AU2025203461B1 - Floating mechanical power transmission systems - Google Patents

Abstract

A light structure, suitable for reducing cost while it is capable of bearing heavy loads, is applied for supporting and stabilizing energy systems floated on a body of water. A number of floating solar trackers are integrated, capable of orienting solar panels towards the sun.

Description

TITLE: FLOATING MECHANICAL POWER TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS 14 May 2025

FIELD

[0001] It is related to the fields of:

(1) Mechanical Engineering 2025203461

(1) Mechanical Engineering

[0001] It is related to the fields of:

FIELD

TITLE: FLOATING MECHANICAL POWER TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS and the more unreliable the anchoring/mooring systems are. If the body of water is too

DESCRIPTION substructure/structure. However, the deeper the body of water is, the more expensive 14 May 2025

anchoring/mooring systems are required to stabilize the floating

substructure/structure stabilized. In other words, in these cases, the

1.1 [0002] Definitions facilitate/utilize anchoring/mooring systems which hold and help the floating

water where the seabed (ground) is close enough to the water surface in order to

[0003] Structural elements: referred to plate/shell elements and beam, truss elements floating substructure/structure are designated to work with quite limited depths of

as defined in finite element method. Tensile elongate structural elements: referred to water. The reason is that, in most of common cases using available technologies, the

thus to be possibly cheaper), more stabilized and capable to work on a deeper body of

beams (tension, compression, bending, twisting), trusses (tension, compression). wave energy systems and/or floating solar energy systems is required to be lighter (and

Bars/ropes/cables/chains (tension). Compressible elongate structural elements: 2025203461

[0006] A floating substructure/structure used to support floating wind turbines and/or

referred to beams, trusses. Straight/curved beam elements: referred to beams (tension, 1.2 [0005] Wheel-like structures

compression, bending, twisting) which are straight of curved. Framed surface photovoltaic mounting system.

structures: referred to a frame structure laid on a surface. Plate/shell structures: (the net is suspended from the structure). The solar panels are secured to the

composed of plate/shell structural elements. Plate/shell surface elements: referred to connected together and suspended, or the net above in conjunction with a structure

plate/shell elements or framed surface structures. be a frame, a common structure, a rack, a solar tracker, a net of ropes/cables/chains

[0004] Photovoltaic mounting system: it is the one used to support solar panels. It can

[0004] Photovoltaic mounting system: it is the one used to support solar panels. It can plate/shell elements or framed surface structures.

be a frame, a common structure, a rack, a solar tracker, a net of ropes/cables/chains composed of plate/shell structural elements. Plate/shell surface elements: referred to

structures: referred to a frame structure laid on a surface. Plate/shell structures: connected together and suspended, or the net above in conjunction with a structure compression, bending, twisting) which are straight of curved. Framed surface

(the net is suspended from the structure). The solar panels are secured to the referred to beams, trusses. Straight/curved beam elements: referred to beams (tension,

photovoltaic mounting system. Bars/ropes/cables/chains (tension). Compressible elongate structural elements:

beams (tension, compression, bending, twisting), trusses (tension, compression).

1.2 [0005] Wheel-like structures as defined in finite element method. Tensile elongate structural elements: referred to

[0003] Structural elements: referred to plate/shell elements and beam, truss elements

[0006] A floating substructure/structure used to support floating wind turbines and/or 1.1 [0002] Definitions

wave energy systems and/or floating solar energy systems is required to be lighter (and DESCRIPTION thus to be possibly cheaper), more stabilized and capable to work on a deeper body of 2 water. The reason is that, in most of common cases using available technologies, the floating substructure/structure are designated to work with quite limited depths of water where the seabed (ground) is close enough to the water surface in order to facilitate/utilize anchoring/mooring systems which hold and help the floating substructure/structure stabilized. In other words, in these cases, the anchoring/mooring systems are required to stabilize the floating substructure/structure. However, the deeper the body of water is, the more expensive and the more unreliable the anchoring/mooring systems are. If the body of water is too to be rigid even if the tensioned structural spokes are ropes or cables. As a result, the deep, the anchoring/mooring systems are not able to contribute to the stabilization of 14 May 2025 suspended structure and the tensioned structural spokes form the wheel-like structure the floating substructure/structure anymore. The purpose of the wheel-like structure structure being suspended to the ring in all directions. In other words, the ring, the is to provide a solution for supporting the floating wind turbines and/or the wave energy distributed around/surrounding the suspended structure, making the suspended below the ring and upper layers above the ring, and/or allowing the spokes being systems and/or the floating solar energy systems with respect to any depth of the body end of the spoke is secured to the ring, allowing the spokes being laid in lower layers of water while the floating substructure/structure (the horizontal wheel-like structure) respectively. Each spoke has an end secured to the suspended structure while the other is lighter (and cheaper): the horizontal wheel-like structure is capable to be stabilized roles and features of the rim, the hub and the spokes of a wheel, such as a bicycle wheel, structure and the tensioned structural spokes of the wheel-like structure have the same by itself without requiring anchoring/mooring system. suspended to the ring via the spokes. In terms of structures, the ring, the suspended 2025203461 below the ring, and a rigid suspended structure positioned inner the ring and being

[0007] The wheel-like structure is based on a structure like a wheel, such as a bicycle Figure 1 and Figure 2) which are upper spokes laid above the ring and lower spokes laid

wheel, which is capable to bear weights to be several times in comparison with the segments (#30, Figure 1 and Figure 2), a number of tensioned structural spokes (#16x,

(#12, Figure 1). It has a rigid structural ring in a shape with curved and/or straight weight of the wheel-like structure. For example, the bicycle wheel can bear weights, is a rigid floating substructure/structure preferably laid on a surface of a body of water

which create forces applied to its rim and/or its hub, of 50 times in comparison with the

[0008] The wheel-like structure, which applies the same principles of the bicycle wheel,

weight of the bicycle wheel. The bicycle wheel works basing on structural interactions structure used for wind and/or wave and/or solar energy systems.

between its rim, its spokes and its hub. These features are applied for the wheel-like between its rim, its spokes and its hub. These features are applied for the wheel-like

structure used for wind and/or wave and/or solar energy systems. weight of the bicycle wheel. The bicycle wheel works basing on structural interactions

which create forces applied to its rim and/or its hub, of 50 times in comparison with the

[0008] The wheel-like structure, which applies the same principles of the bicycle wheel, weight of the wheel-like structure. For example, the bicycle wheel can bear weights,

wheel, which is capable to bear weights to be several times in comparison with the

is a rigid floating substructure/structure preferably laid on a surface of a body of water

[0007] The wheel-like structure is based on a structure like a wheel, such as a bicycle

(#12, Figure 1). It has a rigid structural ring in a shape with curved and/or straight by itself without requiring anchoring/mooring system.

segments (#30, Figure 1 and Figure 2), a number of tensioned structural spokes (#16x, is lighter (and cheaper): the horizontal wheel-like structure is capable to be stabilized

Figure 1 and Figure 2) which are upper spokes laid above the ring and lower spokes laid of water while the floating substructure/structure (the horizontal wheel-like structure)

systems and/or the floating solar energy systems with respect to any depth of the body below the ring, and a rigid suspended structure positioned inner the ring and being is to provide a solution for supporting the floating wind turbines and/or the wave energy

suspended to the ring via the spokes. In terms of structures, the ring, the suspended the floating substructure/structure anymore. The purpose of the wheel-like structure

structure and the tensioned structural spokes of the wheel-like structure have the same deep, the anchoring/mooring systems are not able to contribute to the stabilization of

roles and features of the3 rim, the hub and the spokes of a wheel, such as a bicycle wheel, respectively. Each spoke has an end secured to the suspended structure while the other end of the spoke is secured to the ring, allowing the spokes being laid in lower layers below the ring and upper layers above the ring, and/or allowing the spokes being distributed around/surrounding the suspended structure, making the suspended structure being suspended to the ring in all directions. In other words, the ring, the suspended structure and the tensioned structural spokes form the wheel-like structure to be rigid even if the tensioned structural spokes are ropes or cables. As a result, the structure to be stiffer.

wheel-like structure is capable to bear forces applied in any direction. When a force is elongate structural elements, to be pre-stressed in order to form the rigid wheel-like 14 May 2025

also allow structural elements of the structural linkage, particularly incompressible

applied on the suspended structure, the force is then transmitted through the spokes

[0011] The most important feature of the ring is that it must be rigid. The ring should

to the ring. Furthermore, when a force is applied on the ring, the force is transmitted as an I-shape or a T-shape are still workable and acceptable.

through the spokes to the suspended structure then back to the ring, and so on. For least a nonconcave enclosed line, such as a circle or a polygon although any shape, such

example, the suspended structure has an upper structural connector (#100u), which is shape of vertical cross sections of the ring should also be a convex enclosed line, or at

secured to the upper side of the suspended structure, and a lower structural connector even if the shape of the ring is concave although its structural stiffness is less stiff. The

composed of straight and/or curved sections. The wheel-like structure is still workable

(#100L), which is secured to the lower side of the suspended structure, while the upper work with any shape of its rigid structural ring: the shape is required to be enclosed and 2025203461

layers of spokes are secured the upper structural connector and the lower layers of regular polygon and so on. However, it is notable that the wheel-like structure can still

spokes are secured the lower structural connector by securing the upper ends (or the or a non-concave polygon (Figure 4), including a triangle, a square, a rectangular, a

or at least a nonconcave enclosed line, such as a circle (Figure 1 to Figure 3), or an oval,

lower ends) of the upper spokes (or the lower spokes) to the upper structural connector

[0010] It is recommended that the shape of the ring should be a convex enclosed line,

(or the lower structural connector). It is notable that the spokes can be arranged axially is preferred to be laid/held either inclinedly or horizontally or vertically.

to a point (such as the centre) of the suspended structure (Figure 2) or tangentially to preferred to be laid/held horizontally. For solar energy systems, the wheel-like structure

the point (Figure 3).

[0009] For wind and/or wave and/or solar energy systems, the wheel-like structure is

the point (Figure 3).

[0009] For wind and/or wave and/or solar energy systems, the wheel-like structure is to a point (such as the centre) of the suspended structure (Figure 2) or tangentially to

preferred to be laid/held horizontally. For solar energy systems, the wheel-like structure (or the lower structural connector). It is notable that the spokes can be arranged axially

is preferred to be laid/held either inclinedly or horizontally or vertically. lower ends) of the upper spokes (or the lower spokes) to the upper structural connector

spokes are secured the lower structural connector by securing the upper ends (or the

layers of spokes are secured the upper structural connector and the lower layers of

[0010] It is recommended that the shape of the ring should be a convex enclosed line, (#100L), which is secured to the lower side of the suspended structure, while the upper

or at least a nonconcave enclosed line, such as a circle (Figure 1 to Figure 3), or an oval, secured to the upper side of the suspended structure, and a lower structural connector

or a non-concave polygon (Figure 4), including a triangle, a square, a rectangular, a example, the suspended structure has an upper structural connector (#100u), which is

through the spokes to the suspended structure then back to the ring, and so on. For regular polygon and so on. However, it is notable that the wheel-like structure can still to the ring. Furthermore, when a force is applied on the ring, the force is transmitted

work with any shape of its rigid structural ring: the shape is required to be enclosed and applied on the suspended structure, the force is then transmitted through the spokes

composed of straight and/or curved sections. The wheel-like structure is still workable wheel-like structure is capable to bear forces applied in any direction. When a force is

even if the shape of the4 ring is concave although its structural stiffness is less stiff. The shape of vertical cross sections of the ring should also be a convex enclosed line, or at least a nonconcave enclosed line, such as a circle or a polygon although any shape, such as an I-shape or a T-shape are still workable and acceptable.

[0011] The most important feature of the ring is that it must be rigid. The ring should also allow structural elements of the structural linkage, particularly incompressible elongate structural elements, to be pre-stressed in order to form the rigid wheel-like structure to be stiffer.

more preferred due to their lightweights because the spokes are based on tensions and

[0012] There is no specific requirement for the suspended structure, particularly its sections, although the layers of spokes, which are elongate structural elements, are 14 May 2025

also be replaced with a rigid surface structure, which is described in previous/other

shape and/or how its structural components are arranged. However, a vertical hollow

[0015] Each of the upper layers of spokes and/or each of the lower layers of spokes can

tower, such as a hollow cylinder, looking like the tower of a wind turbine is a good choice to the ring.

to be a suspended structure. Thus, the suspended structure can also be a block of frame be laid in a number of directions enough to securely suspend the suspended structure

structures, a wall of frame structures, a structural ring, a structural sphere, a structural that the spokes (#16x) can be laid in random orders. The spokes are simply required to

cylinder, a structural torus or even a structural island and so on. in several directions. As a result, the wheel-like structure is rigid. Figure 7 is an example

spoke, allowing the suspended structure being suspended to the ring by several spokes

suspends the suspended structure to the ring in one direction along the body of the

[0013] In addition, it is recommended that the spokes can be ropes/cables/chains or 2025203461

and the ring forming a rigid structure which is the wheel-like structure. Each spoke

bars, beams or hollow pipes which are capable to bear tensional forces. In other words, spokes) with respect to any direction and allowing the suspended structure, the spokes

the spokes can be elongate structural elements, particularly incompressible elongate structure, allowing the suspended structure being suspended to the ring (via the

structure while the spokes are also distributed around/surrounding the suspended structural elements, such as ropes/cables/chains or bars, although any kinds of elongate ends of the spokes are distributed at different elevations on the body of the suspended

structural elements, such as beams, are workable and acceptable. second end of the spoke is secured to the suspended structure, allowing the second

following arrangement: the first end of each spoke is secured to the ring while the

[0014] Although the spokes are recommended to be arranged in the upper layers and the lower layers as described above, the wheel-like structure can also work with the

[0014] Although the spokes are recommended to be arranged in the upper layers and the lower layers as described above, the wheel-like structure can also work with the following arrangement: the first end of each spoke is secured to the ring while the structural elements, such as beams, are workable and acceptable.

second end of the spoke is secured to the suspended structure, allowing the second structural elements, such as ropes/cables/chains or bars, although any kinds of elongate

the spokes can be elongate structural elements, particularly incompressible elongate

ends of the spokes are distributed at different elevations on the body of the suspended bars, beams or hollow pipes which are capable to bear tensional forces. In other words,

structure while the spokes are also distributed around/surrounding the suspended

[0013] In addition, it is recommended that the spokes can be ropes/cables/chains or

structure, allowing the suspended structure being suspended to the ring (via the cylinder, a structural torus or even a structural island and so on.

spokes) with respect to any direction and allowing the suspended structure, the spokes structures, a wall of frame structures, a structural ring, a structural sphere, a structural

to be a suspended structure. Thus, the suspended structure can also be a block of frame and the ring forming a rigid structure which is the wheel-like structure. Each spoke tower, such as a hollow cylinder, looking like the tower of a wind turbine is a good choice

suspends the suspended structure to the ring in one direction along the body of the shape and/or how its structural components are arranged. However, a vertical hollow

spoke, allowing the suspended structure being suspended to the ring by several spokes

[0012] There is no specific requirement for the suspended structure, particularly its

in several directions. As5a result, the wheel-like structure is rigid. Figure 7 is an example that the spokes (#16x) can be laid in random orders. The spokes are simply required to be laid in a number of directions enough to securely suspend the suspended structure to the ring.

[0015] Each of the upper layers of spokes and/or each of the lower layers of spokes can also be replaced with a rigid surface structure, which is described in previous/other sections, although the layers of spokes, which are elongate structural elements, are more preferred due to their lightweights because the spokes are based on tensions and compressible spokes or a truncated cone-shaped compressible surface structure (#16xs, the spokes can reach long distances basing on their tensional capabilities. How to form 14 May 2025 example that the wheel-like structure is workable with a truncated polygonal-shaped a surface structure from elongate structural elements and/or surface elements is (#16xs, Figure 8), is workable and acceptable. Particularly, Figure 9 demonstrates an described in previous/other sections. How each surface structure is secured to the ring, cone or a pyramid, although any shape, such as a general curved shape or a helical shape

[0017] It is notable that the shape of each surface structure is recommended to be a

with or without the suspended structure, is explained as follows: The surface structure suspended structure. has a number of structural elements which intersect with the ring, or with a number of and/or, solar energy systems. The points are sparsely distributed throughout the

structural elements of the ring at points distributed along the intersection between the is the wheel-like structure, capable and suitable to be used for wind and/or wave

ring and the surface structure, wherein structural elements intersected at each point suspended structure, the surface structures and the ring forming a rigid structure, which 2025203461

ring (via the surface structures) with respect to any direction and allowing the are structurally secured together and/or to the structural ring. These structural secured structural secured connections allow the suspended structure being suspended to the

connections allow the surface structure and the ring forming a rigid structure, which is structurally secured together and/or to the structural suspended structure. These

the wheel-like structure, capable and suitable to be used for wind and/or wave and/or, and the surface structure, wherein structural elements intersected at each point are

particularly, solar energy systems. The points are sparsely distributed throughout the structure at points distributed along the intersection between the suspended structure

suspended structure, or with a number of structural elements of the suspended

ring. surface structure has a number of structural elements which intersect with the

surface structure is secured to the suspended structure is explained as follows: The

[0016] If the wheel-like structure also includes the suspended structure, how the

[0016] If the wheel-like structure also includes the suspended structure, how the

surface structure is secured to the suspended structure is explained as follows: The ring.

surface structure has a number of structural elements which intersect with the particularly, solar energy systems. The points are sparsely distributed throughout the

suspended structure, or with a number of structural elements of the suspended the wheel-like structure, capable and suitable to be used for wind and/or wave and/or,

connections allow the surface structure and the ring forming a rigid structure, which is structure at points distributed along the intersection between the suspended structure are structurally secured together and/or to the structural ring. These structural secured

and the surface structure, wherein structural elements intersected at each point are ring and the surface structure, wherein structural elements intersected at each point

structurally secured together and/or to the structural suspended structure. These structural elements of the ring at points distributed along the intersection between the

has a number of structural elements which intersect with the ring, or with a number of structural secured connections allow the suspended structure being suspended to the with or without the suspended structure, is explained as follows: The surface structure

ring (via the surface structures) with respect to any direction and allowing the described in previous/other sections. How each surface structure is secured to the ring,

suspended structure, the surface structures and the ring forming a rigid structure, which a surface structure from elongate structural elements and/or surface elements is

the spokes can reach long distances basing on their tensional capabilities. How to form is the wheel-like structure, capable and suitable to be used for wind and/or wave and/or, solar energy systems. The points are sparsely distributed throughout the 6

suspended structure.

