CA1086170A - Vaginal medicament dispensing device - Google Patents

Abstract

VAGINAL MEDICAMENT DISPENSING DEVICE

ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
Improved dispensing means for medicaments, contraceptives, and the like, which can be retained in the vagina during intercourse are provided.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTIOW
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The present inventlon encompas5es articles which are used in the vagina to deliver biologically ac~ive agents, especially contraceptives. By virtue of their unlque construc--tion and resulting shape, the articles re~ain in ~osition, even during intercourse, so that delivery of the bIologicall~
active agent is not interrupted.
The articles of this invention are designed for use in the vagina, can be inserted by the user, and do not require fitting by-a physician as, for example, in the case of intrauterine contraceptive devices. The articles are designed to remain in the vagina during the time between menstrual periods to provide desirable, prolonyed release cf a biologically active agent, and their construction and shape facilitate retention therein. It will be appreciated that when the biologically act.ive agent is a contraceptive, an effective between-period contraceptive device is provided.

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The c~pending Canadian applica~ion of Robert ~.
Laughlin, en-titled CONTROLLED RELEASE ARTICLE, Serial No.
246,908, filed March 2, 1976, describes "controlled release"
articles which are especially useful as contraceptives. By the present invention, articles operating by the controlled release mechanism described by Laughlin are constructed in such manner and configuration that said articles can be worn continuously during the period between menses and can be left in place in the vagina during in~ercourse. The unique construction obviates the need for remo~al and re-insertion and allows uninterrupted delivery of the contraceptive agent.
The construction and shape also promote retention deep within the vaginal cavity, a position which favors contraceptive efficacy and wearing comfort.
Lichtman, et al., Contraception 8~4~ 291-7 (1973), describe a vaginal contraceptive device comprising a soluble film containing a nonionic surfactant as a spermicide. Such devices can also be ~ashioned ~rom slow-dissolving films into shapes corresponding -to the articles herein so that they can be retained in the vagina during intercourse.
A series of patents relating to drug delivery, especially to the area surrounding the eye, describe various means whereby medicaments and the like can be enclosed within permeable membranes to yield so-called "sustained release"
devices. See, for example, U.S. Patent 3,828,777, MICROPOROUS
i OCULAR DEVICE, issued August 13, 1974 to R.A. Ness; U.S. Patent 3,618,604, OCUL~R INSERT, issued November 9, 1971 to R.A. Ness;
U.S. Patent 3,416,530, EYEBALL MEDICATION DISPENSING TABLET, ~i issued December 17, 1968 to R.A. Ness, U.S. Patent 3,832,252, METHOD OF
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MAKING A DRUG DELIVERY DEVICE:, issu~d August 27, 1974 to T. Higuchi and H.M. Lieper (see also V. S. Patent 3,598,122, issued 10/]971, other references cited in Higuchi, et al., as well as U.S. Patent 3,867,519). Following the practice of this invention, the devices described in the foregoing patents can all be fashioned into articles of the present type, thereby allowing prolonged release of various desirable medicaments, and the like, into the vaginal area, which are comfortably worn and dependably retained even during intercourse.
U. S. Patent 3,991,760 of Drobish and Gougeon, granted November 16, 1976, said patent being entitled VAGINAL MEDICAMENT
DISPENSING MEANS, also relates to vaginal contraceptives, and the like, constructed in a manner so as to be vaginally-retainable.
U. S. Patent 3,995,634 of Dxobish, granted December 7, 1976, said patent being entitled VAGINAL CAVITY DISPENSING
MEANS AND METHOD, also relates to vaginal contraceptives, and the like, constructed in a manner so as to be vaginally-retainable.
U. S. Patent 4,066,075 of Hughes~ granted January 3, 1978, relates to shaped vaginal contraceptives, and the like.

