CA1060195A - Expanded cereal compositions for smoking - Google Patents

Abstract

Abstract of the Disclosure Expended cereal grains are used alone or with tobacco to provide smoking materials.

Description

~.~6~ 5 This invention rolates to novel smoking compositions and to products derived thererom.
According to one aspect of the invention there is provided a smoking material which contains a comminuted expanded cereal grain in combination with tobacco or a flavourant additive, said cereal grain being in a form resembling cut cigarette filler tobacco or cut pipe tobacco.
According to a further aspect of the invention there is provided a cigarette whose filler contains a comminuted expanded cereal grain in combi~
nation with tobacco or a flavourant additive~ said cereal grain being in a form resembling cut cigarette iller tobacco.
According to yet a further aspect o the invention there is provided a process of preparing a cigarette which comprises wrapping with a cigarette paper a filler material containing a comminuted expanded cereal grain in com-bination with tobacco or a 1avourant additive, said cereal grain being in a form resembling cut cigarette filler tobacco.
The present invention involves the discovery that cereal grains which are in an expanded condition and of relatively low density are-eminently suitable for use as smoking materials.
The cereal grains used according to this invention are the seeds of various members o the grass family ~Gramin ~ which are cultivated for their food value. Exemplary o the cereal grains are expanded or puffed rice zeae), wheat ~Hordeae), barley ~~lordeae), rye (Hordeae), oats ~Aveneae), millet ~Paniceae), milo CAndropogoneae) and corn ~Maydeae).
In one embodiment, the invention provides smokable compositions comp~ising a ~ixture of tobacco and an expanded or puffed cereal grain. The said expanded grains serve as tobacco extenders without significant efect on the organoleptic properties of tobacco products in which they are present.
In a second embodiment of the invention, an expanded cereal grain is used alone or with other non-tobacco materials to form smoking materials.
The rice which is utilized as a smoking material in accordance with this invention ls rice ~Oryza sativa) which has been processed ~o expand its .` volume and decrease its ,, . . , :
, . . .

6~:~95 density whereby it is in an expanded condition supportive of combustion. Processing of the rice to ~xpand its volume involves pufing so as to produce a puffed rice of relatively -~
.~ , . , low density. In general, the bulk density of the puffed rice employed herein is not greater than about 0.40 gram per cubic ; ~
; centimeter and preferably not greater than about 0.20 gram `~
per cubic centimeter. The expression "puffed rice" as used -herein means rice kernels which have been expanded to such extent that the bulk density is not greater than 0.40 gram per cubic centimeter when determined on a 12-mesh sample. For this determination of bulk density the rice is ground in a suitable mill and sieved to recover the 12-mesh (U.S. Sieve Series) portion thereof with a uniformly packed sample of known volume then being weighed, lS The wheat which ls utilized as a smoking material in accordance with this invention is wheat which has been :.
processed to expand its volume and decrease its density where-by it is in an expanded condition supportive of combastion.;
~arious wheat species can be used including Triticum vulgare, Triticum durum, Triticum compactum, Triticum pers cum and Triticum spelta. Processing of the wheat to expand its volume `
involves puffing so as to produce a puffed wheat of relatively ~ ;~
low density. In general, the bulk denslty of the puffed wheat employed herein is not greater than about 0.40 gram per cubic , j . ~ . ~ ., - 25centimeter and preferably not greater than about 0.20 gram -~
per cubic centimeter. The expression "puffed wheat" as used :, ~
h~rein means wheat kernels which have been expanded to such extent that the bulk density is not greater ~han 0.40 gram per cubic centimeter when determined on a 12-mesh sample. For `~
this determination of bulk density the w~eat is ground in a .
. :
,; , .

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~6~5 sultable mill and sieved to recover the 12-mesh (U.S. Sieve ;
Series) portion thereof with a uniformly packed sample of known volume then being weighed.
~. .- . .
The millet which is utilized as a smoklng material in accordance with this invention is millet which has been `
processed to expand its volume and decrease its density where-by it is in an expanded condition supportive of combustion.
Various millet species can be used including Proso or broom ; corn millet (Panicum miliaceum), Foxtail millet (Setaria . .
italica), Japanese millet (Echinochloa ~rumentacea, Echinoch~Ioa .. .. ~:
crus~alli), Finger millet (Eleusine coracana), Ditch millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum), Pearl millet (Pennisetum ame~icanum), Cattail millet (Pennisetum glaucum), African millet (Holcus . :
sor~hum) and Browntop millet (Panicum ramosum~. Proce9sing of the millet to expand its volume involves puffing so as to ; produce a puffed millet of relatively low density. In general, i~ the bulk density of the puffed millet employed~herein is not~
greater than about 0.40 gram per cubic centimeter and preferably~
- : .
not greater than about 0.20 gram per cubic centimeter. The axpression "puffed millet" as used herein means millet kernels which have been expanded to such extent that the bulk density i8 not greater than 0.40 gram per cubic centimeter when deter-mined on a 12-mesh sample. For this determination of bulk density the millet is ground in a suitable mill and sieved to recover the 12-mesh (U.S. Sieve Series3 portion thereof with a uniformly packed sample of known volume then being weighed.
~ The miIo which is utilized as a smoking material i in accordance with this invention is milo (Sorghum vulgare~ ~ ;
which has been processed to expand its volume and decrease its density whereby it is in an expanded conditian suppor~ive ;

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.. . . .
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~ 6~195 of combustion. Processing of the milo to expand its volume involves puffing so as to produce a puffed mllo o~ relati~ely low density. In general, the bulk density of the puffed milo employed herein is not greater than about 0.40 gram per cubic S centimeter and preferably not greater than about 0.20 gram per cubic centimeter. The expression "puffed milo" as used herein means milo kernels which have been expanded to such extent that the bulk density is not greater than 0.40 gram per cubic centimeter when determined on a 12-mesh sample. For this determination of bulk density the milo is ground in a ~; ;
suitable mill and sieved to recover the 12-mesh (U S. Sieve Series) portion thereof with a uniformly packed sample of known volume then being weighed.
The corn (maize) which is utilized as a smoking material in accordance with this invention is corn ~ mays) which has been processed to expand its volume and decrease its ~
,~ .~ , .
density whereby it is in an expanded condition supportive of ~ ~ ;
combustion. The ability to pop (volume expansion) varies among types of corn with popcorn (Zea mays everta (Sturt.)) being -.
the type exhibiting the greatest ability to pop. For example, ~ -the popping ability of flint corns is generally less than ;
popcorn and still less for dent corns. Even among ~he popcorns . :
there is a wide variation in the degree and completeness of popping which some believe to be dependent upon the proportion o~ hard starch present. Because of its popping ability, the ~ , , .
preferred type of corn to employ in accordance with this inven- -tion is popcorn (Zea mays everta (Sturt.)); however, any type o corn which can be expanded so as to produce a material ha~ing a relatively low density can be used. Thu5, in its broad aspects, the presen~ inven~ion involves the use of any :' :
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species or botanical variety of corn, including hybrids, pro-vided that the popped corn exhibits the desired low density.
In general, the bulk density of the popped corn employed herein is not greater than about 0.40 gram per cubic centimeter and ;~
preferably not greater than about 0.20 gram per cubic centimeter.
The expression "popped corn" as used herein means the kernels .: .
of any type of Zea mays which have been expanded to such extent that the bulk density is not greater than 0.40 gram per cubic .: .centimeter when determined on a 12-mesh sample. For this determination of bulk density the corn is ground in a suitable i. .~ ~
., - . ~ ,.
; . mill and sieved to recover the 12-mesh (U.S. Sieve Series) portion thereof with a uniformly packed sample of known volume ~ :
then being weighed.
: The volume expansion of rice, wheat, millet, milo, barley, rye and oats can be accomplished by puffing procedures well known to the art. As is known, puffing of these materials . is accomplished by gun puffing which is the release of cereal from a pressurized chamber or oven puffing where the cereal ~;
. dough pieces are exposed suddenly to high temperatures. The oven method ma~ involve exposure to radiant hea~ on a belt, tumbling in a heated rotating cylinder, exposure to heated .; .
rolls, or extrusion at high pressure and elevated temperature.
Puffing of rice, wheat, millet or milo and other sim~lar materials is a well developed art and there exist a number of patents relating~to puffing processes and apparatus. Puffing of rice, wheat, millet or milo for use in accordance with this : invention can be.accomplished using known procedures and . :
~; apparatus such as described in U.S. patents Nos. 3,~56,575, .2,701,200, 2,231,387, 3,656,~65, 3,703,379, 3,556,~02, .3,392,660, 3,201,032, 3,660,110 and 3,682,651. Ater puffing, . ' ' . ;
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1~6~)195 the puffed materlals are separated from non-puffed kernels by conventional procedures such as screening, air classificaion ``
and the like.
The volume expansion of corn can be accomplished by conventional procedures, such as by rapidLy heatlng corn kernels to cause them to pop. It is believed that the mois-ture content of corn determines the popping ability of corn.
Heating popcorn having a moisture content of abou~ 11 to 15% -by weight to temperatures on the order of about 350 to 550~F~
generally results in good volume expansion (reduction in density) with the popped material being combustible. It is, of course, desirable from an economy standpoint to use popping techniques which provide the maximum amount of expansion.
A~ter popping, the popped corn is separated from u~popped kernels by conventlonal procedures such as screening, air classification and the like. The size and shape o~ the popped ~i corn which is used to form smoking materials is primarily dependent upon its intended use. It is generally preferred ~,r~-~ o~ o~e~/~e ~o~mf~f~e to grind, or more preferably shred1, the popped corn to a size and shape approximating that of the tobacco with which it is i ~
employed Removal of the hull from the popped corn to the ; ~`
extent possible is also desirable. Thus, when employed with -tobacco to form cigarettes, the popped corn is cut, sliced or shredded to a size and shape similar to the filler tobacco employed therewith. It is preferred to do likewise when the popped corn is used with tobacco to form cigars or pipe smoking compositions.
The size and shape of the expanded cereal grains used to form smoking materials is primarily dependent upon its ! 30 intended use. It is generally preferred to grind, or more 'i `' '' ' : "~ ~
:

