved. In addition, the manufacture and compliance with the security measures should be possible with little effort, and the electrode should be able to be used universally for different applications.

This object of the invention is achieved in that a polymeric or textile pile or a natural material with low fiber conductivities on the connection side can be connected to the power supply or current drain via a high-resistance layer mixture resistor and in that the layer mixture resistor is applied to a solid or flexible insulator.

The device according to the invention is defined by the characterizing features of claim 13.

The surprising advantages of the electrodes constructed according to the invention are that although each individual fiber has a very high internal resistance to the current-carrying part of the electrode, the total conductance of the large-area electrode is retained by the sum of the many individual conductance values. While conventional electrodes essentially only give off charges at the edge zones (peak effect), charges are given off uniformly over the entire surface in the electrode according to the invention because of the surface structure of the pile. Because of the resistance values of the fibers, no corona discharges occur at the fiber ends. This prevents the production of ozone. The high internal resistance also prevents the occurrence of impermissible contact currents even at very high operating voltages. A high resistance of the adhesive or the layer mixture resistance provides additional security. Further protective measures are therefore unnecessary. For the same reasons, there is no risk of rollovers. Stabilization circuits, such as those used for. B. are common in electrostatic precipitators, omitted.

According to a further embodiment it is provided that the pile contains polymeric fibers, in particular those which are suitable for electrostatic flocking, or is fabric made from these fibers and that the pile contains high-polymer fibers, in particular those which are suitable for electrostatic flocking, or fabrics from these fibers.

It is advantageous when using polymeric fibers that they can be adjusted to a desired fiber conductance value by chemical pretreatment and thus the amount of charge emitted from the electrode can be determined. In addition, the pile made of highly polymeric fibers is characterized by its property of polarization reversal, which means that if the air flow sweeps over it, charge multiplication and thus a multiplication of the effect of the electrode can be achieved.

An embodiment is also advantageous in which the pile contains mixed materials or mixed fabrics, or the electrical conductivity of the pile or the fibers of the pile has certain values, preferably by chemical treatment. With this design, the charge delivery of the electrode can be varied in a very wide range.

An embodiment is also possible in which a further conductive layer is applied to the back of the insulator to which the layer mixture resistor is applied. The electrode can thus be used as a capacitor and can at the same time be used for smoothing superimposed pulses or the effect of the same can be doubled by push-pull operation of two electrodes.

According to a further embodiment, it is provided that the layer mixture resistance is formed by a conductive lacquer and is applied to the pile, preferably textile fabric or carpet fabric. With this solution, in particular in the case of devices for interiors, existing textile coverings such as carpets or the like can be used to build up the electrical field or to release the charge.

According to a further embodiment, it is possible

that the pile, preferably a solid synthetic fiber fabric, is connected via a grid, mesh or film-like material treated with conductive lacquer. This embodiment is characterized in that, in the case of electrostatic filters or treatment plants for the ambient air, the electric field can be quickly adapted to different conditions simply by exchanging the pile or synthetic fiber fabric.

It is also advantageous if the pile is arranged on a roll capable of rotation, since the effect of the electrical

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Irish field for picking up dirt particles can be improved.

However, it is also possible for the pile to be connected to ground via the power supply line. The electrodes can thus be used simultaneously to avoid static charges. This has proven particularly useful in rooms with electronic devices or in living rooms and it is also possible to free static charges from materials which are brought into contact with or near the electrode for this purpose.

It is also advantageous if the direct voltage applied to the pile is modulated for bioelectrical purposes, and preferably with low frequencies in the range from 5 to 10 Hertz.

An embodiment is advantageous in which the layer mixture resistor is designed as an adhesive, since this simplifies the manufacture of the electrodes.

Furthermore, it is also possible for the electrode to have openings and for a container for receiving electrostatic deposits to be arranged on the rear of the electrode. In this way, the pollutants to be excreted can be eliminated in a simple manner, since the particles in the container can no longer escape from them due to the charge-reversal processes which, when passing through the coated webs, are charged with the same sign as the electrode. They are repelled from the walls of the container, which all have the same potential as pollutant particles.

Also advantageous is an embodiment in which two electrodes are arranged opposite one another and consist of a layered mixture resistor and the pile, the pile at least one of the two electrodes being mounted on a grid or a web and this a z. B. polarity-matched receptacle for receiving the electrostatic precipitates is assigned, since this can significantly increase the effect of electrostatic precipitators.

However, to build up fields that are as inhomogeneous as possible, one of two electrodes can be significantly smaller than the other, or can be designed with narrow, widely spaced webs coated with pile. This means that the advantages of the electrodes can also be fully exploited in special applications that require inhomogeneous fields for technical reasons.

