AU593948B2

AU593948B2 - Fabric treatment

Info

Publication number: AU593948B2
Application number: AU79706/87A
Authority: AU
Inventors: Robert Cole; Geoffrey Hand
Original assignee: Albright and Wilson Ltd
Current assignee: Solvay Solutions UK Ltd
Priority date: 1986-10-13
Filing date: 1987-10-13
Publication date: 1990-02-22
Anticipated expiration: 2007-10-13
Also published as: NO874248L; FI94154C; KR880005318A; ATE131552T1; FI874512A0; PL268170A1; LV11199A; IN172086B; DK531687A; RU2041301C1; IE872723L; CS738287A2; EP0268368A3; IE60401B1; BR8705463A; CN87107734A; CA1340098C; JPS63120172A; CS274616B2; FI94154B

Abstract

Flame retardant cellulosic fabrics having reduced shrinkage are obtained by treatment of fabric with a tetrakis hydroxymethyl phosphonium compound or condensate and then curing with ammonia, followed by treatment involving reaction of the fabric with a non self-condensing methylolamide under aqueous acid conditions. The order of treatment can also be reversed.

Description

Ec! Wd, Watrs 6 Sons.

MejI0ouj'r e.

,r i;

I;

i~ Form -COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA PATENTS ACT 1952-69 COMPLETE SPECIFICATION

(ORIGINAL)

Class Application Number: Lodged: Int. Class Complete Specification Lodged: Published: Priority: t ,t 5939 48 17 V W elatedArt: r (7 C t r Ir Name of Applicant: t 4 J Adress of Applicant: *6 4 Actual Inventor: t Address for Service ALBRIGHT WILSON LIMITED Albright Wilson House, Hagley Road West, Oldbury, Warley, West Midlands, England ROBERT COLE and GEOFFREY HAND EDWD. WATERS SONS, 50 QUEEN STREET, MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA, 3000.

Complete Specification for the invention entitled: FABRIC TREATMENT The following statement is a full description of this invention, including the best method of performing it known to us 1.

:"A

Edwd. Waters&n,, [ILVIL UPI, OMANY SE&REToRs Melbourne. CHRISTOPHER NEVIL WISON, COMPANY SECRETAR -1- This invention concerns fabric treatment processes, in particular, ones involving flame retarodd fabric.

Cotton fabrics have been flame retarded by impregnation with tetra kis (hydroxymethyl) phosphonium (THP) compounds or precondensates thereof followed by curing with heat or ammonia. The fabrics have flame retardant properties which are resistant to washing. However, their other physical properties, in particular crease resistance and shrinkage, are often worse, limiting their use as easy care fabrics for use, e.g. in clothing.

In an attempt to overcome these limitations work was done at a the Southern Regional Research Center involving treatment of the THP .0 cured fabric with a resin followed by heat cure (Rowland and Mason, Textile Research Journal 1977 pages 365-71 and 721-8).

We have now discovered a process for obtaining a flame retardant fabric having also an improved combination of strength and easy care properties.

Sr". The present invention provides a process for the treatment of a .fabric, which process comprises subjecting a cellulosic fabric, which has already been treated in a first process operation to a 20. second process operation, one of said first and second process roperations being treatment of fabric with tetra kir, (hydroxymethyl) phosphonium compound or condensate thereof, followed by curing to a polymer, and the other of said first and second process operations being impregnation of the fabric with a non self-condensing methylolamide having at least two methylol groups, which may optionally have been alkylated, and then reaction of the fabric with said methylolamide under aqueous acid conditions, e.g. at a pH less than 3.

Preferably the process for the treatment of a fabric is one in which a fabric containing a cured polymer derived from a tetra kis (hydroxymethyl) phosphonium compound or condensate thereof is impregnated with a non self-condensing methylolamide having at least L li~ ru -2- 2 methylol groups (which may optionally have been alkylated) and the methylolamide reacted with the fabric under aqueous acid conditions, e.g. at a pH less than 3.

In this preferred process, the fabric initially carries a cured THP polymer. The fabric may have been impregnated with an aqueous solution of a THP salt mixed with a nitrogen compound condensable therewith such as melamine or methylolated melamine or urea, or with a solution of a precondensate of said salt and nitrogen Se0r compound, or with a solution of THP salt or at least partly neutralized THP salt, e.g. THP hydroxide, with or without the St nitrogen compound, and then the impregnated fabric dried and cured S by heat and/or ammonia. Preferably the fabric is impregnated with a solution of a precondensate of THP salt, e.g. chloride or sulphate and urea in a molar ratio of urea to THP of 0.05-0.8:1, e.g. 0.05- 0.6:1, e.g. as described in USP 2983623 or 4078101, and cured with ammonia, e.g. as described in USP 4145463, 4068026 or 4494951. After the cure, the fabric is usually post treated by oxidizing with hydrogen peroxide, rinsing and neutralizing and further rinsing. The fabric is then dried. The cured fabric usually carries a loading of ,20 8-25%, e.g. 8-20% or 14-20% of cured THP polymer (based on the weight of untreated fabric), lighter fabrics carrying higher 9 loadings than heavier ones.

0A

S

The THP cured fabric is impregnated with an aqueous solution of a non self-condensing methylolamide having at least 2 methylol groups or optionally an alkyl ether thereof. These methylolamides, which are also known as "reactant resins", essentially do not selfcondense under the conditions of their reaction or cure with the cellulose on the fabric. The compounds are usually free of N-H groups, except to the small extent to which such groups may be present in dissociation products in equilibrium with said compounds.

These methylolamides are preferably methylolated cyclic ureas or 0-alkylated derivatives thereof. Such compounds may be of formula Z N CO N (R 2

Z

-3in which each Z group represents a CH 2 0H or CH20R group, wherein R is alkyl, e.g. of 1-6 carbon atoms such as methyl and R' and R 2 combined form a divalent aliphatic group which with the 2 nitrogen atoms and the carbonyl group give a 5, 6 or 7 membered ring. The divalent aliphatic group may be of formula -CR 3

R

4 n

CR

5

R

6 in which each of R 3

R

4

R

5 and R 6 which may be the same or different represents a hydrogen atom or hydroxyl group or alkoxy group, e.g. of 1-6 carbon atoms such as methoxy, n is 0, 1 or 2, preferably 0 or 1, and Y is an oxygen atom, or NR 7 group where R 7 is an alkyl group, e.g. of 1-6 carbon atoms such as methyl, or a

CR

8

R

9 group, where each of R 8 and R 9 which may be the same or Pl., different represents a hydrogen atom or alkyl group, e.g. of 1-6 V, carbon atom such as methyl or hydroxyl group or alkoxy group, e.g.

