CA1251631A - Water-absorbent agents for low ph applications - Google Patents

Abstract

ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE

This invention is directed to a process for absorbing water in the form of an aqueous medium having a pH of less than 4. The process comprises contacting said aqueous medium with a water-swellable polymer comprising an alkali metal sulphonic acid salt containing polyelectrolyte which is crosslinked in an amount sufficient to provide swellability to said polyelectrolyte.
For example, a crosslinked polymer containing polymerized acrylamide and sodium 2-acrylamide-2-methylpropane sulfonate can be used to remove acidic water from, for example, fuels, battery casings.

Description

,S~3~

A PROCESS FOR ABSORBING WATER HAVING A pH
LESS THAN FOUR

The present invention relates to polymeric agents which are useful as water-absorbents, and in particular, to polymeric agents which are useful in removing water from numerous systems.

Water-swellable polymers have found various uses as absorbents for water. Examples of such polymers are disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 3,926,891; 4,190,562 and 4,293,609. Unfortunately, such known water swel~
lable polymers are either non-ionic water-swellable polymers, or polyanionic water-swellable polymers containing anions of weak acids such as carboxylic acids. The weakly acidic groups only function in the ionic form when the pH of the system is above the pK of the acidic group. Thus, the known wa~er-swellable polymers have not been effective in applications in which the p~ is below 4.

In view of the deficiencies of the prior art, it would be highly desirable to provide a means for effectively absorbing an aqueous medium which is acidic in nature.

~k ~2,~l63 The present invention is a process for effectively absorbing water in the form of an aqueous medium having a pH of less than 4 which process comprises contacting said aqueous medium with a water-swellable polymer comprising an alkali metal sulfonic acid salt containing polyelectrolyte whic~ is crosslinked in an amount sufficient to provide swellability to said polyelectrolyte, wherein the amount of said sulfonic acid salt moieties in said polyelectrolyte is sufficient to provide water absorbent activity, wherein said sulfonic acid salt containing polyelectrolyte maintains an ionic form over a lower pH range than a swellable polyelectrolyte containing alkali metal carboxylic acid salt moieties having (1) a similar molecular weight and

(2) a similar concentration of acid salt moieties to that of said alkali metal sulfonic acid salt poly-electrolyte, and wherein said sulfonic acid salt containing polyelectrolyte provides improved water absorbent capability over a lower pH range than said swellable polyelectrolyte containing alkali metal carboxylic acid salt moieties.

The process of this invention enables one to absorb aqueous solutions or moisture in a wide variety of applications, and is particularly useful in providing disposable absorbent articles where a means for increased absorbency and decreased bulk is desirable. Of particular interest are those situations where it is desirable to remove an acidic aqueous medium from, for example, fuels, hydraulic fluids, or battery applications.

Exemplary nonionic monomers suitably employed in the practice of this invention are those ethylen-ically unsaturated monomers that are sufficiently water-soluble to form at least a 5 weight percent solution when dissolved in water and readily undergo addition homo-poly~erization to form polymers that are water-soluble. Examples of such nonionic monomers include ethylenically unsaturated amides such as acryl-amide, methacrylamide and fumaramide; their water-soluble N-substituted nonionic derivatives such as the N-methylol derivatives of acrylamide and methacrylamide as well as the N-methyl and N,N-dimethyl derivatives of acrylamide and methacrylamide; and hydroxyalkyl esters of unsaturated carboxylic acids such as hydroxyethyl acrylate and hydroxypropyl acrylate. O the foregoing nonionic monomers, the ethylenically unsatura-ted amides are preferred with acrylamide b~iny especially preferred.