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SUMMARY OE' TE~E. INYE~NTION
The present invention combines the desirable features of articles whic~ pruvide prolonged release of a biologically active agent, e.g., a medicament, spermicide, or the like, ; into the vaginal area with the added advantages that the unique construction and shape of the present articles allows them to be worn comfortably in the vagina for periods of several weeks and to remain substantially undisturbed within the vaginal cavity during sexual intercourse.
As can be seen by reference to the Figures herein, the present articles for use within the vaginal cavity are characterized by a pluralit~ of containers, at least a portion of the walls of which are of a semi-permeable membrane, said containers releasably containing a biologically active agent.
The articles include a means for maintaining said plurality of containers in a substantially arcuate flat sequential assemblage, comprising a thin, flexible planar seal fin encompassing and receiving the outside surface of the containers at a substantially central location. The article may thereby be held in an articulated configuratian by means of said seal fin. Preferred articles herein are characterized by one or more hinge points on said seal fin, whereby additional flex-ibillty (and added comfort) is provided. Preferred articles herein are those which are in a substantially circular configuration (i.e., the articles are toroidal, interrupted by hinge points in the seal fin between adjacent containers.
According to a more particular aspect of this invention there is provided a controlled release article as described in the immediately precedlng paragraph, which is especially ~:
adapted to maintaining a useful concentration of a biologically active surfactant compound in the vaginal cavity, wherein at least a portion of the walls of said containers comprise a ~ -4-ii17~

microporous membrane, and wherein said containers aresubstantially filled with a biologically active agent consisting essentially of an aqueous solution of a micelle-forming surfactant compound, said solution having a conc~ntration above the critical micelle concentration of the surfactant compound.
The articles herein are especially useful as contra- -~
ceptives. Preferred contraceptive articles herein operate by the "controlled release'l mechanism as described hereinafter -and as more fully described in Canadian Application No. 246,908 of Robert G. Laughlin, previously referred to.

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Briefly stated, such preferred articles make use of the association colloid nature of certain spermicidal surfactants to provide, in combination with a semi-permeable membrane, 5 a reservoir of spermicide within a controlled release article. Surfactant monomers migrate through properly selected membranes in a controlled fashion to provide a contraceptive effect fox 20-30 days.
While the novel features of.the present articles are perhaps best appreciated when considering their use as controlled release vaginal contraceptives, it will be understood that similarly constructed articles can be . used to deliver all types of desirable medicaments and, .. . .
by virtue of their construction and shape, are easily positioned in the vagina, are retained therein, can .~ remain in the vagina during intercourse, and can remain therein for many days without discomfort or without even being noticed by the average user.
The present articles are prepared from components which are described in detail hereinaiter.

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~ESCRIPTION OF T~E _DRA~ING
Figure 1 is a plan view of an article lo of the present type. The article 10 comprises -two (or, optionally, more) containers 11 held in place by a flexible seal fin 12 which is in the plane of the article, said seal fin having one or more hinge poin-ts 13. The wall of a container 11 is cut away to show liquid 50, which ~s a solution o~ the biologically active agent herein.
Figure 2 is a section view of -the article 10, showing the container 11, the position of the seal fin 12 in the plane of the article, the hinge point 13 and liquid 50.
Figure 3 is a section view of the article 10 of the present type comprising cylindrical containers 14, liquid 50, and hinge point 16 and having a somewhat different positioning of the seal fin 15. Again, however, the seal fin 15 is in the plane of the article.
Figure 4 is a plan view of an article 17 of the present type comprising multiple, substantially spherical containers 18, a seal fin 19 (again, ln the plane of the article~ and multiple hinge points 20. The wall of a container 11 is cut away to show liquid 50. Figure 5 is a sectional view o~ article 17.
Figure 6 depicts an open article 21 comprising multiple, substantially spherical containers 18, liquid 50, seal fin 19 in the plane of the article, and hinge points 20.
Figure 7 is a partial perspective drawing of seal fin 22 which, in the final article, covers seal fin 23, having hemispherical indentations 24 therein containing liquid 50, thereby providing a series of closed, hemispherical containers in the finished article.

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1~36~70 Figure 8 depicts two seal fins 23, each having hemispherical inde~tations 24 therein! In the final article, the two seal fins 23 are sealed -together, thereby providing multiple closed, spherical containers in an overall article substantially of the type depicted in Figure 5 containing li~uid 50.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
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By the present invention, an article which delivers ~ metered doses--~o~biologically active agents, especially 10 contracep-tive surfactants, to ~he vaginal cavity is constructed in a manner which provides a shape whereby said article can remain in the vagina during intercourse.
The desirability of providing metered dosage forms of biologically active or medicinal agents has long been recognized. Metered dosages can be manifest either as "Controlled release" or "sustained release" of a given material.
The distinction between controlled release and sustained or prolonged release has been recognized; see Cowsar, in "Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology", Vol. 49, "Controlled : :
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Release of Biologically Active Agents", Ed. Tanquary and Lacey, Plenum Press, New York 1974.
Briefly states, controlled release articl.es respond rapidly to changes such as dilution effects in the environment external to the article, e.g. by body fluid changes, whereas ~ ~
sustained release articles do not. The net result is that ~ ~:
articles based on the principle of controlled release are , capable of rapidly establishing an effective level or concen~
:i tration of a medicament or other agent in a selected environ-ment, and then substantially shutting off release so as to :~

