AU654179B2 - Procedure for production of vehicle wheels - Google Patents
Procedure for production of vehicle wheels Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- AU654179B2 AU654179B2 AU14916/92A AU1491692A AU654179B2 AU 654179 B2 AU654179 B2 AU 654179B2 AU 14916/92 A AU14916/92 A AU 14916/92A AU 1491692 A AU1491692 A AU 1491692A AU 654179 B2 AU654179 B2 AU 654179B2
- Authority
- AU
- Australia
- Prior art keywords
- crude
- procedure
- billet
- hub
- rolling
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 30
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title description 10
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 37
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000013058 crude material Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000005098 hot rolling Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000009987 spinning Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000861 Mg alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005242 forging Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- ZZUFCTLCJUWOSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N furosemide Chemical compound C1=C(Cl)C(S(=O)(=O)N)=CC(C(O)=O)=C1NCC1=CC=CO1 ZZUFCTLCJUWOSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000010273 cold forging Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 4
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000004381 surface treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001953 recrystallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21K—MAKING FORGED OR PRESSED METAL PRODUCTS, e.g. HORSE-SHOES, RIVETS, BOLTS OR WHEELS
- B21K1/00—Making machine elements
- B21K1/28—Making machine elements wheels; discs
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D22/00—Shaping without cutting, by stamping, spinning, or deep-drawing
- B21D22/14—Spinning
- B21D22/16—Spinning over shaping mandrels or formers
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D22/00—Shaping without cutting, by stamping, spinning, or deep-drawing
- B21D22/20—Deep-drawing
- B21D22/30—Deep-drawing to finish articles formed by deep-drawing
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21J—FORGING; HAMMERING; PRESSING METAL; RIVETING; FORGE FURNACES
- B21J9/00—Forging presses
- B21J9/02—Special design or construction
- B21J9/025—Special design or construction with rolling or wobbling dies
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Forging (AREA)
- Shaping Metal By Deep-Drawing, Or The Like (AREA)
Description
AUSTRALIA
Patents Act COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
(ORIGINAL)
654179 Int. Class Class Application Number: Lodged: Complete Specification Lodged: Accepted: Published: Priority Related Art:
IIII
I c
I
II Il t r ~lrllc Name of Applicant: Norsk Hydro a.s Actual Inventor(s): Otto Berg Address for Service: PHILLIPS ORMONDE FITZPATRICK Patent and Trade Mark Attorneys 367 Collins Street Melbourne 3000 AUSTRALIA Invention Title: PROCEDURE FOR PRODUCTION OF VEHICLE WHEELS Our Ref 285370 POF Code: 1346/1346 The following statement is a full description of this invention, including the best method of performing it known to applicant(s):
JI
i -~2 r i ii i i a16 g 1 6006 i ;r 'Z C: The present invention concerns a method of manufacturing, in one piece, light metal vehicular wheels consisting of a hub portion and a rim surface.
There has been an increasing interest developing from a number of factors in the use of wheels made from light metal primarily aluminium, but also magnesium. The most important reasons are: reduced weight, particularly of the uncushioned mass, for better security and comfort improved dissipation of brake heat more attractive design potential improved finish and corrosion resistance suitable for rs.ycling In recent years, the market share for aluminium wheels has therefore risen considerably. Sports cars and expensive luxury cars are areas of the strongest interest. This clearly confirms the advantageous properties of light metal wheels. The limitation on obtaining market shares among most of the less expensive cars is primarily that the higher cost relative to the traditional steel wheel is simply too high.
In line with the general trend towards sta-dily improved performance and increasinglyTiore reliable components, there has been rising interest in light metal Wheels. At the same time, there are increasing demands for larger brakes, This will require 4% 7. i 4 more space and larger wheel dimensions, something which actualizes further the need for light metal wheels.
Today, the market for light metal wheels is dominated by aluminium wheels manufactured by casting. This manufacture is based on well-known technology. However, the casting of the wheels is a comprehensive and time-consuming production.
Another previously known method is to produce light metal wheels by plastically processing a rim of a disc whereby the rim is first forged and subsequently split and compressed during a spinning process. Such a method of production is shown in Norwegian patent No. 154908 and the Swedish patent publication Nos. 414592 and 414593. Production of light metal wheels by plastic processing using a rim as a starting point is, however, an expensive method involving large loss of material. In addition, the method gives few possibilities for designing the wheels, and therefore the method has not been widely used.
