CA1085164A - Clear and stable liquid fuel compositions for internal combustion engines - Google Patents

Abstract

ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE

A liquid fuel composition for use in internal combustion engines is disclosed which comprises a hydrocarbon fuel, water, a water soluble alcohol and surface-active agents which will bring both the alcohol, water and water soluble constituents of the fuel into complete phase with the hydrocarbon constituent and results in a clear, stable liquid fuel.

Description

~S~L~4 This invention relates to clear and skable fuel compositions Eor internal combus-tion eng:Lnes. More parti-cularly, -this invention relates to the prepara-tion of clear and stable liquid fuel compositions comprising (a~ a mixture of hydrocarbons, such as gasoline (h) wa-ler, (c) a water-soluble alcohol, such as me-thanol, and (d) a combination of surface-active agents. These clear fuel compositions are basically water-in-oil emulsions which have excellent stability and viscosity over a wide range of temperatures, including temperatures below the freezing point of water.
The liquid fuel compositions, accord:ing to the :invention, will further mainta:in their clar:ity and :Low viscosity charae-terist:Lcs without phase separat:i.on. 'L'hus, the compos:it:ions, accordiny to the invent:ion, are most eEf:ic:iently uti:Lized in operating the internal combustion engine.
An important objective of this invention is to provide a fuel for the internal combustion engine which results in significan-t decreases of toxic exhaust gases or vapors without sacrificing engine performance or eEEiciency.
A second objective is to provide a Euel that is eree from lead eompounds, sueh as lead tetraethyl, and stil:L obta:ins an-ti-knock characteris-tics, resulting in smooth engine performance. A third objective is to provide a fuel for the internal combustion engine wherein the percentage of hydro-carbons is substantially reduced, thereby better conserving energy derived :Erom petroleum and partly replacing it with energy having reproducible sources. A still further objec-tive of this invention is to provide clear liquid fuel compo-sitions that are stable and usable, bo-th under moderate and

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extrcme ~cather conditions.
The term "water-in-oil emulsion," hcrcinafter referrcd to as "W/O emulsion," is a general term well-known to those skilled in emulsion technology. The term "~Y/O
emulsion," as used in the context of this invention, is believed to best describe the physical make-up of the novel fuel composition which we have obtained. It must be appre-ciated that ~e have achieved, through a unique surfactant blend, a clear and stable liquid fuel which, while an emul-sion, e~hibits desired single-phase propelties of hydrocarbon fuels alone. As an emulsion, however, the liquid fuel of the invention is believed to contain the hydrocaTbon mixture as the continuous "oil" phase and watcr and the ~ater-solubic components as the disperscd "~ater" phase. Upon blending the various components of the liquid fuel, including the surfactant mixture, the resulting -fuel composition is, ~or the purposes intended, a single-phase composition.
The oil phase of the fuel composition, according to the invention, comprises a mixture of hydrocarbons~ such as that derived from petroleum, an example being that having the common name of gasoline. In the spirit o this invention, the oil phase is not confined to a speciEic mixture of hydrocaTbons, but embraces a broad range of mixtures of hydrocarbons under the gene~al classification of hydrocarbon fuels. Such hydrocarbon fuels ~ill have VaTying viscosities and flash points, but all have the common characteristic of combustibility providing heat and energy ~hich can be transformcd illtO work.
The basis of thc ;nvcntion is the cIcvclopment of a ~ ~ ~S ~ ~ 4 liquid fuel containing water, which is introduced into the fuel system in a most effective manner. It is well-known that ~ater or steam may be injectcd, as a scparatc phase, into internal combustion engines with the purpose of lo.~ering the reaction temperature to retard the combustion rate and improve the anti-knock characteristics. Such injection methods are not only difficult to design and control, but introduce the water as an outside phase, which not only is ineffective in smoothly retarding the rate of combustion, but also can quench the combustion, resulting in an incomplete burn. ~e have now discovered that, when :he water is inti-mately mi~ed with thc fuel, substantially complete combustion occurs with ~ho wcltcr p~rEorming the impor~nt role of smoothly retar~ing thc rate oE combustion, resulting in anti-knock performance. This important discovery means thatanti-knock agents, such as lead tetraethyl, can be eliminated in such a fuel system which not only results in cleaner engine performance, but, even more important, results in the elimination of lead compounds in the exhaust umes, thereby abating pollution. ~Ye have :Eurther dlscovered that the fuel composition, accordi~g to the invent.ion~ not only giv~s smooth engine performance without the need for the conventional anti-knock agents, but, more important, gives much lo~er carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, and hydrocarbon content in the exhaust gases as compared to conventional fuels not containing water.
We have discovcred that, ~rhen a particular combina-tion of surf~ce-active agellts is addccl to a hydrocarbon ~ucl, such . ~ . 1, s~
-as gasoline, Yhich is tilcn combincd with a solution of a water-solub]e alcohol and water, a hydrocarbon-rich W/O
emulsion, having the clarity and stability of a single-phase hydrocarbon fuel, readilf forms with minimum agitation.
S Moreover, the clear fuel composition, according to the invention, has a viscosity similar to that of a hydrocarbon fuel itself. It has been found that the liquid Euel compo-sition obtained is stable against phase separation by addition of ~mounts of water or gasoline, which do not affect the surfactant concentration. ~oreover, we have discovered that there is no "vapor lock" when our liquid fuel is used in conventional carburetor systems.
Accordingly, our invention is the discovery of certain combinati~ns of surfacc-activc agents whicll will bring both the alcollol, ~ater, and water-soluble constitu-~nts of the fuel into complete phase with the hydrocarbon constituent, resulting in a clear, stable liquid fuel for the internal combustion engine. Once this clear phase is formed, it is no longer sensitive to the addition of small amounts of water and alcohol, or to additional amounts of gasoline. The clear, stable Liquid fuel containing the water, ~ater-soluble alcohol, and surface-active agents has a low viscosity, like the hydrocarbon -fuel itself, thereby making it easy for transport and utili~ation in conventional carburetor systems. It is also important that the surface-active agents themselves are organic compounds and, therefore, combustible to carbon dioxicle and ~ater, ~hich still further provide energy. The surface-active agents also tend to broadcn the tcmperature-timc combustion profile because of .