maintain the concentration at that level. In contrast, sustained release articles dispense an agent at a constant ~8~171~) rate and do not display the feedback regulation o release that a controlled release article displays.
It will be appreciated that articles operating by the controlled release mechanism provide substantial advantages over sustained release articles for certain uses. For example, placement of a properly formulated controlled release medicament system in an animal's body cavity in contact with body fluids ; establishes and maintains an effective concentration of the medicament in the fl~ids. The system responds to ~ilution 10 or depletion as additional fluids are secreted, or the medicament is bound to tissue, absorbed, etc., thereby automatically maintaining the concentration of medicament at the proper level.
As disclosed in Canadian Application No. 246,908, previously referred to, solutions of micelle-forming surfactant compounds can be releasably enclosed in a container comprising a microporous membrane. Articles prepared in this manner ` are stable and do not suffer osmotic rupture when placed in - body cavities in contact with body fluids. Rather, the stable - 20 articles provide controlled release of the surfaCtant into `:
the body fluids. The proper selection of membrane and surfactant provides a means for achieving various biological effects, e.g., antimicrobial activity, spermicidal activity, and the like.
Hi~hly pre~erred articles herein are those operating by the aforesaid controlled release mechanism. However, articles operating by a sustained release mechanism can also : `
be constructed in the manner disclosed herein so that they can be retained in the vagina during intercourse. Accoxdingly, ~ 30 s~stained release articles of the unique construction and shape of the articles herein are fully contemplated by this invention.

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Container Broadly, the present controlled release articles comprise a container or, preferably, multiple containers, in a total article of the constructlon depicted in the Figures. The containers have a surfactant solution enclosed therein. At least one portion of the container comprises a microporous membrane which permits the controlled release of surfactant monomers into the environment external to the container, but which prevents the transport of the larger surfactant micelles.
In short, the membrane acts as a selective "sieve" at the colloidal/molecular level.
Containers used in the present àrticles can be partly made of any stable material such as glass, plastic, etc., which is not permeable, even to surfactant monomers.
Of course, the container should be made from a material which is inert to the biologically active a~ents belng used, but selection of inert container materials is not a problem. At least some portion o~ the container used in the controlled release articles herein must comprise a microporous membrane to allow controlled release of surfactant monomer into the vaginal cavity. Preferred controlled release articles are those wherein the container comprises an envelope o the membrane. ;
The membranes used in the controlled release articles are characterized by parameters which reflect their strength, integrity and ability to act as a selective sieve for surfactant monomers, as ollows.
The membranes should be substantially water-insoluble so that they maintain their strength and integrity when in contact with body fluids.
The membranes should be of a thickness ~wet) less than about 150 microns (~) and are most preferably about ~8qi~7C~

25-50~thick (wet). Membranes thicker than about 150~
(wet) tend to impede release of sur~actan-t monomerl whereas thicknesses below ca. 5-lOf~(wet) cause the articles to be subject -to osmotic rupture even by the relatively low osmotic pressures of the concentrated surfactant solutions used in the articles.
Since the articles are to be used in contact with body fluids and tissues, the membranes (and total container and article) should be toxicologically acceptable. Moreover, the membrane material will most preferably be immunologically acceptable and will not be rejected by the body's natural defense mechanisms nor have any untoward effect on the rate of antibody formation, and the like.
Finally, the membrane most preferably has the ability to act as a "sieve" for the surfactant monomers in order to provide the controlled release benefit of the article. An important consideration in this regard is that the surfactant must not be soluble to any substantial extent in the membrane material. If the surfactant were to be soluble in the membrane material, uncontrolled release would - ensue. ~Of course, if simple sustained release is desired, other, appropriate, membranous materials can be used).
The membranes preferably employed herein comprise a solid wall material having multiple miniscule pores there~
through, i.e., are microporous. The pores of the membrane are filled, or substantially filled, with solvent (e.g., water) for the surfactant monomer. In use in the containers of the instant controlled release articles, surfactant monomers migrate from the inner reservoir of micellar surfactant , 30 solution to the external environment by means of diffusion through the solvent in these solvent-filled pores, which : , `