.s of 1-6 carbon atoms such as methoxy with the proviso that 2 or more "15 hydroxy or alkoxy groups represented by R 3

-R

6

R

8 or R 9 have to 1 be attached to different carbon atoms and that when n is 2, at least one group Y is a CR 8

R

9 group.

Thus the divalent aliphatic group with the free valencies two atoms apart, can be of 2-6 carbon atoms, e.g. a 1,2-ethylene group

CH

2

-CH

2 or a -1,2-dihydroxy ethylene group -CH(OH)-CH(OH)-. The S* divalent aliphatic group with the free valencies three atoms apart can be of 3-10 carbon atoms, e.g. a 1,3-propylene group optionally with at least one hydroxyl or alkyl methyl) or methoxy .4*4 5 substituent, e.g. on the 2 or 3 numbered carbon atom as in the groups -CH 2

-CR

8

R

9

-CHR

6 -where R 8 is hydrogen or methyl, R 9 is hydrogen or hydroxyl or methyl and R 6 is hydrogen or methyl or methoxy. The divalent aliphatic group with the free valencies three atoms apart can also be of 2-6 carbon atoms of formula -CHR 3

-O-

3 CHR 5 or -CHR 3

-NR

7

-CHR

5 -where R 3 and R 5 are as defined aoove but are preferably hydrogen atoms. The divalent aliphatic group with the free valencies four atoms apart can be of 4-10 carbon atoms, e.g. a -1,4-butylene group, optionally with at least one hydroxyl or alkyl methyl) or methoxy substituent.

-4- In another type of methylolated cyclic urea, the groups R 1 and

R

2 above combined represent a tetravalent aliphatic group such that they together with the nitrogen atoms and carbonyl groups of two Z-N-CO-N-Z groups form two fused 5, 6 or 7 membered rings. Such tetravalent groups are usually of formula -CR 3 -(Y)n-CR 5 where 3 II

R

3

R

5 Y and n are as defined above. Preferably n is 0 and the group is the acetylenyl group of formula -CH-CH-.

Examples of the methylolated cyclic ureas are dimethylol ethylene urea and especially 1,3,N,N, dimethylol, 4,5 dihydroxy 10 ethylene urea, but also, dimethylol propylene urea and its 4 methoxy dimethyl and 5 hydroxy analogues and the 5 oxa and analogues of dimethylol propylene urea and tetramethylol acetylene di urea.

9 0 The fabric containing the cured THP polymer is impregnated with an aqueous solution of the methylolamide, e.g. one containing 250g/l such as 80-180g/1 especially 110-180g/1 of methylolamide, at an acidic pH, usually of less than 3, e.g. 1-2 or especially less than 1. The pH of the solution of methylolamide is usually adjusted 4 a with acid, particularly for low temperature curing, e.g. at less 20 than 500C; mineral acids such as hydrochloric or especially sulphuric acid are preferred. The larger the amount of added acid the higher the cure rate or the higher the degree of cure; the impregnation solution is usually 0.1-10, e.g. 0.5-10, preferably 1-6 such.as 1-4 or 4-6 N in acid. The solution may contain added soluble salts, e.g. of mono-, di- or tri- valent metals and anions from strong acids, such as chlorides, nitrates and sulphates in amounts of 2-200, e.g. 2-50 or 10-200 g/l, e.g. 10-70 such as about 50 g/l; examples of salts are those of ammonia, e.g. ammonium chloride, alkali metals, alkaline earth metals such as magnesium and zinc and aluminium and the salts may increase the cure rate. Amount of zinc salts, e.g. zinc nitrate, may be 2-20 g/1 and amounts of magnesium salts, e.g. magnesium chloride, may be 10-50 g/l. The solution may contain a wetting agent such as a nonionic and/or anionic one, in amount, e g. of 0.1-5 g/1 of the solution and may also contain an optical brightener, stable to the acid conditions, e.g. in amount of 10-30 g/l of the solution.

Particularly for high temperature curing, e.g. at above 50 0

C,

there may be used in the methylolamide aqueous solution those soluble salts described above giving acid solutions in water especially when the pH of the impregnant solution is to be adjusted to 2-6, e.g. 3-6. A water-soluble carboxylic acid. e.g. of 2-6 carbon atoms and usually 1-3 hydroxyl groups, such as glycollic, citric, malic, lactic, tartaric and mandelic acids can be used in 10 amounts of e.g. 3-100 g/l, such as 10-70 g/l as well as or instead of the above soluble salt in such processes.

.4 The fabric is impregnated with the solution and the wet fabric usually squeezed to wet pick up of 50-120%, e.g. 60-90% (based on the dry weight of the THP cured fabric). Alternatively, the solution may be applied by a minimum add-on technique to give a wet pick up of only 10-50%. The dry weight pick up of the methylolamide is .*usually 3-20%, e.g. 6-20%, such as 7-15% (on the same basis). The *±i fabric may then be cured when it has a moisture content of 6-90% ,such as 30-90%, e.g after the above squeezing, or when it has a ,;20 moisture content of 6-30%, e.g. the fabric after minimum add-on as p such or after drying, or the squeezed fabric after partial drying.

F4 The moisture content of the fabric at the start of the cure can be calculated from the weight of the impregnated fabric at that time, the original weight of the fabric and its moisture content (obtained from the loss of weight on drying), the concentration of solids and water in the impregnation solution and the wet pick-up.

The presence of the aqueous solution on the fabric swells it and then in the cure, the fabric reacts with the methylolamide to form a cured fabric in which the methylolamide is cured onto the fabric, e.g. by bonding to the cellulose, e.g. cross-linking the cellulose, and/or bonding to the cured THP polymer. Aqueous medium is present on the fabric during and throughout the cure, so that at the end of .an C LI -i I- i ir i -6the cure there is a cured fabric impregnated with aqueous medium and therefore still swollen. Such a cure can be called a moist or wet cure, as distinct from dry cure in which the wet impregnated fabric is dried to remove its moisture and produce a collapsed impregnated dry fabric and then the cure is performed on that dry fabric.

If the moisture content of the fabric at the start of curing is 6-30%, the aqueous solution of methylolamide impregnated on the fabric is usually at pH 1-3, preferably at pH 1-2. The fabric is usually allowed to stand at a temperature of less than 50 0 C, e.g.