their vely hi~ points.
The surfacc-active agcnts, according to the inventionl are virtually non-toxic in that they do not contain harmful materials, such as sulfur, phos?horous, and halogens. l~hile certain surface-active agents contemplated do contain a small amount of nitrog~en, the amounts present are insignificant, particularly when compared to the amount of nitrogen introduced by the air required for combustion.
- The unique and novel combination of surface-active agents of the invention comprises an an~onium long-chain fatty acid salt, or, more preferably, a mixture of ammonium and sodium long-chain fatty acid salts, an unsaturated acid, and an ethylene oxide condensation product. The most preerred cmbodimcnt inclullos a m:ixturo of ammonillm and sod:iuln oleate, ~ree oloic acid, alld the condens.Ltion ~roduct of an alkyl phonol with ethylene oxide. This combination of surface-active agents, when added to the hydrocarbon fuel, water, and alcohol constituents, provides a clear, stable liquid fuel composition.
Although oleic acid is most preferred as the Eree acid, other unsaturated acids, such as linoleic, may be used.
Also, saturated long-chain fatty acids, such as stearic, can be used in combination with the unsaturated acids.
In addition to the condensation product of an alkyl phenol with ethylene oxide, other condensation products can be used. These products may be listed as follows~
1. Reaction products of ethylene oxide with al~yl phenols having the formula ~*~

~O(C112CH2()) R1 - ~

where R1 is an alkyl chain having up to e:ight carbon atoms, such as n-butyl, isooctyl, and the lihe; and n is an integer which can vary between wide limits, such as S to 20, and whose value determines the degree of hydrophilic character of the surface-active agent.
2. Reaction products obtained by the condensation with ethylene oxide of fatty acids of the formula R2- C--(0 -CH2--CH2)nOH
Il .

ancl ~atty alcohols of the formula R2 -t -CH2 ~CH2)nOH

where R2 is a long-chain, satur2ted or unsaturated hydro-carbon radical, such as stearyl, cetyl, lauryl, oleyl, linoleyl, and the like; and n is an integer which can vary between ~ide limits, such as 5 to 20, and whose va:Lue deter-mlnes the dcgree of hydrophilic character of the surface-active agent.
~o 3. Reaction products of a polyol with long-chain, saturated or unsaturated fatty acids having the formula HOCH2- (CHOH)n- CH20C -R3 where R3 is a long-chain saturated or unsaturated hydro-?S carbon radical~ such as stearyl, oleyl, and the li~e; and n 6 ~