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.:. . .... . . . . -~ ~ 6~ ~ 9 5 preferabLy shred, the expanded matPrials to a size and shape approximating that of the tobacco with which they are employed.
Thus, when employed with tobacco to form clgarettes, the ex- ;
panded materials are cut, sliced or shredded to a size and `~
shape similar to the filler tobacco employed therewith. It is preferred to do likewise when the expanded materials are -used with tobacco to form cigars or pipe smoking compositions.
When used with tobacco, the expanded cereal grains are blended with tobacco and the blend is then processed in conventional manner to form tobacco products. For example, puffed rice is shredded to a size approximating that of cut filler tobacco with which it is blended in desired proportion.
The blend is then processed in conventional cigarette making machines to form cigarettes which can be either of the filter or non-filter type. Additive materials such as flavorants, humectants, ash improvers, combustion modifiers, fillers and the like can be inco~porated with the tobacco/puffed material blends. Pipe or smoking tobacco products can be readily produced by simply blending the puffed materials with tobacco and flavorants, if any.
It will be appreciated that the use of an expanded cereal grain with tobacco serves to extend the tobacco or reduce the amount of tobacco employed in a product with a concommitant decrease in the amount of nicotine therein. This is achieved without adverse effect on the ~aste or aroma o~
the final product. The amount of the expanded material which ; is blended with tobacco can vary widely up to about 50% or ; more by volume of the tobacco. ~;~
According to a second embodiment of the invention, the expanded cereal grains are employed as tobacco substitutes :`' , , ~;~, .
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,.,`,: , , ~: ' .~ ' s by themselves or with other non-tobacco mater~als to form smoking products such as clgarettes, cigars a~d pipe smoking products. When so used, it is prese~tly preferred that the ;~
expanded materials simulate tobacco and accordingly appropriate procedures can be employed to provide the expanded materials in desired size and shape. The burning rate, flavor and other properties of non-tobacco smoking products can be altered by incorporating with the expanded materials suitable addItives -such as flavorants, tobacco extracts, nicotine, humectants, ash improving additives, etc. The burning rate of the expanded materials may be somewhat faster than most natural tobaccos and accordingly, to decrease the burning rate of non-tobacco smoking products, suitable filler materials or combustion modifiers such as magnesium carbonate, calcium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, magnesium nitrate, calcium nitrate and the like can be incorporated with the expanded materials.
The materials which are used with the expanded cereal grains to form smoking products are employed in amounts depending upon the efects deslred.
When used with or without tobacco to form smoking , materials, the expanded grain materials are preferably condi- ~ ;
tioned to a moisture content of say from 6 to 15% at which moisture content the materials are well adapted for processing to form smoking products.
, 25 The following examples illustrate the advantages of the present invention. In the examples the bulk density :. . -i of the tobacco extenders of this invention was determined by ; weighing a known volume o the expanded materials as indicated.
However, in alI cases the bulk density of the materials is `
less than 0.40 gram per cubic centimeter when determined on . .

.. . .: . .
. .. . ... . : . .

~o~ s a 12-mesh sample thereof. ~ ~
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Qnto l9 grams o shredded puf~Eed rice was sprayed 5 milliliters (20 percent by weight) of an aqueous calcium nitrate solution and 2.5 milliliters (20 percent by weight) of an aqueous potassium carbonate solution. The treated material ~ ~
was allowed to air-dry and was then made into 70-millimeter ~ ~-cigarettes using a small Hauni cigarette making machine and Ecusta 853 paper. The average weight of the cigarette was 0.34 gram and the average pressure drop across the 70-millimeter .
rod was 1.79 inches of water. The average number o~ puffs ~ `
~ obtained from each cigarette when machine smoked under standard ;, FTC conditions was 3.5.
;, Bulk density measurements were made on whole puffed rice which had been previously stored at 50 to 60% relative humidity until an equilibrium moisture content of 8 to 10~/o was reached. The puffed rice was then ground in a Waring `
; blender and sieved. Various particle sizes were collected and the bulk densities thereof were determined by weighing a 50 cubic centimeter volume of uniformly packed material.
The packing was accomplished by rapping the bottom of the container frequently during the packing operation so that the ~;
.;
'' particles se~tled evenly. No exte~nal pressure was applied to the mass of particles in making this measurement. The densities of the materials retained on various mesh screens are shown in Table I. For comparison purposes, the densities -~
of selected tobacco materials are shown in Table II.

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~L36~)~L95 ~ ~

TABLE I
Materlal Retained on U.S.
Standard Sieve Series Bulk Density No. 8 0.0593 g/cc -No. 12 0.0554 g/cc No. 14 0.0534 g/cc No. 16 Q.0536 g/cc No. 20 0.0558 g/cc ~ ~;
No. 30 0.0615 g/cc TABLE II
.i .
Sample ulk Density ,: ~
Puffed Elue-Cured Tobacco~ 0.07 g/cc Reconstituted Tobacco 0.19 g/cc Commercial cigarette blend without l 15 casing or top dressing 0.11 g/cc i' *Pufed in accordance with U.S.
patent No. 3 524,451 These tests demonstrate that the puffed rice smoking .~ .
material is highly expanded and low in bulk density when com- -pared to ~obacco commonly used for filling cigarettes.
.,~; -: ~
: ,, ~ EXAMPLE 3 'I , ..................................................... .
The filling capacity of puf~ed rice was determined.
The shredded puffed rice was cut in 32 shreds per inch and was very much like tobacco shreds.
.: i .
In order to measure the filling capacity of a cigare~te filler material, a measuring device is used which ~i8 esse~tially composed of a 100 milliliter graduated c~l~nder ~ `
h,aving an internal diameter o~ about 25 millimeters and a piston ha~ing a diameter of about 24 millimeters and weighing ' , :

..... . . ., . , - -, , .; . ~ .. , : . ~ , ~ ` ~0601g5 ~ ` ~

about 802.5 grams slidably positioned in the cylinder. A 3- ;
gram sample of the materia~ is placed in the cylinder and the piston positioned on it. The gravitationai force exerted by ; the piston corresponds to a pressure of about 2,3 pounds per ; ~' square inch~ The filling value of the sarnple is the volume to which the 3-gram sample of the materia:L in the cylinder i9 compressed after the weight of the piston has acted on it for ;
a period of 3 minutes. This pressure corresponds closely to the pressure normally applied by the wrapping paper to the ~`~
tobacco in cigarettes. By this procedure the filling capacity of the puffed rice was found to be 40.3 milliliters per 3-gram sample at a moisture content of 9.22%, Cigarettes were prepared from shredded puffed rice by blending either 20% or 50% by volume of the shredded rice with 80% or 50% by volume of a commercial cigarette tobacco.
The tobacco-puffed rice blend was then manufactured into cigarettes using Ecusta Ref. 853 paper. The resulting 65-millimeter tobacco rods were combined with 20 millimeters of a 3.3/39,000 cellulose acetate filter and the inished filter cigarettes were smoked under standard FTC conditions to gi~e the following results:
Rod Weight TPM* Nico~ine FTC** Tar Rod Composition (~.) (mg.) _ (m~.) (mg-~
All Tobacco 0.86 22.8 1.23 I7.3 , ~
20% (vol.~ Extender~ 0 78 20 4 1 03 15.8 `~
80% ~vol.) Tobacco ]

50% (vol ) Tobacco ] 0.58 17.5 0.66~ 13.1 *Total Particula~e Matter **As determined by standard procedure~ of Federal Trade Commission.

