CA2209920C - Environmentally safe pesticide and plant growth accelerator - Google Patents
Environmentally safe pesticide and plant growth accelerator Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2209920C CA2209920C CA002209920A CA2209920A CA2209920C CA 2209920 C CA2209920 C CA 2209920C CA 002209920 A CA002209920 A CA 002209920A CA 2209920 A CA2209920 A CA 2209920A CA 2209920 C CA2209920 C CA 2209920C
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- pesticide
- weight
- pests
- mineral oil
- extract
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- 229910052910 alkali metal silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 241000607479 Yersinia pestis Species 0.000 claims description 24
- 229910052911 sodium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 22
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- NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium silicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-][Si]([O-])=O NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 20
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 claims description 19
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 5
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- BJGIDOPGWGEGSI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 8-ethoxyoctan-1-ol;methane Chemical compound C.C.CCOCCCCCCCCO BJGIDOPGWGEGSI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- GPRLSGONYQIRFK-MNYXATJNSA-N triton Chemical compound [3H+] GPRLSGONYQIRFK-MNYXATJNSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Orthosilicate Chemical compound [O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- YVGGHNCTFXOJCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N DDT Chemical compound C1=CC(Cl)=CC=C1C(C(Cl)(Cl)Cl)C1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1 YVGGHNCTFXOJCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000592374 Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000255925 Diptera Species 0.000 description 1
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- 125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
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- 239000006172 buffering agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 1
- BIWJNBZANLAXMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlordane Chemical compound ClC1=C(Cl)C2(Cl)C3CC(Cl)C(Cl)C3C1(Cl)C2(Cl)Cl BIWJNBZANLAXMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 238000002845 discoloration Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 239000003651 drinking water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000020188 drinking water Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000013399 edible fruits Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003995 emulsifying agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002538 fungal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000417 fungicide Substances 0.000 description 1
- JLYXXMFPNIAWKQ-GNIYUCBRSA-N gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane Chemical compound Cl[C@H]1[C@H](Cl)[C@@H](Cl)[C@@H](Cl)[C@H](Cl)[C@H]1Cl JLYXXMFPNIAWKQ-GNIYUCBRSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JLYXXMFPNIAWKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane Natural products ClC1C(Cl)C(Cl)C(Cl)C(Cl)C1Cl JLYXXMFPNIAWKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000003304 gavage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003306 harvesting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000012447 hatching Effects 0.000 description 1
- FRCCEHPWNOQAEU-UHFFFAOYSA-N heptachlor Chemical compound ClC1=C(Cl)C2(Cl)C3C=CC(Cl)C3C1(Cl)C2(Cl)Cl FRCCEHPWNOQAEU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002917 insecticide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009545 invasion Effects 0.000 description 1
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001418 larval effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960002809 lindane Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000033001 locomotion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052914 metal silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GVYLCNUFSHDAAW-UHFFFAOYSA-N mirex Chemical compound ClC12C(Cl)(Cl)C3(Cl)C4(Cl)C1(Cl)C1(Cl)C2(Cl)C3(Cl)C4(Cl)C1(Cl)Cl GVYLCNUFSHDAAW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SNICXCGAKADSCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N nicotine Chemical compound CN1CCCC1C1=CC=CN=C1 SNICXCGAKADSCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009972 noncorrosive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000016709 nutrition Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000035764 nutrition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000418 oral toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 210000000056 organ Anatomy 0.000 description 1
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- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003138 primary alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
- A01N25/02—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests containing liquids as carriers, diluents or solvents
- A01N25/04—Dispersions, emulsions, suspoemulsions, suspension concentrates or gels
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N59/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing elements or inorganic compounds
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Dentistry (AREA)
- Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
- Plant Pathology (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
Abstract
A substantially, environmentally safe pesticide comprising between about 3 and about 10 % by weight of a surfactant, between about 1 and about 5 % by weight of an alkali metal silicate and between about 5 and about 25 % by weight of a mineral oil and the balance being water. The pesticide can also include between about 0 and about 30 % by weight of one or more additional substances, wherein none of the one or more additional substances is itself a pesticide. Preferably, the one or more substances is between about 1 and about 10 % by weight of plant extract and about 0.2 and about 5 % by weight of fish extract or a combination of both. The plant extract and fish extract function to negate the phytotoxicity of the other substances and to accelerate plant growth. The remainder of the pesticide is substantially water.
Description
ENVIRONMENTALLY SAFE PESTICIDE AND PLANT GROWTH ACCELERATOR
BackQround This invention relates to pesticides that are substantially environmentally safe and are substantially non-toxic to large animals.
Yields in agriculture and in horticulture are limited by a number of agents and conditions. Among the agents and conditions affecting plant yields are insects, fungi and suboptimal soil.
A wide variety of man-made compositions have been used in agriculture and horticulture to control damaging insects and fungi. Further, a number of compositions have been used to improve suboptimal soil conditions, thereby accelerating plant growth.
Previously known pesticides have had a variety of problems. Many of these compositions are toxic to large animals, including man, in addition to being toxic to insects or fungi.
Further, many compositions that function as pesticides accumulate in the environment to levels considered to be unsafe. =n additio:, many of these compositions have been found tc contami:_=te natural sources of drinking water.
Such problems have lead the government to ban the use of many pesticides, including DDT, Chlorodane, Lindane, Aldrir_, Heptachlor, Dielarin and Mirex. Other compositions, t:.:t:gh st4_11 in use, present varying degrees of unwanted toxicity.
Besides unwanted toxicity, pr.esently known pesticides have ot~er problems. They tend to be complex and expe:sive tc produce, and many have disadvantageous storage recxuirements.
Further, it is generally necessary to apply multiple pesticides to obtain satisfactory control of a variety of pests. This is necessary to avoid the labor costs of applying several individual pesticides in several separate applications, one at a time.
Therefore, it would be advantageous to have a single composition with activity against a broad range of pests but which is substantially non-toxic to large animals and which is environmentally safe. Further, it would be advantageous for the composition to also function as a plant growth accelerazor.
Ideally, such a composition would be easv and inexpensive to produce and to use.
Summary The present invention is directed to a pestiC=de that satisfies these needs. The pesticide comprises between about 3 and about 1015 by weight of a surfactant, preferably a nonionic surfactant, between about 1 and about 5o by weight of an alkali metal silicate, preferably sodium metasilicate, and beLween about and about 25o by weight of a mineral oil, preferablv a light mineral oil. T_t optionally comprises between about 0 and about 5 30% by weight c--f one or more additional substances, wherein none of the one or more additional substances is itself a pesticide.
The balance of the vesticide is water.
Preferentially, the one or more additional substances include a plant growth accelerator such as between about 1 and about l0o by weight of plant extract, between about 0.2 and about 5%~ by weight of a fish extract and a combination of both.
The pesticide of the present invention can be diluted with water in a water to pesticide ratio between about 0:1 and about 50:1 and more preferably in a water to pesticide ratio between about 2:1 and about 10:1.
The nresent invention is also directed towards a method for controlling pests, comprising applying an effective amount of the pesticide according to the present invention to pests or to a surface, plant or soil containing or potentially containing pests.
Fiaures The file of this patent contains at least one color photograph. Cccies of this patent with color photographs will be provided by the Patent and Trademark office upon request and payment of the necessary fee.
