BE622915A - - Google Patents
Info
- Publication number
- BE622915A BE622915A BE622915DA BE622915A BE 622915 A BE622915 A BE 622915A BE 622915D A BE622915D A BE 622915DA BE 622915 A BE622915 A BE 622915A
- Authority
- BE
- Belgium
- Prior art keywords
- emi
- acid
- corrosion
- stripping
- fluoride
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F13/00—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing
- F28F13/18—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing by applying coatings, e.g. radiation-absorbing, radiation-reflecting; by surface treatment, e.g. polishing
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23G—CLEANING OR DE-GREASING OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY CHEMICAL METHODS OTHER THAN ELECTROLYSIS
- C23G1/00—Cleaning or pickling metallic material with solutions or molten salts
- C23G1/02—Cleaning or pickling metallic material with solutions or molten salts with acid solutions
- C23G1/08—Iron or steel
- C23G1/086—Iron or steel solutions containing HF
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F1/00—Tubular elements; Assemblies of tubular elements
- F28F1/10—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses
- F28F1/12—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only outside the tubular element
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F1/00—Tubular elements; Assemblies of tubular elements
- F28F1/10—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses
- F28F1/12—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only outside the tubular element
- F28F1/14—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only outside the tubular element and extending longitudinally
- F28F1/16—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only outside the tubular element and extending longitudinally the means being integral with the element, e.g. formed by extrusion
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F1/00—Tubular elements; Assemblies of tubular elements
- F28F1/10—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses
- F28F1/12—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only outside the tubular element
- F28F1/24—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only outside the tubular element and extending transversely
- F28F1/26—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only outside the tubular element and extending transversely the means being integral with the element
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J19/00—Details of vacuum tubes of the types covered by group H01J21/00
- H01J19/28—Non-electron-emitting electrodes; Screens
- H01J19/32—Anodes
- H01J19/36—Cooling of anodes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J2893/00—Discharge tubes and lamps
- H01J2893/0001—Electrodes and electrode systems suitable for discharge tubes or lamps
- H01J2893/0012—Constructional arrangements
- H01J2893/0027—Mitigation of temperature effects
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Geometry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)
- Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)
- Cleaning And De-Greasing Of Metallic Materials By Chemical Methods (AREA)
Description
<EMI ID=1.1>
tion d'acides a été largement acceptée et utilisée dans loin., due tria.
<EMI ID=2.1>
corrosive est de deux genres. Le premier genre est une perte générale de métal qu'on
<EMI ID=3.1> privée de chrome eet sujette à une attaque corrosive et
<EMI ID=4.1>
hydrique et d'acide nitrique tel qu'on en utilise ordinaire-,' ment pour décaper les aciers inoxydables* Cette pénétration ' intergranulaire constitue le second genre d'action corrosive auquel s'applique la présente invention.
Selon la présente invention, il cet maintenant
<EMI ID=5.1>
contenant un fluorure ou un mélange de fluorure et de nitrate. Les mots fluorure,- et nitrate s'étendent ici à l'acide fluorhydrique et à l'acide nitrique. Dans le procède amélioré de l'invention, on réduit notablement l'attaque intergranulaire et la corrosion au moyen d'un ou plusieurs oxydes métalliques acides présente dans la composition de décapage. Il est particulièrement avantageux d'utiliser du trioxyde de chrome dans la composition de décapage, qui
peut être constituée essentiellement par une solution
aqueuse d'amide fluorhydrique ou d'acide nitrique et d'acide' fluorhydrique*
Ainsi, les compositions de décapage de la présente invention sont des solutions aqueuses acides contenant;
<EMI ID=6.1>
d'un acide formé par l'hydrolyse d'un oxyde métallique acide* Un tel anion sera appelé oi-après 'anion acide".
Pour former la composition de décapage acide aqueuse selon l'invention, on peut obtenir l'ion (fluorure constituant à partir de diverses sources, par exemple en dissolvant dans l'eau, pour former la solution désirée" un fluorure soluble par exemple l'acide fluorhydrique, le
<EMI ID=7.1> <EMI ID=8.1>
tion est utilisable dans de larges limites de concentration des constituants La concentration dee ions fluorure peut va*.