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1C~6~1~S
In addition to machine smoking under standard FTC conditions,' cigarettes containing 20% by volume of the shredded puffed rice were also smoked by expert panelists in comparison with an all tobacco control cigarette, The ma~ority of the pcmelists detected no difference in harshness~ oftaste or sldestream '~
aroma. ~' `'` '.
EXAMPLE 5 ' Onto 19 grams of shredded puffed wheat was sprayed ' 3 milliliters (20 percent by weight) of an aqueous calcium '~ 10 nitrate solution and 2.5 milliliters (20 percent by weight) of an aqueous potassium carbonate solution. The treated material `
was allowed to air-dry and was then made into 70-millimeter cigarettes using a small Hauni cigarette making machine and ~, Ecusta 853 paper. The average weight o~ the cigarettes was' 0.36 ,''~
gram and the average pressure drop across ~he 70-milliliter ''~
rod was 2.52 inches of water. The average number o pufs~
obtained from each cigarette when machine smoked under standard ~i -'~ FTC conditions was 4Ø
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;i ~ EXAMPLE 6 ,~
, 20 Bulk density measurements were made on whole,puffed -', ;, wheat which had been previously stored at 50 to 60% relative ,'~
, ' humidity until an equilibrium moisture content of 8 to 10%
was reached. The puffed wheat was then ground in a Waring ~ ' blender and sieved. Various particle sizes were collected '',~
~, : ..:
,~ 25 ~nd the bulk densities thereof ~ere determined by weighinga 50 cubic centimeter volume of uniformly packed material. '' ", The packing was accomplished by rapping the bot~om of the '~
!
container frequently during the packing operation so that the ,~
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106~95 particles settled evenly. No external pressure was applied~
~ to the mas~ of particles in making this measurement. The - densities of the materials retained on various mesh screens are shown in Table III. For comparison purposes, the densities of selected tobacco materials are shown in Table IV.

TABLE III
Material Retained on U.S.
Standard Sieve Series Bulk D~nsity No. 8 0.0487 g/cc No. 12 0.0491 g/cc No. 14 0,0557 g/cc `~
No. 16 0.0603 g/cc No. 20 0.0826 g/cc No. 30 0,0737 g/cc TABLE IV
~, ~
Sample Bulk Density Puffed Flue-Cured Tobacco* 0.07 glcc `
Reconstituted Tobacco O.l9~g/cc :
Commercial cigarette blend without casing or top dressing 0.11 g/cc *Puffed in accordance with U.S.
Patent No. 3,524,451 .. :~ :.,: :
.. 1 .. , These tests demonstrate that the pufed wheat smoking material is highly expanded and low in ~ulk density when com-, - :
pared to tobacco commonly used for filling cigarettes. , The filling capacity of puffed wheat was determined. ~`
The shredded puffed wheàt was cut in 32 shreds per inch and , ' - ' ;:, _ ~3 _ ~ ~
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A~. j ! ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' : , , '' ~"' ' ' `~ ' . ' ' ,' ' " , , ., , ' , ' , ' ' ~L~6~195 was very much like tobacco shreds.
In order to measure the ~llling capacity of a cigarette filler material, a measuring device is used which is essentially composed of a 100 milliliter graduated cylinder having an internal diameter of about 25 m:illimeters and a piston having a diameter of about 24 millimeters and weighing sbout 802.5 grams slidably positioned in the cylinder. A 3-gram sample of the material is pIaced in the cylinder and the `~
; piston positioned on it. The gravitationsl force--exerted by the piston corresponds to a pressure of about 2.3 pounds per . .
square inch. The filling value of the sample is the volume to which the 3-gram sample of the material in the cylinder is compressed after the weight of the piston has acted on it for ;
; a period of 3 minutes. This pressure corresponds closely to the pressure normalLy applied by the wrapping paper to the tobacco in cigarettes. By this procedure the filling capacity of the puffed wheat was found to be 48.3 milliliters per 3- ;
gram sample at a moisture content of 9.13%. ~ ;
:.
, Cigarettes were preparea from shredded puffed wheat by blending either 20% or 50% by volume of ~he shredded wheat with 80~/o or 50% by volume of a commercial cigarette tobacco, The tobacco-puffed wheat blend was then manufactured into ' cigarettes using Ecusta Ref. 853 paper. The resulting 65-~, 25 m~llimeter tobacco rods were combined with 20 millîmeters of I a 3.3/39,000 cellulose acetate filter and the fin;shed filter ~ ;
¦ cigarettes were smoked under standard FTC conditions to give ~he following results:
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106V~95 Rod Weight TPM* Nico~ine FTC** Tar Rod Composition(g.) _ ~m~.) (mg.) (mg,) All Tobacco0.86 22.8 1.23 17.3 80/o (vol ) Tobacco ~ 19.8 0.97 15,2 50%% (Vl ) EXbender3 0.56 18.() 0.64 13.2 *Total Particulate Matter **As determined by standard procedures of Federal Trade Commission.

~n addition to machine smoking under standard FTC conditions, cigarettes containing 20% by volume of the shredded puffed wheat were also smoked by expert panelists in comparison with ; an all tobacco control cigarette, The majority of the panelists detected no difference in harshness, offtaste or sidestream aroma. `
,:

Bulk density measurements were made on whole puffed millet which had been previously stored at 50 to 60% relative humidity until an equilibrium moisture content of 8 to 10%
was reached. The puffed millet was then ground in a Waring blender and sieved. Various particle sizes were collected and the bulk densities thereof were determined by weighing ;~
a 50 cubic centimeter volume of uniformly packed material.
The packing was accomplished by rapping the bottom of the container frequently during the packing operation so that the ~ `
particles settled evenly. No external pressure was applied to the mass of particles in making this measurement. The densities of the materials retained on various mesh screens ; 30 are shown in Table V. For comparison purposes, the densities of selected tobacco materials are shown in Table VI.
.

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1~6~9S ` ~
TABLE V
Material Retained on U.S.
Standard Sieve Series Bulk Density ;;~
No. 8 0.049 g/cc No. 12 0.050 g/cc No. 14 0.052 g/cc . , .. ,, " :- .
No. 16 0.049 g/cc `
No. 20 0.051 g/cc No. 30 0.055 g/cc .,~
. TABLE VI .
Sample Bulk Density :
. ~
Puffed Flue-Cured Tobacco* 0.07 g/cc : ~:
Reconstituted Tobacco 0.19 g/cc .:
Commercial cigarette bLend without : ' casing or top dressing 0.11 g/cc .
:. *Puffed in accordance with U.S.
patent No. 3,524,451 `~These tests demonstrate that the puffed millet smoking material is highly expanded and low in bulk density ;~
when compared to tobacco commonly used for filling cigarettes. ; :~;
' ' ,',, ': ' .
, , ~EXAMPLE 10 ~.
:'` The illing capacity of puffed millet was determined. ,:
.l I The shredded puffed mlllet was cut in 32 shreds per inch and was very much like tobacco shreds.
2~ In order to measure the filling capacity of a c~garette filler material, a measuring device is used which ~s essentially composed of a 100 milliliter graduated cylinder hav~ng an internal diameter of about 25 millime~ers and a ., l . , :
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.
; . . . . ..

