AU709255B2 - Method for forming a pattern on a surface of an aluminum extrusion - Google Patents
Method for forming a pattern on a surface of an aluminum extrusion Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- AU709255B2 AU709255B2 AU58433/98A AU5843398A AU709255B2 AU 709255 B2 AU709255 B2 AU 709255B2 AU 58433/98 A AU58433/98 A AU 58433/98A AU 5843398 A AU5843398 A AU 5843398A AU 709255 B2 AU709255 B2 AU 709255B2
- Authority
- AU
- Australia
- Prior art keywords
- aluminum extrusion
- forming
- pattern
- coating
- base color
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 111
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 109
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 title claims description 109
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 29
- 238000009500 colour coating Methods 0.000 claims description 33
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 22
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000007639 printing Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N acrylic acid group Chemical group C(C=C)(=O)O NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- -1 aluminum ion Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000004070 electrodeposition Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000010023 transfer printing Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000007598 dipping method Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- ZCDOYSPFYFSLEW-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromate(2-) Chemical compound [O-][Cr]([O-])(=O)=O ZCDOYSPFYFSLEW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000009713 electroplating Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003822 epoxy resin Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- LGQLOGILCSXPEA-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel sulfate Chemical compound [Ni+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O LGQLOGILCSXPEA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000363 nickel(II) sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- RCIVOBGSMSSVTR-UHFFFAOYSA-L stannous sulfate Chemical compound [SnH2+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O RCIVOBGSMSSVTR-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000375 tin(II) sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000009917 Crataegus X brevipes Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 235000013204 Crataegus X haemacarpa Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 235000009685 Crataegus X maligna Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 235000009444 Crataegus X rubrocarnea Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 235000009486 Crataegus bullatus Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 235000017181 Crataegus chrysocarpa Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 235000009682 Crataegus limnophila Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 235000004423 Crataegus monogyna Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 240000000171 Crataegus monogyna Species 0.000 claims 1
- 235000002313 Crataegus paludosa Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 235000009840 Crataegus x incaedua Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003518 caustics Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005238 degreasing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005554 pickling Methods 0.000 description 2
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004519 grease Substances 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B44—DECORATIVE ARTS
- B44D—PAINTING OR ARTISTIC DRAWING, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PRESERVING PAINTINGS; SURFACE TREATMENT TO OBTAIN SPECIAL ARTISTIC SURFACE EFFECTS OR FINISHES
- B44D5/00—Surface treatment to obtain special artistic surface effects or finishes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41M—PRINTING, DUPLICATING, MARKING, OR COPYING PROCESSES; COLOUR PRINTING
- B41M1/00—Inking and printing with a printer's forme
- B41M1/26—Printing on other surfaces than ordinary paper
- B41M1/28—Printing on other surfaces than ordinary paper on metals
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41M—PRINTING, DUPLICATING, MARKING, OR COPYING PROCESSES; COLOUR PRINTING
- B41M7/00—After-treatment of prints, e.g. heating, irradiating, setting of the ink, protection of the printed stock
- B41M7/0045—After-treatment of prints, e.g. heating, irradiating, setting of the ink, protection of the printed stock using protective coatings or film forming compositions cured by mechanical wave energy, e.g. ultrasonics, cured by electromagnetic radiation or waves, e.g. ultraviolet radiation, electron beams, or cured by magnetic or electric fields, e.g. electric discharge, plasma
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D11/00—Electrolytic coating by surface reaction, i.e. forming conversion layers
- C25D11/02—Anodisation
- C25D11/04—Anodisation of aluminium or alloys based thereon
- C25D11/18—After-treatment, e.g. pore-sealing
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D2202/00—Metallic substrate
- B05D2202/20—Metallic substrate based on light metals
- B05D2202/25—Metallic substrate based on light metals based on Al
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D5/00—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials to surfaces to obtain special surface effects, finishes or structures
- B05D5/06—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials to surfaces to obtain special surface effects, finishes or structures to obtain multicolour or other optical effects
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D7/00—Processes, other than flocking, specially adapted for applying liquids or other fluent materials to particular surfaces or for applying particular liquids or other fluent materials
- B05D7/50—Multilayers
- B05D7/52—Two layers
- B05D7/53—Base coat plus clear coat type
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D7/00—Processes, other than flocking, specially adapted for applying liquids or other fluent materials to particular surfaces or for applying particular liquids or other fluent materials
- B05D7/50—Multilayers
- B05D7/56—Three layers or more
- B05D7/57—Three layers or more the last layer being a clear coat
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Application Of Or Painting With Fluid Materials (AREA)
Description
1-- METHOD FOR FORMING A PATTERN ON A SURFACE OF AN ALUMINUM EXTRUSION This invention relates to a method for forming a pattern on a surface of an aluminum extrusion.