10-40 0 C and preferably at ambient temperatures such as 15-40 0 °C for %5-50 hr, e.g. 10-30 hr and especially 15-30 hr, while precautions "are taken not to allow its moisture content to change outside the above quoted range, 6-90% but preferably 6-30%, e.g by wrapping it in a plastic sheet. If desired the fabric may be cured at 50-180°C for 1 min. to 6 hours, e.g. at 90-140 0 C for 2-20 mins, though temperatures of 140-180 0 C may be used, again in all cases with r *thorough precautions taken to maintain the moisture content within the quoted range throughout the cure, e.g. with steam cure in a chamber, under pressure if necessary, and preferably with saturated 1 steam. Under these higher temperature conditions, the .pH of the solution on the fabric may be 2-6, preferably 3-5 for fabrics to be heated at e.g. above 90 0 C and 2-3 for those heated at 50-90 0 C. The time, -pH and temperature are usually chosen to maximize the cure rate but minimize any tendering of the fabric under the acidity time and temperature conditions.

If the moisture content of the fabric is 30-90%, e.g. 30-60% or 40-75% such as 45-65% at the start of the curing then the pH of the aqueous impregnant solution on the fabric is usually less than 1 and the fabric is allowed to stand for times and temperatures and under conditions otherwise within the ranges given for the curing of drier fabric. The moisture content is maintained in the 6-90% range, e.g.

30-90% range, during the cure. If a large amount of acid has been added to the impragnation solution, e.g. to give an acid strength in the bath of 3-10 N, such as 4-6 N, then cure times may,.be reduced to

V.

-7- 1 min to 5 hr. such as 0.5 to 4 hr. at ambient temperature such as 15-40OC.

The fabric may be cured without externally applied tension or compression. Preferably the impregnated fabric is cured under conditions of tension in at least one of the warp and weft directions, e.g. those tensions resulting from externally applied forces and/or from internal forces in the fabric. Thus in a continuous process in which impregnated fabric is passed from the impregnation bath, preferably through a squeeze roller, and thence to a take-up roller for curing, the fabric may be wound onto the take-up roller under conditions of tensions at least sufficient to prevent sagging of the fabric and preferably that tension is Ial, o \substantially retained in the fabric on the take-up roller during cure; that tensicn may even increase during cure. The impregnated fabric may also be applied to the take-up roller under high tension which is at least maintained during curing, but preferably the fabric is applied under the minimum tension to prevent sagging.

o Preferably if the impregnated fabric is not dried, it is advisable during the cure to take measures to prevent drainage of the liquid through the roll, e.g. by rotating the roll slowly without significant loss of moisture; if desired the fabric may be re-rolled to reduce retention of tensions in the fabric. The fabric is also cured usually when free of creases unless a special effect, e.g.

pleating, is required. In a high speed cure process, e.g. with cure time less than 30 mins. the curing may be done in a steam chamber under conditions of tension, again preferably under the minimum tension to prevent sagging.

After the curing the fabric is rinsed, neutralized and rerinsed prior to squeezing and drying. The solids add on in the resin treatment is usually especially 2-4%.

The flame retardant property of the fabric is not usually materially affected by the methylolamide after-treatment but the easy care properties of the fabric are often significantly improved.

i 1 -ii i ircs.

-8- Thus compared to the THP cured fabric before methylolamide treatment the treated fabric usually has reduced shrinkage, a higher durable press rating, higher wet crease recovery angle, higher moisture regain (equilibrium moisture content) and lower moisture imbibition (retained water on centrifuging) and may have improved dry crease recovery angle, particularly if the cure of methylolamide is perfonred under tension. The degrees of retention of tear strength and abrasion resistance in the treated fabric compared to THP fabric before the treatment are usually much greater than has been found in o* treated fabrics in which the THP fabric has been treated with methylolamide and heat cured and hence the fabrics treated by the process of the invention may have a longer life than the latter involving heat cure.

In a less preferred alternative process, the original fabric may be treated with the methylolamide first and reacted, and then treated with the THP compound or condensate and cured afterwards.

Thus in this process a fabric, which, has been reacted with a non *self-condensing methylolamide having at least 2 methylol groups (which may optionally have been alkylated) under aqueous acid conditions, e.g. at a pH less than 3, is treated with a tetra ki!.

(hydroxymethyl) phosphonium compound or condensate thereof which is then cured.

9i The nature of the methylolamide and the impregnation solution and its pH and the impregnation and cure technique for the fabric are essentially the same as for the corresponding methylolamide treatment of fabric already carrying a cured THP polymer apart from the wet pick-up of methylolamide impregnated fabric which is usually 50-120%, e.g. 60-110% (based on the dry weight of the fabric), the dry weight pick-up of the methylolamide, which is usually 4-25%, e.g. 6-18%, such as 8-14%, (on the same basis) and the moisture content of the fabric at the start of the cure which may be 6-30%, but much more preferably is 30-90%, e.g. 30-60%, or 45-80%, but preferably 60-90%, especially 70-90% (based on the original weight of the fabric) as such higher initial moisture.contents enable the -9- THP treatment to be more effective to obtain fabrics with better fire retardant properties than those 'made from fabrics cured with methylolamide under 6-30% moisture conditions.

Compared to the properties of methylolamide wet cured fabric the post THP treatment drastically increases the flame retardance and may also increase the wet and dry crease recovery angle, increase the moisture regain (or equilibrium moisture content after conditioning) and decrease the moisture content after centrifuging S, (water imbibition). Compared to fabric containing THP cured polymer, the pre methylolamide cured post THP cured fabric usually has reduced shrinkage after washing and increased wet and dry crease recovery angle.

Compared to the properties of fabrics from cure with methylolamide before THP treatment, the properties of fabrics from post cure with methylolamide after THP treatment are generally better; in particular the shrinkage of post cured fabrics is often less than with pre cured fabrics.

6 09 In order to reduce the loss in tear strength of the treated fabric compared to THP fabric or original fabric before treatment, there may be applied to the fabric having cured THP and cured methylolamide, before or after the final drying step, a softening agent in amount of 0.1-5% by wieight (based on the weight of the fabric); examples of such softening agents are condensation products of fatty acids, e.g. of 8-20 carbon atoms and polyamines or cyclization products thereof, each in,the form of its protonated or quaternary salts, and also quaternary ammonium salts with 2 fatty aliphatic groups, e.g. 8-20 carbon alkyl and 2 short chain alkyl groups, e.g. of 1-6 carbons such as methyl.