The features, aspects, and advantages of the present invention will become better understood with regard to the following description, appended claims, and accomnan.ring .photographs where: Photographs lA and :B show a top and bctco:;i view, respectively, at approximate_v 20X to 25X magnificacion of a mealvbug before application cf the pesticide accor:4.ng to the present invention;
Photographs 1C and 1D show a top and bottom view, respectively, at approximateiv 20X to 25X magnification of the mealybug in photographs lA and 1B 10 minutes after application of the pesticide according to the present invention;
Photographs lE and 1F show a top and bottom view, respectively, at approximatelv 20X to 25X magnification of the inealybug in photographs 1A and 1B 20 minutes after application of the r)esticide according to the present invention; and Photographs 1G and 1H show a top and bottom view, respectively, at approximately 20X to 25X magnification of the mealvbug in photographs lA and 1B 30 minutes after application of =
the pesticide according to the present invention.
Description The presenr- invention is a pesticide comprising several substances. Each substance, or a chemically-related substance, has been previously added to pesticidal compositions for various pur_oses, such as emulsifying agents, d;spersing agents or carriers. It has also been known in the prior art to combine some of the several substances, or chemically-related substances, in a composition which includes at least one additional substance whose specific function was pesticidal. We discovered, however, that the several substances which comprise the present invention, when combined in certain relative ratios, synergistically functions as a potent pesticide themselves, without includinc a separate pesticidal substance. T]~_e result is that the severa=
substances which comprise the present invention, advantageous_v form a pesticide that is easy and inexpensive to manufacture, easy to apply and environmentally safe. Further, in one embodiment, the invention advantageously functions as a plant growth accelerator in addition to being a pesticide.
As used herein "pesticide" means a composition whic'1-exhibits either insecticidal or fungicidal properties or both.
As used herein, the term "insecticide" refers to a composition which substantially renders harmless or k=lls insects. As used herein "fungicide" refers to a composition which substantially renders harmless or kills fungi.
As used herein "insect" refers to animals of the phvlum or related to the phylum Arthropoda. The term includes, but is not limited to, both soft-bodied and hard-bodied animals of the orders of Homoptera, Coleoptera, Lepidopz _ra, Diptera, Protura, Thysanoptera, Orthoptera, Isoptera, Dermantera, Mallophaga, Anoplura, Hemiptera, and Hymenoptera.
As used herein, the term "fungrefers to a group c=
organisms that includes molds, mushrooms and mildews. Examples include, but are not limited tc, leaf spot, root rot, black spot, brown rot, Anthracnose, Botrytis, dampening off, downey mildew, powdery mildew, peach leaf curl, verticilium wilt, fusarium wilt rust, pithium and alterneria. As used herein, the term "plant growth accelerator"
refers'to a substance that increases the rate of p_ant growth sign'_ficantly above the rate without the substance.
According to one embodiment of the present invention there is provided a pesticide that comprises a small number of readily obtainable substances in volumetric or weight ratios within specific ranges. When combined, the substances act synergistically to produce a environmentally safe pesticide and, in one embodiment, a pesticide which also functions as a plant growth accelerator.
The pesticide according to the present invention comprises at least three substances; a surfactant, a silicate.and a mineral oil. Additionally, the pesticide can include one or more substances where none of the one or more additional substances is itself a pesticide. The balance of the pesticide is water. Preferer_tially, the one or more substances are a plant extract, a fish extract or both.
Surfactants are a class of materials which are capable of reducing the surface tension of a licruld when present in relatively low concentrations. Surfactants may be ionic, anionic or nonionic. In the present invention, a nonionic surfactant is preferred. While a variety of nonionic surfactants are known to those with skill =n the art, and are suitable for incorporation into the pesticide of the present invention, primary alcohol alkoxylate is particularly preferred. This surfactant, = alkyloxypolyethyleneoxypolypropyleneoxy ethanol, goes under the trade name Triton'~ XL-80N Surfactant and is available from Union ~ -arbide Corp., Houston, TX.
The pesticide o= the present invencion further includes an alkal-i metal silicate. Prererentially, it includes a sodium silicate. More preferentially, it includes sodium metasilicate, wh.4.ch has the formula Na2Si03. Sodium metasilicate is preferred over other forms of sodium silicate because it tends not to absorb moisture from the atmosphere as readily as some forms of sodium silicate, such as sodium silicate pentahydrate. Also, sodium metasilicate does not naturally contain significant amounts of water. Therefore, it a particularly potent form (on a by weight basis) of sodium silicate for combination with the other substances comprising the invention. Sodium metasilicate is available from a variety of sources known to those with skill in the art, including OxyChem , of Niagara Falls, New York. When sodium metasilicate is used, the pH of the pesticide should be at least about 7.5 or greater, and preferably 8.5 or greater.
The pesticide of the present invention further includes a mineral oil. Preferentially, the mineral oil is a light mineral oil, such as a white mineral oil, N.F. Suitable light mineral oil is available from Penreco, Karns City, PA or Los Angeles, CA, under the name Drakeol 7-.
Additionally, the pesticide can comprise one or more substances where none of the one or more substances is itself a pesticide. That is to say, the one or more subszances, used alone in a significant concentration, do not exhibit substantial pesticidal properties. The one or more substances is preferentially a plant extract. A suitable plarti extract is made from seaweed, such as hvdrolyzed kelp. One source of suitable piant extract is the product Garden MaxiCrop, available from Maxicrop U.S.A., Inc. Other sources of suitable piant extracz include Kelco Co., Los Angeles, CA and the product Acadian n Seaplants Seaweed Extract available from Acadian Seaplants Ltd., Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada.
The pesticide of the present invention can further include a fish extract. Preferably, the fish extract is a substantially water-soluble powder, or a liquid. One source of suitable fish extract is the product Neptunes "Supreme", available from Island Seed and Feed, Goleta, Ca.
The function of the plant extract and the fish extract is to act as a buffering agent to obviate or at least substantially lessen the phytotoxicity of the combination of the other substances in the pesticide according to the present invention. The nutritive qualities of the plant extract, particularly combined with the nutritive qualities of the hydrolyzed fish, fur::her act to accelerate plant growth through foliar feeding.
The balance of the pesticide of the present invention is water. While the water may be from any of a variety of sources, including filtered or distilled water, ordinary drinkinc water is suitable.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, a pesticide is produced as follows. Aoproximately 303 g of Tr_son ~ X=,-80N Suriactant is added to approximately 3,790 g of water and r.:ixed. Next, approximately 126 g of sodium metasilicate is added t: the water/surfacLant and mixed. Sufficient mixing time should be allowed to permit the sodium metasilicate to dissolve thoroughly. Then, approximately 755 g of light mineral oil is added and the components are mixed thoroughly while entraining as little air as possible.
The resultant composition is a potent pesticide.
However, the solution is also phytotoxic to a variety of agriculturally or horticulturally desirable plant species. In order to negate the phytotoxic properties of this mixture, approximately 210 g of plant extract and 39 g of fish extract are added. Thus, the final composition of the pesticide is approximately 731i by weight of water, approximately 14.5% by weight of light mineral oil, approximately 5.8% by weight of TritonN XL-80N Surffactant, approximately 4% by weight of plant extract, approximately 2.411 by weight of sodium metasilicate and approximately 0..750i by weight of fish extract.
When the pesticide c= the present invention is used in a manner in which phytotoxicity is off concern, the plant extract and should be included. Additionally, fish extract is preferentially included.
BackQround This invention relates to pesticides that are substantially environmentally safe and are substantially non-toxic to large animals.
Yields in agriculture and in horticulture are limited by a number of agents and conditions. Among the agents and conditions affecting plant yields are insects, fungi and suboptimal soil.