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6: L71al poxes e~telld ~rom inner to outer surfaces of the articles.
It will be appreciated by those skilled ln the art that pore diameters of the membranes herein cannot be specified in absolute terms. Indeed, when dealing with pore sizes at the molecular level (i~e., a-t the dimensions of surfactant monomers) measurement techniques are only indirect and generally constitute a determination of which molecules (or association colloids~ will pass through a given membrane and which will be retained, coupled with approximations of the molecular dimensions of the molecules that do pass.
Based on the foregoing, the pores in the membranes used in the present controlled release articles are character-ized by diameters on the order of the size of the surfactant monomers herein, but are smaller than the surfactant micelles (i.e., association colloids comprising ca. 100-1000 monomer units). An experimental Surfactant Transport Procedure for selecting microporous membranes having the appropriate pore size for use in the articles is set forth below.
Membranes suitable for use as the container can be made from any material which possesses the above-described characteristics and properties. For example, suitably per-forated polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinylchloride, etc., sheeting can be used in the present articles.
Preferred membranes herein are prepared from water-swellable polymers such as polyvinyl alcohol (suitably ; modified so as to be water-insoluble) and cellulose. Cellulose is a highly preferred membrane material, inasmuch as it has a long history of safety when used in prolonged contact with animal tissue. Such swellable polymers (or polymer precursors) can be cast into membranes which swell to about 1.8 to 2.0 times their dry thickness on contact with water. This swelling action automatically opens pores in the polymer membrane, and 7(~1 these pores are of the proper si~e to permit passage of surfactant monomers, and to prevent passage of surfactant micelles, through the membrane.
Methods for casting swellable cellulose membr~nes are well known and form no part of thls invention. In general terms, a cellulose derivative (e.g. cellulose acetate) is dissolved in a suitable solvent (e.g. acetone) and the solution is spread onto a smooth surface, whereupon the solvent evaporates leaving a continuous film of the cellulose derivative. The film of cellulose derivative is thereafter converted back to cellulose using an aqueous ammonia solution and swollen with water to provide a membrane suitable for use as the container of the present articles.
~s will be appreciated from the foregoing, a ; variety of materials can be used as the membranous container portion of the controlled release articles, with solvent-swellable polymers being the most preferred due to their inherent sub-microscopic porosity in the swollen state. An experimental ~rocedure which can be used to select membranes for use herein is as follows.
Surfactant Transport Procedure. A cell for testing transport of surfactant monomers through membranes is as follows. ~A 40 mm. ~diameter) x 50 mm (length) polymethylmeth-acrylate rod is halved and each half is suitably machined to provide cavities 16 mm. (diam.) x 10 mm, (depth), such that the cavities abut when the rod halves are reassembled. Each cavity is provided with two inlet holes for filling and sampling. A brass clamp is used to hold the two cell halves firmly together.
The surfactant transport testing is carried out in the following manner. A 4 cm. diameter disk of the membrane material to be tested is sandwiched between the cell ~36~7~

halves, enclosin~ a 3 mm. glass bead on each side o~ the membrane to provide s-tirrin~. The cell cavities are ~illed with saline and the inle-t holes are sealed with waterproof tape.
After equilibrating overnight at 37C, the saline in one half of the cell is replaced with a solution of known concentration of radiotag~ed surfactant. The inlet hole is again taped, and the cell is placed in a 37C bath in a device which allows the cell to be rotated axially at 50 rpm. Periodically, the cell is raised from the bath and the solution in the desired compartment sampled.
A typical procedure using a membrane cut from viscose cellulose dialysis tubing (Matheson Scientific, 18970-20) is as follows. After equilibrating the cell and charging one side with surfactant as above, the cell is maintained in the 37 C bath for varying time periods, after e~ch of which the tape is removed from the inlet holes and 10 microliter (,~
samples are removed by syringe. The samples are expressed below the surface of 100,~1 of distilled water in a counting vial. In the subsequent scintillation counting, each sample 20 vial is charged with lO~Yl of a solution of 0.8% 2-diphenyl-oxazole and 0.01% of 1,4-bis-[2-(4-methyl-5-phenyl-oxazolyl)]-benzene in a 1:1 ethanol/toluene mixture. The vials (one for each time period) are then placed in the refri~erator compart-ment of a counting instrument and cooled to 4C before being counted for 5 minutes each. The counts per minute are converted to ppm by applying a factor found by counting one or more standard samples. By taking samples at regular intervals, a -`
curve plotting the surfactant concentration in the initially surfactant-free side of the cell versus the time of the sampling can be drawn which describes the transport of the surfactant across the membrane.