106~)195 ~ ::
piston havlng a diameter of about 24 millimeters and weighing about 802.5 grams slidably positioned in the cylinder. A 3~
gram sample of the material is placed in the cylinder and the ~-piston positioned on it. The gravitational force exerted by the piston corresponds to a pressure of about 2.3 pounds per square inch. The filling value of ~he sample is the volume to which the 3-gram sample of the material in the cylinder is compressed after the weight of the piston has acted on it for ;
a period of 3 minutes. This pressure corresponds closely to the pressure normally applied by the wrapping paper to the - tobacco in cigarettes. By this procedure the filling capacity of the puffed millet was found to be 39.4 milliliters per 3-gram sample at a moisture content of 9.41%. ;~
'.:
, EXAMPLE 11 Cigarettes were prepared from shredded puffed millet by blending either 20% or 50% by volume of the shredded millet with 80% or 50% by volume of a commercial cigarette tobacco.
The tobacco-puffed millet blend was then manufactured into cigarettes using Ecusta Ref. 853 paper. The resulting 65-millimeter tobacco rods were combined with 20 millimeters of a 3.3/39,000 cellulose acetate filter and the finished filter cigarettes were smoked under standard FTC conditions to give the following results:

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Rod Weight TPM* Nicotine FTC** Tar Rod_Composition ~g.) (m~,) (mg,) ~ L~
All Tobacco 0.86 22.S 1.23 17.3 80% Tobacco ~ 0 75 21.2 1.02 16.0 50% Extender~ 0 58 19 7 70 14 5 50% Tobacco ~
*Total Particulate Matter **As determined by standard procedures of Federal Trade -Commission In addition to machine smoking under standard FTC conditions, , cigarettes containing 20% by volume of the shredded puffed `
millet were also smoked by expert panelists in comparison with `~
,; ;
an all tobacco control cigarette. The panelists found no ~ ~
difference in harshness but at least half of the panelists ~;
., j, i did detect some difference in taste of the mainstream smoke ~ ~
and in the sidestream aroma. `~ ;
., `, , Bulk density measurements were made on whole puffed .; ~ . , .
,20 milo which had been previously stored at 50 to 60% relative ;~
:, .
humidity until an equilibrium moisture content of 8 to 10% ;~ ~ .
was reached. The puffed milo was then ground in a Waring blender and sie~ed. Various particle sizes were collected ~ ~ ;
; and the bulk densities thereof were determined by weighing `~l 25 a 50 cubic centime~er volume of uniformly packed material.
'l The packing was accomplished by rapping the bottom of the ~ ;
container frequently during the packing operation so ~hat the ;~l particles settled evenly. No external pressure was applied to the mass of particles in making this measurement. The 30 densities of the materials retained on various mesh screens - are show~t in Table VII. For comparison purposes 9 the densities -, ~

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~ 60il95 ! ~
of selected tobacco materials are shown in Table VIII.
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TABLE VII 1~ ~
.~
Material Retained on U.S. : ~
. _ Standard Sieve Series Bulk Density ~ ;
; 5 No. 8 0.0417 g/cc .-~ No. 12 0.0399 g/cc ..
No. 14 0.. 0408 g/cc . No. 16 0.0418 g/cc ~ ~ .
No. 20 0.0448 g/cc .
. 10 No. 30 0.05L9 g/cc ,.;
.
TABLE VIII :
~E~ Bulk Densi~y Pu~fed Flue-Cured Tobacco* 0.07 g/cc , ~ .
~ Reconstituted Tobacco 0~19 g/cc : ;
. ~ , Commercial cigarette blend without ;:: :
casing or top dressing 0.11 g/cc :1 , ::
' *Puffed in accordance with U.S. ~ ~-:~l patent No. 3,524,451 ~
: ,;: .~ , These tests demonstrate that the puffed milo smoking .. ;':~ ;
material is highly expanded and low in bulk density when com~
`~ pared to tobacco commonly used for fllling cigarettes.

. EXAMPLE 13 .. The filling capacity of puffed milo was determined.
.: .
~ Puffed milo was~cut in 32 shreds per inch and was very much ... ~ . . .
i 25 like tobacco shreds with fines being first removed ~hrough the .1 - , .. .
.i use of a No. 14 U.S. Standard Sieve.
, ~ .
l In order to measure the filling capacity o a - 'i' ' .

,.~, .. .

.. , ~

. . ..

1~60~95 : ~

cigarette filler material, a measuring device is used which i5 essentially composed of a 100 milliliter graduated cylinder ~;
having an internal diameter of about 25 millimeters and a ;
piston having a diameter of about 24 milLimeters and weighing about 802.5 grams slidably positioned in the cylinder. A 3-gram sample of the material is placed in the cylinder and the piston positioned on it. The gravitational force exerted by ~`
the piston corresponds to a pressure of about 2.3 pounds per square inch, The filling value of the sample is the volume ;
~o which the 3-gram sample of the material in the cylinder is compressed after the weight of the piston has acted on it for a period of 3 minutes. This pressure corresponds closely to the pressure normally applied by the wrapping paper to the tobacco in cigarettes. By this procedure the filling capacity of the puffed milo was found to be 59 milliliters per 3-gram sample at a moisture content of 8.64%.

EXAMPLE 14 `~
Cigarettes were prepared from shredded puffed milo by blending either 20% or 50% by volume of the shredded milo with 80% or 50% by volume of a commercial cigarette tobacco.
j..
The tobacco-puffed milo blend was then manufactured into cigarettes using Ecusta Ref. 853 paper. The resulting 65-millimeter tobacco rods were combined with 20 millimeters of , a 3.3/39,000 cellulose acetate filter and the fînished filter - 25 cîgarettes were smoked under standard FTC condîtions to give the following results:

.... . .

, : , -,. : : :; , :

, ~6~1gS
Rod Weight TPM* Nlcotine FTC** Tar Rod Composition , (g~) (mg.~ (m~.~_ (m~
All Tobacco 0.83 23.1 1.32 17.8 20% (vol.) Extender}
80% (vol.) Tobacco ~ 0.71 21.0 1.05 15.8 50% (vol.) Extender~
50% (vol,) Tobacco ] 0.52 19.6 0.76 14.1 ;~ ;~
.-:; ... .
*Total Particulate Matter -~
**As determined by standard procedures of Federal Trade Commission. -~

In addition to machine smoking under standard FTC canditions, cigarettes containing 20% by volume of the shredded puffed milo -were also smoked by expert panelists in comparison with an all ;~
tobacco control cigarette. The majority of the panelists detected no difference in harshness, offtaste or sidestream aroma.
,. . .

EXAMP~E 15 ;
A solution of 1.73 grams of magnesium nitrate hexa~
hydrate in 5 milliliters of water was sprayed onto 19 grams of i shredded puffed milo. The puffed milo was then treated in a `
similar manner with a solution of 0.5 gram potassium carbonate in 4 milliliters of water. The treated puffed milo was allowed to air-dry and was then made into 70-millimeter cigarettes using a small Hauni cigarette making machine and Ecusta 853 paper. The average weight of the cigarettes was 0.28 gram and ~1 the average pressure drop across the 70-millimeter rod was 0.94 inch of water, The average number of puffs obtained 1 from each cigarettP when machine smoked under standard FTC~
``~ conditions (~.e., one 35-milliliter puff of 2-second duration ~1 30 every 60 seconds until a butt length of 23 millimeters is .~ :

; ~ . ., . .
:

. . - ~ .. . , ~ 6~95 reached) was 2.5.

Popped corn was ground on a Wiley mill with a 20 mesh screen in place. The ground popped corn which passed through the 20-mesh screen was collected and found to have a bulk density of 0.12 gram per cubic centimeter. It was observed that when unground or ground popped corn was ignited . ;~
. ~ . . . .
with a match, the resulting combustion was with flame and . .
no visible smoke. The ground, popped corn was mixed with a commercial cigarette tobacco blend in a 50-50 by volume pro-portion. This mixture was hand rolled into cigarettes These cigarettes were smoked and evaluated as del~vering Less smoke ~ `
and sting than similar all tobacco cigare~tes.

A hexane-extract of flue oured tobacco was obtained.
Following concentration of the extract by removal of the hexane, the extract was dissolved in ethanol and was applied to shredded ~
popcorn having a bulk density of 0.05 gram per cubic centimeter ``
The ethanol was then allowed to evaporate from the treated 20 popcorn The amount of extract obtained from 1 gram of tobacco was sprayed on 1 gram of shredded popcorn. The treated popcorn was blended with reconstituted tobacco made from tobacco fines.
The blend composition was 75% shredded popcorn and 25%, by volume, tobacco. Using this blend, cigarettes were made on a Haunibaby cigarette machine using Ecusta Ref 856 rod~paper.
Upon evaluation, smokers commented that the test cigarettes burned satisfactorily and were definitely smokable with a lower level of irritation ~han cigarettes composed entirely ' .