Suitable ethylenically unsaturated monomers containing sulfonic acid salt moieties are the water-soluble, ethylenically unsaturated sulfonate monomersincluding, for example, N-sulfoalkyl, ~ ethylenically unsaturated amides such as the alkali metal salts of 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid, 2-acrylamido propane sulfonic acid, and 2-acrylamido ethane sulfonic acid such as the sodium and potassium salts thereof, as well as the alkali metal salts of other such monomers listed in U.S. Patent No. 3,692,673; alkali metal salts of sulfoalkyl esters of unsaturated carboxylic acids such as 2-sulfoethyl methacrylate and other such sulfoalkyl esters as listed in U.S. Patent No. 4,075,134;
and alkali metal salts of the sulfoarylalkenes such as vinylbenzyl sulfonic acld and p-styrene sulfonic acid alkali metal salts o sulfoalkenes such as vinyl sulfonic acid. Of the foregoing sulfonate monomers, the alkali metal salts of sulfoalkyl derivatives of acrylamide and methacrylamide are preferred with those of acrylamide being especially preferred, part.icularly 2-acrylamido--2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS), 2-acrylamido--2-propane sulfonic acid. In th~ most preferred embodiments, the sulfo group is in the form of an alkali metal sulfonate salt such as sulfonate containing sodium or potassium sulfonate. It is also possible to employ said sulfonate containing monomers in preparing polymers in combination with the sulfoni.c acid forms of said monomers.

Also useful herein are the essentially nonionic alkyl acrylates and alkyl methacrylates which are 15 disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,293,609. It is also possible to employ other ethylenically unsaturated monomers such as omega hydroxyalkyl acrylates, as well as essentially anionic monomers such as acrylic acid, itaconic acid and maleic anhydride. Examples of omega hydroxyalkyl acrylates and ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids are disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,293,609.

The polyvinyl crosslinking monomers copolym-erized with the aforementioned ethylenically unsa-turated water-soluble monomers include, for example, divinyl benzene, divinyl esters of polycarboxylic acid, diallyl esters of polycarboxylic acids, diallyl maleate, diallyl fumarate, divinyl adipate, glyceryl.trimethylacrylate, diallyl succinate, divinyl ether, the divinyl esters of ethylene glycol or diethylene glycol diacrylate, and polyethylene ylycol. diacrylates or methacrylates. o~

63~

the aforementioned polyvinyl crosslinking monomers, the most preferred is methylene bisacrylamide.

Pol~mers can also be crosslinked using tech niques and agents disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,293,609.

Polymers are prepared by using techniques known in the art for preparing water-soluble polymers.
For example, polymerization is preferably carried out in aqueous medium in the presence of a small but effec-tive amount of a wa-ter soluble oxygen-containing catalyst at a temperature of 80F to 190F. The resulting polymer is recovered from the aqueous medium, as by precipitation or drum drying, and can be subsequently ground to the desired particle size. The particle size should be fine enough to facilitate the dispersion of the polymer in water. Polymers are also prepared using polymerization technigues described in U.S. Patent Nos. 3,284,393; and 4,376,850.

Molecular weights of the polymers of this invention can vary. Molecular weights typically range from 100,000 to 25 million. Most preferably, molecular weights range from l million to 5 million.

The polymers of this invention comprise suf-ficient monomer containing sulfonic acid salt moieties (i.e. sulfonate moieties) in order that the process for absorbing water can be achieved. For example, a polymer containing a sodium salt of 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid provides particularly ~S~63~
~6--good water absorbing character to the polymer at low pH. The polymers also comprise sufficient essentially nonionic mon~mer, which is preferably acrylamide, or an alkyl acrylate or alkyl methacrylate, in order that the polymer will provide sufficient gelling ability. That is, such monomer typically provides high molecular weight and go~d gelling ability to the polymer. The amount of polyvinyl crosslinking monomer which is employed will depend upon the type of crosslinker which is employed and the molecular weight of the polymer.
The crosslinking monomer is employed to provide increased molecular weight and, hence, swelling character or increased viscosity to the polymer.