[0017] It is notable that the shape of each surface structure is recommended to be a cone or a pyramid, although any shape, such as a general curved shape or a helical shape (#16xs, Figure 8), is workable and acceptable. Particularly, Figure 9 demonstrates an example that the wheel-like structure is workable with a truncated polygonal-shaped compressible spokes or a truncated cone-shaped compressible surface structure (#16xs, which can bear large (tensional) forces, with their thin, light and cheap to make body,

Figure 9) together with a number of spokes (#16x, Figure 9) arranged to be secured to features of the tensioned structural elements/structural components/structural parts, 14 May 2025

the suspended structure at upper or lower points other than the top of the truncated surface structure. So, the principle of the tensional structural linkage is that it utilizes

element, such as a beam or a rigid surface element or a rigid frame structure or a rigid

cone. Figure 10 demonstrates an example that the wheel-like structure, which is structural element, such as a rope/cable/chain, or a compressible elongate structural

suitable for solar energy systems, is workable with a flat layer of incompressible spokes element/structural component/structural part can be an incompressible elongate

arranged on the top (of the wheel-like structure) together with a (downward) truncated structural elements/structural components/structural parts). A tensioned structural

components/structural parts are allowed to be tensioned (or they are tensioned

polygonal-shaped layer of incompressible spokes arranged at the bottom. It is notable a tensional structural linkage) and its structural elements/structural

that each spoke is a elongate structural element and each surface structure contains a tightly and rigidly by the ring and to the ring, the structural linkage is tensional (or it is 2025203461

to be suspended in several directions, allowing the suspended structure being held number of elongate structural elements and/or surface elements which are referred to element/structural component/structural part. Thus, as the suspended structure needs

be essential structural elements/structural components/structural parts used to form a being held/suspended with the thin and light and long tensioned structural

structure. to bear tensional forces appeared along the direction, allowing the suspended structure

frame or a surface structure, which is allowed to be tensioned, laid along and capable

[0018] The spokes and the surface structures said above are two specific forms among element/structural component/structural part, such as a rope/cable/chain/beam or a

each other along the direction, the structural linkage needs to have a structural serval forms of structural linkages which are used to suspend the suspended structure meaning that the suspended structure and the ring are not allowed to move away from

to the ring. In order to suspend the suspended structure to the ring along a direction, to the ring. In order to suspend the suspended structure to the ring along a direction,

meaning that the suspended structure and the ring are not allowed to move away from serval forms of structural linkages which are used to suspend the suspended structure

[0018] The spokes and the surface structures said above are two specific forms among each other along the direction, the structural linkage needs to have a structural element/structural component/structural part, such as a rope/cable/chain/beam or a structure.

be essential structural elements/structural components/structural parts used to form a frame or a surface structure, which is allowed to be tensioned, laid along and capable number of elongate structural elements and/or surface elements which are referred to

to bear tensional forces appeared along the direction, allowing the suspended structure that each spoke is a elongate structural element and each surface structure contains a

being held/suspended with the thin and light and long tensioned structural polygonal-shaped layer of incompressible spokes arranged at the bottom. It is notable

arranged on the top (of the wheel-like structure) together with a (downward) truncated element/structural component/structural part. Thus, as the suspended structure needs suitable for solar energy systems, is workable with a flat layer of incompressible spokes

to be suspended in several directions, allowing the suspended structure being held cone. Figure 10 demonstrates an example that the wheel-like structure, which is

tightly and rigidly by the ring and to the ring, the structural linkage is tensional (or it is the suspended structure at upper or lower points other than the top of the truncated

Figure 9) together with a number of spokes (#16x, Figure 9) arranged to be secured to a tensional structural linkage) and its structural elements/structural components/structural parts are allowed to be tensioned (or they are tensioned 7

structural elements/structural components/structural parts). A tensioned structural element/structural component/structural part can be an incompressible elongate structural element, such as a rope/cable/chain, or a compressible elongate structural element, such as a beam or a rigid surface element or a rigid frame structure or a rigid surface structure. So, the principle of the tensional structural linkage is that it utilizes features of the tensioned structural elements/structural components/structural parts, which can bear large (tensional) forces, with their thin, light and cheap to make body, linkage is tensioned while the rest can be compressed and/or bended (such as in order to hold/suspend the suspended structure to the ring as desired. The tensional tensioned. When a force is applied to the wheel-like structure, a part of the structural 14 May 2025 structural elements are structural elements which are capable and allowed to be structural linkage is typically formed from the tensioned structural elements/structural suspend the suspended structure to the ring. It is further mentioned that tensioned components/structural parts via typical structural connections. Thus, firstly, the body distributed around/surrounding the suspended structure in order to be capable to of the suspended structure must be surrounded by the body of the ring. Secondly, the has enough tensioned structural elements/structural components/structural parts tensioned structural elements/structural components/structural parts must be There are no further specifications required for the wheel-like structure, as long as it made with a large size covering a large area for better stabilization on the body of water.

laid/distributed around/surrounding the suspended structure and fitted between the while its body is composed of light and cheap structural elements, allowing the ring

suspended structure and the ring. A number of tensioned structural elements are

[0019] So, the wheel-like structure can bear any force applied to any part of its body 2025203461

structurally secured to the ring at points distributed around/surrounding the structural and the rigid structural ring makes the rest to be stiffer.

linkage. Another number of tensioned structural elements are structurally secured to be stiffer (or any structure among the structural linkage and the suspended structure

the suspended structure at other points distributed around/surrounding the suspended structural linkage and/or the suspended structure is to make the rigid structural ring to

parts, particularly through the structural linkage. Thus, an important feature of the

structure. Each of the structural linkage and the ring and the suspended structure like structure) via the tensioned structural elements/structural components/structural

reinforces the rest, making the structural linkage and the wheel-like structure to be part of the wheel-like structure can spread to the rest (the whole body of the wheel-

rigid. The body of the ring should be enclosed in order to allow the wheel-like structure lines. Forces/loads applied to any structural element/structural component/structural

to be functional well. The shape of the ring can be composed of curved lines and straight

to be functional well. The shape of the ring can be composed of curved lines and straight rigid. The body of the ring should be enclosed in order to allow the wheel-like structure

lines. Forces/loads applied to any structural element/structural component/structural reinforces the rest, making the structural linkage and the wheel-like structure to be

structure. Each of the structural linkage and the ring and the suspended structure part of the wheel-like structure can spread to the rest (the whole body of the wheel- the suspended structure at other points distributed around/surrounding the suspended

like structure) via the tensioned structural elements/structural components/structural linkage. Another number of tensioned structural elements are structurally secured to

parts, particularly through the structural linkage. Thus, an important feature of the structurally secured to the ring at points distributed around/surrounding the structural

suspended structure and the ring. A number of tensioned structural elements are structural linkage and/or the suspended structure is to make the rigid structural ring to laid/distributed around/surrounding the suspended structure and fitted between the

be stiffer (or any structure among the structural linkage and the suspended structure tensioned structural elements/structural components/structural parts must be

and the rigid structural ring makes the rest to be stiffer. of the suspended structure must be surrounded by the body of the ring. Secondly, the

components/structural parts via typical structural connections. Thus, firstly, the body

[0019] So, the wheel-like structure can bear any force applied to any part of its body structural linkage is typically formed from the tensioned structural elements/structural

in order to hold/suspend the suspended structure to the ring as desired. The tensional while its body is composed of light and cheap structural elements, allowing the ring made with a large size covering a large area for better stabilization on the body of water. 8

There are no further specifications required for the wheel-like structure, as long as it has enough tensioned structural elements/structural components/structural parts distributed around/surrounding the suspended structure in order to be capable to suspend the suspended structure to the ring. It is further mentioned that tensioned structural elements are structural elements which are capable and allowed to be tensioned. When a force is applied to the wheel-like structure, a part of the structural linkage is tensioned while the rest can be compressed and/or bended (such as with the ring are sparsely distributed throughout the ring. The suspended structure or beams/frame) or can bear nothing (such as ropes/cables with no tensions as well as throughout the suspended structure. The points where the structural linkage intersects 14 May 2025 compressions). As the suspended structure is positioned inner the structural linkage structural linkage intersects with the suspended structure are sparsely distributed structural linkage in order to form the rigid wheel-like structure. The points where the being surrounded, the tensioned part of the structural linkage suspends/holds the structures, allowing the suspended structures being suspended to the ring via the suspended structure, allowing the wheel-like structure to be functional. The purpose of point are structurally secured together or to the structural ring and/or the suspended this recommended solution is to utilize the tensioned part in order to allow the ring to and the structural linkage, wherein structural elements intersected together at each distributed along the intersection between the ring and/or the suspended structures be made larger with the lighter and longer and cheaper tensioned part. This is why the number of structural elements of the ring and/or the suspended structures, at points suspended structure must be surrounded by the structural linkage which must also be elements which intersect with the ring and/or the suspended structures, or with a secured connections to the ring. The structural linkage has a number of structural 2025203461 surrounded by the body of the ring. structurally secured together via the structural linkage in the context of their structural suspended structures. In this case, any pair of these suspended structures can also be

[0020] The structural linkage is structurally secured to the suspended structure and also wheel-like structure. The wheel-like structure is allowed to have two or more

structurally secured to the ring in order to form the rigid wheel-like structure. structure being suspended to the ring via the structural linkage in order to form the rigid

Particularly, the structural linkage has a number of structural elements which intersect or to the structural ring and/or the suspended structure, allowing the suspended

structural elements intersected together at each point are structurally secured together with the ring and/or the suspended structure, or with a number of structural elements between the ring and/or the suspended structure and the structural linkage, wherein

of the ring and/or the suspended structure, at points distributed along the intersection of the ring and/or the suspended structure, at points distributed along the intersection

between the ring and/or the suspended structure and the structural linkage, wherein with the ring and/or the suspended structure, or with a number of structural elements

Particularly, the structural linkage has a number of structural elements which intersect structural elements intersected together at each point are structurally secured together structurally secured to the ring in order to form the rigid wheel-like structure.

or to the structural ring and/or the suspended structure, allowing the suspended

[0020] The structural linkage is structurally secured to the suspended structure and also

structure being suspended to the ring via the structural linkage in order to form the rigid surrounded by the body of the ring.

wheel-like structure. The wheel-like structure is allowed to have two or more suspended structure must be surrounded by the structural linkage which must also be

suspended structures. In this case, any pair of these suspended structures can also be be made larger with the lighter and longer and cheaper tensioned part. This is why the

this recommended solution is to utilize the tensioned part in order to allow the ring to structurally secured together via the structural linkage in the context of their structural suspended structure, allowing the wheel-like structure to be functional. The purpose of

secured connections to the ring. The structural linkage has a number of structural being surrounded, the tensioned part of the structural linkage suspends/holds the

elements which intersect with the ring and/or the suspended structures, or with a compressions). As the suspended structure is positioned inner the structural linkage

beams/frame) or can bear nothing (such as ropes/cables with no tensions as well as number of structural elements of the ring and/or the suspended structures, at points distributed along the intersection between the ring and/or the suspended structures 9

and the structural linkage, wherein structural elements intersected together at each point are structurally secured together or to the structural ring and/or the suspended structures, allowing the suspended structures being suspended to the ring via the structural linkage in order to form the rigid wheel-like structure. The points where the structural linkage intersects with the suspended structure are sparsely distributed throughout the suspended structure. The points where the structural linkage intersects with the ring are sparsely distributed throughout the ring. The suspended structure or structure to be functional. For example, a structural linkage containing a number of the structural linkage or the ring is a frame and/or plate/shell structures while the 14 May 2025 need to be specified its external structural connections in order to assure the wheel-like structural linkage can also be ropes/cables/chains. these internal structural connections as well) while the structural linkage should only not necessary to be specified/described (because there are unlimited possibilities of

[0021] Basing on the features of the ring, the structural linkage and the suspended connected together. The internal structural connections of the structural linkage are

elements/structural components of the structural linkage are structurally securely structure, and also basing on how they are arranged and structurally securely connected tensioned structural elements are further arranged together or how the structural

together, the wheel-like structure is allowed to exclude the suspended structure,

[0022] It can be clarified that there are no further necessary requirements on how the

particularly when the wheel-like structure just needs to bear less loads. In this case, it to be rigid.

can be understood that the structural linkage functions like both itself and the 2025203461

the ring reinforces the rest, making the structural linkage and the wheel-like structure

suspended structure: it suspends itself to the ring. Instead of securing the structural around/surrounding the structural linkage, allowing each of the structural linkage and

structural elements are structurally secured to the ring at points distributed linkage to the suspended structure and to the ring, the structural linkage only needs to to the rest via the tensioned structural elements. In other words, a number of tensioned

secure structural parts of the ring to other structural parts of the ring together in order allowing forces applied to any structural parts of the wheel-like structure being spread

to suspend/hold the structural parts and the other structural parts together, allowing structural linkage), allowing the structural linkage being suspended to the ring and

by being structurally secured to the ring (at points distributed around/surrounding the the body of the ring to be stiffer and the whole wheel-like structure to be rigid, even if is surrounded by the ring, fitted in the inner area of the ring, and suspended to the ring

the structural linkage is a net of ropes/cables/chains. In this case, the structural linkage the structural linkage is a net of ropes/cables/chains. In this case, the structural linkage

is surrounded by the ring, fitted in the inner area of the ring, and suspended to the ring the body of the ring to be stiffer and the whole wheel-like structure to be rigid, even if

to suspend/hold the structural parts and the other structural parts together, allowing by being structurally secured to the ring (at points distributed around/surrounding the secure structural parts of the ring to other structural parts of the ring together in order

structural linkage), allowing the structural linkage being suspended to the ring and linkage to the suspended structure and to the ring, the structural linkage only needs to

allowing forces applied to any structural parts of the wheel-like structure being spread suspended structure: it suspends itself to the ring. Instead of securing the structural

can be understood that the structural linkage functions like both itself and the to the rest via the tensioned structural elements. In other words, a number of tensioned particularly when the wheel-like structure just needs to bear less loads. In this case, it

structural elements are structurally secured to the ring at points distributed together, the wheel-like structure is allowed to exclude the suspended structure,

around/surrounding the structural linkage, allowing each of the structural linkage and structure, and also basing on how they are arranged and structurally securely connected

[0021] Basing on the features of the ring, the structural linkage and the suspended the ring reinforces the rest, making the structural linkage and the wheel-like structure to be rigid. structural linkage can also be ropes/cables/chains.

the structural linkage or the ring is a frame and/or plate/shell structures while the

[0022] It can be clarified 10 that there are no further necessary requirements on how the

tensioned structural elements are further arranged together or how the structural elements/structural components of the structural linkage are structurally securely connected together. The internal structural connections of the structural linkage are not necessary to be specified/described (because there are unlimited possibilities of these internal structural connections as well) while the structural linkage should only need to be specified its external structural connections in order to assure the wheel-like structure to be functional. For example, a structural linkage containing a number of demonstrates a recommended wheel-like structure having an upper layer and a lower ropes/cables/chains, of which each end of each rope/cable/chain is structurally securely 14 May 2025 or a compressible elongate structural element such as a beam). For example, Figure 1 connected to a point of the ring or the suspended structure, if there is, while these (which is an incompressible elongate structural element such as a rope/cable/chain/bar ropes/cables/chains are not necessary to be specified on how and where they are laid (which is a compressible elongate structural element such as a beam) and/or tensioned meaning that each elongate structural element can be compressed and/or bended and how they are secured/not secured together, as long as the tensioned structural the surface structures, is allowed to be compressed and/or bended and/or tensioned, elements being distributed in such as way allowing the suspended structure, or the

[0024] The structural linkage, in a particularly case, which contains the spokes and/or

structural linkage being suspended to the ring. Decisions on which structural element middle of the annular shape.

to be a tensioned structural element, and which tensioned structural element is an surrounded by the rigid structural ring and the suspended structure is fitted in the

workable. The structural linkage occupy a space looking like an annular shape 2025203461

incompressible elongate structural element (such as a rope/cable/chain) or a elongate structural elements, such as beams, are still significant in several cases and still

compressible elongate structural element (such as a beam) and how and where the composed of incompressible elongate structural elements. However, compressible

structural elements are laid and how the structural elements are secured/not secured ropes/cables/chains. Actually, it is recommended that the structural linkage is fully

stressed incompressible elongate structural elements, such as pre=stressed together and so on must be based on results of structural analysis which relies on and/or surface structure, which are composed of surface elements, including pre-

applied forces/loads. These factors can only be decided at the design stages when the is composed of frame structures, which are composed of elongate structural elements,

applied forces/loads are known in order to carry our structural analysis.

[0023] In general, each of the ring, the suspended structure and the structural linkage

applied forces/loads are known in order to carry our structural analysis.

[0023] In general, each of the ring, the suspended structure and the structural linkage applied forces/loads. These factors can only be decided at the design stages when the

is composed of frame structures, which are composed of elongate structural elements, together and so on must be based on results of structural analysis which relies on

and/or surface structure, which are composed of surface elements, including pre- structural elements are laid and how the structural elements are secured/not secured

compressible elongate structural element (such as a beam) and how and where the stressed incompressible elongate structural elements, such as pre=stressed incompressible elongate structural element (such as a rope/cable/chain) or a

ropes/cables/chains. Actually, it is recommended that the structural linkage is fully to be a tensioned structural element, and which tensioned structural element is an

composed of incompressible elongate structural elements. However, compressible structural linkage being suspended to the ring. Decisions on which structural element

elements being distributed in such as way allowing the suspended structure, or the elongate structural elements, such as beams, are still significant in several cases and still and how they are secured/not secured together, as long as the tensioned structural

workable. The structural linkage occupy a space looking like an annular shape ropes/cables/chains are not necessary to be specified on how and where they are laid

surrounded by the rigid structural ring and the suspended structure is fitted in the connected to a point of the ring or the suspended structure, if there is, while these

ropes/cables/chains, of which each end of each rope/cable/chain is structurally securely middle of the annular shape. 11

[0024] The structural linkage, in a particularly case, which contains the spokes and/or the surface structures, is allowed to be compressed and/or bended and/or tensioned, meaning that each elongate structural element can be compressed and/or bended (which is a compressible elongate structural element such as a beam) and/or tensioned (which is an incompressible elongate structural element such as a rope/cable/chain/bar or a compressible elongate structural element such as a beam). For example, Figure 1 demonstrates a recommended wheel-like structure having an upper layer and a lower the spokes) are designated to work under tensions. For example, a tensioned spoke can layer composed of tensioned spokes, of which each spoke is allowed to be a rope, the wheel-like structure can be made larger because the structural linkage (particularly 14 May 2025 meaning that the wheel-like structure is rigid although its structural linkage is composed thinner and lighter while the wheel-like structure can bear greater forces. Furthermore, like structure, allowing the ring and the structural linkage (particularly the spokes) to be of the ropes only. It is notable that any incompressible elongate structural element can any structural parts of the wheel-like structure to all other structural parts of the wheel- be replaced with a compressible elongate structural element. The result of a structural respectively. The most significant feature of the ring is to redistribute forces applied to analysis of the wheel-like structure allows to identify whether each elongate structural horizontal or vertical or inclined, the ring is laid horizontal or vertical or inclined recommended shapes of the ring are circular or polygonal torus shapes. If the wheel is element of the structural linkage to be a compressible elongate structural element or be an ellipse or an enclosed line composed of curved lines and straight lines. Some an incompressible elongate structural element. It is also notable that each point where easier. The shape of the ring is not necessary to be a circle or a polygon only. It can also compartment is a float. The ring can also be polygonal in order to be manufactured 2025203461 the structural linkage is secured to the suspended structure is allowed to be above (or is a hollow torus shaped ring having several sealed compartments, in which each in the left), at, or below (or in the right) the ring. The coordinates (positions) of the of floats (the body of the ring contains the float or the floats). It is ideal with a ring which points influence the result of structural analysis, meaning that each elongate structural

[0025] The ring can also be a hollow structure which also works as a float or a number

elements of the structural linkage can be determined to be a compressible elongate elements to be functional.

structural element or an incompressible elongate structural element depending on fabricated/assembled in order to make the incompressible elongate structural

of the wheel-like structure are pre-stressed when the wheel-like structure is arrangements of the components of the wheel-like structure together with loads applied. In addition, incompressible elongate structural elements, such as ropes/cables,

applied. In addition, incompressible elongate structural elements, such as ropes/cables, arrangements of the components of the wheel-like structure together with loads

of the wheel-like structure are pre-stressed when the wheel-like structure is structural element or an incompressible elongate structural element depending on

elements of the structural linkage can be determined to be a compressible elongate fabricated/assembled in order to make the incompressible elongate structural points influence the result of structural analysis, meaning that each elongate structural

elements to be functional. in the left), at, or below (or in the right) the ring. The coordinates (positions) of the

the structural linkage is secured to the suspended structure is allowed to be above (or

[0025] The ring can also be a hollow structure which also works as a float or a number an incompressible elongate structural element. It is also notable that each point where

of floats (the body of the ring contains the float or the floats). It is ideal with a ring which element of the structural linkage to be a compressible elongate structural element or

analysis of the wheel-like structure allows to identify whether each elongate structural is a hollow torus shaped ring having several sealed compartments, in which each be replaced with a compressible elongate structural element. The result of a structural

compartment is a float. The ring can also be polygonal in order to be manufactured of the ropes only. It is notable that any incompressible elongate structural element can

easier. The shape of the ring is not necessary to be a circle or a polygon only. It can also meaning that the wheel-like structure is rigid although its structural linkage is composed

layer composed of tensioned spokes, of which each spoke is allowed to be a rope, be an ellipse or an enclosed line composed of curved lines and straight lines. Some recommended shapes of the ring are circular or polygonal torus shapes. If the wheel is 12

horizontal or vertical or inclined, the ring is laid horizontal or vertical or inclined respectively. The most significant feature of the ring is to redistribute forces applied to any structural parts of the wheel-like structure to all other structural parts of the wheel- like structure, allowing the ring and the structural linkage (particularly the spokes) to be thinner and lighter while the wheel-like structure can bear greater forces. Furthermore, the wheel-like structure can be made larger because the structural linkage (particularly the spokes) are designated to work under tensions. For example, a tensioned spoke can supporting structure which is then secured to the wheel-like structure, including the work well if it is very long while its body is very thin, allowing the wheel-like structure 14 May 2025 buoyant forces created by the floats. The floats can also be secured to a typical float- capable to bear greater forces with less costs for manufacturing the lighter wheel-like the wheel-like structure being floated, balanced and stabilized on the body of water by structure. more preferred, and/or the suspended structure and/or the structural linkage, allowing component of the wheel-like structure, particularly to the rigid structural ring, which is water. As the wheel-like structure is rigid, the floats can be secured to any structural