Following the Surfactant Transport Procedure set ~6~L7~

forth hereinabove, the cell cavity designated (~) is charged with surfactant solution and the cavity designated (B) is charged with saline. The cell, whose cavities are separated by the test membrane, e.g., swollen, microporous cellulose dialysis tubing (dry thickness 25~ ; swollen thickness 50~l) is then equilibrated in the indicated manner. The concentration of surfactant transported to cavity (B) is determined in the foregoing manner, and the graph of the concentration of surfactant in (B) v. time is plotted.
A plot of the concentration (B) as the ordinate and time (t) as the abscissa describes a monomer transport curve which rises sharply at the outsetl and which gradually flattens. The slope of the sharply rising portion of the curve (i.e., over the first five hours of surfactant monomer transport) is the primary slops, Sl, and that of the flattened portion of the cur~e (i.e., 20 hours, and longer, of monomer transport) is the secondary slope, S2.
To achie~e the highly desirable and preferred controlled release feature of the articles of the present type, the combination of surfactant and membrane should yield a monomer transport curve wherein Sl, i.e., ; dd~B~ ; t = O 5 hrs.
is reasonably steep, and S2, i.e., ddtB] ; t > 20 hrs.
is reasonably flat, ideally zero. The intercept at zero time of the secondary transport data, having slope S2, should be about equal to the cmc of the surfactant being tested. The ratio of S2/Sl is rom 0 to about 0.1. Sl should be no less than about 50xlO 6 moles ~ lhr. 1, and preferably should be in the range of about 200xlO 6 moles ~ lhr. 1 to about 750xlO 6 moles~ hr -1 1~38~7~

sase~ on the foregoing, surfactant/membrane combinations can be selected which will provide the controlled release feature in preferred ar-ticles of the present type.
A highly preferred article which is particularly use~ul as a controlled release vaginal contraceptive comprises from about a 5% to about a 50~ (wt~) aqueous solution of a nonionic surfactant (especially C1oEO5, described more fully hereinafter) enclosed within a microporous, swollen cellulose membrane (dry thickness ca. 25~ ; swollen thickness ca. 50 Surfactant The use of micelle-forming surfactant solutions to provlde the controlled release feature of the present contraceptive axticles results in several important advantages over other types of metered dosage systems.
The use of spermicidal micelle-orming surfactants as the controlled release active agent maintains the osmotic ; pressure in the containers at a relatively low level. (The terms "spermicide" and "spermicidal" as employed herein are intended to encompass agents which truly "kill" a~imal sperm as well as those which immobilize or otherwise render sperm cells inactive.) Accordingly, the pressure differential across the enclosing container is relatively small/ and the container is stable and does not rupture. This desirable attribute of the present articles is to be contrasted with the situation which occurs when a similarly concentrated solution of a non-micelle-forming solute of similar molecular weight is enclosed by a diffusion membrane, whereupon osmotic pressures of tens or hundreds of atmospheres can be developed, thereby leading to rupture of the membrane.
Moreover, the surfactants employed as the controlled release active agent of the contrac~ptive articles of the present invention appear to function by an entirely localized 6~