A wide variety of man-made compositions have been used in agriculture and horticulture to control damaging insects and fungi. Further, a number of compositions have been used to improve suboptimal soil conditions, thereby accelerating plant growth.
Previously known pesticides have had a variety of problems. Many of these compositions are toxic to large animals, including man, in addition to being toxic to insects or fungi.
Further, many compositions that function as pesticides accumulate in the environment to levels considered to be unsafe. =n additio:, many of these compositions have been found tc contami:_=te natural sources of drinking water.
Such problems have lead the government to ban the use of many pesticides, including DDT, Chlorodane, Lindane, Aldrir_, Heptachlor, Dielarin and Mirex. Other compositions, t:.:t:gh st4_11 in use, present varying degrees of unwanted toxicity.
Besides unwanted toxicity, pr.esently known pesticides have ot~er problems. They tend to be complex and expe:sive tc produce, and many have disadvantageous storage recxuirements.
Further, it is generally necessary to apply multiple pesticides to obtain satisfactory control of a variety of pests. This is necessary to avoid the labor costs of applying several individual pesticides in several separate applications, one at a time.
Therefore, it would be advantageous to have a single composition with activity against a broad range of pests but which is substantially non-toxic to large animals and which is environmentally safe. Further, it would be advantageous for the composition to also function as a plant growth accelerazor.
Ideally, such a composition would be easv and inexpensive to produce and to use.
Summary The present invention is directed to a pestiC=de that satisfies these needs. The pesticide comprises between about 3 and about 1015 by weight of a surfactant, preferably a nonionic surfactant, between about 1 and about 5o by weight of an alkali metal silicate, preferably sodium metasilicate, and beLween about and about 25o by weight of a mineral oil, preferablv a light mineral oil. T_t optionally comprises between about 0 and about 5 30% by weight c--f one or more additional substances, wherein none of the one or more additional substances is itself a pesticide.
The balance of the vesticide is water.
Preferentially, the one or more additional substances include a plant growth accelerator such as between about 1 and about l0o by weight of plant extract, between about 0.2 and about 5%~ by weight of a fish extract and a combination of both.
The pesticide of the present invention can be diluted with water in a water to pesticide ratio between about 0:1 and about 50:1 and more preferably in a water to pesticide ratio between about 2:1 and about 10:1.
The nresent invention is also directed towards a method for controlling pests, comprising applying an effective amount of the pesticide according to the present invention to pests or to a surface, plant or soil containing or potentially containing pests.
Fiaures The file of this patent contains at least one color photograph. Cccies of this patent with color photographs will be provided by the Patent and Trademark office upon request and payment of the necessary fee.
The features, aspects, and advantages of the present invention will become better understood with regard to the following description, appended claims, and accomnan.ring .photographs where: Photographs lA and :B show a top and bctco:;i view, respectively, at approximate_v 20X to 25X magnificacion of a mealvbug before application cf the pesticide accor:4.ng to the present invention;
Photographs 1C and 1D show a top and bottom view, respectively, at approximateiv 20X to 25X magnification of the mealybug in photographs lA and 1B 10 minutes after application of the pesticide according to the present invention;
Photographs lE and 1F show a top and bottom view, respectively, at approximatelv 20X to 25X magnification of the inealybug in photographs 1A and 1B 20 minutes after application of the r)esticide according to the present invention; and Photographs 1G and 1H show a top and bottom view, respectively, at approximately 20X to 25X magnification of the mealvbug in photographs lA and 1B 30 minutes after application of =
the pesticide according to the present invention.
Description The presenr- invention is a pesticide comprising several substances. Each substance, or a chemically-related substance, has been previously added to pesticidal compositions for various pur_oses, such as emulsifying agents, d;spersing agents or carriers. It has also been known in the prior art to combine some of the several substances, or chemically-related substances, in a composition which includes at least one additional substance whose specific function was pesticidal. We discovered, however, that the several substances which comprise the present invention, when combined in certain relative ratios, synergistically functions as a potent pesticide themselves, without includinc a separate pesticidal substance. T]~_e result is that the severa=
substances which comprise the present invention, advantageous_v form a pesticide that is easy and inexpensive to manufacture, easy to apply and environmentally safe. Further, in one embodiment, the invention advantageously functions as a plant growth accelerator in addition to being a pesticide.
As used herein "pesticide" means a composition whic'1-exhibits either insecticidal or fungicidal properties or both.
As used herein, the term "insecticide" refers to a composition which substantially renders harmless or k=lls insects. As used herein "fungicide" refers to a composition which substantially renders harmless or kills fungi.
As used herein "insect" refers to animals of the phvlum or related to the phylum Arthropoda. The term includes, but is not limited to, both soft-bodied and hard-bodied animals of the orders of Homoptera, Coleoptera, Lepidopz _ra, Diptera, Protura, Thysanoptera, Orthoptera, Isoptera, Dermantera, Mallophaga, Anoplura, Hemiptera, and Hymenoptera.
As used herein, the term "fungrefers to a group c=
organisms that includes molds, mushrooms and mildews. Examples include, but are not limited tc, leaf spot, root rot, black spot, brown rot, Anthracnose, Botrytis, dampening off, downey mildew, powdery mildew, peach leaf curl, verticilium wilt, fusarium wilt rust, pithium and alterneria. As used herein, the term "plant growth accelerator"
refers'to a substance that increases the rate of p_ant growth sign'_ficantly above the rate without the substance.
According to one embodiment of the present invention there is provided a pesticide that comprises a small number of readily obtainable substances in volumetric or weight ratios within specific ranges. When combined, the substances act synergistically to produce a environmentally safe pesticide and, in one embodiment, a pesticide which also functions as a plant growth accelerator.
The pesticide according to the present invention comprises at least three substances; a surfactant, a silicate.and a mineral oil. Additionally, the pesticide can include one or more substances where none of the one or more additional substances is itself a pesticide. The balance of the pesticide is water. Preferer_tially, the one or more substances are a plant extract, a fish extract or both.
Surfactants are a class of materials which are capable of reducing the surface tension of a licruld when present in relatively low concentrations. Surfactants may be ionic, anionic or nonionic. In the present invention, a nonionic surfactant is preferred. While a variety of nonionic surfactants are known to those with skill =n the art, and are suitable for incorporation into the pesticide of the present invention, primary alcohol alkoxylate is particularly preferred. This surfactant, = alkyloxypolyethyleneoxypolypropyleneoxy ethanol, goes under the trade name Triton'~ XL-80N Surfactant and is available from Union ~ -arbide Corp., Houston, TX.
The pesticide o= the present invencion further includes an alkal-i metal silicate. Prererentially, it includes a sodium silicate. More preferentially, it includes sodium metasilicate, wh.4.ch has the formula Na2Si03. Sodium metasilicate is preferred over other forms of sodium silicate because it tends not to absorb moisture from the atmosphere as readily as some forms of sodium silicate, such as sodium silicate pentahydrate. Also, sodium metasilicate does not naturally contain significant amounts of water. Therefore, it a particularly potent form (on a by weight basis) of sodium silicate for combination with the other substances comprising the invention. Sodium metasilicate is available from a variety of sources known to those with skill in the art, including OxyChem , of Niagara Falls, New York. When sodium metasilicate is used, the pH of the pesticide should be at least about 7.5 or greater, and preferably 8.5 or greater.
The pesticide of the present invention further includes a mineral oil. Preferentially, the mineral oil is a light mineral oil, such as a white mineral oil, N.F. Suitable light mineral oil is available from Penreco, Karns City, PA or Los Angeles, CA, under the name Drakeol 7-.