~ ~ 22 -.1 ~

1~6~)19S
of the reconstituted tobacco.
'. ~

Shredded popcorn having a bulk density of 0,05 gram per cubic centimeter was blended with a commercial pipe tobacco, One blend contained 12.5% shredded popcorn by volume and the other blend contained 25% (by volume~ shredded popcorn, Expert pipe smokers evaluated the blends with the ollowLng i`~
; comments~
No difference between the commercial pipe tobacco and the blend containing 12.5%
popcorn.
The blend with 25% popcorn seemed slightly milder but had no off-taste.
Both blends had less bite than the commercial ~`
pipe tobacco.
, .
Commercial cigarettes were cut open and ~he tobacco ;
was removed, A quantity of this tobacco, 171.4 grams, was ``-;~
extracted with ethyl alcohol with the alcohol being subsequently removed to yield 46.8 grams of extract. This extract was then ,~ put into solution with 500 milliliters of ethyl alcohol. Ap-proximately 55 milliliters of this extract in alcohol solution was mixed with 265 milliliters of ground popped corn. The 5i2e 0~ the gr~und popped corn was that which passed through a 10-mesh screen but was retained on a 20-mesh screen and its ~¦ measured bulk density was 0.065 gram per cubic centimeter.
, ., : : '~ `
I ~he alcohol was allowed to evaporate from the mixture over a ~, period o~ several days. This left a brown coating of tobacco ~' extract` on the ground popped corn.
~ 30 The coated popped corn was then mixed in a 50-50 by , ; ' ' ' _ 23 -... .
'`: `t ' 106~195 : :~ ~
';; . ~ :
volume proportion with the same commercial cigarette tobacco ~`
from which the extract was obtained. This mixture was rolled . . ; ~ .
into cigarettes on a Top hand-op~rated device, using Top ~ ~
;.~.
cigarette paper These cigarette rods were placed on cellulose acetate fiber filters. The completed cigarettes were panel tested and were found to be very smooth, non-irrita~ing, free from nasal sting and very flavorful.
'' ' ' ": ~;
"
EXAMPLE 20 `
Bulk density measurements were made on whole popped ` 10 corn which had been previously stored at 50 to 60% relative -~ humidity until an equilibrium moisture content of 8 to 10% `;~
' was reached. The popped corn was then ground in a Waring blender and sieved. Various particle sizes were collected and the bulk densities thereof were determined by weighing a 50 cubic centimeter volume of uniformly packed material.
The; packing was accomplished by rapping the bottom of the . ~,.
container frequently during the packing operation so that~the particles settled evenly. No external pressure was applied to the mass of particles in making this measurement. The -densities of the materials retained on various mesh screens ^
; ~ ., .
are shown in Table IX. For comparison purposes~ the densities .. , ~, .
of whole popped corn and selected tobacco materials are shown .
, in Table X.

. i ,. -:

,, .-.~, . ~
.'~ , ' . j .

.. ; ~ , ~ . . . .

, 6~1g5 T~BLE IX
Material Retained on U.S.
Standard Sieve Series Bulk Density ~ -,.
No. 8 0.0506 g/cc No. 12 0.0552 g/cc ; No. 14 0.0638 g/cc No. 16 0.0707 g/cc No. 20 0.0824 g/cc No. 30 O.lL81 g/cc ~ ~;

.
- TABLE X
' Sample - Bulk _ensity -~
~. . ':1 .
; Whole Popped Corn* 0.025 g/cc Puffed Flue-Cured Tobacco** 0.07 g/cc Reconstituted Tobacco 0.19 g/cc . .. .
Commercial cigarette blend without casing or top dressing 0.11 gtcC
.. 1 .
, *Determined on 4,000 cu~ic centimeter sample **Puffed in accordance with U.S.
patent No. 3,524,451 These tests demonstrate that the popcorn smoking material is highly expanded and low in bulk density when compared to tobacco commonly used for filling cigarettes, The filling capacity of two samples of popped corn was determined. One sample constituted 12-mesh particles and the other sample was shredded popped poycorn. The shredded `--~ popped popcorn was cut in 32 shreds per inch and was very much like tobacco shreds.
'~.
'''' ' , .~ , . .: .

. ' - .

~. . - . . . .

. ' ~ ..
, .~ .
In order to measure the filllng capacity of a ~, cigarette filler material, a measuring device is used which is essentially composed of a 100 milliliter graduated cylinder having an internal diameter of about 25 millimeters and a ~-~
S piston having a diameter of about 24 millimeters and weighing about 802.5 grams slidably positioned in the cylinder, A 3-gram sample of the material is placed in the cylinder and the piston positioned on it. The gravitational force exerted by the piston corresponds to a pressure of about 2.3 pounds per square inch. The filling value of the sample is the volume to which the 3-gram sample of the material in the cylinder is compressed after the weight of the piston has acted on it for a period of 3 minutes, This pressure corresponds closely to the pressure normally applied by the wrapping paper to the , 15 tobacco in cigarettes. The moisture content o~ the tobacco , affects the filling capacities determined by this method.
Therefore, comparative filling capacities were obeained~ at similar moisture contents, By this procedure the filling " ~-~
;! ;
capacity of the two samples of popped corn is shown in Table i 20 XI.
.
, TABLE XI ~ ~-2-Mesh Sample Shredded Sample Days Condi-

3 tioned at Filling Filling 65% Relative capacity capacity ~ -umidity % Moisture ml/3~ ~/O Moisture ml/3g ,, .
~ o 6.56 43.3 90~6 45.5 ~, 1 . .s,~

:30 3 8 . 64 46. 5 9. 85 44. 8 `~ 4 :9:. 75 45 . o 1~ . 76 44 . 3; 5 ., ~ ,.
1, , 7 . 3s 8 lo. 05 43 . 3 12 . 64 44. o :
.
, _ 26 -.` ..

.. . .

1~6`~
.
The results show that ~lthough percent moisture did increase over a period of 8 days, the filling capacity of the popped corn tobacco extender remained almost unchanged, Using the same test procedure, flue-cured tobacco o~ 12,6% moisture content which had been puffed (filling capacity increased) in accordance with U.S. patent No. 3,524,451 was found to have a . . .
filling capacity of about 29 ml/3g.

~XAMPLE 22 . .
Whole popped popcorn was shredded. The approximate ~ ;
size of the popcorn shreds obtained was as follows: Width - ;
.03 inch to .04 inch, thickness - .03 inch to .07 inch, length - .08 inch to ~70 inch. Bulk density of the shreds was 0,05 gram per cubic centimeter, The popcorn shreds were blended with a commercial cigarette tobacco in various proportions, Cigarettes were made on a Ha~nibaby cigarette making machine. The cigarette rod paper used was Ecusta Ref. 856. T~e rods were tipped ~, with a 20 millimeter length of 3.3/39,000 cellulose acetate - fiber filter. The completed cigarettes were 85 millimeters long and 25 millimeters in circumference. The following tablè -shows the blend composition and rod weight.
.
TABLE XII ;
% By Volume % By Volume ~` Sam~ POPCORN TOBAC~O Rod Wt. grams '' '' -'~ 1 0 100 .83-.87 2 6 94 .79-.83 ~'~
~ .
3 12.5 87.5 .74-.78

4 25 75 .66-.70 'l 5 50 5~ ~48-.5~
. .
.
:

.
., .......... -, ,~ .
-`:~, . ' .. , ~:

! ~ :
~6~L95 ~ 1?' ~

Taste tests were conducted on the blend containing all tobacco and on the blend conta~ning 12.5% ~by volume) popcorn. Smokers commented that there was no difference in j.
taste and that the popcorn blend was slightly milder.

E~AMPLE 23 Popped popcorn was obtained arld conditioned to ~ -~
!, . :
approximately 8.5% moisture and shredded. The shreds were ~ ;
approximately .05 inch x .45 inch with a bulk density of 0.05 gram per cubic centimeter. These shreds were blended with a commercial cigarette tobacco at various extender levels. -The rod paper was Ecusta Ref. 556. The rods were made to a .,, :::
;' length of 65 millimeters on the Haunibaby cigarette making machine. The rods were later tipped with 20 millimeters of 3,3/39,000 cellulose acetate filters.

