BR9608088A - Processo para melhorar a combustão de combustível e/ou melhorar a oxidação de produtos carbonáceos derivados da combustão ou pirólise do combustível e uso de uma combinação de complexos organometálicos - Google Patents
Processo para melhorar a combustão de combustível e/ou melhorar a oxidação de produtos carbonáceos derivados da combustão ou pirólise do combustível e uso de uma combinação de complexos organometálicosInfo
- Publication number
- BR9608088A BR9608088A BR9608088A BR9608088A BR9608088A BR 9608088 A BR9608088 A BR 9608088A BR 9608088 A BR9608088 A BR 9608088A BR 9608088 A BR9608088 A BR 9608088A BR 9608088 A BR9608088 A BR 9608088A
- Authority
- BR
- Brazil
- Prior art keywords
- improving
- fuel combustion
- pyrolysis
- oxidation
- combination
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C10L1/192—Macromolecular compounds
- C10L1/198—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic acid, of carbonic acid
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/30—Organic compounds compounds not mentioned before (complexes)
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/143—Organic compounds mixtures of organic macromolecular compounds with organic non-macromolecular compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
- C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
- C10L10/02—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for reducing smoke development
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
- C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
- C10L10/06—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for facilitating soot removal
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
- F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
- F01N3/023—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles
- F01N3/029—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles by adding non-fuel substances to exhaust
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M27/00—Apparatus for treating combustion-air, fuel, or fuel-air mixture, by catalysts, electric means, magnetism, rays, sound waves, or the like
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/16—Hydrocarbons
- C10L1/1625—Hydrocarbons macromolecular compounds
- C10L1/1633—Hydrocarbons macromolecular compounds homo- or copolymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to carbon unsaturated bonds
- C10L1/1641—Hydrocarbons macromolecular compounds homo- or copolymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to carbon unsaturated bonds from compounds containing aliphatic monomers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C10L1/1814—Chelates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C10L1/182—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof
- C10L1/1828—Salts thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C10L1/188—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof
- C10L1/1881—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof carboxylic group attached to an aliphatic carbon atom
- C10L1/1883—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof carboxylic group attached to an aliphatic carbon atom polycarboxylic acid
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/30—Organic compounds compounds not mentioned before (complexes)
- C10L1/301—Organic compounds compounds not mentioned before (complexes) derived from metals
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/30—Organic compounds compounds not mentioned before (complexes)
- C10L1/305—Organic compounds compounds not mentioned before (complexes) organo-metallic compounds (containing a metal to carbon bond)
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Emergency Medicine (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Solid Fuels And Fuel-Associated Substances (AREA)
- Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)
- Processes For Solid Components From Exhaust (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GBGB9508248.3A GB9508248D0 (en) | 1995-04-24 | 1995-04-24 | Process |