effec-t on motile sperm. Accordingl~, undesirable side-e~fects which can accompany the prolonge~ use of systemic contra-cep-tive drugs such as hormones are avoided.
In addition, the use of safe, effective surfactants as the controlled release spermicide permits the formulator of the articles to employ a large excess of the spermicide therewith. The controlled release feature allows formulation of articles containing more spermicide than the usual expected nee~ but (1) reduces the probability of side-e~fects by regulating the concentration to a maximum level, and (2) allows for unusual variations in the amount of compound xequired or in the time period over which it might be needed.
Accordingly, a "safety factorl' of the order of 1000-fold vis-a-vis prolonged contraceptive efficacy is provided by the articles.
The surfactants employed in the instant articles and processes are characterized by several parameters. In ~eneral, the surfactants are selected from those which, in combination with the microporous membrane described hereinabove, provide an appropriate relationship between release and the desired contraceptive end use of the article.
The surfactants herein are characterized by their ability to dissolve in a solvent (normally water) and to form an association colloid therein. The grossly anomalous (low) osmotic pressures displayed by concentrated solutions of the surfactants herein are attributable to the association of surfactant monomers into micellar structures. This phenomenon is of considerable practical significance in that it allows fabrication of articles containing surfactants at extra-ordinarily ~ high concentrations, as compared with concentrations permitted with other, non-associativ~ types of solutes, without osmotic rupture of the enclosing membrane. In order to ~086~7~

realize fully the unique advan-tages of surfactants in this reg~rd, it is preferred-to use those surfactants having a cmc of at mos-t about lx10 3 molar (M).
When in-tended for use as between-period contra-ceptives (or to provide other desirable effects such as the controlled release of antimicrobial surfactants), it is, of course, necessary to select surfactants which produce the desired biological response. Moreover, to secure the benefits of controlled release, it is necessary also to select surfactants whose monomers are rapidly transported through the diffusion membrane to establish an effective concentration of surfactant in the medium external to the article.
From the foregoing considerations it will be appreciated that the desired biological response of a surfactant can be tested in vitro in a medium (such as physiological saline, which closely approximates various body fluids) to determine the concentration at which the ?
surfactant must be present in such medium to provide the ~ 20 desired response (e.g., spermicidal eficacy). Surfactants ; whose monomers are transported through the enclosing membrane of the article to provide at least the aforesaid effective concentration in the saline are useful herein.
Over a given time period, the controlled release articles herein product a stable maximum (or "plateau") concentration of surfactant in the external fluids. The magnitude of this plateau concentration is related to the cmc of the surfactant compound, and is approximately equal to the cmc. It follows that, for the desired effect to be realized, the ratio, R, of the cmc of the surfactant to its biologically effective concentration~ CbiOl , in saline~ i.e., R = cmc ;
biol.

~6~70 must be greater than about 1. Similar considerations hold for external media other than saline, i.e., fluid media such as body fluids, water, etc., in which the present surfactant monomers are soluble. Accordingly, the preferred compounds for use in the articles described herein have values of R
which are > ca. 1, i~e., R ~ ca. 1.
A variety of surfactants exhibit a cmc less than the requisite about 10 3M and meet this criteria for use in the present controlled release articles. Moreover, several surfactant types having the requisite cmc provide desirable biological responses, e.g. microbiocidal or static activity and/or spermicidal activity. Moreover, several surfactants ; exhibit the requisite relationship, R~ ca. 1 between cmc and biological activity.
Based solely on the foregoing considerations, representative examples o~ surfactants useful herein include nonionic surfactants such as CloH21(0CH2CH2)50H
abb. CloE05) and CloH2l(ocH2cH2~6oH(clo 6 surfactants such as C12H25stNH)2CH3 and C12H25(CH3)2AsO;
and cationic surfactants such as C16H33N (CH3)3, Cl and C16H33N+C5H5, Cl . These surfactants are characterized by R~ 2 and cmc~ 10 M.
It is to be understood that other surfactants ; having the requisite cmc of 10 3M, or less, but which exhibit lower biological activity (especially as spermicidal agents), i.e., surfactants wherein ca. 17 R 72, can be employed in controlled release articles. However, the biological response to these latter surfactants is somewhat less than that of the preferred group, and the efficacy margin, i.e., R-l, is not as great. Included amony this group of surfactants are C12E09; C16EOlS04 , 12 3 2 ,, . ; . .. ~.~ :