Aluminum extrusions are widely used in the architecture industry. However, since the aluminum extrusion has a monochromatic surface, the appearance thereof is dull and lacks aesthetic appeal.
It is therefore a main object of the present invention to provide a method for forming a pattern on the surface of an aluminum extrusion in order to improve the appearance thereof.
According to the present invention, the method for 0*o forming a pattern on the surface of an aluminum o.
15 extrusion includes the steps of: cleaning the surface of the aluminum extrusion by degreasing, caustic washing and pickling the aluminum extrusion; forming n oxide film on the cleaned surface of the aluminum extrusion; providing a base color coating on the surface of the aluminum extrusion; baking the aluminum extrusion at a temperature of 150-300 0C in order to crosslink and harden the base color coating; washing the base color coating with an organic solvent in order to remove oil stains and dust; 2printing the pattern onto base color coating of the aluminum extrusion by means of a power-driven metal roller which has the pattern formed on an external face thereof and which has ink provided thereon, and a polyurethane roller which contacts rotatably the external face of the metal roller and the base color coating of the aluminum extrusion for transfer printing the pattern from the metal roller to the base color coating of the aluminum extrusion; and 10 forming a transparent protective film on the :o10 printed surface of the aluminum extrusion.
Other features and advantages of this invention will become apparent in the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments of this invention with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: Figure 1 is a flow diagram showing the method for forming a pattern on a surface of an aluminum extrusion according to the present invention; and Figure 2 is a schematic view illustrating the equipment for printing the pattern on the surface of an aluminum extrusion according to the present invention.
Referring to Figure 1, a preferred embodiment of the method for forming a pattern on a surface of an aluminum extrusion in accordance with the present invention is shown to comprise the steps of cleaning, film-forming, providing a base color coating, baking, 3washing, pattern-printing, and forming a protective film. In this embodiment, the pattern is in the form wood grains. The steps of the method for forming the pattern on the surface of the aluminum extrusion may be carried out right after the steps of the method for forming the aluminum extrusion in order to form and process the aluminum extrusion continuously. In addition, the method of the present invention can be performed a continuously on a conveyor device.
The cleaning step includes the step of dipping 10 sequentially the aluminum extrusion into washing tanks S"which contain a surface-active agent, 1-50% of sodium e e oooo hydroxide and 15-30% of nitric acid, respectively, in order to remove grease from the surface of the aluminum extrusion.
15 The cleaned aluminum extrusion is electrolyzed in a sulfuric acid solution in order to form an oxide film.
0*The sulfuric acid solution contains sulfuric acid having a concentration of 50-250 g/l, an aluminum ion concentration of 2-50 g/l, an electrolysis temperature 0*0.0: of 10-30 OC, an electrolysis voltage of 5-25 volts, and an electric current density of 50-300 A/m 2 The function of the oxide film is to provide a weatherproof effect to the aluminum extrusion.
A base color coating is provided on the film at the surface of the aluminum extrusion by electrodepositing an acrylic electrodeposition coating of a base color on the surface of the aluminum extrusion at a temperature 4of 0-50 OC. The concentration of the electrodeposition coating is 1-25 wt%. The base color coating can improve the appearance of the aluminum extrusion and protect the aluminum extrusion.
The aluminum extrusion is then baked at a temperature of 150-300 °C in order to crosslink and harden the base color coating.
Next, the base color coating of the aluminum extrusion is washed by an organic solvent in order to remove oil stains and dust therefrom.
After the base color coating has been washed with the organic solvent, a predetermined pattern, such as wood grains, is printed onto base color coating of the aluminum extrusion by means of the printing device, as best illustrated in Figure 2. The printing device has a power-driven metal roller 1 which has the wood grain pattern formed on an external face 11 thereof and which a has ink 2 (or an acrylic coating) provided thereon by .e means of an ink application roller 5. A scraper 4 is provided adjacent to the metal roller 1 in order to remove excess ink from the external face 11ii of the metal roller i. The printing device further has a polyurethane roller 3 which contacts rotatably the external face 11 of the metal roller 1 and base color coating of the aluminum extrusion for transfer printing the wood grain pattern from the metal roller 1 onto the base color coating of the aluminum extrusion.