Rod Specifications Volume % Extender *Rbd Weight (grams) 0 (All Tobacco) .83-.87 ;`~
~, 6.0 ~79~ ~3 `~ `
12.5 .74-.78 ~
25.0 .66-.70 `;
~.
50.0 .48-.52 `
`~ * 65 millimeter rod without filter - :
; . , . ~ :

.~ .
; . , .

~ - 28 - ~
; ~
:"~ :

. , .
, ~6(3~5 ~:

Smoke Analysis ~;
Nicotine** TPM* Water FTC** Tar Sample ~ m~ ~mg) (mg) All Tobacco 25.71.46 4.9 19.3 ~; 5 6% Extender 23.01.27 3.4 18.3 -, ., 12.5% Extender 21.51.08 3.8 16.7 25.0% Extender 20.6.92 3.9 15.8 50.0% Extender 18.2.55 3.7 13.9 *Total Particulate Matter **As determined by standard procedures of Federal ; Trade Commission.

A solution of 1.73 grams of magnesium nitrate hexa-hydrate in 5 milliliters of water was sprayed onto 19 grams of shredded popped popcorn. The popcorn was then treated in a similar manner with a solution of 0.5 gram potassium carbonate `
in 4 milliliters of water. The treated popconl was allowed to air-dry and was then made into 70-millimeter cigarettes using a small Hauni cigarette making machine and Ecusta 853 paper.
The average weight of the cigarettes was 0.38 gram and the ~`
average pressure drop across the 70-millimeter rod was 3.25 lnches of water. The average number of puffs obtained from , each cigarette when machine smoked under standard FTC condi-tions C~.e., one 35-milliliter puff of 2-second duration every 60 seconds until a butt length of 23 millimeters is reachedj ~i, was 4.2.

EXAMPLE 25 ;~
.
Bulk density measurements were made on puffed rye ~, which had been previously stored at 60% relative humidity .~ .
',:. ~ .

: ,:
.... , :
.~ , - . : ~ . . . :
.... . . . . . . .. .

h~i()l95 ~ ~

until an equilibrium moisture content of about 7% was reached.
The puffed rye was then ground in a Waring blender and sieved.
Various par icle sizes were collected and the bulk densities thereof were determined by weighing a 50 cubic centimeter `
: j, :
volume of uniformly packed material. The packing was accom-plished by rapping the bottom of the container frequently during the packing operation so that the particles settled ~-~
evenly. No external pressure was applied to the mass of particles in making this measurement. The densities o the materials retained on various mesh screens are shown in Table~
XIII. For comparison purposes, the densities of selected tobacco materials are shown in Table XIV. ; ;
~' TABLE XIII
Material Retained on U.S~
, 15 Standard Sieve Series Bulk Density No. 8 0.1050 g/cc No. 12 0.1108 g/cc No. 14 0.1057 g/cc No. 16 0.1237 g/cc No. 20 0,1322 g/cc No. 30 0.1315 g/cc ~ ~-TABLE XIV
Sample Bulk Density , i Puffed Flue-Cured Tobacco* 0.07 g/cc Reconstituted Tobacco 0.19 g/cc Commercial cigarette blend withou~
casing or top dressing 0.11 g/cc *Puffed in accordance with U.S.
; Patent No. 3,524,451 .

:
~ 30 -9S i;~ ;-~,` "~, , :, ~ ",,j.:
.j , `~

The filling capacity o puffed rye was determined, The shredded puffed rye was cut in 32 shreds per inch and was . ~ :
very much like tobacco shreds.
In order to measure the filling capacity of a `
, cigarette filler material, a measuring device is used which ,~
-, is essentially composed of a 100 milliliter graduated cylinder having an internal diameter of about 25 millimeters and a piston having a diameter of about 24 millimeters and weighing about 802~5 grams slidably positioned in the cyllnder, ~3-gram sample of the material is placed in the cylinder and the piston positioned on it, The gravitational force exerted by the piston corresponds to a pressure of about 2,3 pounds per ` ~ ;
~ square inch. The filling value of the sample is the vo;lume ~
i 15 to which the 3-gram sample of the material in the cylinder is ~ ~ compressed after the weight of the piston has acted on it for ;3 ~ a perLod of 3 minutes. This pressure corresponds closely to the pressure normally applied by the wrapping paper to the ~, ~ tobacco in cigarettes, By this procedure the filling capacity "
'~ ~0 of the puffed rye was found to be 31.5 milliliters per 3-gram ~ `
~j~ sample at a moisturP content of 7~ 58~/o~

;EXAMPLE 27 Cigarettes were prepared from shredded puffed rye~
by blending either 20% or 50% by volume of the shredded rye !~ 25 with 80% or 50~/O by volume of a commercial cigarette~tobacco, ;

: :
., . ~.
.. . .
., ~ 31 ~ ~

~06~95 , The tobacco-puffed rye blend was then manufactured into cigarettes using Ecusta Ref. 853 paper. The resulting 65- `~
- millimeter tobacco rods were combined with 20 millimeters ofa 3.3/39,000 cellulose acetate filter and the finished filter -;
cigarettes were smoked under standard FTC conditions to give -the following results~

Rod Composition Rod Weight TPM* Nicotine FTC** Tar (Rod length: 65 mm) in grams (mg~) (mg.3 (mg.) , All Tobacco 0.89 25.1 1.33 l8.9 20% (vol.) Puffed Rye~0 79 23.2 1.11 17.8 80% (vol.) Tobacco ]
;~ 50~/O (vol,) Puffed Rye] 0.63 21.8 .79 16~0 ~ 50/O ~vol.) Tobacco ,' *Total Particulate Matter **As determined by standard procedures of Federal Trade Commission, -l Cigarettes containing 20% by ~olume of the shredded ~l puffed rye were smoked by expert panelists in comparison with i an all tobacco control cigarette. Forty percent o the panel-ists indicated a preference for the rye-containing cigarettes while 35% expressed the opinion that the rye-containing cigarettes were milder and had better over-all flavor.

:' '1 EXAMPLE 28 Bulk density measurements were made on puffed oats which had been previously stored at 60% relative humidity until an equilibrium moisture content of about 6.5% was reached.
~` The puffed oats were then ground in a Waring blender and sieved. Various particle sizes were collected and the bulk ~, densities thereof were determined by weighing a 50 cubic ` 30 centimeter volume of uniformly packed material. The packing ;~ .
, ' . . . ~ .
. . .

.~ ~........................... " , , , . ~

106~L~S
was accomplished by rapping the bottom of the container frequently during the packing operation so that the particles settled evenly. No external pressure was applied to the mass . :~
of particles in making this measurement. The densities of the materials retained on various mesh screens are shown in Table XV. For comparison purposes, the densities of selected ;
tobacco mater;als are shown in Table XVI. ~;

TABLE XV
~aterial Retained on U.S. --Standard Sieve Series ~ y ~ :
No. 8 0.1197 g/cc .
No. 12 0.1258 g/cc No. 14 0,1292 g/cc No. 16 0,1286 g/cc ;:
No. 20 . 0.1388 g/cc i ~:
No. 30 0~1388 g/cc ~

TAB~E XVI . ~;-Sam le Bulk Density `i:
P '~ , Puffed Flue-Cured Tobacco* 0.07 gtcc ;:::
Reconstituted Tobacco 0.19 g/cc Commercial cigarette blend without :
casing or top dressing 0.11 g/cc ':, ' :
I *Puffed in accordance with U.S.
:~ patent No. 3,524,451 :
,';`. - ',' . . - .
., .. ,. . '~
:, . .