[0026] The ring is floated by securing a number of floats to its body, allowing the ring to and/or its ring is hollow, in order to keep it being floated and stabilized on the body of

be floated, balanced and stabilized. When the ring is horizontally laid on the body of

[0027] The rigid wheel-like structure has a number of floats being securely attached,

water thanks to its large size, such as its larger diameter, covering a large surface area attached/secured to or integrated in the section.

of the body of water, it is also capable to be well stabilized and ideal to bear weights (of 2025203461

stable on a body of water, of which each section is floatable thanks to a float either

any systems sitting on the wheel-like structure) as well as buoyant forces created by the arranged partially or entirely along its perimeter, enabling the ring to float and remain

ring is either hollow or not hollow. In other words, the ring has buoyant sections, floats. Another significant feature of the ring is to provide forces, which is based on the attached/integrated with its body, to keep the wheel-like structure being floated. The

buoyant forces applied to the ring, to prevent the suspended structure capsizing by the ring is also able to provide buoyant forces, thanks to having floats

transmitting the forces through the structural linkage (such as the spokes) to keep/hold further distances between the suspended structure and the ring with low cost. Thus,

linkage (such as the spokes), as it is allowed to work under tensions, is allowed to reach the suspended structure being stabilized. Thanks to contributions of the ring and the water with low costs. When the ring is made larger for better stabilization, the structural

structural linkage together, the suspended structure is held stabilizing on the body of structural linkage together, the suspended structure is held stabilizing on the body of

water with low costs. When the ring is made larger for better stabilization, the structural the suspended structure being stabilized. Thanks to contributions of the ring and the

transmitting the forces through the structural linkage (such as the spokes) to keep/hold linkage (such as the spokes), as it is allowed to work under tensions, is allowed to reach buoyant forces applied to the ring, to prevent the suspended structure capsizing by

further distances between the suspended structure and the ring with low cost. Thus, floats. Another significant feature of the ring is to provide forces, which is based on the

the ring is also able to provide buoyant forces, thanks to having floats any systems sitting on the wheel-like structure) as well as buoyant forces created by the

of the body of water, it is also capable to be well stabilized and ideal to bear weights (of attached/integrated with its body, to keep the wheel-like structure being floated. The water thanks to its large size, such as its larger diameter, covering a large surface area

ring is either hollow or not hollow. In other words, the ring has buoyant sections, be floated, balanced and stabilized. When the ring is horizontally laid on the body of

arranged partially or entirely along its perimeter, enabling the ring to float and remain

[0026] The ring is floated by securing a number of floats to its body, allowing the ring to

stable on a body of water, of which each section is floatable thanks to a float either structure.

attached/secured to or integrated in the section. capable to bear greater forces with less costs for manufacturing the lighter wheel-like

work well if it is very long while its body is very thin, allowing the wheel-like structure

[0027] The rigid wheel-like 13 structure has a number of floats being securely attached, and/or its ring is hollow, in order to keep it being floated and stabilized on the body of water. As the wheel-like structure is rigid, the floats can be secured to any structural component of the wheel-like structure, particularly to the rigid structural ring, which is more preferred, and/or the suspended structure and/or the structural linkage, allowing the wheel-like structure being floated, balanced and stabilized on the body of water by buoyant forces created by the floats. The floats can also be secured to a typical float- supporting structure which is then secured to the wheel-like structure, including the the upward motions, making the wheel-like structure to be stabilized. In contrast, when suspended structure, the structural linkage and the rigid structural ring, allowing the 14 May 2025 as a result of an inertial force generated, create a reaction force which tends to prevent structural combinations of the float-supporting structure and the wheel-like structure submerged hung damper up accordingly. The weight of the submerged hung damper, being floated, balanced and stabilized on the body of water by buoyant forces created the body of the wheel-like structure, the rope/cable/chain pulls its connected rope/cable/chain underneath. When the upper of the rope/cable/chain is raised up by by the floats. The float-supporting structure is simply a structure which is secured to the or the suspended structure, allowing the hung damper being suspended by the wheel-like structure while the floats are secured to the float-supporting structure, secured to the hung damper while the other end (the upper end) is secured to the ring allowing the structural composition of the float-supporting structure and the wheel-like damper is hung by a rope/cable/chain (#104r), which has an end (the lower end) damping system composed of a number of submerged hung dampers. Each hung structure being floated, balanced and stabilized on the body of water thanks to buoyant explained above, the wheel-like structure can also be damped using a submerged 2025203461 forces created by the floats. There is no further specific specification required for the

[0029] Beside the liquid damping system composed of liquid damping tanks as

float-supporting structure. suspended structure) and/or the bottom/body of the suspended structure.

tanks are secured and distributed along the body of the ring (around/surrounding the

[0028] The suspended structure and/or the structural linkage and/or the ring are also stabilize the wheel-like structure on the body of water. In this case, the liquid damping

optionally allowed to have a float (or a number of floats) being secured to their system composed of a number of liquid damping tanks is an excellent system used to

filled with liquid or water, making the float to be a liquid damping tank. A liquid damping structural bodies, allowing the float(s) creating buoyant forces applied to the bodies of attached to the suspended structure or the ring or the structural linkage, can be partially

the suspended structure and/or the structural linkage and/or the ring. Any float, either the suspended structure and/or the structural linkage and/or the ring. Any float, either

attached to the suspended structure or the ring or the structural linkage, can be partially structural bodies, allowing the float(s) creating buoyant forces applied to the bodies of

optionally allowed to have a float (or a number of floats) being secured to their filled with liquid or water, making the float to be a liquid damping tank. A liquid damping

[0028] The suspended structure and/or the structural linkage and/or the ring are also

system composed of a number of liquid damping tanks is an excellent system used to float-supporting structure. stabilize the wheel-like structure on the body of water. In this case, the liquid damping forces created by the floats. There is no further specific specification required for the

tanks are secured and distributed along the body of the ring (around/surrounding the structure being floated, balanced and stabilized on the body of water thanks to buoyant

suspended structure) and/or the bottom/body of the suspended structure. allowing the structural composition of the float-supporting structure and the wheel-like

wheel-like structure while the floats are secured to the float-supporting structure,

by the floats. The float-supporting structure is simply a structure which is secured to the

[0029] Beside the liquid damping system composed of liquid damping tanks as being floated, balanced and stabilized on the body of water by buoyant forces created

explained above, the wheel-like structure can also be damped using a submerged structural combinations of the float-supporting structure and the wheel-like structure

damping system composed of a number of submerged hung dampers. Each hung suspended structure, the structural linkage and the rigid structural ring, allowing the

damper is hung by a 14 rope/cable/chain (#104r), which has an end (the lower end) secured to the hung damper while the other end (the upper end) is secured to the ring or the suspended structure, allowing the hung damper being suspended by the rope/cable/chain underneath. When the upper of the rope/cable/chain is raised up by the body of the wheel-like structure, the rope/cable/chain pulls its connected submerged hung damper up accordingly. The weight of the submerged hung damper, as a result of an inertial force generated, create a reaction force which tends to prevent the upward motions, making the wheel-like structure to be stabilized. In contrast, when words, each elongate structural element, which previously forms a spoke, has two ends, the upper end of the rope/cable/chain tends to move down due to motions of the understood that parts of the body of the ring can be "suspended" together. In other 14 May 2025 excluding the suspended structure from the wheel-like structure. In this case, it can be wheel-like structure, the rope/cable/chain is loosened, allowing the wheel-like wheel-like structure can be simplified in order to save costs. This can be done by structure to be stabilized because the weight of the submerged hung damper does not not need to cover a large area on the surface of the body of water for stabilization, the tend to pull the wheel-like structure further downward. The submerged hung damper wheel-like structure only needs to bear light loads (such as solar panels) and/or does turbines and/or covers a large area of the surface of the body of water. However, If the can also be made utilizing effects of hydrodynamic forces created by the water structural linkage and the ring, is more suitable to bear heavy loads, such as wind interacting with the shape of the body of the submerged hung damper to provide

[0032] The rigid wheel-like structure, composed of the suspended structure, the

damping effects to the wheel-like structure. related to wave energy systems, wind energy systems and solar energy systems. 2025203461

solar panels integrate and work with the wheel-like structure are presented in sections

[0030] In addition, as explained on how the wheel-like structure used for wave energy descriptions/explanations on how wind turbines and/or wave energy converters and/or

systems, the wheel-like structure is damped and stabilized excellently as the (general) of water thanks to its body covering the large surface area of the body of water. Further

manufacturing) while it is capable to bear heavy loads and to stabilize itself on the body wave energy converters of the wave energy systems also work like dampers. This the wheel-like structure can be made to be significantly light in weights (saving costs of

feature is significant, particularly when the wheel-like structure is used to support a turbines and/or wave energy systems and/or solar energy systems. The reason is that

number of wind turbines which required to be stabilized on the body of water with cost-

[0031] The wheel-like structure is used as a floating substructure/structure for wind

effectiveness. effectiveness.

number of wind turbines which required to be stabilized on the body of water with cost-

[0031] The wheel-like structure is used as a floating substructure/structure for wind feature is significant, particularly when the wheel-like structure is used to support a

wave energy converters of the wave energy systems also work like dampers. This turbines and/or wave energy systems and/or solar energy systems. The reason is that systems, the wheel-like structure is damped and stabilized excellently as the (general)

the wheel-like structure can be made to be significantly light in weights (saving costs of

[0030] In addition, as explained on how the wheel-like structure used for wave energy

manufacturing) while it is capable to bear heavy loads and to stabilize itself on the body damping effects to the wheel-like structure.

of water thanks to its body covering the large surface area of the body of water. Further interacting with the shape of the body of the submerged hung damper to provide

descriptions/explanations on how wind turbines and/or wave energy converters and/or can also be made utilizing effects of hydrodynamic forces created by the water

tend to pull the wheel-like structure further downward. The submerged hung damper solar panels integrate and work with the wheel-like structure are presented in sections structure to be stabilized because the weight of the submerged hung damper does not

related to wave energy systems, wind energy systems and solar energy systems. wheel-like structure, the rope/cable/chain is loosened, allowing the wheel-like

the upper end of the rope/cable/chain tends to move down due to motions of the

[0032] The rigid wheel-like structure, composed of the suspended structure, the 15 structural linkage and the ring, is more suitable to bear heavy loads, such as wind turbines and/or covers a large area of the surface of the body of water. However, If the wheel-like structure only needs to bear light loads (such as solar panels) and/or does not need to cover a large area on the surface of the body of water for stabilization, the wheel-like structure can be simplified in order to save costs. This can be done by excluding the suspended structure from the wheel-like structure. In this case, it can be understood that parts of the body of the ring can be “suspended” together. In other words, each elongate structural element, which previously forms a spoke, has two ends, notable that each elongate structural element of the upper net or the lower net or the the upper points and the lower points being braced/suspended together. It is also wherein each end is secured to a point on the structural body of the ring, making the 14 May 2025 net is secured to an upper point while the other end is secured to a lower point, making two points at the two ends of the elongate structural element being held/suspended added to strengthen the ring. An end of each elongate structural element of the bracing together via tensional forces transmitted in and along the elongate structural element. used for a mooring system. A bracing net of elongate structural elements can also be

Such kind of structural connections can include bracing to improve the stiffness of the lighter loads such as solar panels (via a structural photovoltaic mounting system) or

net improves the stiffness of the ring while it can also be used to support some kinds of

body of the ring by allowing several points of the body of the ring being further surface elements/structural elements, to the ring are explained previously. The lower

held/suspended together. For example, a structural linkage composed of an upper layer Further explanations on how to secure the structural linkage, particularly if it has

around/surrounding the lower net and along the lower side of the body of the ring. of elongate structural elements and/or a surface structure forms an upper layer (upper positioned in the bottom side of the ring while the lower points are distributed 2025203461

net, #16u, Figure 11) being secured to and positioned at the top side of the ring, of each end of each elongate structural element is secured to the ring at a lower point

which each end of each elongate structural element is secured to the ring at an upper (lower net) which is secured to and positioned at the bottom side of the ring, of which

point positioned in the top side of the ring while the upper points are distributed elongate structural elements and/or a surface structure, can also form a lower layer

structural elements. Similarly, a structural linkage composed of a lower layer of

around/surrounding the upper net and along the upper side of the body of the ring. be curved, such as a cone (#16c, Figure 12), if it is composed of compressible elongate

Further explanations on how to secure the structural linkage, particularly if it has compressible and/or incompressible elongate structural elements. The upper net can

lighter loads such as solar panels. The upper net can be flat if it is composed of surface elements/structural elements, to the ring are explained previously. The upper net improves the stiffness of the ring while it can be used to support some kinds of

net improves the stiffness of the ring while it can be used to support some kinds of surface elements/structural elements, to the ring are explained previously. The upper

lighter loads such as solar panels. The upper net can be flat if it is composed of Further explanations on how to secure the structural linkage, particularly if it has

around/surrounding the upper net and along the upper side of the body of the ring. compressible and/or incompressible elongate structural elements. The upper net can point positioned in the top side of the ring while the upper points are distributed

be curved, such as a cone (#16c, Figure 12), if it is composed of compressible elongate which each end of each elongate structural element is secured to the ring at an upper

structural elements. Similarly, a structural linkage composed of a lower layer of net, #16u, Figure 11) being secured to and positioned at the top side of the ring, of

elongate structural elements and/or a surface structure, can also form a lower layer of elongate structural elements and/or a surface structure forms an upper layer (upper

held/suspended together. For example, a structural linkage composed of an upper layer

(lower net) which is secured to and positioned at the bottom side of the ring, of which body of the ring by allowing several points of the body of the ring being further

each end of each elongate structural element is secured to the ring at a lower point Such kind of structural connections can include bracing to improve the stiffness of the

positioned in the bottom side of the ring while the lower points are distributed together via tensional forces transmitted in and along the elongate structural element.

two points at the two ends of the elongate structural element being held/suspended

around/surrounding the lower net and along the lower side of the body of the ring. wherein each end is secured to a point on the structural body of the ring, making the

Further explanations on how to secure the structural linkage, particularly if it has 16

surface elements/structural elements, to the ring are explained previously. The lower net improves the stiffness of the ring while it can also be used to support some kinds of lighter loads such as solar panels (via a structural photovoltaic mounting system) or used for a mooring system. A bracing net of elongate structural elements can also be added to strengthen the ring. An end of each elongate structural element of the bracing net is secured to an upper point while the other end is secured to a lower point, making the upper points and the lower points being braced/suspended together. It is also notable that each elongate structural element of the upper net or the lower net or the structure as described above, is more suitable to be used for floating solar energy bracing net can be compressible or incompressible elongate structural element. The

[0035] The type of simplified wheel-like structure, which excludes the suspended 14 May 2025

solar panels are secured to the upper net, facing the sun. lower layer (or the lower net) can be regarded as a lower structural linkage.

upper layer (or the upper net) can be regarded as an upper structural linkage and the

[0033] It is also allowed that, instead of using the upper net and the lower net together, stabilities and to reduce the costs of the wheel-like structure. It is also notable that the

without the floats securely attached to the suspended structures, is to improve the a middle net, which is a structural linkage composed of elongate structural elements between the upper layer and the lower layer via the suspended structures, with or

and/or a surface structure, is recommended to be used for smaller and lighter solar allowed to be less stiff for cheaper costs. So, the purpose of the structural connections

energy systems. If the structural linkage has a number of elongate structural elements, loads (forces), allowing the lower layer bearing less loads (forces), leading to the ring

the suspended structures), allowing the floats capable to further bear the transmitted an end of each elongate structural element is secured to the ring at a point while the 2025203461

(forces). The suspended structures then can have a number of floats being attached (to

other end of the elongate structural element is secured to the ring at another point, suspended structures to the lower net which is capable to bear the transmitted loads

wherein the points are distributed between the upper side and the lower side of the lower layer. Loads (forces) are transmitted from the upper net through the rigid

number of rigid suspended structures being secured to both the upper layer and the ring, allowing to form a rigid stabilized wheel-like structure with the solar panels structure can be further supported by the lower layer (or the lower net) by using a

secured to the middle net, facing the sun. If the elongate structural elements are pre-

[0034] It is further notable that the upper layer (or the upper net) of the wheel-like

stressed, the wheel-like structure is stiffer. Further explanations on how to secure the are explained previously.

structural linkage, particularly if it has surface elements/structural elements, to the ring structural linkage, particularly if it has surface elements/structural elements, to the ring

are explained previously. stressed, the wheel-like structure is stiffer. Further explanations on how to secure the

secured to the middle net, facing the sun. If the elongate structural elements are pre-

[0034] It is further notable that the upper layer (or the upper net) of the wheel-like ring, allowing to form a rigid stabilized wheel-like structure with the solar panels

wherein the points are distributed between the upper side and the lower side of the

structure can be further supported by the lower layer (or the lower net) by using a other end of the elongate structural element is secured to the ring at another point,

number of rigid suspended structures being secured to both the upper layer and the an end of each elongate structural element is secured to the ring at a point while the

lower layer. Loads (forces) are transmitted from the upper net through the rigid energy systems. If the structural linkage has a number of elongate structural elements,

and/or a surface structure, is recommended to be used for smaller and lighter solar

suspended structures to the lower net which is capable to bear the transmitted loads a middle net, which is a structural linkage composed of elongate structural elements

(forces). The suspended structures then can have a number of floats being attached (to

[0033] It is also allowed that, instead of using the upper net and the lower net together,

the suspended structures), allowing the floats capable to further bear the transmitted solar panels are secured to the upper net, facing the sun.

loads (forces), allowing the lower layer bearing less loads (forces), leading to the ring bracing net can be compressible or incompressible elongate structural element. The

allowed to be less stiff 17 for cheaper costs. So, the purpose of the structural connections between the upper layer and the lower layer via the suspended structures, with or without the floats securely attached to the suspended structures, is to improve the stabilities and to reduce the costs of the wheel-like structure. It is also notable that the upper layer (or the upper net) can be regarded as an upper structural linkage and the lower layer (or the lower net) can be regarded as a lower structural linkage.

[0035] The type of simplified wheel-like structure, which excludes the suspended structure as described above, is more suitable to be used for floating solar energy the structural elements, including elongate structural elements, of the wheel-like systems. If the loads that the wheel-like structure bears are light enough that the working as desired (the available structural components of the object are secured to 14 May 2025 suspended structure and/or the structural linkage and/or the ring, allowing the object stiffness of the ring is enough to carry the loads without using the structural linkage(s) components for structural connections to the wheel-like structure, including to the

(and also without using the suspended structure(s)), the wheel-like structure is now the structurally securing the structural body of the object via its available structural

rigid structural ring (without both the structural linkage(s) the suspended structure(s)). stabilized as well as floated on the body of water and/or positioned at a place by

or a floating substructure to bear any heavy weight and/or large object required to be In this case, the wheel-like structure is still suitable to be used for floating solar energy

[0038] The wheel-like structure is suitable, with low costs, to work as a floating island

system: the stiffness of the rigid structural ring is enough to bear light loads such as elements is described in previous/other sections.

solar panels while the wheel-like structure is floated, held, balanced and stabilized on structures from structural elongate structural elements and/or structural surface 2025203461

the body of water. The solar panels can still be secured to the wheel-like structure (the suspended structure can be formed from surface structures. How to form these surface

ring) or to a typical photovoltaic mounting system which is secure to the `wheel-like surface of the body of the ring and/or that of the structural linkage and/or that of the

elements or surface elements as described in previous/other sections. So, the outer

structure, facing the sun. be composed of structural components, including structural elongate structural

[0037] It is notable that the ring, the structural linkage and the suspended structure can

[0036] The suspended structure (of the wheel-like structure) is also allowed to be choice to do so. directly secured to the ring while it is being suspended to the ring via the spokes (or the work alone without assistants from the spokes (the structural linkage), it is not a good

structural linkage). Although the suspended structure can also be secured to the ring to structural linkage). Although the suspended structure can also be secured to the ring to

work alone without assistants from the spokes (the structural linkage), it is not a good directly secured to the ring while it is being suspended to the ring via the spokes (or the

[0036] The suspended structure (of the wheel-like structure) is also allowed to be choice to do so. structure, facing the sun.