The present invention concerns a method for production of light metal wheels, the method being substantially simpler and more efficient than the previously known methods. The mth-d pvid _~lL r 'I 1 i L charaIcterised by the following steps: 1) Producing a substantially di -shandis crude material from a cast billet a similarly rounded solid metal body, 2) heating the crude aterial to a hot rolling temperature an bsequently orbitally rolling the crude mate- al into a rotationally symmetrical prefo material, 3) tting off the outer rim surface portion of the material, and afterwards, 4) forming a wheel rim surface by spinning the outer, LVi T) 0 4d According to the invention there is provided a procedure for producing a one-piece light metal vehicle wheel including hub and a rim portions, including the following steps: 1) producing a substantially disc-shaped crude material from a cast billet, extruded or machined solid metal body, 2) heating of the crude material to a hot rolling temperature and subsequently orbitally rolling the crude material so as to obtain a rotationally symmetric preformed material, 3) splitting off of an outer portion of the preformed material, and afterwards, K\- 4) forming a rim surface by spin forging the4outer, il'-u_ in- portions.
SIl 2ao 1 1 1 3 In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the preformed material may, after orbital rolling but before pre stc splitting, be e .jttudod or cold forged in order to obtain a specified design for the hub of the wheel. Further, the crude material may be made trom an extruded bolt of an aluminium or magnesium alloy.
Wheels produced by the inventive process have the following advantageous characteristics: Higher mechanical firmness giving about 15-30% lower weight, improved corrosion resistance, more alternatives for surface treatment, improved utilization of material, capacity for automated production with short process durations, high reproducibility.
The invention shall now be described in further detail with the use of examples and with reference to the drawings, where: Fig. 1 shows a sketch of step 2 of the inventive procedure with a crude bolt as indicated by claim 1, Fig. 2 shows an alternative procedural step, Figs. 3 and 4 show steps 3 and 4 respectively for the inventive process.
As previously stated the prior art includes production of light metal wheels by plastically forming a rim of a disc whereby the rim is first forged and subsequently split and compressed during a spinning process. The requisite accuracy for the thickness and roundness of such a rim is critical to produce wheels in accordance with this known method.
I -i4 i With the present invention, wheels may be produced without the same requisite accuracy for the basic billet. Consequently, the first step of the inventive method is stated as producing a substantially disc-shaped crude material from a castbilletj= jh~l- -ja~~rl r solid metal body. This is a substantially more efficient solution than previously known, since cast material can be used without prior processing. Thus, not only lower material consumption is achieved but also substantially lower material costs.
In the second step, the crude material 1 is processed by a spinforge roller as shown in Fig. la into a rotationally symmetrical material 2 with a particularly specified cross-sectional geometry as shown in Fig. lb. The rotation occurs between an operatively rotating (not shown) lower implement 3 and a free running upper implement 4, a so-called "sinker". The rotational axes of the two implements form a fixed angle, most often between 1 and degrees, The implements are shaped to give -the product its characteristic form. If desired, the lower implement is equipped with plungers 5 in order to facilitate handling of the billet.
During orbital rolling, the billet is heated to a rolling temperature dependent upon the type of its constituent material (for example, 450-520 degrees The heated material 1 is put on the lower implement (Fig. la) which is then rotated. The upper implement moves downwardly and begins to rotate when it meets the workpiece (material). When the material has finished rolling, the upper implement is returned and the finished material can be taken out.
For wheels with a rotationally symmetric design of the wheel disc (hub), the orbital rolling constitutes the entire plastic processing of the hub (wheel disc) of the finished wheel product.
Aluminium alloys are, however, very well-suited for supplementary plastic cold processing since the alloys are very easily shaped in a soft state. Then, through various processing operations, r especially cold forging, one has access to processes giving greater flexibility and many possibilities of variation with substantial freedom of design while the structural and mechanical properties are improved. The process may be conducted in one or several steps, and gives possibilities for great designing complexity, great geometric accuracy and a smooth and fine surface finish. With cold forging, designing possibilities are opened which extend well over the purely rotational symmetric, In practice, the above-mentioned methods provide great possibilities and only very slight limitations in designing freedom.
