AU674268B2 - Earth retaining wall system - Google Patents
Earth retaining wall system Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- AU674268B2 AU674268B2 AU15028/95A AU1502895A AU674268B2 AU 674268 B2 AU674268 B2 AU 674268B2 AU 15028/95 A AU15028/95 A AU 15028/95A AU 1502895 A AU1502895 A AU 1502895A AU 674268 B2 AU674268 B2 AU 674268B2
- Authority
- AU
- Australia
- Prior art keywords
- earth
- retaining wall
- wall
- backfill
- retaining
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 45
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000011150 reinforced concrete Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000007799 cork Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004567 concrete Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 210000002435 tendon Anatomy 0.000 claims 2
- 235000009917 Crataegus X brevipes Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 235000013204 Crataegus X haemacarpa Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 235000009685 Crataegus X maligna Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 235000009444 Crataegus X rubrocarnea Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 235000009486 Crataegus bullatus Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 235000017181 Crataegus chrysocarpa Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 235000009682 Crataegus limnophila Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 235000004423 Crataegus monogyna Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 240000000171 Crataegus monogyna Species 0.000 claims 1
- 235000002313 Crataegus paludosa Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 235000009840 Crataegus x incaedua Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229920005830 Polyurethane Foam Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000006096 absorbing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005056 compaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000994 depressogenic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001815 facial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- -1 fibres Substances 0.000 description 1
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011496 polyurethane foam Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002994 synthetic fiber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D29/00—Independent underground or underwater structures; Retaining walls
- E02D29/02—Retaining or protecting walls
- E02D29/0225—Retaining or protecting walls comprising retention means in the backfill
- E02D29/0241—Retaining or protecting walls comprising retention means in the backfill the retention means being reinforced earth elements
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D29/00—Independent underground or underwater structures; Retaining walls
- E02D29/02—Retaining or protecting walls
- E02D29/0225—Retaining or protecting walls comprising retention means in the backfill
- E02D29/0233—Retaining or protecting walls comprising retention means in the backfill the retention means being anchors
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D29/00—Independent underground or underwater structures; Retaining walls
- E02D29/02—Retaining or protecting walls
- E02D29/0258—Retaining or protecting walls characterised by constructional features
- E02D29/0266—Retaining or protecting walls characterised by constructional features made up of preformed elements
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D2300/00—Materials
- E02D2300/0004—Synthetics
- E02D2300/0006—Plastics
- E02D2300/0009—PE
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Paleontology (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Retaining Walls (AREA)
Description
Regulaton 3.2(2) Regulation 3.2(2)
AUSTRALIA
Patents Act 1990
ORIGINAL
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION STANDARD PATENT 0 0* 0 0 Application Number: Lodged: Invention Title: EARTH RETAINING WALL SYSTEM The following statement is a full description of this invention, including the best method of performing it known to us 1 "EARTH RETAINING WALL SYSTEM" The present invention relates to an earth retaining wall system wherein anchored facing panels, reinforcing bars, discrete anchor blocks and backfilling material are used. More particularly, the present invention relates to an earth retaining wall system wherein a compressible layer of material is introduced between the retaining wall and the back filling material. The invention also reiates to a earth retaining wall system wherein the lateral earth pressure on the retaining wall is eliminated or greatly reduced.
The use of earth retaining or supporting wall systems or structures to retain a mass of earth is widely known in the construction industry. Typically such S" earth retaining or supporting wall systems consist of an assembly of interlocking modular facing panels anchored into the backfilling material by a plurality of anchor blocks. The facing panels are connected to the anchor blocks by tie rods, typically steel rods suitably protected against corrosion and rust. The backfilling material usually consists of either gravel, sand, earth stones or a mixture of all is used. The exact type of backfill material is dictated by various considerations, such as site location, nature of use of completed wall system, costs, etc. Although the use of modular facing a. panels overcomes some of the disadvantages of using unitary reinforced concrete wall, there are some disadvantages. In particular the assembly of the facing panels becomes disaligned in the event the lateral earth pressure exerted on the facing panels exceed a critical level. In such event, the external appearance of the assembly of facing panels appears uneven and unaesthestic. In extreme situations, the assembly of the modular facing panels may become disengaged.
2 Further the magnitude of the lateral earth pressure and the consequent lateral movements of the individual facing panels tend to vary from one panel to another. The resultant effect of this varying degree of lateral earth pressure and lateral movements of the individual panels is that the outer facial appearance of the wall looks distorted. Depending on the nature of the distortion, the wall may appear to be tilted to have a bulge, or have an overhanging, or have a depressed section or a display a combination of any of the above effects.