[0037] It is notable that the ring, the structural linkage and the suspended structure can ring) or to a typical photovoltaic mounting system which is secure to the `wheel-like

the body of water. The solar panels can still be secured to the wheel-like structure (the be composed of structural components, including structural elongate structural solar panels while the wheel-like structure is floated, held, balanced and stabilized on

elements or surface elements as described in previous/other sections. So, the outer system: the stiffness of the rigid structural ring is enough to bear light loads such as

surface of the body of the ring and/or that of the structural linkage and/or that of the In this case, the wheel-like structure is still suitable to be used for floating solar energy

rigid structural ring (without both the structural linkage(s) the suspended structure(s)). suspended structure can be formed from surface structures. How to form these surface (and also without using the suspended structure(s)), the wheel-like structure is now the

structures from structural elongate structural elements and/or structural surface stiffness of the ring is enough to carry the loads without using the structural linkage(s)

elements is described in previous/other sections. systems. If the loads that the wheel-like structure bears are light enough that the

18

[0038] The wheel-like structure is suitable, with low costs, to work as a floating island or a floating substructure to bear any heavy weight and/or large object required to be stabilized as well as floated on the body of water and/or positioned at a place by structurally securing the structural body of the object via its available structural components for structural connections to the wheel-like structure, including to the suspended structure and/or the structural linkage and/or the ring, allowing the object working as desired (the available structural components of the object are secured to the structural elements, including elongate structural elements, of the wheel-like structure at points where they intersect together). Some such objects are: a battery 14 May 2025 of water, making the body of the energy system cooling down.

energy storage system which may use available water for its integrated cooling system, from the heated components to the water being pumped through the pipes, to the body

a system of the whole or a part of an electric power conversion/transmission systems heated components of the energy system in order to bring the heat which is transmitted

and then back to the body of water. The pipes are arranged to be laid through the

(such as transformers and/or inverters or electric power conversion stations) which may through the interconnected pipes then through the exits of the network of water pipes

use available water for its integrated cooling system, a control station used to control a interconnected together, allowing water pumped by the pump from the body of water

colling system which has a water pump and a network of water pipes securely power plant, a solar energy power plant, a wave energy power plant, a number of wind conversions and electricity generations, can be cooled down by using a water based

turbines, a floating helipad, a data centre which may have a water-based cooling

[0040] Any energy system which releases heat from its operations, including power 2025203461

system, a floating lighthouse, a floating radar station, a floating whether station, a of the wheel-like structure at points where they intersect together).

building such as a hotel or an office building which may have its own (solar/wave) power system are secured to the structural elements, including elongate structural elements,

plant and/or swimming pools. All water-based cooling systems above are aimed to energy system working as desired (the available structural components of the energy

reduce costs of operations thanks to using available water. and/or the ring, either above or below the surface of the body of water, allowing the

wheel-like structure, including to the suspended structure and/or the structural linkage

energy system via its available structural components for structural connections to the

[0039] Particularly, the wheel-like structure can also be used to support any energy a place by securing the structure of the energy system or the structural body of the

system required to be floated and stabilized on the body of water and/or positioned at system required to be floated and stabilized on the body of water and/or positioned at

a place by securing the structure of the energy system or the structural body of the

[0039] Particularly, the wheel-like structure can also be used to support any energy

energy system via its available structural components for structural connections to the reduce costs of operations thanks to using available water.

wheel-like structure, including to the suspended structure and/or the structural linkage plant and/or swimming pools. All water-based cooling systems above are aimed to

building such as a hotel or an office building which may have its own (solar/wave) power and/or the ring, either above or below the surface of the body of water, allowing the system, a floating lighthouse, a floating radar station, a floating whether station, a

energy system working as desired (the available structural components of the energy turbines, a floating helipad, a data centre which may have a water-based cooling

system are secured to the structural elements, including elongate structural elements, power plant, a solar energy power plant, a wave energy power plant, a number of wind

use available water for its integrated cooling system, a control station used to control a of the wheel-like structure at points where they intersect together). (such as transformers and/or inverters or electric power conversion stations) which may

a system of the whole or a part of an electric power conversion/transmission systems

[0040] Any energy system which releases heat from its operations, including power energy storage system which may use available water for its integrated cooling system,

conversions and electricity generations, can be cooled down by using a water based structure at points where they intersect together). Some such objects are: a battery

colling system which 19 has a water pump and a network of water pipes securely interconnected together, allowing water pumped by the pump from the body of water through the interconnected pipes then through the exits of the network of water pipes and then back to the body of water. The pipes are arranged to be laid through the heated components of the energy system in order to bring the heat which is transmitted from the heated components to the water being pumped through the pipes, to the body of water, making the body of the energy system cooling down.

elongate structural element holding the middle of the first section inwards (or toward

[0041] Figure 13 presents that, because each section (52x, Figure 13), which is named section (Figure 13), or the structural linkage and/or the ring which allows the axial 14 May 2025

the second anti-bending support of a second section located oppositely with the first

the first section, of the body of the ring (#30, Figure 13) is mainly compressed as a result component of the wheel-like structure, including the suspended structure (#102L), or

of the two elongate structural elements (#16x) secured to and secured at two ends of first section) while the other end is secured to any desired point of any structural

the first section, the first section can be further reinforced using a first anti-bending (or the middle of the first anti-bending elongate structural element or the middle of the

axial elongate structural element has an end being secured to the anti-bending support

elongate structural element (#16a, Figure 13), which is more preferred with a anti-bending elongate structural element and the axial elongate structural element. The

rope/cable/chain. An end of the first anti-bending elongate structural element is resistances created in both inward and outward directions in the plane formed by the

secured to an end of the first section while the other end of the first anti-bending support inwards, allowing the first section to be structurally stable thanks to bending

section being bended toward to the outer area of the ring by holding the anti-bending 2025203461

elongate structural element is secured to the other end of the first section. An anti- elongate structural element (#16b, Figure 13) is a good choice used to prevent the first

bending support (#30x, Figure 13) is fitted between and holds the middle of the anti- can be allowed to be made with a thinner body. Figure 13 also indicates that an axial

bending elongate structural element and the middle of the first section together by rope/cable, it helps to reduce costs for manufacturing the required first section which

of the anti-bending elongate structural element is cheaper, particularly if it is a

securing to the middle of the first section while the middle of the anti-bending elongate bending elongate structural element (or toward the inner area of the ring). As the cost

structural element is mounted to the anti-bending support, allowing these two middles element allows to prevent the body of the first section being bended toward the anti-

being held together at an unchanged desired distance between them. The anti-bending (or to make the wheel-like structure to be stiffer). The anti-bending elongate structural

elongate structural element can be further pre-stressed to make it to be more efficient

elongate structural element can be further pre-stressed to make it to be more efficient being held together at an unchanged desired distance between them. The anti-bending

(or to make the wheel-like structure to be stiffer). The anti-bending elongate structural structural element is mounted to the anti-bending support, allowing these two middles

element allows to prevent the body of the first section being bended toward the anti- securing to the middle of the first section while the middle of the anti-bending elongate

bending elongate structural element and the middle of the first section together by

bending elongate structural element (or toward the inner area of the ring). As the cost bending support (#30x, Figure 13) is fitted between and holds the middle of the anti-

of the anti-bending elongate structural element is cheaper, particularly if it is a elongate structural element is secured to the other end of the first section. An anti-

rope/cable, it helps to reduce costs for manufacturing the required first section which secured to an end of the first section while the other end of the first anti-bending

rope/cable/chain. An end of the first anti-bending elongate structural element is

can be allowed to be made with a thinner body. Figure 13 also indicates that an axial elongate structural element (#16a, Figure 13), which is more preferred with a

elongate structural element (#16b, Figure 13) is a good choice used to prevent the first the first section, the first section can be further reinforced using a first anti-bending

section being bended toward to the outer area of the ring by holding the anti-bending of the two elongate structural elements (#16x) secured to and secured at two ends of

the first section, of the body of the ring (#30, Figure 13) is mainly compressed as a result

support inwards, allowing the first section to be structurally stable thanks to bending

[0041] Figure 13 presents that, because each section (52x, Figure 13), which is named

resistances created in both inward and outward directions in the plane formed by the 20

anti-bending elongate structural element and the axial elongate structural element. The axial elongate structural element has an end being secured to the anti-bending support (or the middle of the first anti-bending elongate structural element or the middle of the first section) while the other end is secured to any desired point of any structural component of the wheel-like structure, including the suspended structure (#102L), or the second anti-bending support of a second section located oppositely with the first section (Figure 13), or the structural linkage and/or the ring which allows the axial elongate structural element holding the middle of the first section inwards (or toward structure/substructure of the above wind and/or wave and/or solar energy systems, the to the desired point). The axial elongate structural element can be further pre-stressed Depending on how the wheel-like structure being used as a part or the whole floating 14 May 2025 solar energy systems together, they simply share the same wheel-like structure. to make it to be more efficient (or to make the wheel-like structure to be stiffer). Using energy systems. In order to combine these wave and/or floating wind and/or floating a combination of an anti-bending support and an anti-bending elongate structural combined from medium/small floating wind energy systems and/or floating solar element and/or an axial elongate structural element is particularly a good choice for even high waves. A sea bay or reservoir of inland lake-based energy system can be floating substructure/structure which supports solar panels because the floating energy systems and/or floating solar energy systems which area allowed to survive with combined from large/medium wave energy systems and/or large/medium floating wind substructure/structure is expected to cover a large area for more solar panels installed, systems and/or large/medium wind energy systems. A nearshore energy system can be leading to the section allowed to be made longer while its body is expected to be thinner offshore/nearshore energy system can be combined from large/medium wave energy 2025203461 for saving costs. The combination (#30x and #16a and/or #16b, Figure 14) is also useful effective and more efficient in harnessing wind/wave/solar energies. For example, an systems. There are potential circumstances that such integrations are more cost- and applicable with any structural elongate structural element (#52x, Figure 14) of the for floating solar energy systems and/or wave energy systems and/or wind energy wheel-like structure, wherein the second end of the axial elongate structural element

[0042] It is optional to use the wheel-like structure as a common floating substructure

(#16b, Figure 14) can be secured to any desired point of any structural component of Figure 14) of the structural elongate structural element are the same.

the wheel-like structure, allowing the axial elongate structural element holding the being support (#30x, Figure 14) and the anti-bending elongate structural element (#16a,

middle of the structural elongate structural element to being bended away from the elongate structural element and the structural elongate structural element and the anti-

desired point. All other secured structural connections between the first end of the axial

desired point. All other secured structural connections between the first end of the axial middle of the structural elongate structural element to being bended away from the

elongate structural element and the structural elongate structural element and the anti- the wheel-like structure, allowing the axial elongate structural element holding the

being support (#30x, Figure 14) and the anti-bending elongate structural element (#16a, (#16b, Figure 14) can be secured to any desired point of any structural component of

wheel-like structure, wherein the second end of the axial elongate structural element

Figure 14) of the structural elongate structural element are the same. and applicable with any structural elongate structural element (#52x, Figure 14) of the

for saving costs. The combination (#30x and #16a and/or #16b, Figure 14) is also useful

[0042] It is optional to use the wheel-like structure as a common floating substructure leading to the section allowed to be made longer while its body is expected to be thinner

for floating solar energy systems and/or wave energy systems and/or wind energy substructure/structure is expected to cover a large area for more solar panels installed,

floating substructure/structure which supports solar panels because the floating systems. There are potential circumstances that such integrations are more cost- element and/or an axial elongate structural element is particularly a good choice for

effective and more efficient in harnessing wind/wave/solar energies. For example, an a combination of an anti-bending support and an anti-bending elongate structural

offshore/nearshore energy system can be combined from large/medium wave energy to make it to be more efficient (or to make the wheel-like structure to be stiffer). Using

to the desired point). The axial elongate structural element can be further pre-stressed systems and/or large/medium wind energy systems. A nearshore energy system can be combined from large/medium wave energy systems and/or large/medium floating wind 21

energy systems and/or floating solar energy systems which area allowed to survive with even high waves. A sea bay or reservoir of inland lake-based energy system can be combined from medium/small floating wind energy systems and/or floating solar energy systems. In order to combine these wave and/or floating wind and/or floating solar energy systems together, they simply share the same wheel-like structure. Depending on how the wheel-like structure being used as a part or the whole floating structure/substructure of the above wind and/or wave and/or solar energy systems, the case, the attached floats are named after the surrounding floats, and any float secured wheel-like structure can be referred after different names such as wheel-like structure 14 May 2025 arrangement of the ring and its attached floats which are attached to its body. In this

(which is floated, held and stabilized horizontally on the body of water) or vertical

[0044] There is another option of the ring, which is laid horizontally, with respect to the

wheel-like structure (which is floated, held and stabilized vertically on the body of rollers or oil or air or liquid or water fitted between them.

water) or simply (common) wheel-like structure (which is simply floated, held and system while the outer race/the rail/the gear rack is secured to the other with balls or

stabilized on the body of water). The (vertical/horizontal/ common) wheel-like pinion gear is secured to either the structural component or the photovoltaic mounting

pinion gear and a gear rack can also be used. In this case, the inner race/the slider/the

structures are used widely in several proposed floating (wind and/or wave and/or solar) inner race and an outer race), a set of a slider, friction-reducer and a rail or a set of a

energy systems, in which, how the wheel-like structures are integrated are further can be balls, rollers, oil, air, water, rotary bearings and so on. A rotary bearing (with an 2025203461

explained. between the rail and the photovoltaic mounting system. Some kinds of friction-reducer

component) and the photovoltaic mounting system in order to reduce frictions

can be added and securely fitted between the wheel-like structure (or the structural

[0043] If the solar panels are desired to be able to slide/revolve relatively or it is held to the rail (or the structural component) at all times. A layer of friction-reducer

independently with the wheel-like structure (for example, in order to face the sun), A on the circular/arc rail (or any structural component of the wheel-like structure) while

rollable or slidable mechanism is needed to be added between the wheel-like structure or an arc shape. The photovoltaic mounting system is allowed to relatively slide/revolve

to be circular, the rigid structural ring can be securely attached with a rail in a circular and the photovoltaic mounting system, allowing the photovoltaic mounting system wheel-like structure is a circular wheel-like structure which has the rigid structural ring

capable of sliding or revolving relatively to the wheel-like structure. Particularly, if the capable of sliding or revolving relatively to the wheel-like structure. Particularly, if the

wheel-like structure is a circular wheel-like structure which has the rigid structural ring and the photovoltaic mounting system, allowing the photovoltaic mounting system

rollable or slidable mechanism is needed to be added between the wheel-like structure to be circular, the rigid structural ring can be securely attached with a rail in a circular independently with the wheel-like structure (for example, in order to face the sun), A

or an arc shape. The photovoltaic mounting system is allowed to relatively slide/revolve

[0043] If the solar panels are desired to be able to slide/revolve relatively or

on the circular/arc rail (or any structural component of the wheel-like structure) while explained.

it is held to the rail (or the structural component) at all times. A layer of friction-reducer energy systems, in which, how the wheel-like structures are integrated are further

can be added and securely fitted between the wheel-like structure (or the structural structures are used widely in several proposed floating (wind and/or wave and/or solar)

stabilized on the body of water). The (vertical/horizontal/ common) wheel-like component) and the photovoltaic mounting system in order to reduce frictions water) or simply (common) wheel-like structure (which is simply floated, held and

between the rail and the photovoltaic mounting system. Some kinds of friction-reducer wheel-like structure (which is floated, held and stabilized vertically on the body of

can be balls, rollers, oil, air, water, rotary bearings and so on. A rotary bearing (with an (which is floated, held and stabilized horizontally on the body of water) or vertical

wheel-like structure can be referred after different names such as wheel-like structure inner race and an outer race), a set of a slider, friction-reducer and a rail or a set of a pinion gear and a gear rack can also be used. In this case, the inner race/the slider/the 22

pinion gear is secured to either the structural component or the photovoltaic mounting system while the outer race/the rail/the gear rack is secured to the other with balls or rollers or oil or air or liquid or water fitted between them.

[0044] There is another option of the ring, which is laid horizontally, with respect to the arrangement of the ring and its attached floats which are attached to its body. In this case, the attached floats are named after the surrounding floats, and any float secured and maintenances. The surrounding floats, which hang the submerged ring, are name to any suspended structure is named after a central float. The arrangement is described wind/wave/solar energy system, in order to carry out installations, services, reparations 14 May 2025 cranes/service ships to reach the centre of the ring, or any part(s) of the below. above the ring and between a pair of adjacent surrounding floats, allowing ring is horizontally laid and submerged in the body of water, it has a space which is

[0045] if the ring is positioned horizontally, at the water surface, and if the suspended to the surrounding floats (#8a and #8b) and submerged in the body of water. So, as the

structure does not possess any float, either integrated in or secured to its body, the The surrounding floats are positioned right at the water surface while the ring is hung

whole weight of the wind/wave/solar energy system has to be bear by the ring which is secured to an end of a rope/cable/chain (#7r) while its other end is secured to the ring.

fully submerged in the body of water as follows: each surrounding float (#8a, #8b) is required to be much more bulky and costly. Furthermore, the structural linkage and the Figure 5 and Figure 6) underneath the water surface (#12). In other words, the ring is

suspended structure has to be more bulky and costly as well. In addition, if the floats of 2025203461

turbine positioned at the centre. This issue can be solved by positioning the ring (#30,

the ring bear all weights/loads of the whole system, the floats need to be larger, replacements of any part(s) of the wind/wave/solar energy system, particularly, a wind

of the wind/wave/solar energy system, or to carry out services, reparations and creating an issue with tall waves. In this case, taller waves create greater forces applied to cranes/service ships reaching the centre of the ring in order to install the components

to the larger floats, causing the wheel-like structure to be less balanced or less stable, body. Furthermore, if the size (or the diameter) of the ring is too large, it is impossible

and reducing lifetime of the structural components of the wheel-like structure due to structure should possess a central float which is either integrated in or secured to its

as possible while the central float needs to be as large as possible. Thus, the suspended their materials exhausted, while its structural components are required to be heavier make the wheel-like structure to be lighter and cheaper, the floats need to be as small

and more expensive. In order to reduce effects caused by tall waves and in order to and more expensive. In order to reduce effects caused by tall waves and in order to

make the wheel-like structure to be lighter and cheaper, the floats need to be as small their materials exhausted, while its structural components are required to be heavier

and reducing lifetime of the structural components of the wheel-like structure due to as possible while the central float needs to be as large as possible. Thus, the suspended to the larger floats, causing the wheel-like structure to be less balanced or less stable,

structure should possess a central float which is either integrated in or secured to its creating an issue with tall waves. In this case, taller waves create greater forces applied

body. Furthermore, if the size (or the diameter) of the ring is too large, it is impossible the ring bear all weights/loads of the whole system, the floats need to be larger,

suspended structure has to be more bulky and costly as well. In addition, if the floats of to cranes/service ships reaching the centre of the ring in order to install the components required to be much more bulky and costly. Furthermore, the structural linkage and the

of the wind/wave/solar energy system, or to carry out services, reparations and whole weight of the wind/wave/solar energy system has to be bear by the ring which is

replacements of any part(s) of the wind/wave/solar energy system, particularly, a wind structure does not possess any float, either integrated in or secured to its body, the

[0045] if the ring is positioned horizontally, at the water surface, and if the suspended turbine positioned at the centre. This issue can be solved by positioning the ring (#30, Figure 5 and Figure 6) underneath the water surface (#12). In other words, the ring is below.

to any suspended structure is named after a central float. The arrangement is described fully submerged in the body of water as follows: each surrounding float (#8a, #8b) is secured to an end of a rope/cable/chain (#7r) while its other end is secured to the ring. 23

The surrounding floats are positioned right at the water surface while the ring is hung to the surrounding floats (#8a and #8b) and submerged in the body of water. So, as the ring is horizontally laid and submerged in the body of water, it has a space which is above the ring and between a pair of adjacent surrounding floats, allowing cranes/service ships to reach the centre of the ring, or any part(s) of the wind/wave/solar energy system, in order to carry out installations, services, reparations and maintenances. The surrounding floats, which hang the submerged ring, are name the ratio is.