Finally, a transparent protective film is formed on the printed surface of the aluminum extrusion by applying an ultraviolet coating onto the printed surface of the aluminum extrusion and radiating ultraviolet light onto the ultraviolet coating in order to harden the ultraviolet coating.
In addition, the method for forming a pattern on the surface of the aluminum extrusion further comprises the step of washing the aluminum extrusion with water before each of the steps of forming the film on the cleaned surface of the aluminum extrusion, forming the base color coating on the surface of the aluminum extrusion, and baking aluminum extrusion in order to clean positively the surface of the aluminum extrusion.
~Alternatively, the base color coating may be provided onto the surface of the aluminum extrusion by electroplating the aluminum extrusion in a mixture solution of 2-30 g/l stannous sulfate, 5-90 g/l nickel sulfate and 2-30 g/l sulfuric acid by means of an alternating current of 5-30 volts.
Furthermore, a synthetic film may be formed on the cleaned surface of the aluminum extrusion instead of the oxide film by dipping the aluminum extrusion in a chromate solution, and the base color coating may be provided onto the surface of the aluminum extrusion by powder-coating an epoxy resin or polyethylene coating on the surface of the aluminum extrusion.
6-- Moreover, the transparent protective film may be formed on the printed surface of the aluminum extrusion by applying an acrylic coating on the surface of the aluminum extrusion, and baking the acrylic coating.
Furthermore, in the step of forming the pattern on the surface of the aluminum extrusion, the printing device may comprise a plurality of metal rollers and polyurethane rollers for printing a plurality of sets of patterns onto the surface of the aluminum extrusion.
The metal and polyurethane rollers may be disposed 1" 0 around the entire surface of the aluminum extrusion in S"order to improve the printing efficiency.
o• 2 7-- THE CLAIMS DEFINING THE INVENTION ARE AS FOLLOWS: 1. A method for forming a pattern on a surface of an aluminum extrusion, said method including the steps of: cleaning said surface of said aluminum extrusion by degreasing, caustic washing and pickling said aluminum extrusion; forming an oxide film on said cleaned surface of said aluminum extrusion; providing a base color coating on said surface of said aluminum extrusion; baking said aluminum extrusion at a temperature of 150-300 °C in order to crosslink and harden said base color coating; 0* 15 washing said base color coating on said surface of said aluminum extrusion with an organic solvent in order to remove oil stains and dust; printing said pattern onto said base color coating on said surface of said aluminum extrusion by means of 20 a power-driven metal roller which has said pattern formed on an external face thereof and which has ink provided thereon, and a polyurethane roller which contacts rotatably said external face of said metal roller and said base color coating on said surface of said aluminum extrusion for transfer printing said pattern from said metal roller to said base color coating of said aluminum extrusion; and 4' L i
Claims (6)
- 8-- forming a transparent protective film on said printed surface of said aluminum extrusion. 2. The method for forming a pattern on a surface of an aluminum extrusion as claimed in Claim 1, wherein said pattern is in the form of wood grains. 3. The method for forming a pattern on a surface of an aluminum extrusion as claimed in Claim 1, wherein the steps of said method are performed continuously on a conveyor device. 4. The method for forming a pattern on a surface of an aluminum extrusion as claimed in Claim 1, wherein the step of providing said base color coating on said surface of said aluminum extrusion includes electrodepositing an electrodeposition coating of a 15 base color on said surface of said aluminum extrusion at a temperature of 0-50 the concentration of said electrodeposition coating being 1-25 wt%. 5. The method for forming a pattern on a surface of an 0* aluminum extrusion as claimed in Claim 1, wherein the 20 step of providing said base color coating on said surface of said aluminum extrusion includes electroplating said aluminum extrusion in a mixture solution of 2-30 g/l stannous sulfate, 5-90 g/l nickel sulfate and 2-30 g/l sulfuric acid by means of an alternating current of 5-30 volts.