Additionally, the pesticide can comprise one or more substances where none of the one or more substances is itself a pesticide. That is to say, the one or more subszances, used alone in a significant concentration, do not exhibit substantial pesticidal properties. The one or more substances is preferentially a plant extract. A suitable plarti extract is made from seaweed, such as hvdrolyzed kelp. One source of suitable piant extract is the product Garden MaxiCrop, available from Maxicrop U.S.A., Inc. Other sources of suitable piant extracz include Kelco Co., Los Angeles, CA and the product Acadian n Seaplants Seaweed Extract available from Acadian Seaplants Ltd., Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada.
The pesticide of the present invention can further include a fish extract. Preferably, the fish extract is a substantially water-soluble powder, or a liquid. One source of suitable fish extract is the product Neptunes "Supreme", available from Island Seed and Feed, Goleta, Ca.
The function of the plant extract and the fish extract is to act as a buffering agent to obviate or at least substantially lessen the phytotoxicity of the combination of the other substances in the pesticide according to the present invention. The nutritive qualities of the plant extract, particularly combined with the nutritive qualities of the hydrolyzed fish, fur::her act to accelerate plant growth through foliar feeding.
The balance of the pesticide of the present invention is water. While the water may be from any of a variety of sources, including filtered or distilled water, ordinary drinkinc water is suitable.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, a pesticide is produced as follows. Aoproximately 303 g of Tr_son ~ X=,-80N Suriactant is added to approximately 3,790 g of water and r.:ixed. Next, approximately 126 g of sodium metasilicate is added t: the water/surfacLant and mixed. Sufficient mixing time should be allowed to permit the sodium metasilicate to dissolve thoroughly. Then, approximately 755 g of light mineral oil is added and the components are mixed thoroughly while entraining as little air as possible.
The resultant composition is a potent pesticide.
However, the solution is also phytotoxic to a variety of agriculturally or horticulturally desirable plant species. In order to negate the phytotoxic properties of this mixture, approximately 210 g of plant extract and 39 g of fish extract are added. Thus, the final composition of the pesticide is approximately 731i by weight of water, approximately 14.5% by weight of light mineral oil, approximately 5.8% by weight of TritonN XL-80N Surffactant, approximately 4% by weight of plant extract, approximately 2.411 by weight of sodium metasilicate and approximately 0..750i by weight of fish extract.
When the pesticide c= the present invention is used in a manner in which phytotoxicity is off concern, the plant extract and should be included. Additionally, fish extract is preferentially included.
Once the pesticide according to the present invention is produced, with or without the plant extract or fish extract, it can be diluted to a suitable strength for use, or alternately =
it can be produced using smaller auantities of substances other than water. For example, one-sixth the amount of substances other than water can be added to water to produce a pesticide.
The amount of dilution is based on the type of planz and type of pest upon which the pesticide is to be used. Some testing should be performed, therefore, in order to determine the appropriate amount of dilution.
A dilution can be produced by adding water in a water to pesticide ratio equal to about 0:1 to 50:1. More preferentially, the dilution is equal to about a ratio of water to pesticide of about 2:1 to 10:1.
The substances which form the pesticide of the present invention can be present in a range of relative ratios. Table I
provides pre-dilution, preferred approximate ranges of substances by weight percent as well as the most preferred range. While preferred ranges are shown, other ranges are possible as would be appreciated by those with skill in the art.
TABLE I
PRE-DILUTION, PREFERRED RANGES IN PERCENT BY WEiGHT
Substance Preferred Range Most Preferred Ranae Water 45-90 68-76 Nonionic Surfactant 3-10 5-7 Silicate Powder 1-5 2-3 Mineral Oil 5-25 13-16 Plant Extract 1-10 3-5 Fish Extract 0.2-5 0.2-2 When the peszicide of the present invention is used in a manner in which phytctoxicitv is not a concern, the plant extract and fish extra:z can be omitted. When the pesticide of the present invertior_ _s used in a manner in which phytotoxicity is of concern, the pla= extract should be included, and additionally, fish extract is preTerably included. Both the plant extract and the fish extract function to negate phytotoxicity and improve the plant growth accelerator characteristics of the pesticide.
The pesticide of the present invention is preferentially applied at a certain dilution and a certain application rate. Application rate refers to the specific amount of pesticide applied per time.
The full strength solution is diluted,.if necessary,, according to the crop being treated and the pest for which control is desired. For example, the dilution for aphid control or spider mite control is one-half the dilution required for mealy bug control. A small scale trial application is preferred prior to large scale application to determine if any phytotoxic reaction is likely to occur. Any phytotoxic reaction which does become evident can be reduced by increasing the dilution.
The dilution is partially determined bv the air temnerature at the time of application. The higher the air temperature, the higher the dilution should be.
Both the dilution and the application rate are partially determined by the amount of new growth and maturitv of the crop at the time of application. A lower dilution in early season, prior to tender new foliar growth emergence, can stop larval'development of many pests, thereby eliminating the need ~ for future applications as well as feeding a:d stimulating the targez crop for greater resistance against insect infestation.
Maximum effectiveness is obtained when the pesticide is applied with sufficient time to dry on the application surfaces.
For best results, it is preferred to thoroughly cover all foliar, and woody stems and branches, including soil surfaces. Further, early morning or late afternoon to evening are the preferred times for application.
Crops respond favorably and vigorously to a thorough soil spray or soil drench for purposes of fertilizing and growth stimulation. Further, they exhibit stress reduction due to drought and temperature extremes.
When used as a soil drench, a dilution of about 3-4 gallons to 100 gallons of water is preferred. The same dilution is preferred for dormancy spraying on woody ornamentals, dormant fruit and shade trees as well as a transplant assist or as a soil conditioner. A second amplication just prior to bud break in early spring is preferred as a dormant spray, particularly if rainy damp weather has occurred or is anticipated.
Protective clothing and gear should be worn according to governmental standards and regulations. The formula is environmentally safe and non-corrosive. Therefore, washing or rinsing application equipment and clothinc w'_th water is optional.
Examples of suitable application are as follows. For control of scale or mealybug at mid season, di.lut= about a.5 oz of pesticide to 1 gallon of water, or abour- 3.5 gallons of pesticide to 100 gallons of water for a lara?r application, for an air temperature of less than about 75 F. For control of the same pests earlier in the season, at the time of tender new spring growth, a greater dilution of about 2.5 gallons of pesticide to 100 gallons of water is preferred. Then, preferably, a second application of the pesticide is applied within about 5 to 7 days. This second application is particularly preferred for control of some pests, such as white-fly, due to egg hatch on the target crop.
The pesticide is a penetrating contact spray.
Application can be accomplished, for example, about once every five to seven days for serious infestations of pests. For less serious infestations of pests, the frequency of application can be reduced. Spraying the composition at reaular -ntervals of about three to five weeks will maintain good pest control throughout the growing season. The composition can be used * safely up through harvest time.
ACL"?'E ORAL TOXICITY LIMIT TEST
The toxicity to large animals of the pesticide according to the present invention, occurring from a single orally administered dose, was evaluated as follows. Five male and five female young, healthy adult Wistar-derived albino rats, .each weighing between about 200 and 300 grams were used for this evaluation. The animals were fed on water and Purina Rat.Chow ad-libitum. The animals were fasted 18 to 24 hours prior to dosing but were allowed water ad-libitum. Feed was returned ad-libitum immediately after dosing.