after hanging floats in order to imply that the ring is hung by the surrounding floats. The 14 May 2025

in order to decide how large the submerged volume of the central float or how large

wheel-like structure can be used with its ring hung for wind/wave/solar energy systems installation, operation and maintenance. All these are required to be taken into account

without the need of reaching its centre with cranes/service ships because the hung ring waves), its electrical generated capacity, its costs of manufacturing, transportation,

[0047] The ratio of the system relies very much on its environmental conditions (winds,

is simply a solution to float and stabilized the wheel-like structure. In case that the ring is hung, the central float can also be included or excluded from the system. A hanging the surrounding floats are also taken into account.

central float included, the ratio of the submerged volumes of the central float versus

float can suspend the submerged ring via a rope/cable/chain or any one of a rotary well but its total cost and its stabilization with tall waves need to be evaluated. With the

bearing or a universal joint having two degrees of freedom as flows: the hanging float

[0046] Without the central float, the wind/wave/solar energy system is still workable 2025203461

is stayed at the water surface. An end of the rope/cable/chain is secured to the hanging edges having the three ropes/cables/chains.

float while the other end is secured to the ring. Otherwise, a race of the rotary bearing structure, forming a tetrahedron with its top vertex having the float while its three side

is secured to the structural body of the hanging float while the other race is secured to structural component of the wheel-like structure or indirectly through a supporting

is secured to the hanging float while the other end is secured either directly to any

the ring, allowing the float to be rotated around an axis. Alternatively, the structural boundary by using a set of three ropes/cables/chains. An end of each rope/cable/chain

body of the float is secured to a first pair of coaxial bearing caps of the universal joint yokes. Each hanging float can be further stabilized and held within a designated

caps which a yoke securely mounts to for mechanical transmission between a pair of while its other pair is secured to the ring, allowing the float to be rotated around two axes. The universal joint has two pairs of coaxial bearing caps, each pair has two coaxial

axes. The universal joint has two pairs of coaxial bearing caps, each pair has two coaxial while its other pair is secured to the ring, allowing the float to be rotated around two

caps which a yoke securely mounts to for mechanical transmission between a pair of body of the float is secured to a first pair of coaxial bearing caps of the universal joint

yokes. Each hanging float can be further stabilized and held within a designated the ring, allowing the float to be rotated around an axis. Alternatively, the structural

is secured to the structural body of the hanging float while the other race is secured to

boundary by using a set of three ropes/cables/chains. An end of each rope/cable/chain float while the other end is secured to the ring. Otherwise, a race of the rotary bearing

is secured to the hanging float while the other end is secured either directly to any is stayed at the water surface. An end of the rope/cable/chain is secured to the hanging

structural component of the wheel-like structure or indirectly through a supporting bearing or a universal joint having two degrees of freedom as flows: the hanging float

float can suspend the submerged ring via a rope/cable/chain or any one of a rotary

structure, forming a tetrahedron with its top vertex having the float while its three side is hung, the central float can also be included or excluded from the system. A hanging

edges having the three ropes/cables/chains. is simply a solution to float and stabilized the wheel-like structure. In case that the ring

without the need of reaching its centre with cranes/service ships because the hung ring

[0046] Without the central float, the wind/wave/solar energy system is still workable wheel-like structure can be used with its ring hung for wind/wave/solar energy systems

after hanging floats in order to imply that the ring is hung by the surrounding floats. The well but its total cost and its stabilization with tall waves need to be evaluated. With the central float included, the ratio of the submerged volumes of the central float versus 24

the surrounding floats are also taken into account.

[0047] The ratio of the system relies very much on its environmental conditions (winds, waves), its electrical generated capacity, its costs of manufacturing, transportation, installation, operation and maintenance. All these are required to be taken into account in order to decide how large the submerged volume of the central float or how large the ratio is.

wind turbine or to the centre of the wheel-like structure. However, as the ring of the

and/or service ships which are needed to approach close enough to the tower of the

[0048] Any rope/cable/chain can be replaced with a rotatable support, which is implied 14 May 2025

and/or the wind energy system and/or the solar energy system require using cranes

a rotatable supporting structure), and which is secured to a surrounding float at one of

[0051] Installations, services, reparations and replacements of the wave energy system

its two ends while the other end (of the rotatable supporting structure) is rotatably 1.3 [0050] Buoyancy varied systems for wheel-like structures

attached to the ring, allowing both the rotatable supporting structure and the surrounding float to revolve around a vertical cross section of the body of the ring where also used as a water tank.

central float(s) or surrounding float(s) and hanging float(s), of which each float is are

the rotatable supporting structure is attached. If the rotations between the rotatable by varying the buoyancy of the energy systems with pumping water into or out of any

supporting structure and ring are used to rotate an electricity-generating mechanism, hang floats. The buoyancy varied system allows to raise (up) or to lower (down) the ring 2025203461

the rotatable supporting structure and the surrounding float become a wave energy by pumping water into or out of the central float, the surrounding floats and/or the

systems in this document. A buoyancy varied system allows to raise up or lower the ring

converter. The rotatable supporting structure can be the structural body of the float. A energy systems working together are explained in the description of buoyancy varied

rotary bearing, either including or excluding balls/rollers, can be fitted between the

[0049] Further details on the hung ring and how the wind and/or wave and/or solar

of water. rotatable supporting structure and the ring, allowing the rotatable supporting structure revolved around a rotational axis. It is also allowed to have the rotatable supporting to the ring, in order to maintain the ring floated, stabilized and submerged in the body

structure revolved around two rotational axes by replacing the rotary bearing with a which hang the ring, can work together with the surrounding floats, which are secured

universal joint, which has two degrees of freedoms. In addition, the hanging floats,

universal joint, which has two degrees of freedoms. In addition, the hanging floats, structure revolved around two rotational axes by replacing the rotary bearing with a

which hang the ring, can work together with the surrounding floats, which are secured revolved around a rotational axis. It is also allowed to have the rotatable supporting

to the ring, in order to maintain the ring floated, stabilized and submerged in the body rotatable supporting structure and the ring, allowing the rotatable supporting structure

rotary bearing, either including or excluding balls/rollers, can be fitted between the

of water. converter. The rotatable supporting structure can be the structural body of the float. A

the rotatable supporting structure and the surrounding float become a wave energy

[0049] Further details on the hung ring and how the wind and/or wave and/or solar supporting structure and ring are used to rotate an electricity-generating mechanism,

energy systems working together are explained in the description of buoyancy varied the rotatable supporting structure is attached. If the rotations between the rotatable

surrounding float to revolve around a vertical cross section of the body of the ring where systems in this document. A buoyancy varied system allows to raise up or lower the ring attached to the ring, allowing both the rotatable supporting structure and the

by pumping water into or out of the central float, the surrounding floats and/or the its two ends while the other end (of the rotatable supporting structure) is rotatably

hang floats. The buoyancy varied system allows to raise (up) or to lower (down) the ring a rotatable supporting structure), and which is secured to a surrounding float at one of

[0048] Any rope/cable/chain can be replaced with a rotatable support, which is implied by varying the buoyancy of the energy systems with pumping water into or out of any central float(s) or surrounding float(s) and hanging float(s), of which each float is are 25

also used as a water tank.

1.3 [0050] Buoyancy varied systems for wheel-like structures

[0051] Installations, services, reparations and replacements of the wave energy system and/or the wind energy system and/or the solar energy system require using cranes and/or service ships which are needed to approach close enough to the tower of the wind turbine or to the centre of the wheel-like structure. However, as the ring of the empty of partially filled up with water, allowing the remained wave energy converters wheel-like structure is laid right at the surface of the body of water during the routine positions while the floats (#8a, #8b) of the remained wave energy converters are fully 14 May 2025 operation of the wave and/or wind and/or solar energy systems using the wheel-like up with water, allowing the lowered wave energy converters being held at their lowest of a number of these lowered wave energy converters (#8c) are fully or partially filled structure to be their common floating structure/substructure, the cranes and/or the (#8c) with respect to motion of waves while they are held to the ring, The floats (#8c) service ships cannot approach the energy systems at anywhere needed if the size of the wave energy converters can move to their highest positions (#8b) and lowest positions ring is too large. Particularly, installations, services, reparations and replacements of the a number of wave energy converters (#7r and #8a) being attached to the ring. As these

[0052] Figure 15 and Figure 16 present the ring (#30) of the wheel-like structure having

wind turbine which require using cranes are more challenged. In order to solve these issues, a buoyancy varied system is used to lower or raise the whole wheel-like structure filled up with water while the rest remain empty.

smooth enough to a deep enough elevation. Any floats can also be partially or entirely 2025203461

by varying its buoyancy. During the normal operation of the wind/wave/solar energy central/surrounding/hanging float can be elongate in order to be able to lower the ring

systems, the ring is fully floated at the water surface or fully submerged in the body of well by pumping water out of the central/surrounding/hanging floats. Any

water. However, there are possibilities that the ring can be needed to be lowered or the ring. The wheel-like structure with its submerged ring can be raised up if needed as

and/or the service ships are allowed to pass above the ring to approach the centre of

raised. For example, once a crane and/or a ship needs to cross above the ring in order or partially filled up with water while the rest of the floats are empty. Thus, the cranes

to approach the centre of the ring or the tower of the wind turbine positioned in the number of floats which are attached to the suspended structures or to the ring are fully

middle, the whole wheel-like structure is needed to be lowered until it is submerged floats which support/float/hang/stabilize the ring and/or the suspended structures. A

deep enough by pumping water into a number of central or surrounding or hanging

deep enough by pumping water into a number of central or surrounding or hanging middle, the whole wheel-like structure is needed to be lowered until it is submerged

floats which support/float/hang/stabilize the ring and/or the suspended structures. A to approach the centre of the ring or the tower of the wind turbine positioned in the

number of floats which are attached to the suspended structures or to the ring are fully raised. For example, once a crane and/or a ship needs to cross above the ring in order

water. However, there are possibilities that the ring can be needed to be lowered or

or partially filled up with water while the rest of the floats are empty. Thus, the cranes systems, the ring is fully floated at the water surface or fully submerged in the body of

and/or the service ships are allowed to pass above the ring to approach the centre of by varying its buoyancy. During the normal operation of the wind/wave/solar energy

the ring. The wheel-like structure with its submerged ring can be raised up if needed as issues, a buoyancy varied system is used to lower or raise the whole wheel-like structure

wind turbine which require using cranes are more challenged. In order to solve these

well by pumping water out of the central/surrounding/hanging floats. Any ring is too large. Particularly, installations, services, reparations and replacements of the

central/surrounding/hanging float can be elongate in order to be able to lower the ring service ships cannot approach the energy systems at anywhere needed if the size of the

smooth enough to a deep enough elevation. Any floats can also be partially or entirely structure to be their common floating structure/substructure, the cranes and/or the

operation of the wave and/or wind and/or solar energy systems using the wheel-like

filled up with water while the rest remain empty. wheel-like structure is laid right at the surface of the body of water during the routine

[0052] Figure 15 and Figure 16 present the ring (#30) of the wheel-like structure having 26

a number of wave energy converters (#7r and #8a) being attached to the ring. As these wave energy converters can move to their highest positions (#8b) and lowest positions (#8c) with respect to motion of waves while they are held to the ring, The floats (#8c) of a number of these lowered wave energy converters (#8c) are fully or partially filled up with water, allowing the lowered wave energy converters being held at their lowest positions while the floats (#8a, #8b) of the remained wave energy converters are fully empty of partially filled up with water, allowing the remained wave energy converters to be raised to their highest positions (#8a, #8b). The floats held at their highest out installations, services, reparations and replacements. 14 May 2025 positions are used to float and stabilize the ring submerged at a lower level which is normally. In other words, these hanging floats are a kind of equipment used for carrying hanging floats are also removed from the ring foe the energy systems to be operated below the water surface (#12) with a distance (#7r) to be about the distance between services, reparations and replacements. Once all these tasks are completed, these the floats to the ring. The floats held at their lowest positions are below the ring. Thus, surface. These hanging floats are only attached to the ring for carrying out installations, a gap between the pair of two adjacent raised wave energy converters (#8a and #8b) are capable to hold the submerged ring to be floated and stabilized below the water pumping water into the floats attached to the suspended structure), the hanging floats held at their highest positions and above the ring (and also above the floats (#8c) held the ring floated under the water surface. Once the wheel-like structure is lowered (by at their lowest positions) allows cranes and/or service ships to approach the centre of at the surface of the body of water. Buoyant forces created by the hanging floats hold 2025203461 the ring for carrying out installations, services, reparations and replacements (such as horizontally and positioned under the water surface. The hanging floats are positioned of a rope/cable/chain (#7r) while the other end is secured to the ring which is laid replacing/installing the nacelle or the gear box of the wind turbine). During this process, the ring is fully submerged in the body of water. Each hanging float is secured to an end these wave energy converters might not operate for generating electricity normally. then the ring is floated, held and stabilized by using a number of hanging floats while

Then, all these floats are restored to their prior status (by pumping water out of the converters of the energy systems are not designated to function as explained above,

[0053] If the energy systems do not have wave energy converters, or the wave energy

tanks) in order to allow the energy systems to restart its normal operations. So, each of the floats can allow water pumped into or out of the float using a water pump. Any buoyant capability.

float secured to any suspended structure also allows to do so in order to adjust its

float secured to any suspended structure also allows to do so in order to adjust its of the floats can allow water pumped into or out of the float using a water pump. Any

buoyant capability. tanks) in order to allow the energy systems to restart its normal operations. So, each

Then, all these floats are restored to their prior status (by pumping water out of the

[0053] If the energy systems do not have wave energy converters, or the wave energy these wave energy converters might not operate for generating electricity normally.

replacing/installing the nacelle or the gear box of the wind turbine). During this process, converters of the energy systems are not designated to function as explained above, the ring for carrying out installations, services, reparations and replacements (such as

then the ring is floated, held and stabilized by using a number of hanging floats while at their lowest positions) allows cranes and/or service ships to approach the centre of

the ring is fully submerged in the body of water. Each hanging float is secured to an end held at their highest positions and above the ring (and also above the floats (#8c) held

a gap between the pair of two adjacent raised wave energy converters (#8a and #8b) of a rope/cable/chain (#7r) while the other end is secured to the ring which is laid the floats to the ring. The floats held at their lowest positions are below the ring. Thus,

horizontally and positioned under the water surface. The hanging floats are positioned below the water surface (#12) with a distance (#7r) to be about the distance between

at the surface of the body of water. Buoyant forces created by the hanging floats hold positions are used to float and stabilize the ring submerged at a lower level which is

to be raised to their highest positions (#8a, #8b). The floats held at their highest the ring floated under the water surface. Once the wheel-like structure is lowered (by pumping water into the floats attached to the suspended structure), the hanging floats 27

are capable to hold the submerged ring to be floated and stabilized below the water surface. These hanging floats are only attached to the ring for carrying out installations, services, reparations and replacements. Once all these tasks are completed, these hanging floats are also removed from the ring foe the energy systems to be operated normally. In other words, these hanging floats are a kind of equipment used for carrying out installations, services, reparations and replacements.

body of water (#12). Figure 19 demonstrates that the solar panels (#5s) are securely

the cone-shaped or polygonal-shaped upper structural linkage positioned above the 1.4 [0054] Horizontal wheel-like structure-based floating solar energy systems 14 May 2025

ring (#30). Figure 18 demonstrates that the solar panels (#5s) are securely attached on

17), the upper structural linkage (#16xu, Figure 19 and Figure 20) and the rigid structural

[0055] A horizontal wheel-like structure is a wheel-like structure having its ring laid like structure (Figure 17 to Figure 23), including the suspended structure (#102L, Figure

horizontally. The horizontal wheel-like structure (Figure 17) can also be used as a The solar panels can be secured to and supported by any part of the horizontal wheel-

floating structure/substructure for a floating solar energy system thanks to its linkage (#16xu) positioned on the upper surface of the horizontal wheel-like structure.

systems is to attach solar panels (#5s, Figure 18 and Figure 19) on the upper structural

capabilities to stabilize itself, and hence to stabilize any system sitting on it, on the body

[0057] The simplest form of using the horizontal wheel-like structure for solar energy

of water. There are several ways to use the horizontal wheel-like structure as the low costs.

floating structure/substructure to support solar panels for the solar energy systems. 2025203461

not only reservoirs but also sea bays or nearshore or even offshore seas/oceans with

The horizontal wheel-like structure is formed from a rigid structural ring in a shape with covers the large ring-shaped area, it is suitable to be used for solar energy systems for

curved and/or straight segments, a structural linkage, an optional suspended structure attached. As the horizontal wheel-like structure is stiffly rigid with lightweight and

a result, the body of the horizontal wheel-like structure allows more solar panels

and a number of floats which are arranged and structurally secured together as (or longer radius if the ring is circular) because the spokes work basing on tensions. As

described above. surface of the body of water thanks to its spokes to be allowed to reach longer distances

while the horizontal wheel-like structure can cover a large ring-shaped area on the

[0056] One significant feature of the horizontal wheel-like structure is that it is light with incompressible elongate structural elements, such as rope/cables/chains/bars, allowed

[0056] One significant feature of the horizontal wheel-like structure is that it is light with incompressible elongate structural elements, such as rope/cables/chains/bars, allowed while the horizontal wheel-like structure can cover a large ring-shaped area on the described above.

and a number of floats which are arranged and structurally secured together as surface of the body of water thanks to its spokes to be allowed to reach longer distances curved and/or straight segments, a structural linkage, an optional suspended structure

(or longer radius if the ring is circular) because the spokes work basing on tensions. As The horizontal wheel-like structure is formed from a rigid structural ring in a shape with

a result, the body of the horizontal wheel-like structure allows more solar panels floating structure/substructure to support solar panels for the solar energy systems.

of water. There are several ways to use the horizontal wheel-like structure as the attached. As the horizontal wheel-like structure is stiffly rigid with lightweight and capabilities to stabilize itself, and hence to stabilize any system sitting on it, on the body

covers the large ring-shaped area, it is suitable to be used for solar energy systems for floating structure/substructure for a floating solar energy system thanks to its

not only reservoirs but also sea bays or nearshore or even offshore seas/oceans with horizontally. The horizontal wheel-like structure (Figure 17) can also be used as a

[0055] A horizontal wheel-like structure is a wheel-like structure having its ring laid low costs. 1.4 [0054] Horizontal wheel-like structure-based floating solar energy systems

[0057] The simplest form of using the horizontal wheel-like structure for solar energy 28

systems is to attach solar panels (#5s, Figure 18 and Figure 19) on the upper structural linkage (#16xu) positioned on the upper surface of the horizontal wheel-like structure. The solar panels can be secured to and supported by any part of the horizontal wheel- like structure (Figure 17 to Figure 23), including the suspended structure (#102L, Figure 17), the upper structural linkage (#16xu, Figure 19 and Figure 20) and the rigid structural ring (#30). Figure 18 demonstrates that the solar panels (#5s) are securely attached on the cone-shaped or polygonal-shaped upper structural linkage positioned above the body of water (#12). Figure 19 demonstrates that the solar panels (#5s) are securely structure while the solar panels are secured to the photovoltaic mounting system, attached on the flat upper structural linkage (#16xu) positioned above the body of is simply a structure which is secured to and supported by the horizontal wheel-like 14 May 2025 water (#12). When a solar panel is said to be securely attached to a structure, it means for supporting the solar panels on the body of water. The photovoltaic mounting system the rigid structural ring (#30), to form a rigid stabilized floating substructure/structure that the body of the solar panel is structurally secured to one or more structural structure, including the suspended structure (#102L), the structural linkage (#16xu) and elements of the structure, allowing the structure holding the solar panel with all structure, or secured to any structural components of the horizontal whee-like designated loads and forces with respect to weather conditions such as winds or waves mounting system which is then secured to and supported by the horizontal wheel-like

[0058] Solar panels can also be securely attached to any structural photovoltaic

or snows. Figure 24 explains that a wheel-like structure formed of a ring and a number of elongate structural elements (or tensioned structural elements) (#16u, Figure 24), as the solar panels are allowed to be spread in a wider area of the ring.