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CloEO~; C12(C2H5~2PO; C16 ~mmonioprop~nesulfonate;,~-OC~ (CH3)2-PO; and nonylphenol nonaethoxylate.
As can be seen from the foregoiny, various surfactant types are useful in the controlled release articles herein.
However, when articles designed for use as between-period contraceptives are being prepared, additional physio-chemical properties of the surfactants must be considered. For example, the surfactants should be toxicologically acceptable for use in the body over extended time periods. The surfactants should also be non~irritating to; the delicate tissues of the vagina and uterus. The preferred surfactants should not substantially bind serum proteins found in the vaginal area between periods of menstrual flow, inasmuch as the bound i surfactant-protein moiety does not function as a spermicide and accelerates the depletion of surfactant fr~ the reservoir within the article. Finally, the surfactant should be selected from those which do not bind to ionically charged sites in the enclosing diffusion membrane, since binding leads to unregulated transport through the membrane.
Based on the foregoing factors, and considering the high spermicidal activity of the compounds, the CloEO5 and CloEO6 surfactants are most preferred for use in the present controlled release contraceptive articles. As between these latter compounds, CloEO5 has the advantage of the lower molecular weight, and therefore provides more monomer per given weight of compound. Accordingly, CloEO5 is most preferred for use in the between-period, controlled i release contraceptive articles of this invention.
The surfactants disclosed hereinabove are all well known form the detergency arts and can be made by ~arious art-disclosed processes. ~ ;

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Article Construction Sheets o~ cellulose acetate (CA~ film are cast from acetone solutions of a suitable CA resin, e.g., Eastman Kodak E-394, and plasticizer, e.g., triethyl citrate, to a thickness as disclosed hereinabove.
(Preferred plasticizer content is about 20% by weight based on the finished film.~
Circular fi]m sheets are then thermoformed into appropriate film pieces comprising a plurality of hemispherical containers (as depicted in the Figures) using standard thermoforming procedures. In the thermo-forming process, the film is radiantly heated and then pulled by vacuum into a die.
A solution of the active agent (e.g., the nonionic ; surfactant spermicide) is then charged into each thermo-s formed container in the film piece. The concentration of the active solution should be about 2x-4x the concentration ; desired in the finished article. A volume of solution is used which will provide the weight of acti~e material desired in the finished article. (A smaller volume than that needed to fill the containers is conveniently used to prevent the solution from flowing onto the film edges, since the presence of the solution on the ~ilm edges could prevent sealing.) After charging the thermoformed film piece, a cover sheet (either flat or appropriately thermoformed into a desired bubble shape) is solvent sealed (or, alternatively, heat sealed) to the first thermoformed film piece which is charged with the solution of active agent. Sealed, charged finished containers are formed thereby.
The sealed containers are then immersed in a ca.
4 molar aqueous ammonia solution containing 10% by weight sodium chloride at a temperature of 50C-60C. This ~16~7~

treatmen-t d~ac~tylates the CA film, thereby converting the CA container to a cellulose container. The completeness of the deacetylation reaction can be monitored spectrophotometrically using the l'carbonyl peaks"

(1740 cm. 1).
When deacetylation is complete, or substantially so, the container with the active is transferred to a bath containing the same solvent (usually water) used in the charging stepl whereupon the container fills with solvent due to osmotic effects. During filling, the original concentrated solution in the, containers is diluted to the final, desired concentration of active.
The following examples illustrate the articles of ~his invention but are not intended to be limiting thereof.
EXAMPLE I
~, An article of the type depicted in Figure 4 is prepared from cellulose acetate using the thermoforming , methods described hereinabove. The article comprises 16 separate containers, each of which is ca. 9 mm~ in diameter. The overall article has an outside diameter of ca. 54 mm. and an inside diameter of ca. 37 mm. and is in a~substantially circular, or ring, structure as depicted in Figure 4.
; An article of the foregoing type wherein the containers are substantially filled with a ca. 25% (wt.) aqueous solution of CloEO5 surfactant and wherein the -article is deacetylated in the manner described above is ~ , ready for use as a vaginal contraceptive. An article of this type exhibits a mo,nomer transport curve with S2/Sl '~
of ca. 0, with attendant controlled release of spermicidal surfactant monomer.