A single oral dose of the pesticide according the present invention, and having a composition of approximately 73%
by weight of water, approximately 14.501 by weight of light -mineral oil, approximately 5.8o by weight of Triton XL-80N
Surfactant, approximately 4% by weight of plant extract, approximately 2.4 s by weight of sodium metasilicate and approximately 0.75!~ by weight of fish extract was delivered by gavage at a dose level of 5.0 g/kg body weight. The rats were individually caged and observed for mortality or signs of growth toxicity for fourteen days. At the end of the test period, all surviving animals were weighed and sacrificed, and necropsies were performed.
The results of this study are summarized in Table II.
All test animals appeared healthv and exhibited weight gain throughout the observation period. Necropsies of -:he surviving =
test animals revealed that all organs were intact. No abnormalities or discolorations were noted.
TABLE TI
Animal n Sex Body Weight Dosage Dose Mortality Initial Final Delivered* Day (g) (g) (g) (ml) 3009 M 236 251 1.18 1.20 NA
ti 5 3011 M 240 261 1.20 1.22 NA
3020 M 235 242 1.18 1.20 NA
3021 M 238 255 1.19 1.21 NA
3026 M 236 248 1.18 1.20 NA
x 237 251 1.19 1.21 Range 190 - 284 3029 F 234 259 1.17 1.19 NA
3031 F 234 263 1.17 1.19 NA
3033 F 236 261 1.18 1.20 NA
3034 F 236 249 1.18 1.20 NA
3038 F 234 256 1.17 1.19 NA
x 235 258 1.17 1.19 Range 188 - 282 * - 1 ml weighs 0.9777 g 3_5 EFFECTIVENESS AGAINST MEALYBUGS
The insecticidal effectiveness of the composition according to the present invention, with respect tc mealybugs, was evaluated as follows. Mealybugs are insects belonging to the Homcptera family. Other members of the Homoptera family include aphids, whiteflies and leafhoppers.
Mealybugs have elongate-oval bodies with well-developed legs. One type, Pseudococcidea, are covered with a waxy secretion that helps protect the bug from contact with pest=cides.
Me.alvbugs receive their nutrition by sucking plant juices. Their ~_te into the plant freauenti_v results in the introduction o= =ungal infections. The funaal infections cause signi=icant damace to the plants in addition to the damage caused by the insect itself.
Photcgraphs 1A through 1H illustrate the effect of a single application of the pesticide according to the present invention, and having a composition of approximately 73% by weight of water, approximately 14.5% by weight of light mineral oil, approximately 5.8% by weight of Triton XL-80N Surfactant, apprcximately 4% by weight of plant extract, approximately 2.4%
by weight of sodium metasilicate and approximately 0.75% by weight of fish extract. All photographs were taken at apprcximately 20X to 25X magnification. Photographs IA and 1B
show a top view and bottom view of an untreated mealybug, respeczively. The legs of the untreated bug exhibited substantial movement. A single application of diluted pesticide (abou:: 4.5 oz tc 1 gallon of water) according to the present inven-zion was s==aved directly onto the insect to wet the insect thorcughly. The insect was then allowed to soak for a period c=
approximately 2:^inutes before being removed and placed under the photc microscope.
Photographs 1C and 1D illustrate a top and bottom view, respectively, of the mealybug ten minutes after application. During the first ten minuzes after application, the insect exhibited a spreading paralysis of its leg segments beginning proximally anci extending distally.
Photographs lE and IF, and IG and 1H, illustrate the top and bottom views of the bug twenty .;;inutes after applicaticn and thir--y minutes after application, respectively. As can be seen, the insect's protective waxy coating substantially dissolved. Furt^er, the body of the insect became bloated and discolored, and the insect died.
EFFECTIVENESS AGAINST GRA-r-J PHYLLOXERA
The pesticidal effectiveness of the composition according to the present invention was further tested with respect to the different life stages of grape phylloxera in the three experiments below. Phylloxera is a form of aphid belonging to the Homoptera family. It lives primarily underground and attacks the roots of grapevines. After attaching to the roots, the insect feeds on the juices of the plants. The root produces a gall at the point of phylloxera attachment, which is evidence of the introduction of foreign material into the root. Fungal invasion into the plant through the poin,: of attachment is common. Phylloxera is highly prolific, potentially producing billions of of;szring in a single season, and causes extensive monetary loss tc grape producers.
A. Assav of Effectiveness Aaainst Phvlloxera Eacrs The effectiveness of the pesticide according to the present invention was assayed against grape phvlloxera eggs.
Eggs used in these assavs were one to three davs old. The egcs were reAlicated into sets of 70 on 9 cm diameter filter paper discs which were previously moistened with 0.5 ml of distilled-water in plastic petri dishes. The pesticide, according to one embodiment of the present invention, used in this assav had a comDos-4tion of approximately 739k by we:ght of water, approximately 14.511 by weight of light mineral oil, approximar-ely 5. 8% by weight of Triton' XL-80N Surfactant, approximately 41 by weight of plant extract, approximately 2.41 by weight of sodium metasilicate and approximately 0.75o by weight of fish extract.
A control usina distilled water was included in these assays.
The filter paper containing the eggs was moistened with 1 ml of distilled water or 1 ml of pesticide. Three replicates were used for each assay., The petri dishes were sealed with parafilm and then placed in plastic bags and in a plastic box in a growth chamber. The chamber was maintained at 24 C.
Egg mortality was determined after seven days. Egg hatching was considered the end point of the assay. An egg was considered to have succumbed to the treatment if it was dead er if the newly-hazched insect (crawler) died before emerging frcm the chorion completely. Hatched eggs were considered to have survived the treatment if the crawler succumbed to the pesticide on the filter paper soon after emergence. The results ofthis study are summarized in Table III.
TABLE III
Treatment Dead Live Total o Mortalitv Distilled water 0 70 70 0 1 69 70 . 1.4 Pesticide 70 0 70 100 B. Assav of B.f=ectiveness Aaainst Nvmrh and Adult Phvlloxera The effectiveness of the pesticide, according to =he present invention, was tested to determine its effectiveness against nymph and adult stages of phylloxera. Sections of Cabernet Sauvignon root pieces, each 4 cm long by 2-4 mm in diameter, were infected with 20-30 phylloxera eggs per root p_ece in petri dish chamber. After three weeks, small, medium and large nymphs, and adults were counted on each root pieces. Root pieces with insects were dipped in distilled water or the pesticide having a composition of approximately 73% by weight of water, approximately 14.5% by weight of light mineral oil, approximately 5.8% by weight of Triton- XL-80N Surfactant, approximately 4% by weight of plant extract, approximately 2.4%
by weight of sodium metasilicate and approximately 0.75% by weight of fish extract for ten seconds. The root pieces were then allowed to air dry.
Th=_ treated roots were placed on filter paper in petri dishes. The dishes were then sealed with parafilm, and placed in plastic bags in a plastic box in a growth chamber. The growth chambers were maintained at 24 C.
Four root pieces were used for each assay. Surviving animals were counted after one week. The results cf this stu3y are summarized in Table !V.
TABLE IV
Treatment Dead Live Total % Morta_itv Distilled water 2 17 19 10.5 1 14 15 6.7 5 16 21 23.8 1 15 16 6.3 Pesticide 15 0 15 100 C. Assay of Effectiveness Aaainst Phylloxera Instar Establishment The pesticide according to the present invention was further tested to determine its effectiveness in preventing first instar (crawler) establishment. Cabernet Sauvignon root pieces were dipped in distilled water or in pesticide having a composition of approximately 7311 by weight of water, approximately 14.511 by weight of light mineral oil, approximately 5.8%- by weight of Triton' XL-80N Surfactant, approximatelv 401 by weight of plant extract, approximately 2.4% by weight of sodium metasilicate and approximately 0.75% by weight of fish ex::ract.