According to a further embodiment it is provided that the pile of electrodes which, for. B. are flat, is reverse-polarized at the edge zones, the pile in the central part of the electrode and in the edge part is electrically separated. This prevents ionized particles from being deposited around the electrode, since the opposite polarity repels them.

Furthermore, it is also possible for the electrodes coated with pile to be arranged under the roof of greenhouses and preferably to have a positive polarity. As a result, the electrodes can be used to reduce the number of harmful microorganisms in the ambient air and on the surface of objects or to promote plant growth.

It is also advantageous if a chargeable sheet is arranged between two electrodes coated with pile, since this allows air to be circulated without rotating parts and without a mechanical drive.

For a better understanding of the invention, this will be explained in more detail with reference to the exemplary embodiments shown in the drawings.

Show it:

1 shows a cross section through an electrode according to the invention;

2 shows an embodiment variant of an electrode according to the invention;

3 shows a basic circuit diagram for the operation of an electrode according to the invention according to FIG. 2;

FIG. 4 shows an embodiment variant of a basic circuit diagram when using two electrodes according to the invention according to FIG. 2;

5 shows a side view of an electrode according to the invention with a housing assigned to it;

6 shows a schematic illustration of an electrostatic filter using two electrodes according to the invention;

7 shows an arrangement of electrodes according to the invention for an air cleaner in a greatly simplified embodiment;

8 shows the arrangement of electrodes according to the invention for receiving particles to be separated, in a mobile device in a schematic representation;

9 shows an electrode according to the invention in an arrangement for an air cleaning device;

10 shows an embodiment variant of an air cleaning device with electrodes designed according to the invention;

11 shows a schematic arrangement of the electrodes according to the invention for electrostatic discharge in the production of plastic webs;

12 shows a schematic arrangement of electrodes according to the invention for separating dirt particles and for simultaneously generating an air flow.

In Fig. 1, the charge-emitting or receiving part of the electrode consists of polymeric or textile pile 1. On the adhesive side, this pile is fed via a high-resistance layer mixture resistor 2 and a conductive current supply made of metal or layer mixture resistor 3. The insulation material 4, which can be stiff or flexible depending on the intended use, serves as a sub-bearing and for mechanical support. Of course, any shape is possible instead of the plate shape in Fig. 1.

The pile 1 of the layer can consist of semiconducting, polymeric fibers as well as natural materials, provided that these have the appropriate electrical properties, such as natural skins. Mixed materials are also conceivable. An excellent exemplary embodiment is an electrostatically flocked electrode, in which a correspondingly conductive adhesive, for. B. on the basis of the plastic shown in Austrian Patent No. 313 588, the power supply is used. For optimal use of the applied voltage, the fiber conductance of the web 1 can be adjusted to the desired value by suitable, preferably chemical pretreatment, and the amount of charge emitted by the electrode can be controlled in this way. With their property of polarization reversal, high polymers offer another advantage. Through the sweeping e.g. Air flow driven by a fan leads to charge multiplication and a multiplication of the effect of the electrode.

In the electrodes constructed according to the invention, each individual fiber has a very high internal resistance to the current-carrying part of the electrode, but the total conductance of the large-area electrode is retained by the sum of the many individual conductance values. While conventional electrodes give off charges essentially only at the edge zones - peak effect - in the electrode according to the invention, charges are given off uniformly over the entire surface due to the surface structure of the pile. Because of the resistance values of the fibers, no corona discharges occur at the fiber ends. This prevents the production of ozone. The high internal resistance also prevents the occurrence of inadmissible Be5 even at very high operating voltages

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touch currents. A high resistance of the adhesive or the layer mixture resistance 2 provides additional security. Further protective measures are therefore unnecessary. For the same reasons, there is no risk of rollovers. Stabilization circuits, as are otherwise e.g. are common in electrostatic precipitators.

In FIG. 2, a further conductive layer 5 is also applied to the back of the insulation material 4. The layer mixture resistor 3, the insulation material 4 and the layer 5 thus form a capacitor.

In Fig. 3 it is shown on the basis of the basic circuit that the electrode can be used simultaneously with its capacitive effect, e.g. for smoothing overlaid pulses.

FIG. 4 shows how two electrodes according to the invention can also be operated in push-pull mode and their effect can thus be doubled.