Reinforced concrete retaining wall system are also used to support or retain body of earth mass. Because of the lateral earth pressure acting upon the vertical wall surface, the structure of the vertical wall has to be designed to withstand the high lateral earth pressure. In practice, the design would translate into increasing the structural strength of the vertical wall either by increasing the number of steel rods or by increasing the thickness of the wall or both measures.
:°-iThus it is an object of the present invention to provide an earth retaining eo 15 wall system that is designed to overcome or minimise the effect of lateral earth pressure.
Another preferred object of the present invention is to provide an earth retaining wall system which includes a plurality of modular facing panels wherein the lateral movements of the facing panels is eliminated or substantially ill
S.
20 reduced to result in a distortion free modular wall surface.
*.-With this in mind, the present invention provides in one aspect an earth retaining wall system including a retaining wall positioned substantially upright relative to the ground for retaining a mass of backfill or earth, wherein a compressible layer of material is provided between a backface side of the retaining wa!l and the backfill material or earth. According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of reducing the lateral earth pressure on earth retaining wall structures including a retaining wall positioned substantially upright relative to the ground for retaining a mass of backfill or earth, wherein the method includes introducing a compressible layer of material between a backface side of the retaining wall and the backfill material or earth.
The compressible layer may include either polyurethane foam, polystyrene, plastic beads, fibres, cork, or a mixture of any of them or any other t f .k?4 4 C),zJs 3 compressible material of natural or synthetic material.
For a better understanding of the invention, reference should be had to the drawings which form a further part hereof, and to the accompanying descriptive matter in which are illustrated and described several embodiments of the invention: Fig 1 is a perspective view of the retaining wall system according to prior art.
a* .00 p pp p Fig. 2 is a schematic view illustrating a retaining wall system wherein a medium of compressible layer is introduced between the backface wall surface and the body of backfill earth.
Fig. 3 is a side sectional view illustrating a reinforced concrete retaining wall wherein a medium of compressible layer is introduced between the backface wall surface and the body of backfill earth.
Fig. 4 is a site sectional view illustrating a earth retaining wall system of contiguous bored piled wall wherein a compressible layer is introduced between the backfill wall and the body of backfill earth and Fig. 4 is a perspective view thereof.
Fig. 5 is a side sectional view illustrating a reinforced earth wall system 1 wherein a compressible layer is introduced between the interlocking modular :15 panel walls and the backfill material. Reinforcing strips are secured to the backface of the wall and lie across the backfill material.
Fig. 6 is a side sectional view illustrating a earth retaining wall system of crib 0 wall wherein a compressible layer is introduced between the backface wall and the body of backfill earth.
Fig. 7 is a side sectional view illustrating a earth retaining wall system of steel sheet pile wherein a compressible layer is introduced between the backface wall and the body of backfill earth and 7 is a perspective view thereof.
Fig. 8 is a side sectional view illustrating a rubble pitching retaining wall system wherein a compressible layer is introduced between the backface wall and the body of backfil! earth.
Fig. 9 is a perspective view of an anchorage lug.
Fig. 10 is a sectional view of the anchorage lug shown in Fig. 9 secured to a concrete wall.
Referring now to the drawings, wherein like numerals indicate like elements, there is shown in Fig. 1 an existing earth retaining wall system comprising of a modular facing panels (12) assembled over a foundation base a plurality of tie-rods (16) secured at one end to the back of a facing panel and at the opposite end to a anchor block In prior art system °•go backfill earth is filled and compacted. The backfill extends from immediately 1behind the'face panels to an area behind the anchor blocks. As is known and practised in prior art, the tie-rods at the horizontal levels are placed in position. A layer of backfill earth is introduced to cover the said tie-rods and thereafter the backfill is compacted. The process is repeated several times 20 during the erection of the face panel. It will be noticed that the earth backfill .4 is filled completely to the inner face of the face panels (12).
Prestressing the tie-rods results in lateral boundary condition that is unyielding. An unyielding lateral boundary brings about large lateral earth pressure which in turn induces high stresses in the tie-rods. To overcome the problem of unyielding lateral boundary, a compressible layer (20) of material is introduced immediately behind the facing panels between the back face of the facing panels and the backfill material. The compressible layer (20) results in i ,ral boundary condition that is unyielding and yet maintain zero lateral movement to the facing panel.