The polymers of -this invention typically comprise 0 to 95, preferably 20 to 70, most preferably 30 to 50, mole percent essentially nonionic ethylenically unsaturated monomer or combination of monomers, which are preferably acrylamide; from 5 to 100, preferably from 30 to 80, most preferably from 50 to 70, mole percent ethylenically unsaturated monomer containing a sulfonate moie-ty, which is preferably a sodium salt of 2-acrylamido-2-methyl pr~pane sulfonic acid; and when crosslinking is provided by polyvinyl crosslinking agents, Erom 100 to 2, 500 ppm, pre~erably :rom 300 to 1,000 ppm, most preferably from 400 to 700 ppm polyvinyl crosslinking monomer, which is preferably methylene bisacrylamide. It is understood that the amount of ethylenically unsaturated monomer containiny sulfonic acid salt moieties within the polymer can vary depending on the desired behavior of the polymer. It is also understood that the essen-tially nonionic monomer within the poiymer can undergo an amount of hydrolysis. That is, a portion of the essentially nonionic monomers can undergo hydrolysis. These polymers are particularly well suited for absorbing water from acidic formula-tions and are preerred.
.

Water absorbent polymers absorb several times their weight of an aqueous medium, preferably more than 15 times their weigh~ water. The amount of water which a particular polymer will absorb (i.e. water absorbent capability) is dependen~ upon the pH of the aqueous medium which is being absorbed, the molecular weight of the polymer, the amount of sulfonate moieties present in the polymer, and the amount of crosslinking.

The previously defined polymers can be employed in preparing articles such as laminates as are described in U.S. Patent Nos. 3,980,663; 4,117,184; 4,293,609 and 4,424,247.

The water-swellable polymers which are used in the process of this invention can be employed in those applications in which water-absorbency is desir-able. Most preferred are those applications wherein the pH of the aqueous medium is less than 4, preferably less than 3, most preferably from 0.2 to 2. Of particular interest are those applications wherein the removal of an aqueous medium having a low pH is desirable. For example, the process of this invention can be employed in providing covers and casings for batteries, or in fuel filter applications. That is, fuels or hydraulic fluids having high sulfur contents can introduce problems to internal machine parts upon the formation of sulfuric ~ ~5~i3~

acid. The process of this invention can be employed, for example, in fuel filter applications in order to ~remove the acidic aqueous medium from such fuels or fluids. For example, the polymers of the invention can be mixed with clays, etc. to yield a water-absorbent material having good gel strength, and can be used as a fuel filter. Particularly desirable is that the polymers employed in the process of this invention are capable of swelling rapidly in order to absor~ water at a rapid rate. In this regard, water is removed from a system quickly and efficiently.

The following examples are given for the purposes of illustrating the present invention and shQuld not be construed as limiting its scope. Unless otherwise indicated, all parts and percentages are by weight.

Examples 1 Throuqh 6 and Comparative Runs A and B
The following general procedure is used to prepare the polymers used in the process of this inven-tion and those used for comparison purposes.

Into a liter reaction kettle equipped with astirrer, thermocouple, nitrogen inlet tube, gas vent and a heating mantle are charged the following with stirring:

(1) 60 g of a 50 percent solution of sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonate in water (pH = 9-9.5) (2) 140 g of a 50 percent solu-tion of acrylamide in water (p~I = 5.5)

(3) 400 g of water t4) 9 g of sodium carbonate.

(5) 0.5 g of methylene bisacrylamide Nitrogen is bubbled through the stirred solution for 1 hour. To this stirred solution are then added the f411Owing solutions:

(1) 2 ml of an aqueous solution of 10 percent pentasodium salt of (carboxymethylimino)bis-(ethylenenitrilo)tetraacetic acid.

(2) 0.5 ml of an aqueous solution of 7 percent t-butyl hydroperoxide.

(3) 1 ml of an aqueous solution of 0.06 percent sodium borohydrid~ (NaBH4).