is an intcgcr having a valuc usually bctwccn 1 and ~.
It ~as discovered that, when the ammonium and sodium salts of olcic acid were used without the afore-mentioned condensation products, we could not obtain a stable fuel composition containing water, a water-soluble alcohol~ and a mixture of hydrocarbons. Phase separation occurred on cooling the fuel composition below the freezing point of water. It was also found that, if the condensation products were used without the ammonium and/or mixture of ammonium and sodium salts of oleic acid, a stable, clear, single-phase liquid containing water, a water-soluble alcohol, and a mixture of hydrocarbons could not even be formed at room temperature, that is, phasc scparation ;nto two phases always occurrcd. But, wilon wo us~d a combination of the 1~ amrnonium and/or mixture oE amlllonium and sod-Lum salts of oleic acid and the condensa-tion product of ethylene oxide and an alkyl phenol, liquid fuel compositions, stable and clear above and below the freezing point of water, were obtained from the addition of this combination of surface-active agents to the mixture of water, a water-soluble alcohol, and the mixture of hydrocarbons.
T~e water and water-soluble aLcohol constituents of the fuel composition, according to the invention, provide many advantages. The invention resides in a novel combina-tion of elements which bring the water and alcohol intointimate contact with the fuel hydrocarbons, such as gasoline, resulting in a liquid composition which is not only clear, but also stable, o~er tl-e operative tempcrature range of the intcrnal combustion cnginc. Thc purpose of thc water in thc ~. . r 31!3S~6~

fuel is to provicl~ a lo-~cr tcrnpcr~ture and hroa~cr temperature-time profi1e ~uring thc combustion of the fuel.
This results in lowcr cmissions of oxides o nitrogen and carbon monoxide in the exhaust gases, thereby abating air pollution. The broader temperature-time profile results in smooth engine performance. It is believed that the water sufficiently retards the initial phaLse of the combustion, thereby imparting anti-knock characteristics to the fuel.
The purpose of the water-soluble alcohol, such as methanol, is to provide anti-freeze characteristiLcs to the fuel, thereby resulting in a liquid fuel stable below the freezing point of water. A second purpose o the alcohol is an energy source partly replacing the petrolcum-derived hydrocarbons. A third purposc of the alcohol Is that it also contributes anti-Xnock characteristics to t1lo ~ucl, resulting in improved engine perormance.
Although we prefer methanol, the other water-soluble alcohols, such as ethanol, isopropanol~ and mixtures of these, can be used for this invention.
The percentage of water by weight in the composition should range Erom about 0.1% to 10~ and preferably ranges from 0.5% to 5%. A range o 0.1% to 20% alcohol by weight may be used, preferably 1% to 10~ hile the amount of surface-active agents required must depend on the amounts of 2S water and alcohol used in the fuel compositions, it is generally preferred that the ratio of the condensation products to the ammonium and/or mixture of ammonium and sodium salts of the satllr~ted or unsat-lratcd long-chain fatty acids ~c in the rangc of 1:1 to 3:1 by ~cight.

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Thc prcsence of thc sodiuln salt of tile long-chain fatty acid is not nccessary to o~tain clcar, stable liquid fuel colnpositions in a single phase. This can be accomplished with just the ammonium salt in combination with the afore-S mentioned condensation products. However, the presence ofa sodium ion, in addition to an ammonium ion, in the compo-sition is preferred because it will result in a more desirable pH of the system, that is, a pH slightly on the alkaline side. The advantage of this is that the sodium salt of the long-chain fatty acid can react with acids stronger than the fatty acid, thereby neutralizing them.
The result is not only less corrosive materials in contact with the engine parts and exhaust systcml but, cven more import~nt, lcss toxic materials in the oxhaust gases and vapors. Th~ Eollowillg Eactors illustrate the importance of using combined ammonium and sodium salts.
1. Any organic bromides or chlorides that may be present in gasoline as additives normally will generate hydrobromic or hydrochloric acids during combustion. Even small amounts of these additives are corrosive and irritating.
~lowever, if our uel composition is used, the stable sodium chloride and sodium bromide would b~ formed, which are much less corrosive and both non;toxic and non-irritating.
2. Oxides of nitrogen in the presence of water vapor can be partially neutralized to form the more stable and less toxic and less irritating sodium salts.