We have also discovered that with the THP cured methylolamide cured fabric, irrespective of order of treatment, a filechanical shrinkage', e.g. mechanical compressive shrinkage of the fabric significantly reduces the progressive shrinkage of the fabrics after many repeat washes. This compressive shrinkage usually involves the following steps; wetting of the fabric with water and/or steam to give a swollen fabric, adjusting the width of the swollen fabric to the desired dimension, compressively shrinking the fabric, and drying the fabric. The compressive shrinkage may be via intimate contact with a stretched elastomeric blanket and maintenance of that contact while the degree of elongation of blanket is reduced, e.g.

to zero. Drying may be achieved under restrained conditions, e.g. by compressing the moist shrunk fabric between a heated metal cylinder S, and an absorbet fabric belt. Finally the fabric may be plated or Strolled. An example of such a process is the Sanforized process as described in International Textile Bulletin Dyeing/Printing/Finishing 2/86 pp 14, 16, 20, 22 and 27. The result of the combination of the steps of methylolamide treatment after or before THP treatment, followed by the mechanical shrinking is that the difference in dimensions, e.g. in the warp direction, between those of the finished fabric and those after one wash can be small, e.g. Itss than 2.5% or or very small, e.g. less than 1% and that the degree of progressive shrinkage thereafter on subsequent washing, e.g. 50 times, can be small, e.g. less than or especially very *99 small, e.g. less than 2 or If the degree of mechanical shrinkage put onto the fabric is more than sufficient to compensate for 9 shrinkage in one wash of the fabric, the THP and methylolamide cured i* fabric after mechanical shrinkage can extend after one wash by, e.g.

,up tc 5% and that degree of extension can remain substantially unchanged over the next 50 washes, so that the degree of progressive shrinkage is very small. If desired the mechanical shrinking operation may be performed in the post methylolamide treatment process after THP cure and before the methylolamide reaction, i-a instead of or as well as after the latter reaction, or, in the pre methylolamide treatment process, before THP cure and after the methylolamide reaction instead of or as well as after the latter reaction. The mechanical shrinking operation is usually performed after the last cure step, whether methylolamide or THP cure, and may be performed between the cure steps. If no mechanical shrinking operation is performed the methylolamide iJ preferably applied after f i i~ -L ii-i I i -11the THP as the treated fabric obtained tends to have reduced shrinkage compared to fabrics treated in the reverse order.

The fabric usually has a majority of cellulosic fibres and is preferably 100% cellulosic as preferably in natural cotton but also in ramie, flax or regenerated fibres, e.g. viscose or cuprammonium rayon fibres. The fabric may have been mercerized with aqueous alkali or liquid ammonia, optionally with amines, after or preferably before application of the THP compound. The cellulose Sfibres are especially woven but may be knitted. They may also be mixed with an amount, e.g. a minority amount, e.g. up to 50% such as 0 1-50% of coblendable fibres such as polyester fibres to make, e.g.

q'°s blends of 60-80% cotton with 20-40% polyester. However the process is of particular application to substantially completely cellulosic 6, ,fibres especially cotton. The fabric before THP treatment may have a weight of 0.05-1.00 kg/m 2 such as 0.1-1.00 kg/m 2 usually 0.15- 0.40 kg/m 2 and preferably 0,23 to 0.37 kg/m2; examples of such fabrics are cotton drill fabric or sheeting, shirting or curtain fabric.

The fabric before THP or methylolamide treatment may have been dyed, e.g. with vat or azoic dyes, though basic, reactive, direct, acid or disperse dyes may also be used. If the fabric is to be dyed after THP treatment, reactive dyes are preferred. If the fabric is to be dyed before methylolamide treatment, then dyes such as vat and azoic ones are preferred. Thus with vat or azoic dyes, the fabric is preferably dyed, treated with THP compound and cured and then treated with methylolamide and reacted therewith. Alternatively with some shades of vat or azoic dyes it may be better to treat and react with methylolamide first then dye, and then treat with THP compound and then cure.

The treated fabrics with the flame retardant and easy care properties may be used in uniforms, e.g. for security guards and for the fire brigade and for workwear. Lighter fabrics may be formed into uniform shirts for which durable press ratings and easy care

S

'V 1 1 1 1 1 1 -12properties are particularly important and heavier fabrics, e.g.

cotton drill fabrics, may be formed into ,vorkwear such as overalls and trousers, for which lack of shrinkage is particularly important.

The invention is illustrated in the following Examples in which the following test methods were used. In every case the fabric was conditioned to 20 0 C and 65% Relative Humidity for 24 hours before testing.

1. Crease recovery tt Both dry and wet crease recovery angles were measured compared to the untreated fabric using the MONSANTO WRINKLE RECOVERY TESTER with a 500g load and 3 minute load/recovery/times, in the Warp direction and creased with the face outwards.

2. Durable press rating a.

e t For Examples 1-15 the fabric was assessed using the AATCC Test Method No. 88 wash and wear standards and DP ratings based on the smoothness appearance of the fabric compared to standards 1-5 (1 abeing the poorest rating), while for Examples 16-26 the test method was AATCC Test Method 124.

3. Shrinkage Warp and weft shrinkage were measured according to the procedure of BS 4923 (1973) after the fabric had been washed times (for Examples 1-15) or 50 times (for Examples 16-27) (in the manner described in DIN 53920 with soft water) at 93 0

C.

4. Strength Tensile strength was measured according to BS 2756 and the tear strength in the weft direction (according to Elmendorf) were also determined.

-13- Flame Retardancy The flame retardancy of the fabric was tested as finished, after 12 washes at 93 0 C and after 40 washes at 930C (for Examples 1-15) or 50 times (for Examples 16-26) (the washing being as in the manner described in DIN 53920 with soft water). The test method used was according to BS 3119.

6. Analytical determinations on the fabric %N and ppm formaldehyde were determined on the fabric as finished. %P and %N were also determined after 12 and 40 washes (for Examples 1-15) or 50 washes (for Examples 16-19) at 930C. The atomic ratio of N:P was calculated.

7. Abrasion Resistance The Accelerotor test was according to AATCC-99-1984 Method A *and involved abrasion with a 250 mesh emery cloth rotating for 3 min at 3000 rpm and determination of the weight loss.

THP Cured Fabric Fabric A For use in Examples 1-13, 15 and 27 t he TH-P cured fabric was obtained by impregnating 3111 cotton drill fabric of 0.285 kg/n 2 weight, which had previously been dyed with high visibility orange azoic dye and not sanforized, with an aqueous solution at pH 4.5 of a precondensate of THP chloride and urea in a molar ratio of 1:0.5 and an amount in solution equivalent to 25% THP ion to an about wet pick up, drying the impregnated fabric at 120 0 C for 1 minute and then curing with gaseous ammonia in a forced gas ammoniator as described in US 4145463. The cured fabric was oxidized with hydrogen peroxide, neutralized with sodium carbonate solution, rinsed and dried.