<EMI ID=9.1>
Un essai de corrosion simple permet de déterminer la concentration optimale en anion acide. On choisit des échantillons de l'acier à décaper et on les prépare pour l'essai en les attaquant pendant 15 minutes avec une solution
<EMI ID=10.1>
<EMI ID=11.1>
<EMI ID=12.1> <EMI ID=13.1>
bain$ et on les rince. On les sèche ensuite et on les pèse pour déterminer la perte de poids*
On calcul* le taux de corrosion de chaque bain par
<EMI ID=14.1>
<EMI ID=15.1>
On établit ensuite la courbe des taux de corrosion en fonction de la concentration en anion acide. On peut
<EMI ID=16.1>
en anion acide*
Le but et la fonction principales de l'anion aoide dans la composition de décapage est d'empêcher la corrosion
<EMI ID=17.1>
<EMI ID=18.1> <EMI ID=19.1>
avait un taux de corrosion d'environ un dixième de celui de la solution témoin.
Ainsi) les limitée optimales,de concentration pour
<EMI ID=20.1>
tenir jusqu'à ce que l'effet de décapage désiré soit observé.
On peut aussi faire écouler la solution de décapage sur la surface de l'article. Une agitation de la solution de décapage peut être désirable. La composition de décapage de l'invention présente dans des conditions dynamiques un taux de oorrosion semblable au taux de corrosion dans des conditions statiques
<EMI ID=21.1> <EMI ID=22.1>
ture ou l'oxyde est entièrement enlevé ou détache à un degré tel qu'on puisse facilement l'enlever par des moyens physiques* Un tel moyen physique peut tire associé à l'opération de rinçage qui suit le traitement avec la composition de décapage, Après rinçage, on sèche l'article décapé et l'opération est terminée.
Les compositions de décapage du type décrit dans la présente invention conviennent le mieux aux aciers inoxydables ayant une teneur en chrome relativement élevée, par exemple
<EMI ID=23.1>
Les permanganates, chromâtes et diohromates utilisés suivant l'invention sont les sources préférées d'anion acides
les compositions de décapage acides aqueuses de la présente invention possèdent des propriétés particulièrement
<EMI ID=24.1>
général, on peut opérer avec les mêmes concentrations optimales en anion acide que celles qui sont déterminées par des essais de corrosion générale. Il y a lieu de remarquer que les tampon ratures.les plus élevées dans les limites indiquées augmentent
<EMI ID=25.1> <EMI ID=26.1>
vent suivre .
1.- procédé de décapage d'acier inoxydable par
<EMI ID=27.1>
rure et de nitrate, dans lequel l'attaque intergranulaire et la corrosion sont sensiblement réduites par un ou plusieurs oxydes métalliques acides présente dans la composition*
<EMI ID = 1.1>
tion of acids has been widely accepted and used in far., due tria.
<EMI ID = 2.1>
corrosive is of two kinds. The first kind is a general loss of metal that
<EMI ID = 3.1> deprived of chrome and subject to corrosive attack and
<EMI ID = 4.1>
hydric and nitric acid as are commonly used to pickle stainless steels. This intergranular penetration constitutes the second kind of corrosive action to which the present invention applies.
According to the present invention, it is now
<EMI ID = 5.1>
containing a fluoride or a mixture of fluoride and nitrate. The words fluoride, - and nitrate extend here to hydrofluoric acid and nitric acid. In the improved process of the invention, intergranular attack and corrosion are significantly reduced by means of one or more acidic metal oxides present in the stripping composition. It is particularly advantageous to use chromium trioxide in the pickling composition, which
can consist essentially of a solution
aqueous hydrofluoric amide or nitric acid and hydrofluoric acid *
Thus, the stripping compositions of the present invention are acidic aqueous solutions containing;
<EMI ID = 6.1>
of an acid formed by the hydrolysis of an acidic metal oxide * Such an anion will be called hereinafter 'acid anion'.
To form the aqueous acidic stripping composition according to the invention, one can obtain the ion (fluoride constituent from various sources, for example by dissolving in water, to form the desired solution "a soluble fluoride for example the hydrofluoric acid,
<EMI ID = 7.1> <EMI ID = 8.1>
tion can be used within wide limits of the concentration of the constituents. The concentration of fluoride ions can vary.
<EMI ID = 9.1>
A simple corrosion test can determine the optimum concentration of acid anion. Samples of the steel to be pickled are selected and prepared for testing by etching them for 15 minutes with a solution.