3. Organic sulfur compounds which may be present in gasoline gcnerate sulfur dioxide on combustion. ~ith the high e.Yhaust tempcr.lture, and cspccially in the prcsence of -ln- r S16~

catalysts, such as containe~ in c~talytic devlces, oxidation to the toxic and very irritating sulfllr trioxide, and subse-quent entrainment of sulfuric acid in the cxhaust gases and vapors, rcsults. The presence of a sodium ion results in the more stable sodium sulfite compared to SO2 or H2SO3, and there may be less tendency for the sulfur dioxide to be oxidized to sulfur trioxide by the catalytic converter.
Even if the sulfur dioxide is oxidized to a partial extent forming sulfur triox~de, the resulting sulfuric acid would be neutralized, even at the high temperature, resulting in the non-toxic and non-irritating water-soluble sodium sulfate.
The preferred molar ratio of the ammonium to the sodium salt of the long-chaln fatty acid is in the range rom 95:5 to 50:50. It should also be rcco~nized that the sodium ion can b~ introducod as the soclium salt of a short-chain fatty acid, such as sodium acetate. Since our uel compositions contain water, the very ~ater-soluble sodium acetate will be solubilized in the system. But, it is easier to use the sodium salt o the long-chain fatty acids because the resultant fue:L compositions tend to be more stable.
An important advantage in using the combination of surface-active agents, according to the i~vention, is that high-shear mixing is not re~uired. The ingredients of the fuel composition readily blend into a single phase by gentle hand stirring. This means that such fuel compositions can be readily prepared at the manuEacturing site or, if preferred, prepared at the stations ~helc the gasoline can bc blcnded ~ith thc othcr constituents 1!y simply mctcrin~ thc propcr . .

~ ~5~.~ 4 amounts of each constitucnt from storagc tanks into a common mixing line.
The liquid fuel cornpositions of the invention can be utilized in conventional internal combustion engines S without any change or modification in engine design. They can be used at low compression ratios, such as 8 to 1, or at high compression ratios, such as 10 to 1. Engine tests conducted with these fuel compositions show better perfor-mance at the more efficient high compression ratios. This is significant regarding the more efficient utilization of fuel and better conserving o~ our energy resources. Moreover, our fuel compositions can contain a high percentage of the highly volatile methanol and still be utilized in conventional~
carburetor systerns without vapor lock occurring.
There are scveral ways in whLch the compon~nts can be combined to form a suitable fuel compositlon. ~ost o the surface-active agents can first be added to the hydro-carbon phase and a small amount in the aqueous phase, and then the latter added to the former. Also, the alcohol can be added as a solution in water or it can be added separately, either to the gasoline phase or after the water phase has hoen dispersed. Ihe preferred method is to blend three solutions simultaneously, narnely, (1) lead-free gasoline or similar hydrocarbon fuel;
(2) solution of surface-active agents; and (3) water or a solution of a water-soluble alcohol in water.
The follo-~ing e.~amples are provided simply to illustrate the embo~imcnts of our invention and are not I ~ ...... . .

51~

int~n~cd to lilnit it in al~y ~ay.

Examplc 1 A stock solution w~s prepared by mixing l,000 ml.
of NP-14, l,000 ml. of NY-27, 900 ml. of oleic acid, and 100 ml. of concentrated ammonium hydroxide solution. The ammonium hydroxide solution contained 29.9% N~13 and had a density of 0.89 gm/ml. The NP-14 and the NP-27 are polyoxy-ethylene alkyl phenol-type surface-active agents obtained from Union Carbide Corporation. They were found to have respective densities of 1.03 and 1.06 gm/ml.
The stock solution, therefore, contained the following:
1,030 granls NP-l4 1,060 grallls NP-27 468 gr;lms amlllolliunl oloake 363 grams free oleic acid 62 ~rams water 2.g83 grams total This solution was viscous, colorless, and clear at room temperature. It had a density of 0.98 gm/ml.
1`he stock solution, labeled E-019, was u-,ed to preparo the ~ollo~ing liquid ~u~l ~ormula~ions:

Unleaded E-019 l~ater ~lethanol gasoline ml ml ml ml ~ormulation ~ 25 5 15 155 ~ormulation B 25 lO lO 155 In pre~ ing cach formulation, the ~ater and mcthallo1 ~Jere first acl~cd to F,-019, resulting in a clear I;