The compressible layer (20) includes polyurethane, foam, polystyrene or plastics beads or other appropriately natural materials. The width and teh modulus of elasticity of the compressible layer should be sufficient to withstand lateral earth pressure. Typically it can, vary from 5mm and 300mm.
The length of the tie-rods (16) can range from 0.4 to 1.0 times the height of the wall that is erected. The compressible layer not only minimises that lateral earth pressure but also provides relief to the locked in stresses induced by the effect of compaction on the back.fill material. The compressible layer absorbs the lateral earth pressura, thus reducing or eliminating any lateral earth pressure from acting against the face panels Accordingly o 00 the stresses on the tie-rods (16) are correspondingly reduced. As the stress load on the tie-rod is reduced, the dimensional parameters of the tie-rods can be reduced resulting in costs savings in materials and simplicity in design.
0* 0 To further reduce the stress load on the tie-rods, when the tie-rod, in particular, the end portion of the tie-rod is moved along a plane parallel to the 0* 00 vertical plan, of the erected wall during the differential settlement between the earth backfill and the wall, provision is made for the terminal end of the tie-rod to slide along a vertical slit (20) in the anchorage lugs (22) [see Figs.
The terminal end of the tie-rod (16) is introduced into the slit (20) of the anchorage lugs (22) and secured by nut and bolt means or by other suitable means such as welding. The opposite end of the tie-rod is introduced into an aperture in an anchor block. The anchor block (18) is positioned away from the wall, either horizontally or at an inclined plane. The tie-rod at the anchor block is stressed and thereafter secured by suitable means, preferably by nut and bolt means.
The tie-rods typically lie horizontally, that is substantially perpendicular to the vertical wall (see Fig. The tie-rods can also lie at an inclined angle to the wall without, in any way detracting from the effectiveness of the assembly of the various components of the earth wall retaining system.
In another aspect of the invention, compressible iayer is also introduced between the face wall of a reinforced concrete retaining wall and a earth mass. In the absence of the compressible layer between the face wall and the earth mass, the face wall is subjected to greater lateral earth pressure.
This consequently requires a stronger vertical wall and possibly integrally secured to a stronger foundation. Thus in the presence of a compressible layer the pressure acting against the vertical retaining wall is very much .fee. reduced or eliminated; the compressible layer acting as a stress absorber.
a be Consequently, the design and structure of the reinforced concrete wall can be "made more economical.
.15 ego Advantageously, a layer of compressible material can be applied to the backface side of the interlockjing madular panels, at the time of casting the panel or soon thereafter. This approach greatly saves cast, in that the compressible layer is pre-applied onto the modular panel before the same is erected as a retaining wall system.
*o :Other embodiments of the invention is illustrated in Figures 4 to Numerous characteristics and advantages of the invention have been set forth in the foregoing description, together with details of the structure and function of the invention, and the novel features thereof are pointed out in the appended claims. The disclosure, however, is illustrative only, and changes may be made in detail, especially in manner of shape, size and arrangement of parts within the principle of the invention, to the full extent indicated by the broad general meaning in which the appended claims are expressed.
Claims (14)
1. An earth retaining wall system including a retaining wall positioned substantially upright relative to the ground for retaining a mass of backfill or earth, wherein a compressible layer of material is provided between a backface side of the retaining wall and the backfill material or earth.
2. An earth retaining wall system including a cantilevered retaining wall for retaining a mass of backfill material wherein a compressible layer of material is provided between a backface side of the cantilevered retaining wall and the backfill material.
3. An earth retaining wall system including a retaining wall for retaining a mass of backfill material, the retaining wall being anchored into the backfill material by a plurality of anchor blocks connected to a backface side of the wall by tie-rods or reinforcing tendons, wherein a compressible layer of material is 'o provided between the backface side of the wall and the backfill material. o 6049
4. An earth retaining wall system including interlocking modular facing 9*99 panels for retaining a mass of backfill material, the panels being anchored into the backfill material by a plurality of reinforcing elements connected to a backface side of the modular facing panels, wherein a compressible layer of 9 material is provided between the backface side of the interlocking modular facing panels and the backfill material.
An earth retaining wall system as claimed in claim 3 further including an iO i• anchorage lug body for receiving an end of a said tie-rod secured to the retaining wall and have an elongated slit whose longitudinal axis is substantially parallel to the vertical plane of the retaining wall.