In Figs. 2 b) and examples of cold forging are shown. The material 2, after the step of orbitally rolling, is pressed between an upper 6 and a lower 7 mould in order to give the material a desired design. As indicated above, this procedural step is an optional alternative, not a requisite step of the invention.
After the material 2 is orbitally rolled, or alternatively pressed/cold forged, the outer portion which will form the rim surface for the wheel is split off. This is the third step of the inventive process, and is further illustrated in Figs. 3a and 3b.
The material, as shown in the drawings, is fixed in a rotating holder 8 and is split along its periphery by a splitting roller 9 into two rings 10 and 11.
From the split off material 13, the r1' surface is subsequently spin forged into shape in a press as shown in Figs. 4a and 4b.
The material is held in a rotating implement comprising upper and lower pressure dies 16 and 17. A roller 12 rolls and stretches the rings 10 and 11 (Fig. 3b) (cf. Fig. 4a) outwardly to rim frame 14,15 which have different lengths (Fig. 4b). This final and fourth step of the inventive process facilitates an optimal material distribution which again results in low material consumption an beneficial economy of weight. Because of improved steadiness in feeding, the spin forged surface also has an i 1 1 .I :,r l i 6 advantageous structure and quality compared with cast and machined surfaces.
Example 1 A crude material in the form of a disc is produced (cut) from a cast or extruded billet of an AlMgSi-alloy (step The crude disc is heated to an appropriate hot rolling temperature of 520 degrees C and is subsequently orbitally rolled in a roller (step 2) in order to obtain a particular form and size prior to further processing (the sinker of the roller determines the form of the billet). The rolled material can now be further processed in accordance with steps 3 and 4 of the inventive process. But since it is desirable to give the wheel a particular design deviating from the rotationally symmetric, the rolled material is cold forged. Following cold forging, the material is fixed to a splitting operation and is split along the material's periphery (step Subsequently, the rim surface is spin forged (step 4) and after this the wheel has obtained its final form.
The wheel undergoes subsequent heat treatment, machining and surface treatment, but these steps are not part of the inventive process.
Example 2 A crude material disc is made from a cast or extruded magnesium bolt of the alloy AZ31 (step The crude material is heated to 480 degrees C and is orbitally rolled (step In connection with this heat processing of the billet, recrystallization occurs. So that the preformed billet material will have an adequate toughness during cold forging, the material must be held at a temperature of at least 220 degrees C. After cold forging, the material (step 3) is split and is stress annealed at 450 degrees C. Spinning of the rim surface (step 4) takes place finally at a temperature exceeding 220 degrees C.
I I Ii
Claims (4)
1. A procedure for producing a one-piece light metal vehicle wheel including hub and a rim portions, including the following steps: 1) producing a substantially disc-shaped crude material from a cast billet, extruded or machined solid metal body, 2) heating of the crude material to a hot rolling temperature and subsequently orbitally rolling the crude material so as to obtain a rotationally symmetric preformed material, S3) splitting off of an outer portion of the preformed material, and afterwards, 4) forming a rim surface by spin forging the outer, 15 aplit boefif portions.
2. The procedure of claim 1, wherein the preformed material after orbital rolling and before splitting is pressed or cold forged in order to obtain a desired specified design for the hub of the wheel. or