the upper net/the suspending structure). The ring is allowed to be made thinner and 2025203461

presented in previous/other sections relating to wheel-like structures, can be used to structures are distributed sparsely throughout the area inner the ring (or throughout

support the solar panels floating. The wheel-like structure does not need any suspended of water, instead of being transmitted to the water via the ring. The suspended

structures included. The wheel-like structure can also be further reinforced by adding a loads/weights of the solar panels are allowed to be distributed directly to the surface

loads/weights to the ring, the loads/weights are bear by the float), allowing the

secondary (lower) layer of elongate structural elements (or a second/lower suspending bear loads/weights supported by the suspended structure (instead of distributing the

structure) under the first (upper) layer of elongate structural elements (or the upper/lower suspended structures and also can be secured with a float. The float can

first/upper suspending structure). These upper and lower suspending structures using several additional suspended structures, of which each is secured to both the

(formed of tensioned structural elements) can also be further reinforced together by

(formed of tensioned structural elements) can also be further reinforced together by first/upper suspending structure). These upper and lower suspending structures

using several additional suspended structures, of which each is secured to both the structure) under the first (upper) layer of elongate structural elements (or the

upper/lower suspended structures and also can be secured with a float. The float can secondary (lower) layer of elongate structural elements (or a second/lower suspending

structures included. The wheel-like structure can also be further reinforced by adding a

bear loads/weights supported by the suspended structure (instead of distributing the support the solar panels floating. The wheel-like structure does not need any suspended

loads/weights to the ring, the loads/weights are bear by the float), allowing the presented in previous/other sections relating to wheel-like structures, can be used to

loads/weights of the solar panels are allowed to be distributed directly to the surface of elongate structural elements (or tensioned structural elements) (#16u, Figure 24), as

or snows. Figure 24 explains that a wheel-like structure formed of a ring and a number

of water, instead of being transmitted to the water via the ring. The suspended designated loads and forces with respect to weather conditions such as winds or waves

structures are distributed sparsely throughout the area inner the ring (or throughout elements of the structure, allowing the structure holding the solar panel with all

that the body of the solar panel is structurally secured to one or more structural the upper net/the suspending structure). The ring is allowed to be made thinner and water (#12). When a solar panel is said to be securely attached to a structure, it means

the solar panels are allowed to be spread in a wider area of the ring. attached on the flat upper structural linkage (#16xu) positioned above the body of

[0058] Solar panels can also be securely attached to any structural photovoltaic 29

mounting system which is then secured to and supported by the horizontal wheel-like structure, or secured to any structural components of the horizontal whee-like structure, including the suspended structure (#102L), the structural linkage (#16xu) and the rigid structural ring (#30), to form a rigid stabilized floating substructure/structure for supporting the solar panels on the body of water. The photovoltaic mounting system is simply a structure which is secured to and supported by the horizontal wheel-like structure while the solar panels are secured to the photovoltaic mounting system, elements, which are intersected together, to improve the stiffness of the of the whole facing the sun, and allowing the structural composition of the photovoltaic mounting (#3p) can and should be secured together by securing their elongate structural 14 May 2025 system and the horizontal wheel-like structure, being floated, balanced and stabilized is notable that the upper structural linkage (#16xu) and the second structural linkage structural linkage (#16xu) and/or the second structural linkage (#3p), facing the sun. It on the body of water. There is no further specific specification for the photovoltaic energy harnessed. Then the solar panels (#5s, Figure 20) are then secured on the upper mounting system. shape, and can also be horizontal or inclined in order to face the sun for the best solar having a surface which can be either flat or curved, such as a plane or a truncated cone

[0059] For example, if the body of water has high waves, a typical photovoltaic compressible) elongate structural elements (#2p) form a second structural linkage (#3p)

another compressible elongate structural element (#1p). The (incompressible and/or mounting system can be putted on top of the horizontal wheel-like structure to raise other end is secured to either the suspended structure (#102L) or the second end of

the elevation of the solar panels upper. There are no particular requirements for the 2025203461

secured to the second end of a compressible elongate structural element (#1p) and the

photovoltaic mounting system. The solar panels are secured to the structure of the compressible) elongate structural elements (#3p) having two ends while an end is

photovoltaic mounting system also has a number of (incompressible and/or photovoltaic mounting system while the structure of photovoltaic mounting system is with the second end heading upward and outward the body of the ring. The

structurally secured to the horizontal wheel-like structure, including to the suspended along the body of the ring and around/surrounding the suspended structure (#102L)

structure and/or the structural linkage and/or the rigid structural ring. An example of the body of water. The compressible elongate structural element (#1p) are distributed

end is positioned higher than the body of the ring and higher than extreme waves of adding such a typical photovoltaic mounting system is presented in Figure 20. The element (#1p) having two ends while the first end is secured to the ring and the second

photovoltaic mounting system has a number of compressible elongate structural photovoltaic mounting system has a number of compressible elongate structural

element (#1p) having two ends while the first end is secured to the ring and the second adding such a typical photovoltaic mounting system is presented in Figure 20. The

structure and/or the structural linkage and/or the rigid structural ring. An example of end is positioned higher than the body of the ring and higher than extreme waves of structurally secured to the horizontal wheel-like structure, including to the suspended

the body of water. The compressible elongate structural element (#1p) are distributed photovoltaic mounting system while the structure of photovoltaic mounting system is

along the body of the ring and around/surrounding the suspended structure (#102L) photovoltaic mounting system. The solar panels are secured to the structure of the

the elevation of the solar panels upper. There are no particular requirements for the with the second end heading upward and outward the body of the ring. The mounting system can be putted on top of the horizontal wheel-like structure to raise

photovoltaic mounting system also has a number of (incompressible and/or

[0059] For example, if the body of water has high waves, a typical photovoltaic

compressible) elongate structural elements (#3p) having two ends while an end is mounting system.

secured to the second end of a compressible elongate structural element (#1p) and the on the body of water. There is no further specific specification for the photovoltaic

other end is secured to either the suspended structure (#102L) or the second end of system and the horizontal wheel-like structure, being floated, balanced and stabilized

facing the sun, and allowing the structural composition of the photovoltaic mounting another compressible elongate structural element (#1p). The (incompressible and/or compressible) elongate structural elements (#2p) form a second structural linkage (#3p) 30

having a surface which can be either flat or curved, such as a plane or a truncated cone shape, and can also be horizontal or inclined in order to face the sun for the best solar energy harnessed. Then the solar panels (#5s, Figure 20) are then secured on the upper structural linkage (#16xu) and/or the second structural linkage (#3p), facing the sun. It is notable that the upper structural linkage (#16xu) and the second structural linkage (#3p) can and should be secured together by securing their elongate structural elements, which are intersected together, to improve the stiffness of the of the whole securely attached to the suspended structure which has a third float attached while the horizontal wheel-like structure and to improve the stabilities of the elongate structural 14 May 2025 whole body of the horizontal wheel-like structure is rigid, the solar panels can also be elements. A second (incompressible and/or compressible) elongate structural elements together to form the ring of the horizontal wheel-like structure. It is notable that, as the

(#2p) can be used to assist a compressible elongate structural element (#1p), making it stabilize the solar panels. The top ring and the bottom ring are structurally secured

shape of three floats on the surface of the body of water in order to support, float and

to be stiffer. The second end of the second (incompressible and/or compressible) third float (#4f3) attached to the suspended structure (#102L), to form a triangular

elongate structural elements (#2p) is secured to the second end of the compressible while a bottom ring (#30b) is securely attached with two floats (#4f), together with a

elongate structural element (#1p) while the first end of the second (incompressible

[0061] Figure 22 presents that a top ring (#30t) is securely attached with solar panels

and/or compressible) elongate structural elements (#2p) is secured to the ring where is positioned vertically or horizontally or inclinedly. 2025203461

the horizontal wheel-like structure can be laid on the body of water with a ring appropriately distanced from the first end of the compressible elongate structural regardless to which direction the ring (or the horizontal wheel-like structure) is laid. So,

element (#1p). like a wheel and which can bear loads applied anywhere on its structural body,

horizontal any more, the horizontal wheel-like structure means a structure which looks

[0060] There are some further options to use the horizontal wheel-like structure. Figure panels to be arranged at an angle to face the sun. In this case, although the ring is not

21 presents that the solar panels (#5s) can be securely attached to the upper net, which the horizontal wheel-like structure on the body of water (#12), and allowing the solar

to the suspended structure, forming a shape of a triangle in order to float and stabilize can be flat or cone-shaped, of the horizontal wheel-like structure while the ring of the allowing the two attached floats (#4f) and a third float (#4f3), which is securely attached

wheel-like structure has two floats (#4f) securely attached to the ring at two positions, wheel-like structure has two floats (#4f) securely attached to the ring at two positions,

allowing the two attached floats (#4f) and a third float (#4f3), which is securely attached can be flat or cone-shaped, of the horizontal wheel-like structure while the ring of the

21 presents that the solar panels (#5s) can be securely attached to the upper net, which to the suspended structure, forming a shape of a triangle in order to float and stabilize

[0060] There are some further options to use the horizontal wheel-like structure. Figure

the horizontal wheel-like structure on the body of water (#12), and allowing the solar element (#1p). panels to be arranged at an angle to face the sun. In this case, although the ring is not appropriately distanced from the first end of the compressible elongate structural

horizontal any more, the horizontal wheel-like structure means a structure which looks and/or compressible) elongate structural elements (#2p) is secured to the ring where is

like a wheel and which can bear loads applied anywhere on its structural body, elongate structural element (#1p) while the first end of the second (incompressible

elongate structural elements (#2p) is secured to the second end of the compressible regardless to which direction the ring (or the horizontal wheel-like structure) is laid. So, to be stiffer. The second end of the second (incompressible and/or compressible)

the horizontal wheel-like structure can be laid on the body of water with a ring (#2p) can be used to assist a compressible elongate structural element (#1p), making it

positioned vertically or horizontally or inclinedly. elements. A second (incompressible and/or compressible) elongate structural elements

horizontal wheel-like structure and to improve the stabilities of the elongate structural

[0061] Figure 22 presents 31 that a top ring (#30t) is securely attached with solar panels while a bottom ring (#30b) is securely attached with two floats (#4f), together with a third float (#4f3) attached to the suspended structure (#102L), to form a triangular shape of three floats on the surface of the body of water in order to support, float and stabilize the solar panels. The top ring and the bottom ring are structurally secured together to form the ring of the horizontal wheel-like structure. It is notable that, as the whole body of the horizontal wheel-like structure is rigid, the solar panels can also be securely attached to the suspended structure which has a third float attached while the element or the structural body of the ring and/or the upper net. In this case, even if the ring has two float securely attached, forming a triangular shape of three floats on the 14 May 2025 secured to the ring and/or the upper net by securing each solar panel to a structural surface of the body of water in order to support, float and stabilize the solar panels like structure does not have the suspended structure, the solar panels can also be while the solar panels can be arranged to be horizontal or inclined and the ring can be stabilize the solar panels on the body of water in these cases. If the horizontal wheel- previous/other sections, the horizontal wheel-like structure can still support, float and arranged to be vertical or inclined. without both the suspended structure and the structural linkage, as described above in horizontal wheel-like structure can still workable without the suspended structure or

[0062] Figure 23 presents that the solar panels are secured to the top ring (#30t) which

[0063] Another variation of the wheel-like structure is explained as follows: as the

is secured to the suspended structure while the bottom ring (#30b), which is also wheel-like structure while the bottom ring is a typical float-supporting structure.

secured to the suspended structure, has a first pair of floats (#4f1), which are positioned 2025203461

photovoltaic mounting system and c) the top ring is the ring referred of the horizontal

oppositely over the suspended structure (meaning over the centre of mass of the whole is the ring referred of the horizontal wheel-like structure while the top ring is a typical

which is the ring referred of the horizontal wheel-like structure; and b) the bottom ring system), and a second pair of floats (#4f2), which are also positioned oppositely over together. They can also be interpreted as follows: a) the two rings form a single ring

the suspended structure (meaning over the centre of mass of the whole system), while and the bottom ring presented in Figure 22, Figure 23 can be structurally secured

the four floats (of the two pairs) are distributed at four points positioned at vertices of body of water while the top ring (#30t) is inclined, aiming to face the sun. The top ring

further presents that the bottom ring (#30b) is laid horizontally on the surface of the a quadrangle. If any float of the two pairs has liquid or water partially filled and if the top ring are able to face to changing directions, meaning to face the sun. Figure 23

amount of the filled liquid or water is changed by a water pump, the solar panels on the amount of the filled liquid or water is changed by a water pump, the solar panels on the

top ring are able to face to changing directions, meaning to face the sun. Figure 23 a quadrangle. If any float of the two pairs has liquid or water partially filled and if the

the four floats (of the two pairs) are distributed at four points positioned at vertices of further presents that the bottom ring (#30b) is laid horizontally on the surface of the the suspended structure (meaning over the centre of mass of the whole system), while

body of water while the top ring (#30t) is inclined, aiming to face the sun. The top ring system), and a second pair of floats (#4f2), which are also positioned oppositely over

and the bottom ring presented in Figure 22, Figure 23 can be structurally secured oppositely over the suspended structure (meaning over the centre of mass of the whole

secured to the suspended structure, has a first pair of floats (#4f1), which are positioned together. They can also be interpreted as follows: a) the two rings form a single ring is secured to the suspended structure while the bottom ring (#30b), which is also

which is the ring referred of the horizontal wheel-like structure; and b) the bottom ring

[0062] Figure 23 presents that the solar panels are secured to the top ring (#30t) which

is the ring referred of the horizontal wheel-like structure while the top ring is a typical arranged to be vertical or inclined.

photovoltaic mounting system and c) the top ring is the ring referred of the horizontal while the solar panels can be arranged to be horizontal or inclined and the ring can be

wheel-like structure while the bottom ring is a typical float-supporting structure. surface of the body of water in order to support, float and stabilize the solar panels

ring has two float securely attached, forming a triangular shape of three floats on the

[0063] Another variation 32 of the wheel-like structure is explained as follows: as the horizontal wheel-like structure can still workable without the suspended structure or without both the suspended structure and the structural linkage, as described above in previous/other sections, the horizontal wheel-like structure can still support, float and stabilize the solar panels on the body of water in these cases. If the horizontal wheel- like structure does not have the suspended structure, the solar panels can also be secured to the ring and/or the upper net by securing each solar panel to a structural element or the structural body of the ring and/or the upper net. In this case, even if the being attached to the lower end of the post or the column, allowing the upper layer upper net is composed of incompressible elongate structural elements, such as column can further have a float (or a number of floats), which provides buoyant forces, 14 May 2025 ropes/cables, the upper net is still able to support the solar panels well if the support loads/forces created by the solar panels). Each structural post or structural elongate structural element (such as a structural post or a structural column capable to incompressible elongate structural elements are pre-stressed. So, the upper net is example of this case is that each suspended structure is particularly a compressible capable to hold the solar panels far enough above the surface of the body of water, the solar panels being securely attached on the upper layer, facing the sun. A simple allowing bifacial solar panels used to gain more efficiencies of harnessing solar energy. the suspended structure, meaning to further support the upper layer which has to bear suspended structure, allowing the floats providing buoyant forces to further support

[0229] In addition, as the solar panels being positioned far enough above the water Each suspended structure can also further have a number of floats being secured to the

surface, the structure of the solar panels and the structure of any photovoltaic transmitted from the upper layer through the suspended structures to the lower layer. 2025203461

upper layer and the lower layer (or the lower net), allowing loads/forces being mounting system included are better protected. If the horizontal wheel-like structure suspended structures can be added. Each suspended structure is secured to both the

does not have both the suspended structure and the structural linkage, the solar panels elongate structural elements, such as ropes/cables/chains. In this case, a number of

can still be secured to the ring directly although this is not a good choice. The solar supported by the ring, particularly, if the upper layer is composed of incompressible

upper net) might require further structural supports beside being secured to and panels can also be secured to a typical photovoltaic mounting system which is secured larger area covered by the ring for laying more solar panels, the upper layer (or the

to the ring. The simplified horizontal wheel-like structure can be used where waves of

[0064] As the floating solar energy system may require a larger ring in order to have a

the body of water are low enough and/or the solar panels are light enough and/or the ring is small enough.

ring is small enough. the body of water are low enough and/or the solar panels are light enough and/or the

to the ring. The simplified horizontal wheel-like structure can be used where waves of

[0064] As the floating solar energy system may require a larger ring in order to have a panels can also be secured to a typical photovoltaic mounting system which is secured

larger area covered by the ring for laying more solar panels, the upper layer (or the can still be secured to the ring directly although this is not a good choice. The solar

does not have both the suspended structure and the structural linkage, the solar panels upper net) might require further structural supports beside being secured to and mounting system included are better protected. If the horizontal wheel-like structure

supported by the ring, particularly, if the upper layer is composed of incompressible surface, the structure of the solar panels and the structure of any photovoltaic

elongate structural elements, such as ropes/cables/chains. In this case, a number of

[0229] In addition, as the solar panels being positioned far enough above the water

allowing bifacial solar panels used to gain more efficiencies of harnessing solar energy. suspended structures can be added. Each suspended structure is secured to both the capable to hold the solar panels far enough above the surface of the body of water,

upper layer and the lower layer (or the lower net), allowing loads/forces being incompressible elongate structural elements are pre-stressed. So, the upper net is

transmitted from the upper layer through the suspended structures to the lower layer. ropes/cables, the upper net is still able to support the solar panels well if the

upper net is composed of incompressible elongate structural elements, such as Each suspended structure can also further have a number of floats being secured to the suspended structure, allowing the floats providing buoyant forces to further support 33

the suspended structure, meaning to further support the upper layer which has to bear the solar panels being securely attached on the upper layer, facing the sun. A simple example of this case is that each suspended structure is particularly a compressible elongate structural element (such as a structural post or a structural column capable to support loads/forces created by the solar panels). Each structural post or structural column can further have a float (or a number of floats), which provides buoyant forces, being attached to the lower end of the post or the column, allowing the upper layer above or partially submerged or fully submerged in the body of water). The floating being supported by the lower layer and/or the attached floats via the posts or the tank. The water tank can be positioned above, at, or below the water surface (fully 14 May 2025 vertical total force which is the sum of the gravity force and the buoyant force of a water columns. The structural post or the structural column is regarded as a specific the solar panels to orient the sun. The floating structure/substructure is revolved by a suspended structure. This type of horizontal wheel-like structure is good for a light- solar panels by securely attaching the solar panels to them, allowing and maintaining weight and cheap floating substructure for floating solar energy system working on the photovoltaic mounting system or the floating structure/substructure supports the

(#6Lo, Figure 25) which is rigidly secured to the floating structure/substructure, in which

considerable high waves on the body of water. It is notable that the floats can also be structure/substructure (#30t, Figure 25) or a typical photovoltaic mounting system

secured to a typical float-supporting structure which is then secured to the wheel-like maximizing solar energy harnessed by revolving a stabilized rigid floating

structure, including the suspended structure, the structural linkage and the rigid effective and capable of orienting solar panels (#5s, Figure 25) towards the sun for

energy system (Figure 25 to Figure 30) floated on a body of water (#12). It is cost- 2025203461

structural ring, allowing the structural combinations of the float-supporting structure

[0067] An arc-shaped water tank-based floating solar tracker is used for a floating solar

and the wheel-like structure being floated, balanced and stabilized on the body of water 1.5 [0066] Arc-shaped water tank-based floating solar trackers

by buoyant forces created by the floats. document.