A main area of application for the electrodes is air and gas cleaning systems. The following arrangement has proven particularly useful as an air filter. An electrode according to the invention is applied with a high negative voltage. A water container, which is connected to earth or ground, serves as the counter electrode and at the same time as the separation basin and is therefore electrically positive with respect to the first electrode. A fan blows the air to be cleaned between the electrodes. The field between the two electrodes and the recharging processes at the negative electrode ensure that the aerosols settle in the water bath. The addition of paraffin oil or organic oils, e.g. Ordinary cooking oil, in the water to prevent evaporation and to relax the water surface proves to be necessary, since otherwise only a fraction of the particles are absorbed by the water, but the larger part is reflected. Instead of the water basin as the second electrode, a perforated electrode constructed according to the invention can also be used as a counter pole directly above the water surface. The water can, but does not have to, be at the same potential as the electrode. With the arrangement described, even the finest dust particles, odor particles, tobacco smoke, in short all aerosols and microorganisms, are permanently removed from the air. By suitable geometric arrangement of the electrodes, e.g. negative electrodes at the outlet opening longer than the water basin, can be achieved that the cleaned air flow is enriched with negative ions and thus improves the electrical indoor climate.

5 shows how filters can be built with even less effort. The pile 1 is applied to grids 6, webs or the like, which are either themselves conductive or are provided with a high-resistance layer mixture resistance, possibly in several layers of different conductivity. The space behind, which is enclosed by a housing 7 in the form of a cassette, serves to hold the enclosed aerosols. To keep them in the separation room, use the following method. The housing is connected to the same potential as the electrode. When passing through the coated webs or grids 6, the aerosols are loaded with the charge of the same sign as the electrode by transfer processes. This means that the particles inside the separation chamber are repelled by all walls, which all have the same potential. The particles are trapped in the cassette. The housing 7 can either be itself conductive or can be coated with a layer mixture resistor alone or with a layer mixture resistor and polymeric or textile fibers.

6 shows an embodiment with which the effectiveness of such a filter can be increased. In the diagram, the filter consists of three electrodes 8, 9, 10, the housing 11 and the fan 12. The electrodes 8 and 9 are positive, the electrode 10 has a negative polarity. 8 and 9 can also be connected in an electrically conductive manner. The fan 12 blows the air flow between the electrodes 9 and 10. The aerosols are conveyed from the electric field through the perforated electrode 9 into the separation space between 8 and 9 and are held by the same principle as above. The electrodes inside the housing 11 do not necessarily have to be covered with conductive pile. In an expanded version, the electrode 10 can also be provided with a separating box in a symmetrical manner.

In rooms with only slightly polluted air, the operation of a device without a fan is sufficient to remove dust, tobacco smoke and microparticles.

7 shows an exemplary embodiment of a device with a plurality of electrodes according to the invention. The device is advantageously attached to the wall 13 at a medium height. The high-voltage part 14 lies behind the slightly oblique negative electrode 15. The charged aerosols are deposited in space 16 behind the permeable, positive or earthed electrode 17. The larger negative electrode also releases negative ions into the room and thus improves the electrical room climate.

If the gas to be cleaned contains a high proportion of electrically neutral particles, this does not generally apply to normal living and working rooms, the following methods can be used. The gas stream can e.g. are controlled by the fan and guide devices in such a way that it is ensured that each particle hits the electrode at least once and is thereby charged. Another method is to design the electric field between the electrodes to be highly inhomogeneous by appropriately shaping the electrodes and to filter out the particles by means of polarization. In a further step, the known tip electrodes or liquid atomizers, Lenard effect, can be used for ionization, for example in industrial gas cleaning systems. The electrode according to the invention is then used as a deposition electrode, e.g. 5 used in an embodiment.

According to the principle described above, to hold the separated particles between electrodes with the same polarity, mobile devices can also be built that perform the function of a vacuum cleaner.

8 shows a diagram for such an apparatus. The high-voltage part 14 is fed either via the mains or via batteries or rechargeable batteries, which find space in the handle 18. The electrode 19 with the construction according to the invention has a negative polarity and “sucks in” dirt particles, shredded paper, dust, microbes, etc. These are reloaded on the electrode 19, attracted by one of the counter-polarized, perforated electrodes 20 and held in the storage space 21, the walls of which again have the same potential.