3. The procedure of claims 1 and 2, wherein the crude material is produced from an extruded bolt of an aluminium alloy.
4. .The procedure of claims 1 4ed 2, wherein the crude 4 bie44 is produced from an extruded bolt of a magnesium alloy. A procedure for producing a one-piece light metal vehicle wheel substantially as hereinbefore described with respect to any one of the embodiments illustrated in the accompanying drawings. DATED: 4 August 1994 PHILLIPS ORMONDE FITZPATRICK Attorneys for: NORSK HYDRO a.s. F -7- ss 8 Abstract A vehicle wheel made of light metal and consisting of a hub and a rim surface is produced by a process comprising the steps of producing a substantially disc- shaped crude billet from an extruded bolt or a similar rounded solid metal body, heating of a crude billet to a hot rolling temperature and subsequently orbitally rolling the crude billet so as to obtain a rotationally symmetric preformed material, splitting off of the Souter portion of the preformed material, and afterwards forming a rim surface by 'spinning the outer, split-off rim portion. As an alternative, the preformed material after orbital rolling and before splitting can be compressed or cold forged in order to obtain a desired specified design for the hub of the wheel. 9
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| NO911551 | 1991-04-19 | ||
| NO91911551A NO911551L (en) | 1991-04-19 | 1991-04-19 | PROCEDURE FOR MANUFACTURING VEHICLE WHEELS. |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| AU1491692A AU1491692A (en) | 1992-10-22 |
| AU654179B2 true AU654179B2 (en) | 1994-10-27 |
Family
ID=19894087
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| AU14916/92A Ceased AU654179B2 (en) | 1991-04-19 | 1992-04-15 | Procedure for production of vehicle wheels |
Country Status (10)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0509610B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPH05123805A (en) |
| AU (1) | AU654179B2 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2066285A1 (en) |
| CZ (1) | CZ285723B6 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE69206663T2 (en) |
| NO (1) | NO911551L (en) |
| PL (1) | PL294274A1 (en) |
| SK (1) | SK279465B6 (en) |
| ZA (1) | ZA922652B (en) |
Families Citing this family (22)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2706335A1 (en) * | 1993-06-17 | 1994-12-23 | Gestamp Noury Sa | Method of manufacturing metal components, such as pulley blanks and pulleys, and metal components produced by means of this method |
| JP2652334B2 (en) * | 1993-11-10 | 1997-09-10 | 株式会社レイズエンジニアリング | Rotary forging equipment |
| US5454248A (en) * | 1994-05-02 | 1995-10-03 | Rays Engineering Co., Ltd. | Method of shaping a wheel |
| DE10006389A1 (en) * | 2000-02-12 | 2001-08-16 | Volkswagen Ag | Wheel rim for vehicles has connecting spokes between hub and rim edge which undergo cold pressing for improved strength and stability |
| RU2183148C2 (en) * | 2000-08-04 | 2002-06-10 | Открытое акционерное общество "Каменск-Уральский металлургический завод" | Wheel production method |
| DE102005013347A1 (en) | 2005-03-23 | 2006-09-28 | Dr.Ing.H.C. F. Porsche Ag | Method for producing a wheel star and wheel star for a vehicle wheel |
| JP4822324B2 (en) * | 2006-02-10 | 2011-11-24 | 日産自動車株式会社 | Aluminum alloy forged road wheel and manufacturing method thereof |
| RU2339483C1 (en) * | 2007-01-30 | 2008-11-27 | Семар Тимофеевич Басюк | Method of manufacture of parts of axisymmetric cup type |
| RU2364463C1 (en) * | 2008-02-08 | 2009-08-20 | Семар Тимофеевич Басюк | Method of fabricating transportation vehicle wheel |
| JP2009280846A (en) * | 2008-05-20 | 2009-12-03 | Mitsui Mining & Smelting Co Ltd | Magnesium alloy forged member, and producing method therefor |
| DE102009021767B4 (en) | 2009-05-18 | 2012-06-06 | Ssb-Maschinenbau Gmbh | Device for forming aluminum rims |
| RU2443497C2 (en) * | 2009-07-17 | 2012-02-27 | Российская Федерация, от имени которой выступает Минобороны Российской Федерации | Method of producing axially symmetric cup parts |