7 i -14- Fabric B, C, D and E The procedure as specified for Fabric A was used for four other cotton fabrics with the following modification; the rinse water included a fabric softener ("Alkamine" FPS) in amount of 2% by weight of the THP cured fabric, and each of the THP cured fabrics then mechanically compressively shrunk according to the "Sanforize" process. The fabrics were mercerized satin workwear fabric of 0.270 kg/m 2 weight, previously vat dyed blue (Fabric azo red dyed 3111 drill of 0.346kg/m 2 weight (Fabric azo red dyed 3113 satin drill of 0.28kg/m 2 weight (Fabric D) and 3117 twill fabric of 0.192kg/m 2 weight and optically brightened (Fabric E).

Example 1 0 Lengths of the THP cured fabric A were padded to 80% wet pick up with an impregnation solution containing 250mls/l of a aqueous solution of di 1,3-NN-methylol-4,5-dihydroxy ethylene urea DMDHEU (sold under the Trade Mark FIXAPRET CPN) and 50 mls/l of 98% sulphuric acid to give a pH of less than 1 and an acid concentration in the bath of 1.88 N. The wet, padded fabric with total moisture content about 68% (based on the weight of THP cured fabric) was folded carefully and placed into a polythene bag which was then sealed and kept under slack conditions under no applied tension) for 22 hours at room temperature to cure. The fabric was then removed, washed sequentially with cold water, 10g/l aqueous sodium carbonate, an aqueous solution at 500C containing 2g/1 sodium carbonate and 2g/1 detergent, hot water at 60 0 L and cold water. The fabric was then dried and then tested in comparison with samples of the THP cured fabric (Comp. The results were as follows.

*a.

a.

a a a -t 0 0 SO a a.

-s p55 0 aI'a a 0 a o a a a 0 05 a SE a a a a a S So a. I? -5) a

RESULTS

ICREASE I I I I Ex. IRECO VERY IWARP I DP RATING ITEAR IFLAME RETARDANCY IANALYTICAL RESULTS 1ANGLEO ISHRINKAGE I ISTRENGTH I Average Char I AS FINISHED I AFTER 40 WASHES IDRY I WET IM% I (kg) I Length (mmi) P I %N I NIP! %P %N NIP 1 1 80 1155 1 3.5 1 4-5 I 1.15 I56 I2.89 I3.34 I2.56 I2.78 I3.19 I2.54 Ccinp.Al 901 95 1 10.0 1 2 I 1.54 I55 I3.05 I3.09 I2.24 I2.74 I2.72 I2.20 The flame retardancy was measured after 40 washes -16- Example 2 The process of Example 1 was repeated with the following modifications; the impregnation solution also contained 0.5g/l of a wetting agent, which was a mixture of nonionic and anionic ones sold under the mark WA100 by Brookstone Chemicals Staffordshire, England, and after the cure the fabric was washed in cold water, neutralized with sodium carbonate solution, rinsed with cold water and the fabric dried at 100 0 C. Squares of the fabric obtained and squares of the original THP cured fabric were washed in a washing machine at 60 0 C for 10 minutes, then with 3 cold water rinses and the fabric spun for 4 minutes at 1000 rev.per.min. The fabric squares were then dried with the aid of pegs on a line at room temperature or tumble-dried for 15 minutes with a final maximum temperature of 70 0

C.

The fabric squares were tested for Durable press rating compared to squares of THP cured fabric (Comp. Example The result were as follows.

4 a a 4 a a a 4~~ as 4 a t a a~ '.95 a a a a~ a ~a j.

a a a 4 a a DP Rating Fabric I Line Dry Tumble Dry Example 2 4-5 3-4 Comp.

Example B I 2 2 Example 3 For Example 3, the process of Example 1 was repeated with the following modifications; the impregnant solution of pH less than 1 contained 70m1/l of concentrated hydrochloric acid (instead of the sulphuric acid) to give an acid concentration of 0.82 N and also cortained 0.5 ml/l of a wetting agent as in Example 2 and the fabric was allowed to cure for 16 hours. The moisture content of the fabric at the start of the cure was about 72% (based on the weight of THP cured fabric).

-17- The tests on the properties of the fabrics were performed and the results compared with those on the THP cured fabric (Comp.

Example The results were as follows: Crease Recovery Angles (Degrees) I WET I DRY Example I Warp Weft I Warp Weft Comp. C I 95 85 I 91 89 3 I 139 131 92 88 t ~t rit 0 ftp., Shrinkage Example Warp Weft Comp. C I 8 3 4 a a a 00 *9 Bo 0 p a 04~00 lb 0 Flame Retardancy (According to BS 3119)

I

Example I AVERAGE CHAR LENGTH (MM) I AS FINISHED I AFTER 12 WASHES AFTER 40 WASHES Comp. C I 70 69 53 3 I 70 I 70 I 54 Analytical Example AFTER I AFTER AS FINISHED 12 WASHES I 40 WASHES %P 1%N I HCHO ppm %P 1%N %P %N Comp C .3.07 I 3.22 I 300 2.87 I 2.80 I 2.74 I 2.72 3 2.91 13.50 I 320 2.75 3.15 12.70 13.13 o* 9494 090 e 0 oa r t C oi *4 1 l* -18- Examples 4-12 The process of Example 1 was repeated with a range of amounts and proportions of the curing agent and added concentrated sulphuric acid. In each case the wet pick up from the resin impregnation bath was adjusted to be about 80% and the moisture contents of the fabrics at the start of cure were about 63-72% (based on the weight of the THP cured fabric). The results are as shown below.

Results Ex Imls/l Imls/l ISolidslWarp IWet CreaselTear lAbrasion Icuringlsulphuric ladd onlShrinkagelRecovery IStrengthlResistance Iagent lacid added 1% after Angle Warpl (kg) IAccelerator bath in bath 140 washes Degrees 1% weight I I II I I loss 4 1200 25 2.09 5.0 135 1.18 5 50 2.62 5.0 142 1.12 6 75 3.22 4.0 148 1.12 7 250 25 2.62 5.0 135 1.25 8 50 3.43 3.5 155 1.15 9.8 9 75 3.42 3.0 152 1.15 300 25 2.77 4.5 137 1.25 11 50 3.35 4.0 146 1.15 12 I 75 3.86 4.0 150 1.15 Untreated I 10 95 1.54 9.2 i.e. THP cured fabric

I

All fabrics met the flammability requirements of BS3120 c -ii 1 I -19- Example 13 The process of Examples 7-9 was repeated with the amount of sulphuric acid added being replaced by 100mls of concentrated hydrochloric dcid (about 35% w/w) to give a solution of pH less than 1 and of acid concentration 1.17 N. The moisture content of the fabric at the start of the cure was about 71% (based on the weight of the THP cured fabric). The treated fabric was tested for its abrasion resistance according to the Accelerotor test and the weight loss found to be 10.6%. The results of the other tests were as follows: warp shrinkage wet crease recovery angle 1500, tear strength (Elmendorf, weft) 1.10 kg, average FR char length after washes 68mm.