The temperature of the stirred solution rises from 25C
to about 40C and is maintained at such temperature for 1 hour. The mixture is heated to 60C for another 90 minutes. The resulting aqueous solution of AAM/AMPS
copolymer is removed and placed on a steam bath for 1 to 3 hours and drum dried to a white solid. The polymer contains 63 percent acrylamide, 7 percent sodium acrylate and 30 percent sodium 2-acrylamido-2 methylpropane sulfonate acid.

Polymers containing varying degrees of anionic character are prepared as described above. Each polymer is individually dissolved in water to provide a 0.25 g of polymer in 500 ml of water. The solution is allowed 3~

to stand for a period of 20 minutes. The resulting polymer gel is filtered -through a 150 mesh nylon screen and is allowed to drip dry for 20 minutes. The gel is then weighed.

TABLE I

Examples And Capacity3 Comparative Description1 (gm H 0/
_Runs (weight Eercent monomers) ~ gm poly~er) AAm NaAAmNaAMPS
1 Z5 -- 75 1 63.6 2 50 -- 50 1 56.0 3 63 7 30 1 49.6

4 63 7 30 3 98.8 15 5 75 10 15 1 2g.6 6 75 10 15 3 49.2 A 70 30 -~ 1 20 B 70 30 -- 3 22.4 1AAm is acrylamide NaAAm is sodium acrylate NaAMPS is sodium 2-acrylamide-2-methylpropane sulfonate All polymer samples are crosslinked with 500 ppm methylene bisacrylamide.
2The pH is that of the water sample to which each polymer is added.
3Capacity is the amount of water absorbed in grams per gram of polymer.

The data in Table I indicates that examples of the process of this invention exhibit superior water holding capacity than Comparative Runs A and B which do not contain sodium sulfona-te moieties in a very low pH
ra~ge.

Claims (7)

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. A process for effectively absorbing water in the form of an aqueous medium having a pH of less than 4 which process comprises:
contacting said aqueous medium with a water-swellable polymer comprising an alkali metal sulfonic acid salt containing polyelectrolyte which is crosslinked in an amount sufficient to provide swellability to said polyelectrolyte, wherein the amount of said sulfonic acid salt moieties in said polyelectrolyte is sufficient to provide water absorbent activity, wherein said sulfonic acid salt containing polyelec-trolyte maintains an ionic form over a lower pH range than a swellable polyelectrolyte containing alkali metal carboxylic acid salt moieties having (1) a similar molecular weight and (2) a similar concentration of acid salt moieties to that of said alkali metal sulfonic acid salt polyelectrolyte, and wherein said sulfonic acid salt containing polyelectro-lyte provides improved water absorbent capability over a lower pH range than said swellable polyelectrolyte containing alkali metal carboxylic acid salt moieties.

2. A process of Claim 1 wherein said aqueous medium has a pH of less than 3.

3. A process of Claim 1 wherein said aqueous medium has a pH of from 0.2 to 2.

4. A process of Claim 1 wherein said alkali metal sulfonic acid salt containing polyelectrolyte is a copolymer of an essentially nonionic ethylenically unsaturated monomer and an alkali metal salt of an N-sulfoalkyl, .alpha.,.beta.-ethylenically unsaturated amide.

5. A process of Claim 1 wherein said alkali metal sulfonic acid salt containing polyelectrolyte is a copolymer of a nonionic ethylenically unsaturated monomer, an alkali metal 2-acrylamide-2-methylpropane sulfonate and a polyvinyl crosslinking monomer.

6. A process of Claim 1 wherein said water-swellable polymer comprises from 0 to 95 mole percent essentially nonionic ethylenically unsaturated monomer, from 5 to 100 mole percent ethylenically unsaturated monomer containing a sulfonic acid salt moiety, and from 100 to 2,500 ppm polyvinyl crosslinking monomer.

7. A process of Claim 6 wherein a portion of said essentially nonionic monomer units within the polymer have undergone hydrolysis.