The root pieces were then allowed to air dry.
Treated root pieces were placed on a filter Faper in plastic petr= dishes. Twenty eggs were piaced on each rc;,t. The dishes were sealed in parafilm, then placed in plastic bags in a plastic box in a growth chamber. The growth chambers were maintained at 24 C.
Four root pieces were used for each assay. After two weeks, the root pieces were examined and numbers of survivors which survived and succeeded to feed were counted. The results of this studv are summarized in Table V.
TABLE V
Treatment Dead Live Total 'i Mortalitv Distilled water 6 14 20 30 Pesticide 20 0 20 100 Although the present invention has been described in considerable detail with reference to certain preferred embodiments thereof, other embodiments are possible. For 20 example, the one or more additional substances can include substances that impart other desirable non-pesticidal properties, such as color or smell. Therefore, the spirit and scope cf the appended claims should not be limited to the description cf the preferred embodiments contained herein.
it can be produced using smaller auantities of substances other than water. For example, one-sixth the amount of substances other than water can be added to water to produce a pesticide.
The amount of dilution is based on the type of planz and type of pest upon which the pesticide is to be used. Some testing should be performed, therefore, in order to determine the appropriate amount of dilution.
A dilution can be produced by adding water in a water to pesticide ratio equal to about 0:1 to 50:1. More preferentially, the dilution is equal to about a ratio of water to pesticide of about 2:1 to 10:1.
The substances which form the pesticide of the present invention can be present in a range of relative ratios. Table I
provides pre-dilution, preferred approximate ranges of substances by weight percent as well as the most preferred range. While preferred ranges are shown, other ranges are possible as would be appreciated by those with skill in the art.
TABLE I
PRE-DILUTION, PREFERRED RANGES IN PERCENT BY WEiGHT
Substance Preferred Range Most Preferred Ranae Water 45-90 68-76 Nonionic Surfactant 3-10 5-7 Silicate Powder 1-5 2-3 Mineral Oil 5-25 13-16 Plant Extract 1-10 3-5 Fish Extract 0.2-5 0.2-2 When the peszicide of the present invention is used in a manner in which phytctoxicitv is not a concern, the plant extract and fish extra:z can be omitted. When the pesticide of the present invertior_ _s used in a manner in which phytotoxicity is of concern, the pla= extract should be included, and additionally, fish extract is preTerably included. Both the plant extract and the fish extract function to negate phytotoxicity and improve the plant growth accelerator characteristics of the pesticide.
The pesticide of the present invention is preferentially applied at a certain dilution and a certain application rate. Application rate refers to the specific amount of pesticide applied per time.
The full strength solution is diluted,.if necessary,, according to the crop being treated and the pest for which control is desired. For example, the dilution for aphid control or spider mite control is one-half the dilution required for mealy bug control. A small scale trial application is preferred prior to large scale application to determine if any phytotoxic reaction is likely to occur. Any phytotoxic reaction which does become evident can be reduced by increasing the dilution.
The dilution is partially determined bv the air temnerature at the time of application. The higher the air temperature, the higher the dilution should be.
Both the dilution and the application rate are partially determined by the amount of new growth and maturitv of the crop at the time of application. A lower dilution in early season, prior to tender new foliar growth emergence, can stop larval'development of many pests, thereby eliminating the need ~ for future applications as well as feeding a:d stimulating the targez crop for greater resistance against insect infestation.
Maximum effectiveness is obtained when the pesticide is applied with sufficient time to dry on the application surfaces.
For best results, it is preferred to thoroughly cover all foliar, and woody stems and branches, including soil surfaces. Further, early morning or late afternoon to evening are the preferred times for application.
Crops respond favorably and vigorously to a thorough soil spray or soil drench for purposes of fertilizing and growth stimulation. Further, they exhibit stress reduction due to drought and temperature extremes.
When used as a soil drench, a dilution of about 3-4 gallons to 100 gallons of water is preferred. The same dilution is preferred for dormancy spraying on woody ornamentals, dormant fruit and shade trees as well as a transplant assist or as a soil conditioner. A second amplication just prior to bud break in early spring is preferred as a dormant spray, particularly if rainy damp weather has occurred or is anticipated.
Protective clothing and gear should be worn according to governmental standards and regulations. The formula is environmentally safe and non-corrosive. Therefore, washing or rinsing application equipment and clothinc w'_th water is optional.
Examples of suitable application are as follows. For control of scale or mealybug at mid season, di.lut= about a.5 oz of pesticide to 1 gallon of water, or abour- 3.5 gallons of pesticide to 100 gallons of water for a lara?r application, for an air temperature of less than about 75 F. For control of the same pests earlier in the season, at the time of tender new spring growth, a greater dilution of about 2.5 gallons of pesticide to 100 gallons of water is preferred. Then, preferably, a second application of the pesticide is applied within about 5 to 7 days. This second application is particularly preferred for control of some pests, such as white-fly, due to egg hatch on the target crop.
The pesticide is a penetrating contact spray.
Application can be accomplished, for example, about once every five to seven days for serious infestations of pests. For less serious infestations of pests, the frequency of application can be reduced. Spraying the composition at reaular -ntervals of about three to five weeks will maintain good pest control throughout the growing season. The composition can be used * safely up through harvest time.
ACL"?'E ORAL TOXICITY LIMIT TEST
The toxicity to large animals of the pesticide according to the present invention, occurring from a single orally administered dose, was evaluated as follows. Five male and five female young, healthy adult Wistar-derived albino rats, .each weighing between about 200 and 300 grams were used for this evaluation. The animals were fed on water and Purina Rat.Chow ad-libitum. The animals were fasted 18 to 24 hours prior to dosing but were allowed water ad-libitum. Feed was returned ad-libitum immediately after dosing.
A single oral dose of the pesticide according the present invention, and having a composition of approximately 73%
by weight of water, approximately 14.501 by weight of light -mineral oil, approximately 5.8o by weight of Triton XL-80N
Surfactant, approximately 4% by weight of plant extract, approximately 2.4 s by weight of sodium metasilicate and approximately 0.75!~ by weight of fish extract was delivered by gavage at a dose level of 5.0 g/kg body weight. The rats were individually caged and observed for mortality or signs of growth toxicity for fourteen days. At the end of the test period, all surviving animals were weighed and sacrificed, and necropsies were performed.
The results of this study are summarized in Table II.
All test animals appeared healthv and exhibited weight gain throughout the observation period. Necropsies of -:he surviving =
test animals revealed that all organs were intact. No abnormalities or discolorations were noted.
TABLE TI
Animal n Sex Body Weight Dosage Dose Mortality Initial Final Delivered* Day (g) (g) (g) (ml) 3009 M 236 251 1.18 1.20 NA
ti 5 3011 M 240 261 1.20 1.22 NA
3020 M 235 242 1.18 1.20 NA
3021 M 238 255 1.19 1.21 NA
3026 M 236 248 1.18 1.20 NA
x 237 251 1.19 1.21 Range 190 - 284 3029 F 234 259 1.17 1.19 NA
3031 F 234 263 1.17 1.19 NA
3033 F 236 261 1.18 1.20 NA
3034 F 236 249 1.18 1.20 NA
3038 F 234 256 1.17 1.19 NA
x 235 258 1.17 1.19 Range 188 - 282 * - 1 ml weighs 0.9777 g 3_5 EFFECTIVENESS AGAINST MEALYBUGS
The insecticidal effectiveness of the composition according to the present invention, with respect tc mealybugs, was evaluated as follows. Mealybugs are insects belonging to the Homcptera family. Other members of the Homoptera family include aphids, whiteflies and leafhoppers.