Example 14 9 Ag The process of Examples 7-9 was repeated with the following modifications, THP cured fabric'B, and in the impregnation bath 140 ml/l conc. sulphuric acid (to give a solution of acid concentration 5.25N) with a 3 hour cure time. The moisture content of the fabric at the start of cure was about 57% (based on the weight of THP cured fabric). The results on the treated fabric were as follows compared to those on the THP fabric B before treatment.

991.9 9ft

I

99) i1* 9 9 9 I Crease Recovery Tear Strength I FR Char length (mm) Ex. I Angle, Wet, Warp o Elmendorf kg. I after 40 wash 14 I 150 2.112 56 Comp.I 90 i 2.976 I 52 Example The process of Example 14 was repeated with THP cured fabric A.

The results on the treated fabric were as follows compared to those on the THP fabric A before treatment.

11 ir-~- Wet Crease I I FR Char lengthl Abrasion SRecovery I Tear Strengthl (mm) after I Resistance Ex. Angle, Warp o Elmendorf kg.1 40 wash I Accelerotor I I I 140 i 1.056 70 11.0 Comp.1 95 I 1.540 1 55 I 9.2 Examples 16-19 Lengths of 20m of Fabric A, 30m of Fabric C, 50m of fabric D *and 30m of Fabric E were sewn together and passed continuously twice through a padding solution which contained 350g/1 of the aqueous solution of DMDHEU used in Example 1, 90g/l of 98% sulphuric acid to give a pH of less than 1 and an acid concentration in the solution of 1.84 N and 2g/1 of the wetting agent used in Example 2. The excess of padding solution was squeezed off the swelled fabrics which were then, with moisture contents of about 52-60% (based on the weight of THP cured fabrics) and under conditions of minimum 9 tension to prevent sagging, passed onto a roll, were wrapped in a plastic sheet and the roll rotated slowly at room temperature (18 0 C) for 22 hours to cure the DMDHEU. The wet pick up for each of the fabrics was A 72%, C 59%, D 72%, E 70%. Each cured fabric was then washed with water, then neutralized and then rewashed with water in a jig dyeing machine, followed by a softening step in which S each of the four fabrics was passed three times through a softening bath at 40 0 C containing 10g/1 of a nonionic fatty ester derivative softening agent sold by Crosfield Textile Chemicals as CROSOFT XME.

The wet fabric was then sucked dry and then dried by heating at 150 0 C in a stenter, to give Treated Fabrics.

The four fabrics obtained were then tested with results as follows comparing the properties of Fabrics A, C, D and E with Treated Fabrics A, C, D and E, i.e. before and after the DHDMEU treatment.

L L i t -21- 1.Shrinkage Warp and weft shrinkage were determined as described above but after 50 washes.

I Example lFabric I M~ Warp I Weft I I IA 1 13.2 I6.0 I 1- 16 ITreated A 1 5.5 I4.0 I 1 IC 1 9.9 I5.1 I 1 17 ITreated C 1 4.0 I4.3 I 1ID i8.0 I6.3 I 1- 18 ITreated D 12.7 I4.6 1 E 1 5.7 I7.1 I 1 19 ITreated E 1 3.6 I4.2 a.

r a *0@e flea ~a ta a *9C a a a, a, aaa at a aa* a, a a a,

S

a, to a a a a a a~ a a, a.

a a a a a aCtS a, 2. Tear Strength in the weft direction according to Elmendorf I Example lFabric I Strength (kg)I I IA 1 1.94 I 1 16 ITreated A I 1.87 I 1 IC 1 4.64 1 1 17 ITreated C 1 3.46 I I ID 1 2.68 I I 18 ITreated D 1 1.91 I 1 IE 1 1.63 I I 19 ITreated E 1 1.30 I 7< 7 -22- 3. Tensile Strength accordin~g to BS 2756 on Treated Fabric and for Treated Fabric C only after 50 washes at 93 0 C (according to DIN 53920 with soft water).

IExample I (Strength Newtons) IIFabric I Warp I Weft I IIA 1 1252 I 690 1 16 ITreated A 1 1030 I 619 I C 1 1237 I 794 I 1 17 T1reated C 1 1179 1 609 I I Washed C 1 1251 1 800 I IWa shed II I 17 1 Treated C i 1183 I 683 I I ID I 1145 I 740 I 1 18 ITreated D 1 913 1 597 I 1 IE 1 760 529 1- 19 ITreated E 1 617 I 406 00 0 4 0000 0000 0 0t 40 00 *44 0'0 *4 0 00 04 0 04 0 0*4 0 000 00 0 0 0* 0040 0 0 000* 000004 0 0 00 0* 0 0 0 0*04 Or O 1 4. Flame Retardancy tested as described above after 50 washes I-Example I Fabric I Average Char Length (mm)I I I A 152I I 16 ITreated A I56I I& 57I I 17 ITreated C I56I I D 58 I 18 ITreated D, 68I I E 77 I 19 ITreated E I79I -23- Crease Recovery Angles I Example IFabric I Wet 2) 1 Dry 0) I I IA 100 16 ITreated A 145 105 IC 95 130 17 ITreated C 145 135 ID 95 18 ITreated D I 145 110 IE 95 110 19 ITreated E I 145 130 *n 00*s

UD

o

U

*c p 6. DP wash at rating assessed as 950C and drying as specified above on fabrics after single in Example 2.

e ^1 I Example I I DP Rating SiFabric I Line Dry Tumble Dry SIA 2 2-3 S 16 ITreated A I 3-3.5 3-3.5 1 IC I 2 2 17 ITreated C I 3-3.5 3-3.5 SID 2 2-3 S 18 ITreated D I 3-3.5 3.5-4.0 I IE I 1-2 2 S 19 ITreated E I 3 I 3-3.5

I

-24- 7. Analytical Results on Treated Fabric before and after 50 washes at 93 0 C (according to DIN 53920 with soft water) I Example I I IFabric I Before Washing I After Washing I I IA I P I N I 3.2 3.1 I P I N I 2.6 I 2.5 I I 16 ITreated A I 3.0 I 3.5 I 2.7 I 3.1 I IC 2.9 2.9 2.3 2.2 I S 17 ITreated C I 2.7 3.3 2.6 I I ID 2.3 2.1 2.0 1.8 I S 18 ITreated D 2.2 2.6 2.0 2.3 IE 2.6 2.3 2.4 2.0 1 S 19 ITreated E 2.4 2.7 2.3 2.5 1 *t I *1 9 9 9 C* 999.