[0065] There is another option of the ring with respect to the arrangement of the ring structures and the description of buoyancy varied systems as presented in this

and stabilize the ring. Further details are explained in the description of wheel-like and its attached floats which is also named after the surrounding floats. Each allowing the ring to be submerged and hung via the surrounding floats which both float

surrounding float is secured to a rope/cable/chain which is then secured to the ring, surrounding float is secured to a rope/cable/chain which is then secured to the ring,

allowing the ring to be submerged and hung via the surrounding floats which both float and its attached floats which is also named after the surrounding floats. Each

[0065] There is another option of the ring with respect to the arrangement of the ring and stabilize the ring. Further details are explained in the description of wheel-like structures and the description of buoyancy varied systems as presented in this by buoyant forces created by the floats.

and the wheel-like structure being floated, balanced and stabilized on the body of water document. structural ring, allowing the structural combinations of the float-supporting structure

structure, including the suspended structure, the structural linkage and the rigid

1.5 [0066] Arc-shaped water tank-based floating solar trackers secured to a typical float-supporting structure which is then secured to the wheel-like

considerable high waves on the body of water. It is notable that the floats can also be

[0067] An arc-shaped water tank-based floating solar tracker is used for a floating solar weight and cheap floating substructure for floating solar energy system working on

energy system (Figure 25 to Figure 30) floated on a body of water (#12). It is cost- suspended structure. This type of horizontal wheel-like structure is good for a light-

columns. The structural post or the structural column is regarded as a specific

effective and capable of orienting solar panels (#5s, Figure 25) towards the sun for being supported by the lower layer and/or the attached floats via the posts or the

maximizing solar energy harnessed by revolving a stabilized rigid floating 34

structure/substructure (#30t, Figure 25) or a typical photovoltaic mounting system (#6Lo, Figure 25) which is rigidly secured to the floating structure/substructure, in which the photovoltaic mounting system or the floating structure/substructure supports the solar panels by securely attaching the solar panels to them, allowing and maintaining the solar panels to orient the sun. The floating structure/substructure is revolved by a vertical total force which is the sum of the gravity force and the buoyant force of a water tank. The water tank can be positioned above, at, or below the water surface (fully above or partially submerged or fully submerged in the body of water). The floating tank (including the weight of the water contained). The buoyant force is created by the structure/substructure is hollow and/or has a number of floats secured to its body, 14 May 2025 buoyant forces, to be varied. The gravity force is created by the weight of the water allowing it to be floated and stabilized on the body of water thanks to buoyant forces by the tank can be varied, allowing the total force, summed from the gravity and the provided by the floats and/or its hollow body. The floating structure/substructure is tank. Thus, the gravity force and the buoyant force (if the tank is submerged) created pumped into or out of the tank for varying the volume of water (#12i) contained in the either hollow or not hollow. In other words, the floating structure/substructure has tank partly or completely encircles the horizontal axis. The water tank allows water buoyant sections, arranged partially or entirely around a horizontal axis, enabling the creating forces to revolve the floating structure/substructure. In other words, the water floating structure/substructure to float and remain stable on a body of water when horizontal rotational axis, allowing the variations of water contained in the water tank the water tank is elongate, its body is laid covering a designated angle surrounding the rotated by a power source within a designated angle, of which each section is floatable structure/substructure and thus, in a side of an intended horizontal rotational axis. As 2025203461 thanks to a float either attached/secured to or integrated in the section.

[0069] The water tank is securely attached (secured) in a side of the floating

smoothly.

[0068] The water tank (#1x, Figure 25), which is secured in a side of the floating to be less fluctuated. Thus, the floating structure/substructure can be revolved

structure/substructure (#30t), is recommended to be elongate and in an arc shape. The when the floating structure/substructure is revolved, the vertical total force is allowed

reason is explained as follows: In order to smoothly revolve the floating centre positioned in the horizontal rotational axis is the best choice. In such a case,

sufficiently laid in an arc shape covering the whole angle. A circular shape having its structure/substructure around a horizontal rotational axis, in a relatively large angle, constant value as possible. Thus, the body of the water tank should be elongate to be

for example, up to 180 degrees, the total force needs to be maintained as close to a for example, up to 180 degrees, the total force needs to be maintained as close to a

constant value as possible. Thus, the body of the water tank should be elongate to be structure/substructure around a horizontal rotational axis, in a relatively large angle,

reason is explained as follows: In order to smoothly revolve the floating sufficiently laid in an arc shape covering the whole angle. A circular shape having its structure/substructure (#30t), is recommended to be elongate and in an arc shape. The

centre positioned in the horizontal rotational axis is the best choice. In such a case,

[0068] The water tank (#1x, Figure 25), which is secured in a side of the floating

when the floating structure/substructure is revolved, the vertical total force is allowed thanks to a float either attached/secured to or integrated in the section.

to be less fluctuated. Thus, the floating structure/substructure can be revolved rotated by a power source within a designated angle, of which each section is floatable

smoothly. floating structure/substructure to float and remain stable on a body of water when

buoyant sections, arranged partially or entirely around a horizontal axis, enabling the

either hollow or not hollow. In other words, the floating structure/substructure has

[0069] The water tank is securely attached (secured) in a side of the floating provided by the floats and/or its hollow body. The floating structure/substructure is

structure/substructure and thus, in a side of an intended horizontal rotational axis. As allowing it to be floated and stabilized on the body of water thanks to buoyant forces

the water tank is elongate, its body is laid covering a designated angle surrounding the structure/substructure is hollow and/or has a number of floats secured to its body,

horizontal rotational axis, 35 allowing the variations of water contained in the water tank

creating forces to revolve the floating structure/substructure. In other words, the water tank partly or completely encircles the horizontal axis. The water tank allows water pumped into or out of the tank for varying the volume of water (#12i) contained in the tank. Thus, the gravity force and the buoyant force (if the tank is submerged) created by the tank can be varied, allowing the total force, summed from the gravity and the buoyant forces, to be varied. The gravity force is created by the weight of the water tank (including the weight of the water contained). The buoyant force is created by the the two air holes of both the water tanks together, allowing air moving through the air submerged part of the water tank. When the water tank is above the water surface of Figure 28). The water tank system also has an air pipe (#3x, Figure 28), which connects 14 May 2025

(#5x, Figure 28) and a first water tank (#1x, Figure 28) and a second water tank (#2x,

the body of water, the total force equals tot the gravity force (the buoyant force equals

[0072] It is optional to form a sealed water tank system composed of one water pump

zero). When the water tank is partially or entirely submerged, the total force still equals can work better although the first tank is still enough to be workable.

to the sum of the gravity force and the buoyant force. The total force raise (up) or lower axis (in the two opposite sides of the horizontal rotational axis). Such pair of water tanks

(down) the side of the floating structure/substructure, creating a torque to revolve the tank(#1w). The two water tanks are positioned oppositely over the horizontal rotational

floating structure/substructure around the horizontal rotational axis. The floating attached to the floating structure/substructure in the opposite side of the first water

[0071] Similarly, a second water tank (#2w, Figure 27) can also be included and securely

structure/substructure is revolved in a rotational direction when water is pumped into 2025203461

the tank. In contrast, the floating structure/substructure is revolved in the opposite (#3w, Figure 26), where the water is occupied.

and an empty space (#3a, Figure 26), where the air is occupied, above the water space

rotational direction when water is pumped out of the tank. into or out of the water tank. The water tank has a bottom indicated at (#7p, Figure 25)

and also through the water pump, allowing the water getting through the water hole

[0070] The water tank has an intake/escape water hole (#1w, Figure 25 and Figure 26) pipe (#4x, Figure 26), which is connected to and through the water hole (1w, Figure 26)

which allows water getting into or out of the tank through the water hole. The water has a controllable water pump (#5x, Figure 26) used to pump the water through a water

positioned at the upper part of the tank where the air can access. The water tank further hole should be positioned at the lower part of the tank where the water can access. The air getting into or out of the water tank through the air hole. The air hole should be

water tank also has an intake/escape air hole (#1a, Figure 25 and Figure 26) which allows water tank also has an intake/escape air hole (#1a, Figure 25 and Figure 26) which allows

air getting into or out of the water tank through the air hole. The air hole should be hole should be positioned at the lower part of the tank where the water can access. The

which allows water getting into or out of the tank through the water hole. The water positioned at the upper part of the tank where the air can access. The water tank further

[0070] The water tank has an intake/escape water hole (#1w, Figure 25 and Figure 26)

has a controllable water pump (#5x, Figure 26) used to pump the water through a water rotational direction when water is pumped out of the tank. pipe (#4x, Figure 26), which is connected to and through the water hole (1w, Figure 26) the tank. In contrast, the floating structure/substructure is revolved in the opposite

and also through the water pump, allowing the water getting through the water hole structure/substructure is revolved in a rotational direction when water is pumped into

into or out of the water tank. The water tank has a bottom indicated at (#7p, Figure 25) floating structure/substructure around the horizontal rotational axis. The floating

(down) the side of the floating structure/substructure, creating a torque to revolve the and an empty space (#3a, Figure 26), where the air is occupied, above the water space to the sum of the gravity force and the buoyant force. The total force raise (up) or lower

(#3w, Figure 26), where the water is occupied. zero). When the water tank is partially or entirely submerged, the total force still equals

the body of water, the total force equals tot the gravity force (the buoyant force equals

[0071] Similarly, a second water tank (#2w, Figure 27) can also be included and securely submerged part of the water tank. When the water tank is above the water surface of

attached to the floating36 structure/substructure in the opposite side of the first water tank(#1w). The two water tanks are positioned oppositely over the horizontal rotational axis (in the two opposite sides of the horizontal rotational axis). Such pair of water tanks can work better although the first tank is still enough to be workable.

[0072] It is optional to form a sealed water tank system composed of one water pump (#5x, Figure 28) and a first water tank (#1x, Figure 28) and a second water tank (#2x, Figure 28). The water tank system also has an air pipe (#3x, Figure 28), which connects the two air holes of both the water tanks together, allowing air moving through the air

(hollow) tubular body in a circular or polygonal shape laid surrounding the horizontal

pipe, and also through the two air holes, from the empty space (containing air) of the the first water tank (#1x) and the second water tank (#2x) share the same elongated 14 May 2025

of the floating structure/substructure. Figure 27, Figure 29 and Figure 30 demonstrate

first water tank to the empty space (containing air) of the second water tank and vice water tanks or the structure of the floats can also be a number of structural components

versa. In addition, the water tank system also has a water pipe (#4x, Figure 28), which structure of the floats can be combined together. For example, the structure of the

connects the two water holes of both the water tanks together, allowing water moving the structure of the water tanks and/or the floating structure/substructure and/or the

with a wall (#7p, Figure 27) and a common air space at their top. It is also notable that,

through the water pipe, and also through the two water holes, via the water pump (#5x, ring as presented in Figure 27, in which both water tanks have their bottoms separated

Figure 28) from the first water tank to the second water tank and vice versa. It is notable shared a hollow curved pipe. For example, a sealed water tank system is a hollow torus

costs. The sealed water tank system can have the pair of water tanks separated or that the water pipe can have a system of devices/components, such as water vales, and also to save energy used for the water pump as well as operation and maintenance 2025203461

allowing the water moving (or allowing the vales being opened) according to the horizontal wheel-like structure) being revolved around the horizontal rotational axis,

operations of the water pump, through the water pump, while the water pump is with that of a single water tank, making the floating structure/substructure (or the

operated. In contrast, the water is stopped moving (or the water vales are closed) while buoyant fore of each water tank is increased/decreased in double rates in comparison

accordingly, leading to the sum of the total force created by the gravity force and the

the water pump is not operated. While the water is being pumped from the first water to the other as desired. As a result, the water levels of the two tanks are varied

tank to the second water tank, the air resides in the second water tank is moved notable that the water pump is capable to pump water from any one of the water tanks

automatically to the first water tank and vice versa. Thus, the water levels in the two of the water tanks is allowed to move or not to move to the other water tank. It is also

water tanks can be controlled using the water pump as desired while the water in one

water tanks can be controlled using the water pump as desired while the water in one automatically to the first water tank and vice versa. Thus, the water levels in the two

of the water tanks is allowed to move or not to move to the other water tank. It is also tank to the second water tank, the air resides in the second water tank is moved

notable that the water pump is capable to pump water from any one of the water tanks the water pump is not operated. While the water is being pumped from the first water

operated. In contrast, the water is stopped moving (or the water vales are closed) while

to the other as desired. As a result, the water levels of the two tanks are varied operations of the water pump, through the water pump, while the water pump is

accordingly, leading to the sum of the total force created by the gravity force and the allowing the water moving (or allowing the vales being opened) according to the

that the water pipe can have a system of devices/components, such as water vales, buoyant fore of each water tank is increased/decreased in double rates in comparison Figure 28) from the first water tank to the second water tank and vice versa. It is notable

with that of a single water tank, making the floating structure/substructure (or the through the water pipe, and also through the two water holes, via the water pump (#5x,

horizontal wheel-like structure) being revolved around the horizontal rotational axis, connects the two water holes of both the water tanks together, allowing water moving

and also to save energy used for the water pump as well as operation and maintenance versa. In addition, the water tank system also has a water pipe (#4x, Figure 28), which

first water tank to the empty space (containing air) of the second water tank and vice

costs. The sealed water tank system can have the pair of water tanks separated or pipe, and also through the two air holes, from the empty space (containing air) of the

shared a hollow curved pipe. For example, a sealed water tank system is a hollow torus 37

ring as presented in Figure 27, in which both water tanks have their bottoms separated with a wall (#7p, Figure 27) and a common air space at their top. It is also notable that, the structure of the water tanks and/or the floating structure/substructure and/or the structure of the floats can be combined together. For example, the structure of the water tanks or the structure of the floats can also be a number of structural components of the floating structure/substructure. Figure 27, Figure 29 and Figure 30 demonstrate the first water tank (#1x) and the second water tank (#2x) share the same elongated (hollow) tubular body in a circular or polygonal shape laid surrounding the horizontal optional water pipe used to connect the two tanks, and an optional air pipe used to rotational axis, with a wall (#7p) in the middle at a lower position to separate water water pump, an axis-surrounded shaped water tank, an optional second water tank, an 14 May 2025

(#12i) contained in the tanks while the tanks have a common space having air positioned

[0076] So, the arc-shaped water tank-based floating solar tracker is composed of a

above. The shape of the tubular body is composed from curved and/or straight it is more beneficial if the water tanks are sealed.

segments. unsealed, each water tank does not need the air hole as well as the air pipe. However,

[0075] It is notable that the water tank system can be sealed or unsealed. If it is

[0073] Beside any shape like an arc, the water tank is still workable with any other shape operations and maintenances.

which is laid surrounding the horizontal rotational axis. This shape should be named air should not be applied as it costs some more for manufacturing, fabrications,

However, in comparison with the solution of pumping water, this solution of pumping after an axis-surrounded shape. For example, the shape can be a part of the perimeter 2025203461

leads to the water levels in the two water tanks can be variable and can be controlled.

of a polygon (including a square, a rectangular, a triangle), or a line which is a tanks accordingly with respect to the different air pressures of the two water tanks. This

combination of curved lines and/or straight lines, laid surrounding the horizontal using an air pump while the water is simply allowed to move between the two water

air are exchanged, meaning that the air is pumped between the two water tanks by rotational axis, covering a designated angle, such as 90 or 180 degrees. particularly, the

[0074] The system can also work well, in a similar way, if the role of the water and the

shape can be a haft or a quarter of the perimeter of a circle or a square with the angle enclosed line composed of curved and/or straight segments. of 180 or 90 degrees respectively. The shape is not required to be limited within the an ellipse, a polygon, including a triangle (Figure 30), a rectangular (Figure 29) or an

angle. It can be extended to surround the horizontal rotational axis fully such as a circle, angle. It can be extended to surround the horizontal rotational axis fully such as a circle,

an ellipse, a polygon, including a triangle (Figure 30), a rectangular (Figure 29) or an of 180 or 90 degrees respectively. The shape is not required to be limited within the

shape can be a haft or a quarter of the perimeter of a circle or a square with the angle enclosed line composed of curved and/or straight segments. rotational axis, covering a designated angle, such as 90 or 180 degrees. particularly, the

combination of curved lines and/or straight lines, laid surrounding the horizontal

[0074] The system can also work well, in a similar way, if the role of the water and the of a polygon (including a square, a rectangular, a triangle), or a line which is a

air are exchanged, meaning that the air is pumped between the two water tanks by after an axis-surrounded shape. For example, the shape can be a part of the perimeter

using an air pump while the water is simply allowed to move between the two water which is laid surrounding the horizontal rotational axis. This shape should be named

[0073] Beside any shape like an arc, the water tank is still workable with any other shape

tanks accordingly with respect to the different air pressures of the two water tanks. This segments. leads to the water levels in the two water tanks can be variable and can be controlled. above. The shape of the tubular body is composed from curved and/or straight

However, in comparison with the solution of pumping water, this solution of pumping (#12i) contained in the tanks while the tanks have a common space having air positioned

air should not be applied as it costs some more for manufacturing, fabrications, rotational axis, with a wall (#7p) in the middle at a lower position to separate water

operations and maintenances. 38

[0075] It is notable that the water tank system can be sealed or unsealed. If it is unsealed, each water tank does not need the air hole as well as the air pipe. However, it is more beneficial if the water tanks are sealed.

[0076] So, the arc-shaped water tank-based floating solar tracker is composed of a water pump, an axis-surrounded shaped water tank, an optional second water tank, an optional water pipe used to connect the two tanks, and an optional air pipe used to the shape of the float should be formed in such a way that, as the floating connect the two air spaces of the two tanks in order to form the sealed water tank any rotational state. In order to provide buoyant forces suitable for revolving smoothly, 14 May 2025 system. within a designated angle, allowing the floating structure to be floated and stabilized at

[0080] The body of the float needs to occupy the space surrounding the rotational axis

[0077] The solar tracker also has a controller which is at least suitable to turn on/off the smoothly at all time.

water pump(s) as well as components such as inclinometers, wind sensors or hail storm the float need to create forces suitable to revolve the floating structure/substructure

the water tank and the float require such kind of shape is that, both the water tank and sensors and so on. Controls and electronic components are not required to be included floating structure/substructure in the same way with that of the water tank. The reason

in this document. to that of the (axis-surrounded shaped) water tank. The float is also secured to the

shaped float. The principle for the shape of the (axis-surrounded shaped) float is similar 2025203461

[0078] It is further notable as follows: If a floating solar tracker is capable of revolving axis-surrounded shaped water tank should be accompanied with an axis-surrounded

around a vertical axis, the floating solar tracker is also called the vertical axis floating

[0079] The arc-shaped water tank-based floating solar tracker, which is based on an

solar tracker. If a floating solar tracker is capable of revolving around a horizontal axis, solar tracker can be combined together although it may not be necessary in most cases.

the floating solar tracker is also called the horizontal axis floating solar tracker. If a floating solar tracker. Two horizontal axis floating solar trackers and a vertical floating

allowed to combine two horizontal axis floating solar trackers to have another dual-axis

floating solar tracker can revolve around an axis, it is called a single-axis floating solar horizontal axis floating solar tracker to have a dual-axis floating solar tracker. It is also

tracker. If a floating solar tracker can revolve around two axes, it is called a dual-axis floating solar tracker. It is allowed to combine a vertical axis floating solar tracker and a

floating solar tracker. It is allowed to combine a vertical axis floating solar tracker and a tracker. If a floating solar tracker can revolve around two axes, it is called a dual-axis

floating solar tracker can revolve around an axis, it is called a single-axis floating solar

horizontal axis floating solar tracker to have a dual-axis floating solar tracker. It is also the floating solar tracker is also called the horizontal axis floating solar tracker. If a

allowed to combine two horizontal axis floating solar trackers to have another dual-axis solar tracker. If a floating solar tracker is capable of revolving around a horizontal axis,

floating solar tracker. Two horizontal axis floating solar trackers and a vertical floating around a vertical axis, the floating solar tracker is also called the vertical axis floating

[0078] It is further notable as follows: If a floating solar tracker is capable of revolving

solar tracker can be combined together although it may not be necessary in most cases. in this document.

[0079] The arc-shaped water tank-based floating solar tracker, which is based on an sensors and so on. Controls and electronic components are not required to be included

water pump(s) as well as components such as inclinometers, wind sensors or hail storm axis-surrounded shaped water tank should be accompanied with an axis-surrounded

[0077] The solar tracker also has a controller which is at least suitable to turn on/off the

shaped float. The principle for the shape of the (axis-surrounded shaped) float is similar system.

to that of the (axis-surrounded shaped) water tank. The float is also secured to the connect the two air spaces of the two tanks in order to form the sealed water tank

floating structure/substructure in the same way with that of the water tank. The reason 39 the water tank and the float require such kind of shape is that, both the water tank and the float need to create forces suitable to revolve the floating structure/substructure smoothly at all time.