'~ The article of Example I is placed in the vagina posterior to ~h~ introitus. The article is worn during the time between nenses and saf~ly delivers a spermicidally effective amount o~ the CloEO5 surfactant to the vaginal area throughout this time. The article can remain in place during intercourse.
- In the article of Example I, the CloEO5 surfactant is replaced by an equivalent amount of CloEO6 surfactant and e~cellent spermicidal results are secured.
EXAMPLE II
Cellulose acetate (Easkman Kodak E~394) is cast into a film sheet having a dry thickness of 20~ . ~he ; cellulose acetate film sheet is thermoformed in a circular pattern to provide a series of hemispherical containers in a circular array. The containers are ca. 9 mm in diameter and ca. 2 mm. apart. The diameter (I.D.) of the ring of containers is ca. 37 mm. The circular array of containers is punched from the film sheet to provide a first continuous film piece comprising a ring of hemispheres. A second circular film piece having indenta-tions corresponding to those of the first film piece is prepared in like manner.
Both film pieces with the hemispherical indenta-tions are "nipped" at the positions between adjacent containers to provide multiple hinge points.
In the first film piece, the hemispherical containers are filled to two-thirds their volume with a 30%
~wt.) aqueous solution of CloEO5 surfactant. The second film piece is superposed over the first in the manner depicted in Figure 8 herein, thereby providing spherical containers, and the two film pieces are solvent-sealed together with acetone. Accordingly, the article comprises a plurality of containers connected by a thin, flexible seal fin in the plane of the article, said seal fin holding said article in the desired configuration.
The surfactant-charged article of the foregoing type is deacetyla-ted by submersion in a 4 molar aqueous ammonia solution containing 10~ by weight sodium chloride at a temperature of 50C. This treatmen-t converts the cellulose acetate to cellulose.
When deacetylation is complete, the surfactant-charged article is transferred to a water bath, whereupon the containers fill and swell to provide a final concentration of surfactant of ca. 10%.
The article prepared in the foregoing manner conforms to that depicted in Figure 4 herein.
The article of Figure 4 is folded and placed in the vagina posterior to the introitus. The article resumes its original shape. The article is worn during the time between menses and safely delivers a spermicidally effective amount of the CloEO5 surfactant to the vaginal area for a period of 28 days. The article can remain in place during intercourse.
In the article of Example II the C1oEO5 surfactant is replaced by an equivalent amount of the following surfactants, respectively: CloEO6; 1:1 (wt.) CloEO5 and 6; 16H33N (CH3)3, Cl ; C16H33N~C5H5~Cl ; and C12H25S(NH)2CH3. On insertion of the article in the vagina, these surfactants are released over a prolonged period of time.

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Claims (14)

The embodiments of the invention in which an exclusive property or privilege is claimed are defined as follows:

1. An article for use within the vaginal cavity characterized by : a plurality of containers having walls, at least a portion of said walls being of a semi-permeable membrane and thereby releasably containing a biologically active agent, a means for maintaining said plurality of containers in a substantially arcuate flat sequential assemblage comprising a thin flexible planar seal fin encompassing and receiving the outside surface of said containers at a substantially central location thereby maintaining the containers in an articulated configuration.

2. An article according to claim 1 characterized by one or more hinge points on said seal fin, whereby additional flexibility is provided.

3. An article according to claim 2 which is in a substantially circular configuration.

4. A controlled release article according to claim 3 especially adapted to maintaining a useful concentra-tion of a biologically active surfactant compound in the vaginal cavity, wherein at least a portion of the walls of said containers comprise a microporous type semi-permeable membrane, and wherein said containers are substantially filled with a biologically active agent consisting essentially of an aqueous solution of a micelle-forming surfactant compound, said solution having a concentration above the critical micelle concentration of the surfactant compound.

5. An article according to claim 4 wherein the containers comprise cellulose.

6. An article according to Claim 5 wherein the surfactant compound is characterized by a critical micelle concentration of at most about 1x10-3 Molar.

7. An article according to Claim 6 wherein the combination of surfactant and cellulose membrane exhibits a monomer transport curve having a ratio of slopes S2/S1 in the range of 0 to about 0.1.

8. An article according to Claim 7 wherein the surfactant has an R value greater than 1.

9. An article according to Claim 8 wherein the surfactant is a biocidal or biostatic agent.

10. A contraceptive article according to Claim 9 wherein the surfactant is a member selected from the group consisting of spermicidal surfactants.

11. A contraceptive article according to Claim 10 wherein the surfactant is a nonionic surfactant selected from ethylene oxide condensates of aliphatic alcohols.

12. A contraceptive article according to Claim 11 wherein the nonionic surfactant is C10EO5.

13. A contraceptive article according to Claim 11 wherein the nonionic surfactant is C10EO6.

14. A contraceptive article according to Claim 11 wherein the nonionic surfactant is C10EO5 or C10EO6, or mixtures thereof, and the containers comprise water-swollen microporous cellulose having a dry thickness of ca. 5-25µ
and a swollen thickness of ca. 10-50µ.