99 9 .9 9.rr 99 9 9

I.

8. Colour Fastness to light The fastness to a xenon arc light was measured according to BS 1006, 1978, B 02. There was no difference between the results for Fabrics A, C, D and E compared to Treated Fabrics A, C, D and E respectively.

9. Handle There was no detectable difference between the handles of Fabrics A, C, D and E compared to Treated Fabrics A, C, D and E respectively.

Moisure content The moisture contents of the Fabrics A,C-E and Treated Fabrics A and C-E respectively, each after conditioning for 24 hours at RH, were determined by drying the conditioned preweighed fabrics for 2 hours at 105 0 C and then reweighing. The moisture contents of the fabrics were about 0.5% less than of the Treated Fabrics. Thus the treatment with DHDMEU increased the moisture regain at 65% RH.

11. Water Imbibition The Fabrics A and C-E and Treated Fabrics A and C-E were given San HLCC1 wash in a Servis Quartz machine and the water retained after spinning the wet fabrics as 1000 rpm for 4 min was determined.

The Treated Fabrics retained less water than the Fabrics the treatment with DHDMEU reduced the water imbibition.

Examples 20-26 Fabric Two 100m pieces of 3111 loomstate drill cotton fabric of weight 0.295 kg/m 2 were enzymically desized, scoured with alkali and bleached with alkaline hydrogen peroxide. From the bleached fabric WI of weight 0.27kg/m 2 were obtained four 50m lengths which were submitted respectively to process operations V, X, Y and Z (broad details of which are given below in which the steps of treatment and cure with DHDMEU, treatment and cure with THP compound and S* mechanical compressive shrinking are performed in different combinations.

a p. ps p p

I

lOperation I V I X I Y I Z I I I I I I I IFirst step IDHDMEU Cure ITHP Cure ITHP Cure ITHP Cure I ISecond step I IMech. shrinkI IThird step ITHP Cure IDHDMEU Cure IDHDMEU Cure I IFourth steplMech. ShrinklMech. shrinklMech. shrinklMech. shrinki THP Cure Step for Operations V, X, Y and Z The fabric was treated as described with respect to Fabric A.

The wet pick ups were about 80% for Operation V (based on the weight of DHDMEU cured fabric) and 100% for Operations X, Y and Z (based on the weight of the bleached fabric).

S0 -26- DHDMEU Cure Step for Operations V, Y and Z The fabric was treated in the manner decribed in Examples 16-19 but with a padding solution which contained 325g/1 of the aqueous DHDMEU solution, 90g/1 of 98% sulphuric acid, 2g/1 of wetting agent used in Example 2 and 18g/1 of a fluorescent brightening agent stable to acid sold by Sandoz as Leucophor BCR liquid. The wet pick ups were 100% for Operation V (based on the weight of bleached fabric) a'nd 75% for Operations Y and Z (based on the weight of THP cured fabric) and the moisture contents of the fabrics at the start of cure were about 60% for Example 20-24 (by weight of THP and fabric) and 79% for Example 25 and 26 (expressed by weight of original fabric).

SMechanical Compression Shrinkage The fabric was mechanically compressively shrunk on a V "Sanforizer" classic machine as described in International Tc:iile Bulletin Dyeing/ Printing/Finishing 2/86 pp 14,16, 20, 22 and 27 involving initial steaming, adjustment of width, pressing against a S0 stretched rubber blanket which is then allowed to relax resulting in shrinking of the fabric, followed by drying by compressing the fabric between a heated metal cylinder and an absorbent blanket and rolling. The degree of shrinkage set on the machine was 5% for Operations V, X, Y and Z.

a. t Optical Brightening The optical brightener was put into the fabric as part of the DHDMEU impregnation in OperaLions V, Y and Z but in the rinse water from the THP cure in Operation X.

Results The properties of the Treated Fabrics obtained in the fourth step of Operations V, Y and Z were tested, as were some of the properties of the fabric of the last step of Operation X and earlier steps of X, Y and Z.

1 fr' -27- In the Table of results below Examples 20-26 and Comparative Examples D-G refer to the fabrics obtained according to the following operations.

Example I Fabric I Summary of Operation I I I Step Operation I 21 3 Y THP, DHDMEU 22 3 Z THP, Mech. shrink, DHDMEU I 23 4 Y THP, DHDMEU, Mech. shrink 24 4 Z THP, Mech. Shrink, DHDMEU, Mech. Shrink 25 3 V DHDMEU, THP 26 4 V DHDMEU, THP, Mech. Shrink IComp. D I 4 X THP, Mech. Shrink IComp. E I 1 X THP IComp. F I I Original bleached Fabric IComp. G I 1 1 V DHDMEU only ft S. 9 9 9 *9* t*tt .9 0 9*

S

*99 .9 @9* S 9 9.

.94,

U

*999 4 9 9* 9) 9 4 o *09*9 t 1. Shrinkage The warp and weft shrinkage described in Example 16-19 after was deterrned in the manner 1 and 50 washes.

Shrinkage after given number of wash cycles Example 1 I IWarp Weft Warp Weft Comp. G 1.2 2.2 L 2.3 I Comp. F 12.8 I 5.6 Comp. E I 3.9 3.5 i 12.4 I 8.8 Comp, D 1.0 2.8 I 7.3 5.9 21 1.4 2.1 4.4 1 22 I 1.8 2.2 I 4.7 3.3 S 23 1+2.9 1.6 I +2.3 I 2.1 24 I I 1+2.3 1.8 1 2.0 2.4 I 6.3 26 1+3.1 2.1 1+2.4 1 2.5 1 -28- NB A positive sign, e.g. 2.3% denotes an extension on washing rather than a shrinkage.

2. Tear Strength in the weft direction according to Elmendorf IExampl e I Strength (kg)I II Warp I Weft I Comp. D I 3.00 I3.00 23 I 2.20 I2.20 I I 24 I 2.50 I2.40 I I 26 I 2.40 I2.20 I I 0.