| PCT/GB1996/000991 WO1996034075A1 (en) | 1995-04-24 | 1996-04-24 | Synergistic process for improving combustion |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| BR9608088A true BR9608088A (pt) | 1999-02-23 |
Family
ID=10773395
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| BR9608088A BR9608088A (pt) | 1995-04-24 | 1996-04-24 | Processo para melhorar a combustão de combustível e/ou melhorar a oxidação de produtos carbonáceos derivados da combustão ou pirólise do combustível e uso de uma combinação de complexos organometálicos |
Country Status (10)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US5912190A (pt) |
| EP (1) | EP0847434A1 (pt) |
| JP (1) | JPH11504356A (pt) |
| KR (1) | KR19990008032A (pt) |
| AU (1) | AU707129B2 (pt) |
| BR (1) | BR9608088A (pt) |
| CA (1) | CA2219029A1 (pt) |
| GB (1) | GB9508248D0 (pt) |
| WO (1) | WO1996034075A1 (pt) |
| ZA (1) | ZA963277B (pt) |
Families Citing this family (29)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB9622026D0 (en) * | 1996-10-24 | 1996-12-18 | Ass Octel | Fuel additives |
| GB2321906A (en) * | 1997-02-07 | 1998-08-12 | Ethyl Petroleum Additives Ltd | Fuel additive for reducing engine emissions |
| DE69907138T2 (de) * | 1998-01-15 | 2004-02-19 | The Associated Octel Co. Ltd. | Brennstoffzusätze |
| GB2355943B (en) * | 1999-11-03 | 2004-03-03 | Johnson Matthey Plc | Improvements in pollution control |
| JP3258646B2 (ja) * | 1999-12-17 | 2002-02-18 | 三菱重工業株式会社 | 排ガス中の微粒子除去装置及び方法 |
| FR2809765B1 (fr) * | 2000-06-06 | 2002-10-18 | Certam Ct D Etude Et De Rech T | Procede de regeneration d'un filtre a particules et dispositif permettant la mise en oeuvre du procede |
| WO2002048293A1 (en) * | 2000-12-12 | 2002-06-20 | Ethyl Corporation | Ultra-low sulfur fuel compositions containing organometallic additives |
| US20040040201A1 (en) * | 2001-12-12 | 2004-03-04 | Roos Joseph W | Ultra-low sulfur fuel compositions containing organometallic additives |
| US20030226312A1 (en) * | 2002-06-07 | 2003-12-11 | Roos Joseph W. | Aqueous additives in hydrocarbonaceous fuel combustion systems |
| US20040074140A1 (en) * | 2002-10-16 | 2004-04-22 | Guinther Gregory H. | Method of enhancing the operation of a diesel fuel combustion after treatment system |
| US6971337B2 (en) * | 2002-10-16 | 2005-12-06 | Ethyl Corporation | Emissions control system for diesel fuel combustion after treatment system |
| DE602004005107T2 (de) * | 2003-07-02 | 2007-06-28 | Haldor Topsoe A/S | Verfahren und Filter zur katalytischen Behandlung von Dieselabgasen |
| US20050011413A1 (en) * | 2003-07-18 | 2005-01-20 | Roos Joseph W. | Lowering the amount of carbon in fly ash from burning coal by a manganese additive to the coal |
| US7101493B2 (en) * | 2003-08-28 | 2006-09-05 | Afton Chemical Corporation | Method and composition for suppressing coal dust |
| EP1512736B2 (en) | 2003-09-05 | 2025-12-17 | Infineum International Limited | Stabilised diesel fuel additive compositions |
| US7332001B2 (en) * | 2003-10-02 | 2008-02-19 | Afton Chemical Corporation | Method of enhancing the operation of diesel fuel combustion systems |
| US20050091913A1 (en) * | 2003-10-29 | 2005-05-05 | Aradi Allen A. | Method for reducing combustion chamber deposit flaking |
| US7543445B2 (en) * | 2004-10-19 | 2009-06-09 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Methods for regeneration and performance of a particulate filter of an internal combustion engine |
| US20060156620A1 (en) * | 2004-12-23 | 2006-07-20 | Clayton Christopher W | Fuels for compression-ignition engines |
| DOP2006000086A (es) * | 2005-04-12 | 2006-10-31 | Shell Int Research | Uso de una composicion de combustible |
| US20110094457A1 (en) * | 2009-09-11 | 2011-04-28 | Geo Firewall Sarl | System for regulating a hydrocarbon combustion process using a substantially stoichiometric mix of hydrogen and oxygen |
| US20110094459A1 (en) * | 2009-09-11 | 2011-04-28 | Geo Firewall Sarl | Regulating a hydrocarbon combustion process using a set of data indicative of hydrocarbon fuel consumed corresponding to a monitored engine operating characteristic |