, .
:.... ~ . :

: 33 ~ ~:
:'`',, ' ~.
... .
. . . ... .
. ~ . , . . . . iC: ' .' :. - : . : .
.. . .
. :.. : -: - :: .. . -. ... :

,, IE 9 The filling capacity of pufed oats was determined.
~. -The shredded puffed oats were cut in 32 shreds per inch and ~
,. ~
.
were very much like tobacco shreds. ` ;, In order to measure the filling capacity of a cigarette filler material, a measuring device is used which is essentially composed of a 100 milliliter graduated cylinder - having an internal diameter of about 25 millimeters and a . ~ :
piston having a diameter of about 24 millimeters and weighing `
about 802.5 grams slidably positioned in the cylinder. A 3-gram sample of the material is placed i~ the cylinder and the piston positioned on it, The gravitational force exerted by ~ :
the piston corresponds to a pressure of about 2.3 pounds per square inch, The filling value of the sample is the volume to which the 3-gram sample of the material in the cylinder is , compressed after the weight of the piston has acted on it for 1 a period of 3 minutes. This pressure corresponds closely to ;~
..
. the pressure normally applied by the wrapping paper~to the tobacco in cigarettes. By this procedure the illing capacity . -of the puffed oats was found to be 26.5 milliliters per 3-gram ', sample at a moisture content of 7.52%, `;
I . ~

Cigsrettes were prepared from shredded puffed oats :.:
by blending either 20% or: 50% by volume of the shreddéd oats with 80% or S0% by volume of a commercial cigarette tobacco, The tobacco-puffed oats blend was then ma~uactured into cigarettes using Ecusta Ref. 853 paper, The resulting 65-~, millimeter tobacco rods were combined with 20 millimeters of .
,.~ a 3,3/39,000 cellulose acetate filter and the finished filter ~`
i: :

1 - - 34 - ~
::
:i .

... . . , . - .

1060~95 ~

`
cigarettes were smoked under standard FTC conditions to give the following results~
,- :
Rod CompositionRod Weight TPM* Nicotine FTC** Tar (Rod length: 65 mm~ in grams (mg-) (m,~ (mg-~
All Tobacco 0.89 25.1 1.33 18.9 80%% (Vool ) TUobfacecdooats] 0.80 23.~ 1.17 1~ 5 '`i' 50% (vol ) TUobfaceco ~, 0,6 24,,',5 0.98 19.0 *I'otal Particulate Matter *~As determined by standard procedures of Federal Trade ~;
~Commission. -~

Cigarettes containing 20% by volume of the shredded ~ ;~
' puffed oats were smoked by expert panelists in comparison with -1.5 an all tobacco control cigarette. Although a majorlty of the panelists regarded the all tobacco cigarette as having better over-all flavor, the oats-containing cigarettes were adjudged .~ :
~, to be milder by 40% of the panelists while 25% detected no ~ ~
~. .
~;, difference in mildness. Thirty-five percent of the panelists , 20 indicated either a preference for the test cigarette or no difference betwaen the test and control as to which was pre-ferred. -~
~:
' EXAMPLE,, 31 ~ . , ,";
, Bulk density measurements were made on puffed barley `s 25 which had been previously stored at 60% relative humidity until ~-'~ an equilibrium moisture content of about 5% was reached. The puffed barley was then ground in a Waring blender and sieved.
~ Various particle sizes were collected and the bulk densLties 3 thereof were determined by weighing a 50 cubic centimeter ~, 30 volume of uniformly packed material. The packing was I :

. . .
, :
_ 35 ': ' ' lO~iO~9S
accomplished by rapping the bottom of the container frequently during the paclcing operation so that the particles settled evenly. No external pressure was applied to the mass of particles in making this measurement. The densities of the materials retained on various mesh screens are shown in Table .
XVII. For comparison purposes, the densities of selected ~;
tobacco materials are shown in Table XVIII.
, TABLE XVII
Material Retained on U.S. ~ :~
Standard Sieve Series Bulk Density No. 8 0.1360 g/cc No. 12 . 0.1357 g/cc No. 14 0.1366 g/cc No. 16 0.1420 g/cc . `.
No. 20 0.1479 g/cc ', No. 30 0.1723 g/cc TABLE XVIII
" ~ . .:
Sample Bulk Density Puffed Flue-Cured Tobacco* 0.07 g/cc ~ ~ :
Reconstituted Tobacco 0.19 g~cc Commercial cigarette blend without , casing or top dressing 0.11 g/cc ., , ' *Puffed in accordance with U.S. ~:
~, patent No. 3,524,451 '" ' ' ' ';
` -:' . :
;~
, . , ~, - 36 - ~
~;

., ,.. . ~ . , ; ,~ i ... , . .. - - ` ., - , .
~..... - . ~. . .. .

:
~060~L95 EXAMPLE 32 ~`
The filling capacity of puffed barley was determined. i`
The shredded puffed barley was cut in 32 shreds per inch and `
was very much like tobacco shreds.
In ordcr to measure the filling capacity of a cigarette filler material, a measuring device is used which `
is essentially composed of a 100 milliliter graduated cylinder having an internal diameter of about 25 millimeters and a piston having a diameter of about 24 milLimeters and weighing `
about 802.5 grams slidably positioned in the cylinder. A 3~
, .
gram sample of the material is placed in the cylinder and the piston positioned on it. The gravltational force exerted by the piston corresponds to a pressure of about 2.3 pounds per square inch. The filling value of the sample is the volume to which the 3-gram sample of the material in the cylinder is ' compressed after the weight of the piston has acted on it for a period of 3 minutes. This pressure corresponds closely to the pressure ~ormally applied by the wrapping paper to the tobacco in cigarettes. By this procedure the filling capacity of the puffed barley was found to be 22.8 milliliters per 3- -gram sample at a moisture content of 6.26%.

. . ~
EXAMPLEt 33 ~, Cigarettes were prepared from shredded puffed barley by blending either 20% or 50% by volume of the shredded~barley ~
1 25 with 80% or 50% by volume of a eommercial cigarette tobacco. ~i -~itt -~ The tobacco-puffed barley bIend was then manufactured~into `--;~ cigarettes using Ecusta Ref. 853 paper, The resulting 65-, millimeter tobacco rods were combined with 20 mill~imeters of "`~
.~ a 3,3/39,000 cellulose acetate filter and the finished~filter ~' ,' :~

;:.
. . - .
~. ~ 37 ~ -: . .:
?~
....

1060~195 ~

cigarettes were smoked under standard FTC conditions to give the following results:

Rod Composition Rod Weight TPM* Nicotine FTC~'~ Tar (Rod length: 65 mm) in grams (mg~ ~2~
All Tobacco 0.88 23.5 1.29 18.2 20% (vol.) Puffed Barley ~ 0.80 22.9 1.10 18.1 , 50% (vol.) 50% (vol.) Tobacco 3 o 68 23.5 0.86 1~.0 *Total Particulate matter **As determined by standard procedures of Federal Trade Commission, Cigarettes containing 20% by volume of the shredded pufed barley were smoked by expert panelists in comparison with an all tobacco control cigarette. Forty percent of the panelists expressed a preference for the barley-containing cigarette and half of the panelists stated that the barley- ;~
,, .
containing cigarette was milder while 15% of the panelists detected no difference in mildness.
;~
, Triticale is a known hybrid derived by combining wheat (genus Triticum) and rye ~genus Secale).
,.
., ~.

Bulk density measurements were made on puffed ~ triticale which had been previously stored at 60% rela~ive v humidity until an equilibrium moisture content of about 8%
:: :
was reached, The pufed triticale was then ground in a Waring blender and sieved. Various particle sizes were collected ., .
and the bulk densities thereof were determined by weighing . :
' ~' ; ' ''` ~
,`,'- , ', .
, . . . .. .
.
.

~8~03L95 ~ ~

a 50 cubic centimeter volume of uniformly packed material.
The packing was accomplished by rapping the bottom of the ``
container frequently during the packing operation so that the particles settled evenly. No external pressure was applied to the mass of particles in making this measurement. The dens;ties of the materials retained on various mesh screens are shown in Table XIX. For comparison purposes, the densities ; of selected tobacco materials are showr in Table XX.
.' `~. ' TABLE XIX -Material Retained on U.S.
Standard Sieve Series Bulk Density : No. 8 0.0673 g/cc -~
No. 12 0.0579 g/cc No. 14 0.0769 g/cc ;
No. 16 0.0791 g/cc No. 20 0.0842 g/cc No. 30 0.0871 g/cc ~;~

~ TABLE XX `~
.-J Sample Bulk Densit~y Puffed Flue-Cured Tobacco* 0.07 g/cc Reconstituted Tobacco 0.19 g/cc Commercial cigarette blend without ' casing or top dressing 0.11 g/cc '', .
J *Puffed in accordance with U.S.
patent No, 3,524,451 3~ These tests demonstra~e that the puffed triticale ~ ;~
'l smoking material is~highly expanded and low in bulk density - -;1 when compared to tobacco commonly used for filling cigarettes.
,' . `': .

: , .
' ., :, ~ . . . .