0 0000 0 0 0*00 0 000 0000 00 00 0 00 0 0 0*0 00 4~ *00 00 09 0 00 00*0 O 0 0000 9000 SO 0 0 4' 00 0 0

I

400 i 00 0 1 3. Tensile strength according to BS 2756 I I Strength (Newtons)I Example I Warp I Weft I Comp. D 1262 I 751 I I 23 I 1010 I 572 I I 24 1012 I 575 I I 26 I 1014 I 580 I 4. Flame retardancy tested as described above after 50 washes IExample,. IAverage Length (mm)I IComp. D I 23 I62 I 24 I67I I 26 I53I -29- Crease Recovery Angles SExample Wet Dry (0) IComp. G 130 Comp. F 65 IComp. D 95 I 23 140 100 I 24 140 100 26 135 100 *I t i 9* 0 *i t 9 9: 0 9 0 1 9 44 0 6.c 6. DP rating assessed as specified above after single wash at 95 0

C

and drying as in Example 2 IDP RatingI Example Line Dry Tumble Dryl IComp. G 3-3.5 3-3.5 Comp. F 1-2 1-2 Comp. D 2 2 23 3-3.5 3-3.5 24 3-3.5 3-3.5 26 3 3 7. Moisture Contents The moisture contents of the fabrics were determined as in Examples 16-19, Part 10. The moisture content of the fabrics of Examples 23, 24 and 26 were higher than those of Comparative Example D by 0.5-1% according to oven drying studies. The DHDMEU treatment therefore increased the moisture regains at 65% RH.

8. Water Imbibition The retention of moisture on centrifuging wet fabrics was tested as in Examples 16-19. Part 11. the fabrics tested being that of Comp. Example D, Examples 23, 24 and 26. The fabrics of Examples 23, 24 and 26 retained 22% less moisture than that of Comparative Example D. The DHDMEU treatment reduced the water imbibition.

Example 27 THP cured Fabric A was padded with an impregnation solution containing 250 mls/l of the 45% DMDHEU solution used in Ex. 1 and g/l of 98% sulphuric acid, the solution having a pH of about 1.7 and being 0.2 N in acid. The padded fabric was squeezed to a 75% wet pick-up and then heated in an oven at 90 0 c for 3 minutes to give a fabric containing 10% moisture. The fabric was immediately sealed 0 in a plastic bag to maintain its moisture content and was allowed to stand for 22 hours at room temperature under slack conditions. The 9, fabric was then removed and washed as in Ex.1. Finally it was dried and then washed 50 times at 93 0 C. The warp shrinkage after that washing was tested and found to be compared to 10% for the similarly washed THP cured Fabric A before the DMDHEU treatment.

0 t9 S* 4

I

Claims

1. A process for the treatment of a fabric, which process comprises subjecting a cellulosic fabric, which has already been treated in a first process operation, to a second process operation, one of said first and second process operations being treatment of fabric with tetrakis (hydroxymethyl) phosphonium compound or condensate thereof followed by curing to a polymer, and the other of said first and second process operations being impregnation of the fabric with a non self-condensing methylolamide having at least two methylol groups, which may optionally have been alkylated,and then reaction of the fabric with said methylolamide under aqueous acid conditions. ,t 2. A process according to claim 1 wherein the first process operation involves treatment with said phosphonium compound or condensate followed by curing with ammonia. i g 9 a,

3. A process according to claim 1, wherein the second process operation involves treatment with said phosphonium compound or condensate followed by curing with ammonia. a

4. A process according to any one of claims 1-3, wherein the methylolamide in aqueous solution at pH less than 3 reacts with the S fabric. P

5. A process according to any one of claims 1-4, wherein the methylolamide reacts with the fabric having a moisture content of

6-90%. 6. A process according to claim 2 wherein the methylolamide in aqueous solution reacts with the fabric having a moisture content of 6-30%.

7. A process according to any one of claims 1-5 wherein the methylolamide in aqueous solution at a pH less than 1 reacts with the fabric having a moisture content of 30-90%. 1 _1 _1_ 2..

8. A process according to claim 7, wherein the methylolamide reacts with the fabric in an aqueous medium 1-6 N in acid.

9. A process according to any one of claims 1-8, wherein the methylolamide is a methylolated cyclic urea or 0-alkylated derivative thereof. A process according to claim 9, wherein the methylolamide is 1,3, NN-dimethylol- 4,5- dihydroxyethylene urea.

11. A process according to any one of claims 1-10, wherein the fabric is treated with an aqueous solution of a condensate of a tetrakis (hydroxymethyl) phosphonium compound and urea and then cured with gaseous ammonia.

12. A process according to any one of claims 1-11, wherein the fabric is made of cotton fibres or a mixture thereof with up to by weight (of fabric) of polyester fibres. SS 13. A process according to any one of claims 1-12 wherein the dry weight pick-up of methylolamide on the fabric is 6-20% and of polymer from tetrakis (hydroxymethy phosphonium compound or condensate is 8-20%.

14. A process according to any one of claims 1-13, wherein the methylolamide is reacted with the fabric, while the fabric is I maintained under tension in at least one of the weft and warp dimensions. A process according to any one of claims 1-14, wherein, after the second process operation, the fabric is subjected to mechanical compressive shrinkage.

16. A process according to any one of claims 12-15, wherein cotton fibres are treated with an aqueous solution of a condensate of tetrakis (hydroxymethyl) phosphonium compound and urea and cured 11 1 1 1 Iu I- r: i 1 a .rc 4- 3. with gaseous ammonia, and then the fabric obtained is impregnated with an aqueous solution of 1,3 NN dimethylol 4.5 di-hydroxyethylene urea and is reacted therewith under aqueous conditions of pH less than 1 and 1-4 N in acid with a moisture content of the fabric of

30-90%, followed by mechanical compressive shrinkage of the fabric obtained. 17. A process according to any one of claims 9-15, wherein in the second process operation the methylolamide is reactcd at 90-140 0 C p 9z 9 o o et, 9 O jj ar I with the fabric having a moisture conditions of pH 18. A process according to claim in any one of Examples 1-15. 19. A process according to claim in any one of Examples 16-24. 20. A process according to claim Example 25 or 26. 21. A process according to claim Example 27. 22. A fabric having been treated in any of .claims 1-21. content of 6-30% under aqueous 1 or 2 substantially as described 1 or 2 substantially as described 3 substantially as described in 1 substantially as described in according to a process as claimed 23. A fabric having been treated according to a process as claimed in claim 2 or any of claims 4-13 when appendant thereto. 24. A fabric having been treated according to a process as claimed in claim 2 or any of claims 16 and 18 when appendant thereto. A fabric having been treated according to a process as :.aimed in claim 3, or any of claims 4, 5-15 and 20 when appendant to claim 3. DATED this 9th day of October 1987. ALBRIGHT WILSON LIMITED EDWD. WATERS SONS PATENT ATTORNEYS MELBOURNE. VIC. 3000. I