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solution. Unle~cled gasoli1le was added to this clear solution, resultin~ in a clear, ~ing~e phase liquid.
Both of the li~uid fuel compositions werc refrig-erated at -20 C. overnight. They were then examined and S found to still be clear and in a single phase. The samples were removed, brought to room temperature, and then immersed in warm water. They still remained clear and in a single phase. In other words, there was no phase separation or reduction in clarity by subjecting the samples to extreme temperature differences.
The calculated weight percentages of ~he constituents of the above formulations are as follows:

~ormulation A B
~ . .
lS Non-leacled gasoline, % 73.50 73.00 NP-l~, % 5.~3 5.39 NP-27, % 5.59 5.55 Ammonium oleate, % 2.46 2.45 Free oleic acid, % 1.91 l.9o ~ater, ~ 3.54 6.70 Methanol, % 7.57 5.01 Exa~ 2 Formulation A of Example 1 was kept the same cxcopt that the 15 ml. oE mcthanol were replaced by lS ml. of ethanol. There resulted a clear, single-phase liquid. lhis liquid was also refrigerated at -Z0 C. overnig}lt. It was examined and found to still be clear. The clarity and single phase remained the same when the liquid fuel was warmcd.

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~ ample 3 , Formulation ~ of Example 1 was kept th~ same except that the 15 ml. of methanol ~ere replaced by 15 ml.
of isopropanol. There ~esulted a clear, single-phase liquid.
It also maintained the same clarity and single phase after subjection to -20 C. overnight and then followed by warming.

Example 4 A solution was prepared from 90 ml. of oleic acid, lS ml. of concentrated ammonium hydroxide (29.9% NH3 and density of 0.89 gm/ml.), and 100 ml. of Span 80 (an ester of a polyol and long-chain fakty acicl~.
Ten ml. of water and 10 ml. oE methanol were a1cled to 25 ml. oE this solut;.oll. 'rhere resul-ted a c:Le,lr soLution to which were addod 155 ml. oE unleaded gasoline. A clear, single-phase liquid ~as obtained having a low viscosity, such as those fuel compositions described in Examples 1 to 3.
It also maintained the same clarity and single phase after subjection to -20 C. overnight and then follo~ed by warming.

Exam~ 5 One gram o~ sodium h~Jclrox:lde in 5 ml. oE l~ater was added to 100 ml. of the stock solution labeled E-019, described in Example 1. This ~as su-fficient socLium hydroxide to neutralize about 59% of the free oleic acid so that the molar percent ratio of ammonium oleate to sodium oleate in ~5 the resulting solution ~as about 67 to 33. ~hen the sodium oleate first formed, it precipitatcd out hut thell ~uickly dissolved, resulting in a clear solution.

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Tcn ml. of methanol wcre added to 8Q ml. of low-lead gasolinc. Phase separation occurred. Then, 10 ml. of the above solution wcre added, and the contents lightly stirred.
There resulted a single-phase, clear, low viscosity liquid.
S This liquid was placed in ~ freezer at -Z0 C. overnight.
The fuel composition was still clear and in a single phase at this low temperature.

Example 6 Performance tests were conducted at a commercial laboratory which was fully equipped to follow the 1973 Federal Test Procedure for constant volume sampling of exhaust gases.
The test vehicle was a 1973 Plymouth E~ury III ~A
Chryslcr Corporation product).
Vchiclc specifications were as follows:

Displacement 360 cubic inches A/F ratio 15.5:1 Compression ratio 8.5:1 The vehicle wax equipped with government specified e~ission control devices J i.e., exhaust gas recirculation 20 and positive crankcase ventilation.
The base fuel was a 91 octane Iow-lead gasoline blend. The stock solution, E-019, of Example 1 was used to prepare two clear liquid fuel compositions comprising the following weight percentages:

-l6- r ~ ~5 ~6 ~
lucl Coml)osition ~ucl Composition B
Percent water 2.5 0.5 Percent mcthanolZ.5 7.5 Percent E-019 6.9 10.5 Percent base fuel 88.1 8i.5 The base fuel and fuel composition A were tested in the above engine. The exhaust emissions in grams/mile ' were as follows:

Exhaust Emissions In Gr ms/~lile Base Fuel Fuel Com~~Ltion A
....
~IC 3.7 3.2 C0 36.0 18.7 Nx ~.7 '~.1 Total 44.4 25.0 These data show a 44% reduction in total exhaust emissions using fuel composition A compared to the base fuel.
Furthermore, the research octane number increasecl from 93.2 to 95.2 in going from the base fuel to Euel composition A.
The base Euel was then compared with fuel composition B7 giving the follol~ing test rcsults:

Exhaust Emissions In Grams/Mile Base Fuel Fuel Composition B
HC 2.73 2.70 C0 50.46 26.26 Nx 3-l0 2.S3 Total 56.29 31.79 These dat~l also sllow ahout a 4~ rcduction in total exhaust emissions using fucl comyosition B compared to the ~ase fuel. Performance through cold starts and accel-erations ~as fourld cqually good for -fwel composition B
compared to the base fuel.

Example 7 The following solutions or mixtures were blended:
(a) 160 ml. of lead-free gasoline;
tb) a mixture of 5 ml. of NP-14 and 5 ml. of NP-27 (non-ionic surEactants of the polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol-type obtained Erom Union Carbide Corporation), and 5 ml. of a solution oE ammollium oleate in ole:Lc acid in which the conccntration of amrnon:lum oleate wa!; about 50~;
and lS (c) a solution of 5 ml. of water and 5 ml. of ethyl alcohol.
l~hen (b) was added to (a), a clear solution Tesulted. ~hen (c) was added and the contents mixed gently, a W/O emulsion resulted. When a beam of light ~as passed through the W/O emulsion fuel held in a dark room~ we observed the Brownian ~lotion o~ colloidal particles within the shaft of light, confirming the Tyndall effect of the liquid-to-liquid colloidal emulsion.
The composition was placed in a refrigerator and cooled to about -12 F. The cold emulsion remained clear and still exhibited the characteristic Tyndall e~fect.

~S~
~x~lllpl~ 8 Thc same formulation as in Example 7 except that the ethanol was replaced with methanol. A stable composi-tion resulted as in Example 7.

Example 9 The same formulation as i.n Example 7 except that the ethanol was replaced with isopropanol. A stable composition resulted as in Example 7.

~ Yhile certain representative embodiments and details have been shown for the purpose of illustrating the invention, it will be apparent to those skill.cd in ~he art that various changes and moclificatiorls Inay be made therein without dcparting ~rom the scope o~ ~he invcntiorl as dcf:ined by the appended claims.

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Claims (6)

The embodiments of the invention in which an exclusive property or privilege is claimed are defined as follows:

1. A clear, liquid composition stable below the freezing point of water and suitable for use as a fuel in an internal combustion engine, which comprises:
a. a hydrcarbon fuel suitable for use in an internal combustion engine;
b. about 0.1% to about 10% water;
c. about 0.1% to about 20% of an alcohol which is completely soluble in water; and d. a surface active amount of a combination of surface-active agents consisting of:
i. a mixture of ammonium and sodium oleate;
ii. an organic acid selected from the group consisting of oleic, linoleic, stearic acids, and mixtures thereof; and iii. an ethylene oxide condensation product.

2. A composition according to claim 1 which comprises a hydrocarbon fuel suitable for use in an internal combustion engine, 0.5 to 5% water, 1 to 10% of a water-soluble alcohol selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, isopropanol or mixtures thereof, and a surface-active amount of a mixture of ammonium and sodium oleate, free oleic acid, and a condensation product of an alkyl phenol and ethylene oxide.

3. A fuel composition, according to claim 1, wherein the hydrocarbon fuel is gasoline.

4. A fuel composition, according to claim 1, wherein the molar ratio of the ammonium to the sodium oleate ranges from 95:5 to 50:50.

5. A fuel composition, according to claim 1, wherein the ratio of the ethylene oxide condensation product to the mixture of ammonium and sodium oleate salt ranges from 1:1 to 1:3 by weight.

6. A composition according to claim 1, wherein the ethylene oxide condensation product is formed with (i) and alkyl phenol of the formula:

wherein R1 is alkyl having up to 8 carbon atoms and n is an integer from 5 to 20;
ii. a fatty acid of the formula:

iii. a fatty alcohol of the formula:

wherein R2 is stearyl, cetyl, lauryl, oleyl, or linoleyl and n is an integer from 5 to 20; or iv. a polyol having the formula:

wherein R3 is a stearyl, cetyl, lauryl, oleyl or linoleyl and n is an integer from 1 to 4.