| DE102010012698B4 (en) | 2010-03-24 | 2020-07-16 | Ssb-Maschinenbau Gmbh | Device for the shaping of light alloy rims |
| DE102013105104B4 (en) | 2013-05-17 | 2015-02-26 | Ssb-Maschinenbau Gmbh | Rotary forging press |
| CN104015006A (en) * | 2014-06-13 | 2014-09-03 | 浙江巨科实业有限公司 | Manufacturing method of H-type high-magnesium aluminum alloy hub |
| CN104550607B (en) * | 2014-12-26 | 2017-05-03 | 北京机电研究所 | Rotary forge forming die and rotary forge forming method |
| CN105665610B (en) * | 2016-02-15 | 2017-12-08 | 刘兴军 | Magnesium alloy auto hub forging method |
| CN113305199B (en) * | 2021-04-14 | 2023-07-25 | 河南科技大学 | Combined Plastic Forming Method of Magnesium Alloy Automobile Wheel |
| CN113118713A (en) * | 2021-04-14 | 2021-07-16 | 洪荣州 | Novel manufacturing process of square pipe pile flange |
| CN114346044B (en) * | 2021-12-02 | 2024-04-19 | 广州博元铝业有限公司 | Manufacturing method of hub |
| CN115041535A (en) * | 2022-04-29 | 2022-09-13 | 河南科技大学 | Composite plastic forming method and forming die for automobile hub |
| CN115178696B (en) * | 2022-06-21 | 2025-11-18 | 湖北神力汽车零部件股份有限公司 | Method for integral forming of ultra-large diameter discs from multi-roll oscillating casting billets |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3822458A (en) * | 1969-02-20 | 1974-07-09 | Fuchs Otto | Method of making wheels |
| US4683630A (en) * | 1984-12-19 | 1987-08-04 | Kabushiki Kaisha Kobe Seiko Sho | Method for manufacturing an integrated wheel |
| US4936129A (en) * | 1987-01-16 | 1990-06-26 | Center Line Tool Co., Inc. | Method for forming a vehicle wheel |
Family Cites Families (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE1297570B (en) * | 1965-09-15 | 1969-06-19 | Fuchs Fa Otto | Process for the production of a one-piece light metal spoked wheel with a hub part and a pneumatic tire rim |
| SE414593B (en) | 1975-04-09 | 1980-08-11 | Forgeal | SET TO MANUFACTURE IN ONE PIECE DESIGN METAL WHEELS FOR VEHICLES, SEPARATELY HEAVY VEHICLES, WHICH WHEELS ARE INTENDED TO BE EQUIPPED WITH DECK, SEPARATELY HOSE DECK |
| SE414592B (en) | 1975-04-09 | 1980-08-11 | Forgeal | SET TO MANUFACTURE IN ONE PIECE WHEELS OF METAL WHEELS FOR VEHICLES, SPECIFIC HEAVY VEHICLES, WHICH WHEELS ARE INTENDED TO BE PROVIDED WITH DECK, SEPARATELY HOSE DECK |
| DE3239675C2 (en) | 1982-10-27 | 1985-10-03 | Dr.Ing.H.C. F. Porsche Ag, 7000 Stuttgart | Method for manufacturing a vehicle wheel |
-
1991
- 1991-04-19 NO NO91911551A patent/NO911551L/en unknown
-
1992
- 1992-04-10 ZA ZA922652A patent/ZA922652B/en unknown
- 1992-04-14 EP EP92201124A patent/EP0509610B1/en not_active Revoked
- 1992-04-14 DE DE69206663T patent/DE69206663T2/en not_active Revoked
- 1992-04-15 AU AU14916/92A patent/AU654179B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1992-04-16 JP JP4096480A patent/JPH05123805A/en active Pending
- 1992-04-16 CA CA002066285A patent/CA2066285A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1992-04-17 PL PL29427492A patent/PL294274A1/en unknown
- 1992-04-21 CZ CS921214A patent/CZ285723B6/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1992-04-21 SK SK1214-92A patent/SK279465B6/en unknown
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3822458A (en) * | 1969-02-20 | 1974-07-09 | Fuchs Otto | Method of making wheels |
| US4683630A (en) * | 1984-12-19 | 1987-08-04 | Kabushiki Kaisha Kobe Seiko Sho | Method for manufacturing an integrated wheel |
| US4936129A (en) * | 1987-01-16 | 1990-06-26 | Center Line Tool Co., Inc. | Method for forming a vehicle wheel |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE69206663D1 (en) | 1996-01-25 |
| ZA922652B (en) | 1993-02-24 |
| JPH05123805A (en) | 1993-05-21 |
| SK279465B6 (en) | 1998-11-04 |
| CS121492A3 (en) | 1992-11-18 |
| CZ285723B6 (en) | 1999-10-13 |
| DE69206663T2 (en) | 1996-08-01 |
| EP0509610B1 (en) | 1995-12-13 |
| NO911551L (en) | 1992-10-20 |
| PL294274A1 (en) | 1993-03-08 |
| CA2066285A1 (en) | 1992-10-20 |
| NO911551D0 (en) | 1991-04-19 |
| EP0509610A1 (en) | 1992-10-21 |
| AU1491692A (en) | 1992-10-22 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| MK14 | Patent ceased section 143(a) (annual fees not paid) or expired |