<EMI ID = 10.1>
<EMI ID = 11.1>
<EMI ID = 12.1> <EMI ID = 13.1>
bath $ and we rinse them. They are then dried and weighed to determine the weight loss *
We calculate * the corrosion rate of each bath by
<EMI ID = 14.1>
<EMI ID = 15.1>
The corrosion rate curve as a function of the acid anion concentration is then established. We can
<EMI ID = 16.1>
in acid anion *
The main purpose and function of the acid anion in the pickling composition is to prevent corrosion.
<EMI ID = 17.1>
<EMI ID = 18.1> <EMI ID = 19.1>
had a corrosion rate of approximately one tenth of that of the control solution.
Thus) the optimal limits, of concentration for
<EMI ID = 20.1>
hold until the desired stripping effect is observed.
The pickling solution can also be run over the surface of the article. Agitation of the stripping solution may be desirable. The stripping composition of the invention exhibits under dynamic conditions a corrosion rate similar to the corrosion rate under static conditions.
<EMI ID = 21.1> <EMI ID = 22.1>
ture or oxide is entirely removed or loosened to such an extent that it can easily be removed by physical means * Such physical means may be removed in conjunction with the rinsing operation which follows treatment with the stripping composition, After rinsing, the pickled article is dried and the operation is completed.
Pickling compositions of the type described in the present invention are most suitable for stainless steels having a relatively high chromium content, for example
<EMI ID = 23.1>
The permanganates, chromates and diohromates used according to the invention are the preferred sources of acid anion.
the aqueous acidic stripping compositions of the present invention possess particularly
<EMI ID = 24.1>
In general, one can operate with the same optimum acid anion concentrations as those determined by general corrosion tests. It should be noted that the highest erasure buffers within the limits indicated increase
<EMI ID = 25.1> <EMI ID = 26.1>
wind follow.
1.- stainless steel pickling process by
<EMI ID = 27.1>
ride and nitrate, in which intergranular attack and corrosion are substantially reduced by one or more acidic metal oxides present in the composition *
Claims (1)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR889025A FR1344216A (en) | 1962-02-23 | 1962-02-23 | Improvements to heat exchange walls and to devices comprising such walls |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| BE622915A true BE622915A (en) |
Family
ID=8773371
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| BE622915D BE622915A (en) | 1962-02-23 |
Country Status (9)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| AT (1) | AT241502B (en) |
| BE (1) | BE622915A (en) |
| CH (1) | CH392581A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE1199292B (en) |
| ES (1) | ES285319A1 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR1344216A (en) |
| NL (2) | NL142234B (en) |
| OA (1) | OA00351A (en) |
| SE (1) | SE313584B (en) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE2255699A1 (en) * | 1972-11-14 | 1974-05-16 | Kernforschung Gmbh Ges Fuer | FUEL ELEMENT FOR A REACTOR |
Family Cites Families (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AT1754B (en) * | 1899-05-18 | 1900-07-25 | Richard Klinger | |
| CH262651A (en) * | 1942-10-05 | 1949-07-15 | Standard Telephon & Radio Ag | Device for cooling with liquid. |
| FR923175A (en) * | 1946-01-22 | 1947-06-30 | Radio Electr Soc Fr | Improvements in the construction of radiators for cooling the anodes of vacuum tubes |
-
0
- NL NL283690D patent/NL283690A/xx unknown
- BE BE622915D patent/BE622915A/fr unknown
-
1962
- 1962-02-23 FR FR889025A patent/FR1344216A/en not_active Expired
-
1963
- 1963-02-18 AT AT123663A patent/AT241502B/en active
- 1963-02-19 CH CH205563A patent/CH392581A/en unknown
- 1963-02-19 DE DEC29199A patent/DE1199292B/en active Pending
- 1963-02-21 SE SE1910/63A patent/SE313584B/xx unknown
- 1963-02-21 ES ES285319A patent/ES285319A1/en not_active Expired
- 1963-02-22 NL NL63289326A patent/NL142234B/en unknown
-
1964
- 1964-09-24 OA OA50373A patent/OA00351A/en unknown
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CH392581A (en) | 1965-05-31 |
| OA00351A (en) | 1966-05-15 |
| SE313584B (en) | 1969-08-18 |
| AT241502B (en) | 1965-07-26 |
| NL142234B (en) | 1974-05-15 |
| DE1199292B (en) | 1965-08-26 |
| FR1344216A (en) | 1963-11-29 |
| ES285319A1 (en) | 1963-07-01 |
| NL283690A (en) |
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