| US20110094878A1 (en) * | 2009-09-11 | 2011-04-28 | Geo Firewall Sarl | Product gas generator for producing a substantially stoichiometric mix of hydrogen and oxygen |
| US20110100803A1 (en) * | 2009-09-11 | 2011-05-05 | Geo Firewall Sarl | System for producing a substantially stoichiometric mix of hydrogen and oxygen using a plurality of electrolytic cells |
| US20110094456A1 (en) * | 2009-09-11 | 2011-04-28 | Geo Firewall Sarl | System for increasing the level of completion of diesel engine hydrocarbon combustion |
| US20110094458A1 (en) * | 2009-09-11 | 2011-04-28 | Geo Firewall Sarl | System to dynamically vary the volume of product gas introduced into a hydrocarbon combustion process |
| KR101246879B1 (ko) * | 2010-11-08 | 2013-03-25 | 오미혜 | 복합 금속착이온화합물을 포함하는 액상 연소촉매 조성물 |
| CN109503663B (zh) * | 2018-12-25 | 2020-11-27 | 萧县新秀新材料有限公司 | 一种双(2,6-二叔丁基-4-甲基苯基)季戊四醇亚磷酸酯的工业化生产方法 |
| WO2024016087A1 (en) * | 2022-07-22 | 2024-01-25 | Katal Energy Inc. | Fuel additive compositions and additive-modified fuel compositions |
Family Cites Families (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CA1218349A (en) * | 1983-10-17 | 1987-02-24 | Gwan Kim | Catalyst with high geometric surface area |
| US4670020A (en) * | 1984-12-24 | 1987-06-02 | Ford Motor Company | Carbon ignition temperature depressing agent and method of regenerating an automotive particulate trap utilizing said agent |
| GB8516420D0 (en) * | 1985-06-28 | 1985-07-31 | Ontario Research Foundation | Diesel particulate traps |
| US5304783A (en) * | 1986-03-24 | 1994-04-19 | Ensci, Inc. | Monolith heating element containing electrically conductive tin oxide containing coatings |
| US5584894A (en) * | 1992-07-22 | 1996-12-17 | Platinum Plus, Inc. | Reduction of nitrogen oxides emissions from vehicular diesel engines |
| GB2248068A (en) * | 1990-09-21 | 1992-03-25 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc | Oil compositions and novel additives |
| US5344467A (en) * | 1991-05-13 | 1994-09-06 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Organometallic complex-antioxidant combinations, and concentrates and diesel fuels containing same |
| DE4423003C2 (de) * | 1993-07-06 | 1999-01-21 | Ford Werke Ag | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Reduzieren von NO¶x¶ in den Abgasen von Kraftfahrzeugverbrennungsmotoren |
| DE69425972T2 (de) * | 1993-07-12 | 2001-05-23 | Clean Diesel Technologies Inc., Stamford | Methode zum herabsetzen von nox-emissionen und von teilchen aus einem dieselmotor |
| GB9315974D0 (en) * | 1993-08-02 | 1993-09-15 | Ass Octel | Fuel additives |
| US5404841A (en) * | 1993-08-30 | 1995-04-11 | Valentine; James M. | Reduction of nitrogen oxides emissions from diesel engines |
-
1995
- 1995-04-24 GB GBGB9508248.3A patent/GB9508248D0/en active Pending
-
1996
- 1996-04-24 US US08/945,351 patent/US5912190A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1996-04-24 WO PCT/GB1996/000991 patent/WO1996034075A1/en not_active Ceased
- 1996-04-24 ZA ZA9603277A patent/ZA963277B/xx unknown
- 1996-04-24 JP JP8532270A patent/JPH11504356A/ja active Pending
- 1996-04-24 AU AU54051/96A patent/AU707129B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1996-04-24 KR KR1019970707556A patent/KR19990008032A/ko not_active Withdrawn
- 1996-04-24 CA CA002219029A patent/CA2219029A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1996-04-24 EP EP96911049A patent/EP0847434A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1996-04-24 BR BR9608088A patent/BR9608088A/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| ZA963277B (en) | 1997-02-06 |
| EP0847434A1 (en) | 1998-06-17 |
| AU707129B2 (en) | 1999-07-01 |
| US5912190A (en) | 1999-06-15 |
| KR19990008032A (ko) | 1999-01-25 |
| CA2219029A1 (en) | 1996-10-31 |
| AU5405196A (en) | 1996-11-18 |
| WO1996034075A1 (en) | 1996-10-31 |
| GB9508248D0 (en) | 1995-06-14 |
| JPH11504356A (ja) | 1999-04-20 |
| MX9708210A (es) | 1998-08-30 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| EG | Technical examination (opinion): publication of technical examination (opinion) | ||
| FC | Decision: refusal |