Such a vacuum cleaner works completely noiselessly, without wearing parts and above all removes even the smallest particles that are blown back into the room by the usual vacuum cleaners, through the dust bag. It can be used independently of the network and can also be used in places where normal vacuum cleaners cannot be used, for example when dedusting houseplants or at workplaces where paper sheets or smaller components are lying around because only very small and light ones Particles are removed thoroughly for this. Dust removal from books, records, glasses and similarly sensitive materials also belong to the potential field of work. According to the same principle, e.g. B. also built clothes roller

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will. For such purposes, the electrode 19 can be designed in the form of a roller, a rotatable brush, which protrudes slightly beyond the edge of the housing. In addition to filtering, as already mentioned several times, the electrodes can also be used advantageously for electrical room air conditioning, ie for generating the correct electrostatic field and the excess of negative air ions. Simple devices for this purpose are similar to the filter in Fig. 7, which is actually a combination device, filter and ionizer. The separation space 16 and the electrode 17 are omitted for pure air conditioning units.

9 and 10 show the simplest designs. The electrode in FIG. 10 is only negative in its central part, but is positively charged at the edges. This avoids any residual edge effects and the increased pollution of the edge zones and the surrounding wall. If electrodes according to FIGS. 9 and 10 are used as ceiling electrodes in order to simulate the natural field conditions in the room, they must of course be polarized positively. Even such simple electrodes sometimes work. as an air filter, because the ionized aerosols are deposited either directly on the electrode or on the walls and furnishings due to the electrostatic field generated by the electrode.

Experiments have shown that in rooms with a correctly polarized field and negative ion excess, the number of harmful germs is significantly lower than the number of germs in untreated rooms. Therefore ionizing and field-generating devices are available e.g. for hospitals. You could also replace other devices that were previously common and that mostly have harmful side effects, such as UV lamps or ozone-producing devices. In this way, the shelf life of stored food can be extended in warehouses.

In greenhouses e.g. a tubular electrode that is attached under the roof and controlled positively. The metal frame of the greenhouse acts as the counter electrode. The Faraday cage effect of the greenhouse is compensated in this way and the field conditions inside the greenhouse are similar to those found outdoors. This stimulates the growth of the plants and also many diseases, such as fungal infestation of the plants and the like. prevented.

The largest field gradient occurs because of the short distance, of course, between the electrode and the roof. The field gradient becomes so strong here that small insects are attracted and killed. According to this principle, namely with strongly inhomogeneous fields, it was also possible to successfully operate effective mosquito catchers for rooms and camping sites, even in heavily mosquito-contaminated areas.

The fact that the right ionization ratios not only contribute to the defense against diseases, but also contribute to the fight against fatigue and lack of concentration, B. can also be shown in public transport. With the new electrode according to the invention, such devices are easier and cheaper to manufacture than before, and the annoying by-product ozone is also eliminated. It is now also possible to manufacture very simple small ionization devices that can be set up on desks or bedside tables. The easiest way to do this is to coat any shape of plastic housing with a conductive adhesive and flock it electrostatically. The electronic component for the negative high voltage is located in the housing.

An additional improvement in the electrical indoor climate can be achieved by modulating the high static potential at low frequencies. Especially the modulation with 10

Hertz, which is known from the natural atmosphere, produces the best results, be it for increased ability to concentrate, for improved well-being or for accelerated plant growth. Depending on the structure of the electronic pulse generator, the design of the electrode as a capacitor according to FIG. 2 can be particularly useful here.

In addition to the embodiment of the electrode with electrostatic flocking, which has been mentioned several times, commercially available textile fibers and fabrics predominantly made of plastic are also suitable as the pile. The woven textile material, e.g. a piece of plastic carpet, only has to be coated with an electrically conductive lacquer on the back and this lacquer must be contacted. However, it is also sufficient to e.g. to bring lattice or net-shaped material or a film that has been treated with the lacquer into close contact with the textile piece. In many cases it is sufficient to put the two parts on top of each other.

In addition to the use for electrostatic precipitators and ionization devices in the manner described above, this special embodiment of the electrode opens up another important field of application of the method: the phenomenon is known that most plastic materials become electrostatically charged due to friction (e.g. by walking with plastic soles on plastic floors) or sitting on armchairs with plastic covers, e.g. in the car etc.). When touching metal parts such as door handles, iron railings, etc., discharges occur with unpleasant sparking. If such materials are underlaid with an electrically conductive plastic layer or coated with conductive lacquer in the manner according to the invention, and this layer is then contacted and grounded or connected to a corresponding potential, the electrostatic charge is immediately dissipated or compensated.