- 9-- 6. The method for forming a pattern on a surface of an aluminum extrusion as claimed in Claim i, wherein the step of forming a film on said cleaned surface of said aluminum extrusion includes the step of electrolyzing said aluminum extrusion in a sulfuric acid solution in order to form an oxide film on said surface of said aluminum extrusion, said sulfuric acid solution containing sulfuric acid having a concentration of 250 g/l, an aluminum ion concentration of 2-50 g/l, an 10 electrolysis temperature of 10-30 an electrolysis S•voltage of 5-25 volts, and an electric current density oooo of 50-300 A/m 2 7. The method for forming a pattern on a surface of an aluminum extrusion as claimed in Claim i, wherein the 15 step of forming a film on said cleaned surface of said aluminum extrusion includes the step of dipping said aluminum extrusion in a chromate solution in order to form a synthetic film. 8. The method for forming a pattern on a surface of an aluminum extrusion as claimed in Claim 7, wherein the step of providing a base color coating on said surface of said aluminum extrusion includes the step of powder- coating an epoxy resin coating on said surface of said aluminum extrusion. 9. The method for forming a pattern on a surface of an aluminum extrusion as claimed in Claim 7, wherein the step of providing a base color coating on said surface .5 .5 S Sr 99 0 *c 9 *0 S of said aluminum extrusion includes the step of powder- coating a polyethylene coating on said surface of said aluminum extrusion. The method for forming a pattern on a surface of an aluminum extrusion as claimed in Claim 1, wherein said ink in the step of printing said pattern onto said surface of said aluminum extrusion includes an acrylic coating.
- 11. The method for forming a pattern on a surface of an aluminum extrusion as claimed in Claim i, further including the step of washing said aluminum extrusion with water before each of the steps of forming said film on said cleaned surface of said aluminum extrusion, forming said base color coating on said surface of said aluminum extrusion, and baking said aluminum extrusion.
- 12. The method for forming a pattern on a surface of an aluminum extrusion as claimed in Claim 1, wherein the step of forming said transparent protective film on 20 said surface of said aluminum extrusion includes the step of applying an ultraviolet coating onto said printed surface of said aluminum extrusion, and radiating ultraviolet light onto said ultraviolet coating in order to harden said ultraviolet coating.
- 13. The method for forming a pattern on a surface of an aluminum extrusion as claimed in Claim i, wherein the 'ZA step of forming said transparent protective film on (b L/ j '1 £2 11-- said surface of said aluminum extrusion includes the steps of applying an acrylic coating on said surface of said aluminum extrusion, and baking said acrylic coating.
- 14. A method for forming a pattern on a surface of an aluminum extrusion substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to and as illustrated in the accompanying drawings. DATED this 16th day of March 1998. TSUNG-TAI LU WATERMARK PATENT TRADEMARK ATTORNEYS 290 BURWOOD ROAD 15 HAWTHORN. VIC. 3122. S2 12-- ABSTRACT A method for forming a pattern on the surface of an aluminum extrusion comprises the steps of cleaning the surface of the aluminum extrusion; forming a film on the cleaned surface of the aluminum extrusion; providing a base color coating on the surface of the aluminum extrusion; baking the aluminum extrusion at a temperature of 150-300 washing the surface of the aluminum extrusion with an organic solvent; printing S" 10 the pattern onto the base color coating by means of a power-driven metal roller which has the pattern .9 formed on an external face (11) thereof and which has ink provided thereon, and a polyurethane roller (3) which contacts rotatably the external face (11) of the metal roller and the base color coating of the aluminum extrusion for transfer printing the pattern from the metal roller to the base color coating of the aluminum extrusion; and forming a transparent protective film on the printed surface of the aluminum extrusion. (Figure 1).
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| TW086103395A TW365584B (en) | 1997-03-18 | 1997-03-18 | Method of forming surface patterns of squeezed aluminum |
| TW86103395 | 1997-03-18 | ||
| CA002230942A CA2230942A1 (en) | 1997-03-18 | 1998-03-04 | Method for forming a pattern on a surface of an aluminum extrusion |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| AU5843398A AU5843398A (en) | 1998-09-24 |
| AU709255B2 true AU709255B2 (en) | 1999-08-26 |
Family
ID=31947262
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| AU58433/98A Ceased AU709255B2 (en) | 1997-03-18 | 1998-03-16 | Method for forming a pattern on a surface of an aluminum extrusion |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| AU (1) | AU709255B2 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2230942A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CA2572900C (en) | 2006-01-23 | 2011-03-15 | Kansai Paint Co., Ltd. | Method of forming multi-layered patterned coating film |
| CN105730119A (en) * | 2016-05-05 | 2016-07-06 | 谢汝木 | Transfer-printing metal plate having three-dimensional textures and manufacture method thereof |
-
1998
- 1998-03-04 CA CA002230942A patent/CA2230942A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1998-03-16 AU AU58433/98A patent/AU709255B2/en not_active Ceased
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AU5843398A (en) | 1998-09-24 |
| CA2230942A1 (en) | 1999-09-04 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| MK14 | Patent ceased section 143(a) (annual fees not paid) or expired |