Mealybugs have elongate-oval bodies with well-developed legs. One type, Pseudococcidea, are covered with a waxy secretion that helps protect the bug from contact with pest=cides.
Me.alvbugs receive their nutrition by sucking plant juices. Their ~_te into the plant freauenti_v results in the introduction o= =ungal infections. The funaal infections cause signi=icant damace to the plants in addition to the damage caused by the insect itself.
Photcgraphs 1A through 1H illustrate the effect of a single application of the pesticide according to the present invention, and having a composition of approximately 73% by weight of water, approximately 14.5% by weight of light mineral oil, approximately 5.8% by weight of Triton XL-80N Surfactant, apprcximately 4% by weight of plant extract, approximately 2.4%
by weight of sodium metasilicate and approximately 0.75% by weight of fish extract. All photographs were taken at apprcximately 20X to 25X magnification. Photographs IA and 1B
show a top view and bottom view of an untreated mealybug, respeczively. The legs of the untreated bug exhibited substantial movement. A single application of diluted pesticide (abou:: 4.5 oz tc 1 gallon of water) according to the present inven-zion was s==aved directly onto the insect to wet the insect thorcughly. The insect was then allowed to soak for a period c=
approximately 2:^inutes before being removed and placed under the photc microscope.
Photographs 1C and 1D illustrate a top and bottom view, respectively, of the mealybug ten minutes after application. During the first ten minuzes after application, the insect exhibited a spreading paralysis of its leg segments beginning proximally anci extending distally.
Photographs lE and IF, and IG and 1H, illustrate the top and bottom views of the bug twenty .;;inutes after applicaticn and thir--y minutes after application, respectively. As can be seen, the insect's protective waxy coating substantially dissolved. Furt^er, the body of the insect became bloated and discolored, and the insect died.
EFFECTIVENESS AGAINST GRA-r-J PHYLLOXERA
The pesticidal effectiveness of the composition according to the present invention was further tested with respect to the different life stages of grape phylloxera in the three experiments below. Phylloxera is a form of aphid belonging to the Homoptera family. It lives primarily underground and attacks the roots of grapevines. After attaching to the roots, the insect feeds on the juices of the plants. The root produces a gall at the point of phylloxera attachment, which is evidence of the introduction of foreign material into the root. Fungal invasion into the plant through the poin,: of attachment is common. Phylloxera is highly prolific, potentially producing billions of of;szring in a single season, and causes extensive monetary loss tc grape producers.
A. Assav of Effectiveness Aaainst Phvlloxera Eacrs The effectiveness of the pesticide according to the present invention was assayed against grape phvlloxera eggs.
Eggs used in these assavs were one to three davs old. The egcs were reAlicated into sets of 70 on 9 cm diameter filter paper discs which were previously moistened with 0.5 ml of distilled-water in plastic petri dishes. The pesticide, according to one embodiment of the present invention, used in this assav had a comDos-4tion of approximately 739k by we:ght of water, approximately 14.511 by weight of light mineral oil, approximar-ely 5. 8% by weight of Triton' XL-80N Surfactant, approximately 41 by weight of plant extract, approximately 2.41 by weight of sodium metasilicate and approximately 0.75o by weight of fish extract.
A control usina distilled water was included in these assays.
The filter paper containing the eggs was moistened with 1 ml of distilled water or 1 ml of pesticide. Three replicates were used for each assay., The petri dishes were sealed with parafilm and then placed in plastic bags and in a plastic box in a growth chamber. The chamber was maintained at 24 C.
Egg mortality was determined after seven days. Egg hatching was considered the end point of the assay. An egg was considered to have succumbed to the treatment if it was dead er if the newly-hazched insect (crawler) died before emerging frcm the chorion completely. Hatched eggs were considered to have survived the treatment if the crawler succumbed to the pesticide on the filter paper soon after emergence. The results ofthis study are summarized in Table III.
TABLE III
Treatment Dead Live Total o Mortalitv Distilled water 0 70 70 0 1 69 70 . 1.4 Pesticide 70 0 70 100 B. Assav of B.f=ectiveness Aaainst Nvmrh and Adult Phvlloxera The effectiveness of the pesticide, according to =he present invention, was tested to determine its effectiveness against nymph and adult stages of phylloxera. Sections of Cabernet Sauvignon root pieces, each 4 cm long by 2-4 mm in diameter, were infected with 20-30 phylloxera eggs per root p_ece in petri dish chamber. After three weeks, small, medium and large nymphs, and adults were counted on each root pieces. Root pieces with insects were dipped in distilled water or the pesticide having a composition of approximately 73% by weight of water, approximately 14.5% by weight of light mineral oil, approximately 5.8% by weight of Triton- XL-80N Surfactant, approximately 4% by weight of plant extract, approximately 2.4%
by weight of sodium metasilicate and approximately 0.75% by weight of fish extract for ten seconds. The root pieces were then allowed to air dry.
Th=_ treated roots were placed on filter paper in petri dishes. The dishes were then sealed with parafilm, and placed in plastic bags in a plastic box in a growth chamber. The growth chambers were maintained at 24 C.
Four root pieces were used for each assay. Surviving animals were counted after one week. The results cf this stu3y are summarized in Table !V.
TABLE IV
Treatment Dead Live Total % Morta_itv Distilled water 2 17 19 10.5 1 14 15 6.7 5 16 21 23.8 1 15 16 6.3 Pesticide 15 0 15 100 C. Assay of Effectiveness Aaainst Phylloxera Instar Establishment The pesticide according to the present invention was further tested to determine its effectiveness in preventing first instar (crawler) establishment. Cabernet Sauvignon root pieces were dipped in distilled water or in pesticide having a composition of approximately 7311 by weight of water, approximately 14.511 by weight of light mineral oil, approximately 5.8%- by weight of Triton' XL-80N Surfactant, approximatelv 401 by weight of plant extract, approximately 2.4% by weight of sodium metasilicate and approximately 0.75% by weight of fish ex::ract.
The root pieces were then allowed to air dry.
Treated root pieces were placed on a filter Faper in plastic petr= dishes. Twenty eggs were piaced on each rc;,t. The dishes were sealed in parafilm, then placed in plastic bags in a plastic box in a growth chamber. The growth chambers were maintained at 24 C.
Four root pieces were used for each assay. After two weeks, the root pieces were examined and numbers of survivors which survived and succeeded to feed were counted. The results of this studv are summarized in Table V.
TABLE V
Treatment Dead Live Total 'i Mortalitv Distilled water 6 14 20 30 Pesticide 20 0 20 100 Although the present invention has been described in considerable detail with reference to certain preferred embodiments thereof, other embodiments are possible. For 20 example, the one or more additional substances can include substances that impart other desirable non-pesticidal properties, such as color or smell. Therefore, the spirit and scope cf the appended claims should not be limited to the description cf the preferred embodiments contained herein.
Claims (20)
1. A pesticide comprising:
(a) between 3 and 10% by weight of a surfactant, (b) between 1 and 5% by weight of an alkali metal silicate, (c) between 5 and 25% by weight of a mineral oil, (d) between 0 and 30% by weight of one or more additional substances, wherein none of the one or more additional substances is itself a pesticide, and (e) the balance being water.