The electrode produced in this way can also be used for electrical room air conditioning. An improvement arises from the fact that the interference fields generated by statically charged plastics disappear. A plastic carpet treated in the manner described thus fulfills several functions in an ideal combination: electrostatic charging of the material by frictional electricity is prevented; the negatively polarized carpet creates similar field conditions in the room as they occur outdoors (130 V / m from top to bottom); The electrode works as an ionization device and generates the desired ratio of the ion numbers, namely excess negative ions. Finally, as an electrode of an air filter, the carpet reduces the amount of ionized aerosols in the air in the manner described. Due to the low conductivity, there is no safety risk, and no ozone is formed. Of course, a low-frequency modulation (e.g. 10 Hertz) can also be superimposed here.

The electrode according to the invention can be used for many other special tasks, for the purposes mentioned, some of which are selected below: If the electrode is attached to the underside of the tonearm of a turntable, the record that is rotating away from it is dusted and discharged .

FIG. 11 shows an electrode 22 during the production of plastic webs - schematic cross section - in which the strong electrostatic charge is noticeable. There, the electrode 22 can also be used with advantage. The web 23 to be produced is passed under an electrode 22 according to the invention in order to unload it.

In Fig. 12, an electrostatic fan is described which is easy to implement with the present electrodes

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is. Between the two electrodes 24, 25 there is a sheet 26, a rechargeable, e.g. semiconducting material which is movably suspended on an edge 27. Sheet 26 is e.g. charged by the negative electrode 24, repelled because of the charge of the same name and attracted by the positive electrode 25. A reloading process takes place there

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instead of. The now positively charged sheet 26 strikes back to the negative electrode 24 and so on. This pendulum movement, in which charge is naturally transported, that is to say a current flows, presses air between the electrodes 24, 25 and thus contributes to convection and ventilation.

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Claims (18)

658 803 PATENT CLAIMS 1. Electrode for electrostatic applications, in particular for ionizing a gas or gas mixture, characterized in that a polymeric or textile pile (1) or a natural material with low fiber conductance values on the connection side via a high-resistance layered mixture resistor (2, 3) with the power supply or Current discharge can be connected and that the layered mixture resistor (2, 3) is applied to a solid or flexible insulator (4). 2. Electrode according to claim 1, characterized in that the natural material is a natural fur. 3. Electrode according to claim 1, characterized in that the pile (1) contains polymeric fibers, in particular those which are suitable for electrostatic flocking, or is woven from these fibers. 4. Electrode according to claim 1, characterized in that the pile (1) contains highly polymeric fibers, in particular those which are suitable for electrostatic flocking, or is woven from these fibers. 5. Electrode according to claim 1, characterized in that the pile (1) contains mixed materials or mixed fabrics 6. Electrode according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the electrical conductivity of the pile (1) or the fibers of the pile (1) has certain values by preferably chemical treatment. 7. Electrode according to claim 1, characterized in that a further conductive layer (5) is applied to the back of the insulator (4) to which the layer mixture resistor (2, 3) is applied. 8. Electrode according to claim 1, characterized in that the layer mixture resistor (2, 3) is formed by a conductive lacquer and is applied to the pile (1), preferably textile fabric or carpet fabric. 9. Electrode according to claim 1, characterized in that the connection of the pile (1) is preferably made of a solid synthetic fiber fabric, via a lattice, mesh or film material treated with conductive lacquer. 10. Electrode according to claim 1, characterized in that the pile is arranged on a rotatable roll. 11. Electrode according to claim 1, characterized in that the pile is connected to ground via the power supply line. 12. Electrode according to claim 1, characterized in that the layer mixture resistor is designed as an adhesive. 13. Device for cleaning air with at least one electrode according to one of claims 1 to 12, characterized in that the electrode has openings, and that on the back of the electrode a container (7; 11; 16; 21) for receiving electrostatic Depositions is arranged. 14. Apparatus according to claim 13, characterized in that two electrodes are arranged opposite one another and consist of a layer mixture resistor (2, 3) and the pile (1), the pile (1) at least one of the two electrodes (10) on one Grid or a web is mounted and this is assigned a container, for example of the same polarity, for receiving the electrostatic deposits. 15. Apparatus according to claim 13, characterized in that one of two electrodes (8, 9, 10; 15, 17; 19, 20; 24, 25) is substantially smaller than the other or with narrow, wide to build up fields that are as inhomogeneous as possible spaced webs coated with pile is formed. 16. Apparatus according to claim 13, characterized in that the pile of electrodes, e.g. are flat, with opposite polarity at the edge zones, the pile being electrically separated in the central part of the electrode and in the edge part. 17. Apparatus according to claim 13, characterized in that several electrodes coated with pile are arranged under the roof of greenhouses and are preferably positively polarized. 18. Apparatus according to claim 13, characterized in that a rechargeable sheet (26) is arranged between two electrodes (24, 25) coated with pile.