~ )19S ~: ~
EXAMPLE_35 The filling capacity of puffed triticale was deter- `
mined, The shredded puffed triticale was cut in 32 shreds per inch and was ~ery much like tobacco shrecls.
In order to measure the filli~lg capacity of a cigarette filler material, a measuring device is used which is essentially composed of a lO0 milliliter graduated cylinder having an internal diameter of about 25 millimeters and a piston having a diameter of about 24 millimeters and weighing about 802,5 grams slidably positioned in the cylinder, A 3~
gram sample of the material is placed in the cylinder and the piston positioned on it, The gravitational force e~erted by the piston corresponds to a pressure of about 2.3 pounds per ;
square inch, The filling value of the sample is the volume to which the 3-gram sample of the material in the cylinder is compressed after the weight of the piston has acted on it for ~, a period of 3 minutes, This pressure correspor.ds closely to the pressure normally applied by the wrapping paper to the ' tobacco in cigarettes, By this procedure the filling capacity o~ the puffed triticale was found to be ~2,4 milliliters per 3-gram sample at a moisture content of 8,30%, . . ;' ~
ii EXAMPLE 36 ~
.
Cigarettes were prepared rom shredded pued ~`-..
triticale by blending either 20% or 50% by volume of the shredded triticale with 80% or 50% by volume of a commercial cigarette tobacco, The tobacco-puffed triticale blend was then manufactured into cigarettes using Ecusta Ref, 853 paper, ~, The resulting 65-millimeter tobacco rods were combined with 20 millimeters of a 3,3/39,000 cellulose acetate filter and ..

- 40 - ~
. ~

1060~5 the finished filter cigarettes were smoked under standard FTC
conditions to give the following results~

Rod Composition Rod Weight TPM* Nicotine FTC** Tar (Rod length: 65 mm~in grams ~ g,) ~m~.) All Tobacco 0.89 23.4 1.29 17.7 20% (vol.) ; 80~/PU(vold)TToblccale] 0 77 21.7 1.09 16.8 50% (vol.) Puffed Triticale~
50% (vol.) Tobacco ~ 0 59 20.2 0.76 15.2 *Total Particulate Matter **As determined by standard procedures of Federal Trade Commission ~-~
., ' : ' Cigarettes containing 20~/o by volume of the shredded puffed triticale were smoked by expert panelists in comparison with an all tobacco control cigarette, Forty-five percent of the panelists indicated either a preference for the triticale~
containing cigarette or no difference between the test and ~ 20 control cigarettes as far as preference was concerned. Thirty~
-, five percent of the panelists declared that the test cigarette ;
was milder while 25% detected no difference in mildness.
Better over-all flavor was attributed to the test cigarettes by 30~/0 of the panelists.

:', .. :
The use of the expanded materials disclosed herein with tobacco to produce useful products possesses numerous ' advantages. Thus, use thereof permits a significant reduction -~
i~ in the utilization of tobacco. Not only is the use of less tobacco in a ~obacco product obviously advantageous from an economic standpoint~ but the reduction of nicotine in such ;~
products may be highly desirable. The reduction o so-called ` . ' ,~ ~ ' :. . ,, . . -. . ~ . ~ , ... . i ~,. , , ,, , .. , . . ;

~ C~6V~L95 "tars" may also be realized through the use of the expanded grain materials in smoking products since particulate matter produced per unit volume of expanded material is generally less than that for tobacco. The nicotine-free expanded grain materials, when blended with tobacco, do not cause adverse effects on the quality of the final product. The expanded grains are easily processed, readily available at relatively low cost and do not detract from the taste or aroma of`the ;
tobacco product. The expanded grain materials are non-friable in nature, do not collapse as a cigarette is smoked nor do they hinder combustion or puffing of cigarettes in which they ; - are employed.
. .
- Those modifications and equivalents which fall ' within the spirit of the invention are to be considered a :~ .
part thereof.
.~ WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:
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Claims (38)

THE EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION IN WHICH AN EXCLUSIVE
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:

1. A smoking material which contains a comminuted expanded cereal grain in combination with tobacco or a flavourant additive, said cereal grain being in a form resembling cut cigarette filler tobacco or cut pipe tobacco.

2. A smoking material in accordance with Claim 1 wherein the said expanded cereal grain is in the form of shreds.

3. A smoking material in accordance with Claim 1 wherein the com-minuted expanded cereal grain is in combination with tobacco.

4. A smoking material in accordance with Claim 3 wherein the said expanded cereal grain is employed in an amount up to 50% by volume of the tobacco.

5. A smoking material in accordance with Claim 1, 2 or 3 wherein the expanded cereal grain is popped corn.

6. A smoking material in accordance with Claim 1, 2 or 3 wherein the expanded cereal grain is puffed rice.

7. A smoking material in accordance with Claim 1, 2 or 3 wherein the expanded cereal grain is puffed rye.

8. A smoking material in accordance with Claim 1, 2, or 3 wherein the expanded cereal grain is puffed wheat.

9. A smoking material in accordance with Claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein the expanded cereal grain is puffed millet.

10. A smoking material in accordance with Claim 1, 2 or 3 wherein the expanded cereal grain is puffed oats.

11. A smoking material in accordance with Claim 1, 2 or 3 wherein the expanded cereal grain is puffed milo.

12. A smoking material in accordance with Claim 1, 2 or 3 wherein the expanded cereal grain is puffed barley.

13. A smoking material in accordance with Claim 1, 2 or 3 wherein the expanded cereal grain is puffed triticale.

14. A cigarette whose filler contains a comminuted expanded cereal grain in combination with tobacco or a flavourant additive, said cereal grain being in a form resembling cut cigarette filler tobacco.

15. A cigarette in accordance with Claim 14 wherein the said expanded cereal grain is in the form of shreds.

16. A cigarette in accordance with Claim 14 wherein the comminuted expanded cereal grain is in combination with tobacco.

17. A cigarette in accordance with Claim 16 wherein the said expanded cereal grain is employed in an amount up to 50% by volume of the tobacco.

18. A cigarette in accordance with Claim 14, 15 or 16 wherein the expan-ded cereal grain is popped corn.

19. A cigarette in accordance with Claim 14, 15 or 16 wherein the expan-ded cereal grain is puffed rice.

20. A cigarette in accordance with Claim 14, 15 or 16 wherein the expan-ded cereal grain is puffed rye.

21. A cigarette in accordance with Claim 14, 15 or 16 wherein the expan-ded cereal grain is puffed wheat.

22. A cigarette in accordance with Claim 14, 15 or 16 wherein the expan-ded cereal grain is puffed millet.

23. A cigarette in accordance with Claim 14, 15 or 16 wherein the expan-ded cereal grain is puffed oats.

24. A cigarette in accordance with Claim 14, 15 or 16 wherein the expan-ded cereal grain is puffed milo.

25. A cigarette in accordance with Claim 14, 15 or 16 wherein the expan-ded cereal grain is puffed barley.

26. A cigarette in accordance with Claim 14, 15 or 16 wherein the expan-ded cereal grain is puffed triticale.

27. A process of preparing a cigarette which comprises wrapping with a cigarette paper a filler material containing a comminuted expanded cereal grain in combination with tobacco or a flavourant additive, said cereal grain being in a form resembling cut cigarette filler tobacco.

28. A process in accordance with Claim 27, wherein the said expanded cereal grain is in the form of shreds.

29. A process in accordance with Claim 27 wherein said filler material also contains tobacco.

30. A process in accordance with Claim 27, 28 or 29 wherein the ex-panded cereal grain is popped corn.

31. A process in accordance with Claim 27, 28 or 29 wherein the ex-panded cereal grain is puffed rice.

32. A process in accordance with Claim 27, 28 or 29 wherein the ex-panded cereal grain is puffed rye.

33. A process in accordance with Claim 27, 28 or 29 wherein the ex-panded cereal grain is puffed wheat.

34. A process in accordance with Claim 27, 28 or 29 wherein the ex-panded cereal grain is puffed millet.

35. A process in accordance with Claim 27, 28 or 29 wherein the ex-panded cereal grain is puffed oats.

36. A process in accordance with Claim 27, 28 or 29 wherein the ex-panded cereal grain is puffed milo.

37. A process in accordance with Claim 27, 28 or 29 wherein the ex-panded cereal grain is puffed barley.

38. A process in accordance with Claim 27, 28 or 29 wherein the ex-panded cereal grain is puffed triticale.