(a) between 3 and 10% by weight of a surfactant, (b) between 1 and 5% by weight of an alkali metal silicate, (c) between 5 and 25% by weight of a mineral oil, (d) between 0 and 30% by weight of one or more additional substances, wherein none of the one or more additional substances is itself a pesticide, and (e) the balance being water.
2. The pesticide of claim 1, comprising between about 5 and about 7% by weight of surfactant, between about 2 and about 3% by weight of alkali metal silicate, and between about 13 and about 16% by weight of mineral oil.
3. The pesticide of claim 1, wherein the surfactant is a non-ionic surfactant.
4. A dilution of the pesticide of claim 1, comprising the pesticide of claim 1 and up to 50 parts additional water.
5. The pesticide of claim 1, wherein the alkali metal silicate is a sodium silicate.
6. The pesticide of claim 1, wherein the mineral oil is a light mineral oil.
7. The pesticide of claim 1, wherein the one or more additional substances is selected from the group consisting of between about 1 and about 10% by weight of a plant extract, between about 0.2 and about 5% by weight of a fish extract and a combination of the foregoing.
8. The pesticide of claim 1, wherein the additional substance is seaweed extract or is hydrolyzed kelp extract.
9. A method for controlling pests, comprising the step of applying an effective amount of the pesticide according to claim 1 to pests or to a surface, plant or soil containing or potentially containing pests.
10. The method of claim 9, further comprising a step selected from the group consisting of repeating the application step at regular intervals of about once every five to seven days to control infestations of the pests, the step of repeating the application step at regular intervals of about three to five weeks to maintain control of the pests throughout a growing season, and a combination of the foregoing steps.
11. A pesticide consisting essentially of:
(a) between 3 and 10% by weight of a surfactant, (b) between 1 and 5% by weight of an alkali metal silicate, (c) between 5 and 25% by weight of a mineral oil, (d) between 0 and 30% by weight of one or more additional substances, wherein none of the one or more additional substances is itself a pesticide, and (e) the balance being water.
(a) between 3 and 10% by weight of a surfactant, (b) between 1 and 5% by weight of an alkali metal silicate, (c) between 5 and 25% by weight of a mineral oil, (d) between 0 and 30% by weight of one or more additional substances, wherein none of the one or more additional substances is itself a pesticide, and (e) the balance being water.
12. The pesticide of claim 11, consisting essentially of between 5 and 7% by weight of surfactant, between 2 and 3% by weight of alkali metal silicate, and between 13 and 16% by weight of mineral oil.
13. A dilution of the pesticide of claim 11, consisting essentially of the pesticide of claim 11 and up to 50 parts additional water.
14. The pesticide of claim 11, wherein the surfactant is a non-ionic surfactant.
15. The pesticide of claim 11, wherein the alkali metal silicate is a sodium silicate.
16. The pesticide of claim 11, wherein the mineral oil is a light mineral oil.
17. The pesticide of claim 11, wherein the one or more additional substances is selected from the group consisting of between about 1 and about 10% by weight of a plant extract, between about 0.2 and about 5% by weight of a fish extract and a combination of the foregoing.
18. The pesticide of claim 11, wherein the additional substance is seaweed extract or is hydrolyzed kelp extract.
19. A method for controlling pests, comprising the step of applying an effective amount of the pesticide according to claim 11 to pests or to a surface, plant or soil containing or potentially containing pests.
20. The method of claim 19, further comprising a step selected from the group consisting of repeating the application step at regular intervals of about once every five to seven days to control infestations of the pests, the step of repeating the application step at regular intervals of about three to five weeks to maintain control of the pests throughout a growing season, and a combination of the foregoing steps.
Applications Claiming Priority (5)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US37228895A | 1995-01-13 | 1995-01-13 | |
| US08/372,288 | 1995-01-30 | ||
| US08/380,101 | 1995-01-30 | ||
| US08/380,101 US5614203A (en) | 1995-01-30 | 1995-01-30 | Environmentally safe pesticide and plant growth accelerator |
| PCT/US1996/000199 WO1996021353A1 (en) | 1995-01-13 | 1996-01-11 | Environmentally safe pesticide and plant growth accelerator |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2209920A1 CA2209920A1 (en) | 1996-07-18 |
| CA2209920C true CA2209920C (en) | 2007-01-02 |
Family
ID=37603354
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002209920A Expired - Fee Related CA2209920C (en) | 1995-01-13 | 1996-01-11 | Environmentally safe pesticide and plant growth accelerator |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA2209920C (en) |
Cited By (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2012171126A1 (en) * | 2011-06-13 | 2012-12-20 | Suncor Energy Inc. | Delivery of paraffinic oil-containing compositions to root tissue of plants |
| US9226504B2 (en) | 2010-09-09 | 2016-01-05 | Suncor Energy Inc. | Synergistic paraffinic oil and boscalid fungicides |
| US9357768B2 (en) | 2006-10-05 | 2016-06-07 | Suncor Energy Inc. | Herbicidal composition with increased herbicidal efficacy |
| US9451773B2 (en) | 2011-06-03 | 2016-09-27 | Suncor Energy Inc. | Paraffinic oil-in-water emulsions for controlling infection of crop plants by fungal pathogens |
| US9485988B2 (en) | 2008-06-26 | 2016-11-08 | Suncor Energy Inc. | Turfgrass fungicide formulation with pigment |
| US9999219B2 (en) | 2004-05-18 | 2018-06-19 | Suncor Energy Inc. | Spray oil and method of use therof for controlling turfgrass pests |
| WO2024176245A1 (en) * | 2023-02-20 | 2024-08-29 | Upl Limited | An agrochemical combination |
| US12396455B2 (en) | 2012-06-04 | 2025-08-26 | Nutrien Ag Solutions (Canada) Inc. | Formulations containing paraffinic oil and anti-settling agent |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HRP20251337T1 (en) | 2019-02-15 | 2025-12-19 | Nutrien Ag Solutions (Canada) Inc. | The use of protoporphyrin ix derivatives to improve the health of plants |
-
1996
- 1996-01-11 CA CA002209920A patent/CA2209920C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US9999219B2 (en) | 2004-05-18 | 2018-06-19 | Suncor Energy Inc. | Spray oil and method of use therof for controlling turfgrass pests |
| US9357768B2 (en) | 2006-10-05 | 2016-06-07 | Suncor Energy Inc. | Herbicidal composition with increased herbicidal efficacy |
| US9485988B2 (en) | 2008-06-26 | 2016-11-08 | Suncor Energy Inc. | Turfgrass fungicide formulation with pigment |
| US9226504B2 (en) | 2010-09-09 | 2016-01-05 | Suncor Energy Inc. | Synergistic paraffinic oil and boscalid fungicides |
| US9451773B2 (en) | 2011-06-03 | 2016-09-27 | Suncor Energy Inc. | Paraffinic oil-in-water emulsions for controlling infection of crop plants by fungal pathogens |
| WO2012171126A1 (en) * | 2011-06-13 | 2012-12-20 | Suncor Energy Inc. | Delivery of paraffinic oil-containing compositions to root tissue of plants |
| AU2012269706B2 (en) * | 2011-06-13 | 2015-04-30 | Nutrien Ag Solutions (Canada) Inc. | Delivery of paraffinic oil-containing compositions to root tissue of plants |
| US12396455B2 (en) | 2012-06-04 | 2025-08-26 | Nutrien Ag Solutions (Canada) Inc. | Formulations containing paraffinic oil and anti-settling agent |
| WO2024176245A1 (en) * | 2023-02-20 | 2024-08-29 | Upl Limited | An agrochemical combination |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CA2209920A1 (en) | 1996-07-18 |
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