6. An earth retaining wall system as claimed in claim 1 wherein the retaining wall is a reinforced concrete cantilever wall, a contiguous bored piled wall, an 9 interlocking modular panels, crib wall, a steel sheet pile or a rubble pitching wall.
7. A method of reducing the lateral earth pressure on earth retaining wall structu'res including a retaining wall positioned substantially upright relative to the ground for retaining a mass of backfill or earth, wherein the method includes introducing a compressible layer of material between a backface side of the retaining wall and the backfill material or earth.
L A method of reducing the lateral earth pressure on earth retaining wall structures including interlocking modular facing panels for retaining a mass of backfill material, the retaining wall having a;nchorage lugs anchored into the backfill material by a plurality of anchor blocks which are connected to the anchorage lugs by means of tie-rods or reinforcing tendons, wherein the method includes introducing a compressible layer of material between the backface side of the interlocking modular facing panels and the backfill material.
9. A method of reducing the lateral earth pressure on earth retaining wall structures including a reinforced concrete wall having a base for retaining a mass of backfill or earth wherein the method includes introducing a 9* compressible layer of material between the inner side of the wall structure and the backfill material. S"
10. An earth retaining wall system as claimed in any one of the claims 1 to 6 wherein the compress,ole layer includes either polyurethane, foam, polystyrene plastics beads, cork, fibre or a mixture of any of them or any compressible material.
11. A method as claimed in any one of claims 7 to 9 wherein the compressible layer includes either polyurethane, foam, polystyrene plastics beads, cork, fibre or a mixture of any of them or any compressible material.
12. A method as claimed in claim 7 including applying the compressible layer onto the backface side of the retaining wall prior to the erection of the said wall at the site.
13. A method according to claim 9 including applying the compressible layer onto the inner side of the wall structure prior to the erection of the said concrete wall at the site.
14. An interlocking modular facing panel for an earth retaining wall system wherein the interlocking modular facing panel includes a compressible layer of material applied onto the backface side of the said facing panel. DATED this 11th day of September, 1996. CHEE HAl LEE and YONG CHENG OH WATERMARK PATENT TRADEMARK ATTORNEYS *290 BURWOOD ROAD, THE GLASSHOUSE HAWTHORN VICTORIA 3122 AUSTRALIA to to So@*: o ABSTRACT An earth retaining wall system (10) comprising of a surface body positioned substantially upright to the ground and containing a mass of backfill or earth characterised in that a compressible layer of material is introduced between the inner side face of the surface body and the backfill material or earth. e *0 l O e
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| MY9401589 | 1994-06-20 | ||
| MYPI9401589 | 1994-06-20 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| AU1502895A AU1502895A (en) | 1996-01-04 |
| AU674268B2 true AU674268B2 (en) | 1996-12-12 |
Family
ID=19749696
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| AU15028/95A Expired AU674268B2 (en) | 1994-06-20 | 1995-03-22 | Earth retaining wall system |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| KR (1) | KR100205708B1 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU674268B2 (en) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KR100442049B1 (en) * | 2002-04-15 | 2004-07-30 | 한재명 | Method for constructing retaining wall using used poles |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AU538865B2 (en) * | 1980-09-04 | 1984-08-30 | Secretary of State for Transport in Her Britannic Majesty's Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, The | Anchored earth structure |
| AU2505688A (en) * | 1987-11-13 | 1989-06-01 | Societe Civile Des Brevets Henri Vidal | Facings for earthworks |
| AU2964592A (en) * | 1991-11-26 | 1993-05-27 | Westblock Products, Inc. | Interlocking retaining walls blocks and system |
-
1995
- 1995-03-22 AU AU15028/95A patent/AU674268B2/en not_active Expired
- 1995-06-08 KR KR1019950015013A patent/KR100205708B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AU538865B2 (en) * | 1980-09-04 | 1984-08-30 | Secretary of State for Transport in Her Britannic Majesty's Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, The | Anchored earth structure |
| AU2505688A (en) * | 1987-11-13 | 1989-06-01 | Societe Civile Des Brevets Henri Vidal | Facings for earthworks |
| AU2964592A (en) * | 1991-11-26 | 1993-05-27 | Westblock Products, Inc. | Interlocking retaining walls blocks and system |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AU1502895A (en) | 1996-01-04 |
| KR970001756A (en) | 1997-01-24 |
| KR100205708B1 (en) | 1999-07-01 |
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