[0080] The body of the float needs to occupy the space surrounding the rotational axis within a designated angle, allowing the floating structure to be floated and stabilized at any rotational state. In order to provide buoyant forces suitable for revolving smoothly, the shape of the float should be formed in such a way that, as the floating while its second end is secured to the other hollow beam/pipe, allowing the two hollow rope/cable/chain (#3y) which has its first end being secured to a hollow beam/pipe structure/substructure are revolved, the float provide the same buoyant forces at all 14 May 2025 floating substructure being floated. The floating substructure also has a time. So, the horizontal rotational axis should be the symmetrical axis of the float. For a float providing buoyant forces to keep the structural quadrangle frame, and hence the example, some of the ideal shapes of the float can be a sphere, a ring torus, a torus, a horizontally on the body of water (#12, Figure 31) and which is also capable to work as lower edge having a hollow beam/pipe (#4y) which is capable to work as a beam laid cylinder, an ellipsoid, or any shape created by any object which rotates around the be foldable and to be expandable. Each structural quadrangle frame has a horizontal horizontal rotational axis. The float is still workable even if its shape is not listed above, along their common upper edge (#7y, Figure 32), allowing the floating substructure to such as a polygonal prism or a polyhedron, including an icosahedron, a dodecahedron, 32) having two plane rigid structural quadrangle frames (#1y and #2y) hinged together an octahedron, a cube or a tetrahedron. If the floating structure/substructure needs to

[0083] A SEFSES has a foldable/expandable floating substructure (Figure 31 and Figure 2025203461

be revolved around a pair of axes, the best shape of the float is a sphere or a erections, installations and constructions.

surface of the body of water, making the SEFSES to be quick and cost-effective in combination of multiple circular floats while the shape of each water tank, with respect arrays of solar panels attached is pulled out of a shipping container then putted on the

to a rotational axis, is a circle. The float can be composed of multiple floats. self-expandable on the body of water once a bundle of the floating substructure with

arrays of solar panels with its light, cheap, simple and stiff structure, and capable to be

1.6 [0081] Self-expandable floating solar energy systems to work with wave heights up to approximately 1.5-2m (5-6 feet), capable to support

arrays of solar panels floating on a body of water with low costs. The SEFSES is capable

[0082] The purpose of developing self-expandable floating solar energy systems (SEFSES) is to create a light, cheap and durable floating substructure used to support

[0082] The purpose of developing self-expandable floating solar energy systems (SEFSES) is to create a light, cheap and durable floating substructure used to support arrays of solar panels floating on a body of water with low costs. The SEFSES is capable 1.6 [0081] Self-expandable floating solar energy systems

to work with wave heights up to approximately 1.5-2m (5-6 feet), capable to support to a rotational axis, is a circle. The float can be composed of multiple floats.

arrays of solar panels with its light, cheap, simple and stiff structure, and capable to be combination of multiple circular floats while the shape of each water tank, with respect

be revolved around a pair of axes, the best shape of the float is a sphere or a self-expandable on the body of water once a bundle of the floating substructure with an octahedron, a cube or a tetrahedron. If the floating structure/substructure needs to

arrays of solar panels attached is pulled out of a shipping container then putted on the such as a polygonal prism or a polyhedron, including an icosahedron, a dodecahedron,

surface of the body of water, making the SEFSES to be quick and cost-effective in horizontal rotational axis. The float is still workable even if its shape is not listed above,

cylinder, an ellipsoid, or any shape created by any object which rotates around the erections, installations and constructions. example, some of the ideal shapes of the float can be a sphere, a ring torus, a torus, a

time. So, the horizontal rotational axis should be the symmetrical axis of the float. For

[0083] A SEFSES has a foldable/expandable floating substructure (Figure 31 and Figure structure/substructure are revolved, the float provide the same buoyant forces at all

32) having two plane rigid structural quadrangle frames (#1y and #2y) hinged together 40

along their common upper edge (#7y, Figure 32), allowing the floating substructure to be foldable and to be expandable. Each structural quadrangle frame has a horizontal lower edge having a hollow beam/pipe (#4y) which is capable to work as a beam laid horizontally on the body of water (#12, Figure 31) and which is also capable to work as a float providing buoyant forces to keep the structural quadrangle frame, and hence the floating substructure being floated. The floating substructure also has a rope/cable/chain (#3y) which has its first end being secured to a hollow beam/pipe while its second end is secured to the other hollow beam/pipe, allowing the two hollow substructures by securing the array, or the solar panels to a rigid structural quadrangle beams/pipes being held together at a designated distance once the floating 14 May 2025

[0085] An array of solar panels can be securely attached to the interconnected floating

substructure is expanded on the surface of the body of water until the rope/cable/chain interconnected floating substructures to be deformable in order to adapt waves.

being fully tensioned to form a truncated triangular pyramid which has a horizontal is hinged along its body at its upper edges and its horizontal lower edges, allowing the

lateral/side face containing the two paralleled hollow beams/pipes and the tensioned its upper edge and its horizontal lower edges, the interconnected floating substructures

rope/cable/chain while each of the two remaining lateral/side faces contains a more floating substructures to its two ends. As each floating substructure is hinged at

allows to be deformed by waves on the body of water and to be expanded by connecting

corresponding one among the structural quadrangle frames, allowing the expanded foldable and to be expandable. Furthermore, the interconnected floating substructures

floating substructure to be stabilized on the body of water. The floating substructure along the hollow beam/pipe), allowing the interconnected floating substructures to be 2025203461

hollow beam/pipe, are hinged together along their common horizontal lower edge (or also has a horizontal upper beam (#7y, Figure 32 and Figure 34) which is either the upper hollow beam/pipe (#4y) and the two structural quadrangle frames, which share the

edge of a structural quadrangle frame or the pin of the hinge used to hinge the two in Figure 33 and Figure 34. Each pair of adjacent floating substructures share a common

structural quadrangle frames together or a rotatable shaft/beam secured to or

[0084] A number of floating substructures can be interconnected together as illustrated

rotatably supported by the pin via a rotary bearing or a rotatable shaft/beam which also system which rotates the array of solar panels.

works as a pin of the hinge. Thus, the pin capable to be rotated relatively to at least one rotatable shaft/beam can be rotated (by a motor), it can be used for a solar tracking

be secured onto the surface of a structural quadrangle frame. In addition, as the of the two structural quadrangle frames. The upper beam is used to support an array of solar panels (#5s) which is secured to the upper beam. The array of solar panels can also

solar panels (#5s) which is secured to the upper beam. The array of solar panels can also of the two structural quadrangle frames. The upper beam is used to support an array of

be secured onto the surface of a structural quadrangle frame. In addition, as the works as a pin of the hinge. Thus, the pin capable to be rotated relatively to at least one

rotatable shaft/beam can be rotated (by a motor), it can be used for a solar tracking rotatably supported by the pin via a rotary bearing or a rotatable shaft/beam which also

structural quadrangle frames together or a rotatable shaft/beam secured to or

system which rotates the array of solar panels. edge of a structural quadrangle frame or the pin of the hinge used to hinge the two

also has a horizontal upper beam (#7y, Figure 32 and Figure 34) which is either the upper

[0084] A number of floating substructures can be interconnected together as illustrated floating substructure to be stabilized on the body of water. The floating substructure

in Figure 33 and Figure 34. Each pair of adjacent floating substructures share a common corresponding one among the structural quadrangle frames, allowing the expanded

rope/cable/chain while each of the two remaining lateral/side faces contains a hollow beam/pipe (#4y) and the two structural quadrangle frames, which share the lateral/side face containing the two paralleled hollow beams/pipes and the tensioned

hollow beam/pipe, are hinged together along their common horizontal lower edge (or being fully tensioned to form a truncated triangular pyramid which has a horizontal

along the hollow beam/pipe), allowing the interconnected floating substructures to be substructure is expanded on the surface of the body of water until the rope/cable/chain

beams/pipes being held together at a designated distance once the floating foldable and to be expandable. Furthermore, the interconnected floating substructures allows to be deformed by waves on the body of water and to be expanded by connecting 41

more floating substructures to its two ends. As each floating substructure is hinged at its upper edge and its horizontal lower edges, the interconnected floating substructures is hinged along its body at its upper edges and its horizontal lower edges, allowing the interconnected floating substructures to be deformable in order to adapt waves.

[0085] An array of solar panels can be securely attached to the interconnected floating substructures by securing the array, or the solar panels to a rigid structural quadrangle floating substructures as illustrated in Figure 35 and Figure 36. With the centre of mass frame (#1y) and/or an adjacent horizontal upper beam (#7y) and/or an adjacent rigid panels, wherein each array is positioned between a pair of adjacent interconnected 14 May 2025 folded interconnected floating substructures which should also include arrays of solar structural quadrangle frame (#2y). The array, or the solar panels, are allowed to be several interconnected floating substructures can be stacked together as a stack of secured to any rigid structural component of the interconnected floating substructures in order to be able to be fitted in a shipping container for transportations. In such a case, with respect to desired angles, such as horizontal of inclinedly angles, of the solar panels

[0087] When the SEFSES is made/fabricated at a factory, the SEFSES needs to be folded

which are expected to face the sun, at the desired angles, for the most possible solar when the interconnected floating substructures are needed to be distanced.

interconnected floating substructures has a solar tracking system integrated or energy harnessed. together at a desired distance. This type of addition is required when the

hollow floating substructures in order to hold the floating structures/substructures

[0086] The floating substructure or the interconnected floating substructures can be 2025203461

(7) Adding ropes/cables/chains or bars/beams (#3r) connecting each pair of adjacent

further reinforced, in term of structural connections, to make them to be stiffer and (6) Adding bars/beams (#3b) connecting each pair of adjacent hollow beams/pipes.

more stabilized by: paralleled upper beams.

(5) Adding ropes/cables/chains or bars/beams (#6y) connecting each pair of adjacent

bars/beams. (1) Bracing each structural quadrangle frame using ropes/cables/chains or bars/beams. (4) Bracing each pair of adjacent paralleled upper beams using ropes/cables/chains or

(2) Bracing bars/beams. each pair of adjacent paralleled hollow beams/pipes using ropes/cables/chains or bars/beams. (3) Bracing each pair of adjacent paralleled upper beams using ropes/cables/chains or

ropes/cables/chains or bars/beams. (3) Bracing each pair of adjacent paralleled upper beams using ropes/cables/chains or (2) Bracing each pair of adjacent paralleled hollow beams/pipes using bars/beams. (1) Bracing each structural quadrangle frame using ropes/cables/chains or bars/beams.

(4) Bracing each pair of adjacent paralleled upper beams using ropes/cables/chains or more stabilized by:

bars/beams. further reinforced, in term of structural connections, to make them to be stiffer and

(5) Adding ropes/cables/chains or bars/beams (#6y) connecting each pair of adjacent

[0086] The floating substructure or the interconnected floating substructures can be

paralleled upper beams. energy harnessed.

(6) Adding bars/beams (#3b) connecting each pair of adjacent hollow beams/pipes. which are expected to face the sun, at the desired angles, for the most possible solar

with respect to desired angles, such as horizontal of inclinedly angles, of the solar panels (7) Adding ropes/cables/chains or bars/beams (#3r) connecting each pair of adjacent secured to any rigid structural component of the interconnected floating substructures

hollow floating substructures in order to hold the floating structures/substructures structural quadrangle frame (#2y). The array, or the solar panels, are allowed to be

together at a desired distance. This type of addition is required when the frame (#1y) and/or an adjacent horizontal upper beam (#7y) and/or an adjacent rigid

interconnected floating 42 substructures has a solar tracking system integrated or when the interconnected floating substructures are needed to be distanced.

[0087] When the SEFSES is made/fabricated at a factory, the SEFSES needs to be folded in order to be able to be fitted in a shipping container for transportations. In such a case, several interconnected floating substructures can be stacked together as a stack of folded interconnected floating substructures which should also include arrays of solar panels, wherein each array is positioned between a pair of adjacent interconnected floating substructures as illustrated in Figure 35 and Figure 36. With the centre of mass beams/pipes work as floats as well as beams, allowing to simplify the structure of the of each floating substructure being positioned within its two hollow beams/pipes which allowing to harness more solar energy thanks to facing the sun better. d) The hollow 14 May 2025 is made wide enough, the floating substructure can be self-expanded, or easy to be surface of the body of water with bifacial solar panels; c) The solar panels are inclined, panels for further harnessing solar energy, particularly utilizing light reflections on the pulled for being expanded to the left and to the right along the horizontal directions high above the water surface and inclined, It can utilize the space behind the solar

(#8y) presented in Figure 35 and Figure 36 when it is placed on the body of water, work with waves up to 1.5-2m (5-6feets); b) As the solar panels are positioned quite

allowing the whole stack, which is pulled out from a shipping container, can be

[0088] The interconnected floating substructures has the following benefits: 1) It can

expanded by itself. Thus, the stack of folded interconnected floating substructures is and the floating solar energy systems and the floating solar trackers above.

fully made and assembled at a factory, then stacked and putted into a shipping structural ring are described in the description of the horizontal wheel-like structure

revolved by a single-axis (OZ) solar tracking system. The specifications of the rigid 2025203461

container. Finally, the work of constructions and installations/erections at side is simple interconnected floating substructures being controlled to face the sun if the ring is

by placing the stack on the surface of the body of water using a crane. This process helps revolved around the axis OZ, allowing the solar panels being secured on the

to save much costs for constructions, installations and erections. Finally, the unfolded substructures being revolved around a vertical axis OZ once the rigid structural ring is

connected/secured to the rigid structural ring, allowing the interconnected floating

interconnected floating substructures can enclosed rigid structural ring, can be further expanded and structurally/securely also be used as a floating structure/substructure to port/attached low-capacity wave energy converters, such as floating substructures, which is fitted and positioned inside the inner area of an

rope/cable/chains (#3y and/or #6y) at the ends of the arrays of the interconnected 5kw-20kw, to form a floating solar and wave energy system which can work with wave heights up to 2m (over 6 feet). It is possible that a number of available

heights up to 2m (over 6 feet). It is possible that a number of available 5kw-20kw, to form a floating solar and wave energy system which can work with wave

rope/cable/chains (#3y and/or #6y) at the ends of the arrays of the interconnected structure/substructure to port/attached low-capacity wave energy converters, such as

interconnected floating substructures can also be used as a floating floating substructures, which is fitted and positioned inside the inner area of an to save much costs for constructions, installations and erections. Finally, the unfolded

enclosed rigid structural ring, can be further expanded and structurally/securely by placing the stack on the surface of the body of water using a crane. This process helps

connected/secured to the rigid structural ring, allowing the interconnected floating container. Finally, the work of constructions and installations/erections at side is simple

fully made and assembled at a factory, then stacked and putted into a shipping substructures being revolved around a vertical axis OZ once the rigid structural ring is expanded by itself. Thus, the stack of folded interconnected floating substructures is

revolved around the axis OZ, allowing the solar panels being secured on the allowing the whole stack, which is pulled out from a shipping container, can be

interconnected floating substructures being controlled to face the sun if the ring is (#8y) presented in Figure 35 and Figure 36 when it is placed on the body of water,

revolved by a single-axis (OZ) solar tracking system. The specifications of the rigid pulled for being expanded to the left and to the right along the horizontal directions

is made wide enough, the floating substructure can be self-expanded, or easy to be

structural ring are described in the description of the horizontal wheel-like structure of each floating substructure being positioned within its two hollow beams/pipes which

and the floating solar energy systems and the floating solar trackers above. 43

[0088] The interconnected floating substructures has the following benefits: 1) It can work with waves up to 1.5-2m (5-6feets); b) As the solar panels are positioned quite high above the water surface and inclined, It can utilize the space behind the solar panels for further harnessing solar energy, particularly utilizing light reflections on the surface of the body of water with bifacial solar panels; c) The solar panels are inclined, allowing to harness more solar energy thanks to facing the sun better. d) The hollow beams/pipes work as floats as well as beams, allowing to simplify the structure of the water (the structural part of the floating structure/substructure, where the float(s) interconnected floating substructures, leading to saving costs.; e) the body of the above the counterweight, is(are) positioned right at the water surface of the body of 14 May 2025 which is(are) also secured to the floating structure/substructure at a higher position interconnected floating substructures is flexible with hinges, allowing the floating solar floating structure/substructure which is named after the lower structure). The float(s), energy system capable to work on high waves and so on. counterbalanced floating solar energy system (or the lowest structural part of the submerged in the body of water and positioned at the lowest part of the

[0089] The interconnected floating substructures can also be used as a suspended which is secured to the lowest structural part of the floating structure/substructure, is

structure/substructure, over a float or a number of floats (#4). The counterweight, structure floating of a horizontal solar energy wheel-like system, including the structure. Thefloating weight of the structural linkage of the horizontal wheel-like structure contains a number of tensioned structural elements which are thanks to putting the counterweight underneath to balance the whole weights of the

ropes/cables/chains. An end of each rope/cable/chain is secured to any structural structure/substructure (#30) which supports solar panels (#5s) on a body of water (#12) 2025203461

counterweight (#4w) to balance, float and stabilize a rigid floating component of the suspended structure while the other end is secured to the rigid

[0091] A counterbalanced floating solar energy system (Figure 37 and Figure 38) uses a

structural ring. Although the body of the interconnected floating substructures is 1.7 [0090] Counterbalanced floating solar energy systems hinged, it is already stable once it is expanded on the body of water, allowing the interconnected floating substructures being suspended from the ring. How to arrange panels towards the sun for harnessing solar energy.

other/previous sections related to floating solar trackers, in order to face the solar the suspended structure and the structural linkage and the ring are described in horizontal wheel-like structure can be revolved around a vertical axis, as described in

previous/other sections above. Each rope/cable/chain should be pre-tensioned. The previous/other sections above. Each rope/cable/chain should be pre-tensioned. The

horizontal wheel-like structure can be revolved around a vertical axis, as described in the suspended structure and the structural linkage and the ring are described in

interconnected floating substructures being suspended from the ring. How to arrange other/previous sections related to floating solar trackers, in order to face the solar hinged, it is already stable once it is expanded on the body of water, allowing the

panels towards the sun for harnessing solar energy. structural ring. Although the body of the interconnected floating substructures is

component of the suspended structure while the other end is secured to the rigid

1.7 [0090] Counterbalanced floating solar energy systems ropes/cables/chains. An end of each rope/cable/chain is secured to any structural

wheel-like structure contains a number of tensioned structural elements which are

[0091] A counterbalanced floating solar energy system (Figure 37 and Figure 38) uses a structure of a horizontal wheel-like structure. The structural linkage of the horizontal

[0089] The interconnected floating substructures can also be used as a suspended

counterweight (#4w) to balance, float and stabilize a rigid floating energy system capable to work on high waves and so on. structure/substructure (#30) which supports solar panels (#5s) on a body of water (#12) interconnected floating substructures is flexible with hinges, allowing the floating solar

thanks to putting the counterweight underneath to balance the whole weights of the interconnected floating substructures, leading to saving costs.; e) the body of the

floating solar energy system, including the weight of the floating 44

structure/substructure, over a float or a number of floats (#4). The counterweight, which is secured to the lowest structural part of the floating structure/substructure, is submerged in the body of water and positioned at the lowest part of the counterbalanced floating solar energy system (or the lowest structural part of the floating structure/substructure which is named after the lower structure). The float(s), which is(are) also secured to the floating structure/substructure at a higher position above the counterweight, is(are) positioned right at the water surface of the body of water (the structural part of the floating structure/substructure, where the float(s) is(are) secured to, is named after the middle structure). The solar panels, which are also 14 May 2025 located at the same position or the same elevation.

secured to the upper part of the floating structure/substructure, facing the sun in order between them. For example, a part of the counterweight and a part of the floats can be

to harness solar energy, are positioned above the water surface (the upper part of the terms of geometry. In other words, these structures may not have clear borders

floating structure/substructure is named after the upper structure or the photovoltaic the middle structure and the lower structure are not clearly/completely separated in

counterbalanced floating solar energy system). It is notable that the upper structure,

mounting system). The lower structure is structurally secured to the middle structure which tends to unbalance/destabilize the floating structure/substructure (or the

which is then structurally secured to the upper structure in order to form the floating and positioned deep enough (below the water surface) in order to overcome any forces

caused by waves of the body of water. So, the counterweight must be heavy enough structure/substructure, allowing the lower structure, the middle structure and the structure/substructure being balanced/stabilized at all times with respect to oscillations 2025203461

upper structure being respectively arranged downward to upward (underneath the positioned lower than the total buoyant forces, allowing the floating

water surface, at the water surface and above the water surface). The centre of mass created by the counterbalanced floating solar energy system are always smaller and

of the lower part (below the water surface, mainly composed of the counterweight and system must be positioned lower than the total buoyant forces. Thus, the gravity forces

structure/substructure, the centre of mass of the counterbalanced floating solar energy

the lower Furthermore, part to in order of firmly the floating structure/substructure) balance of the and stabilize the floating counterbalanced floating solar energy system and the vector of the total buoyant forces created by the float and solar energy system being floated, balanced and stabilized on the body of water.

the centre of mass of the upper part (above the water surface, mainly composed of the consecutively upward in a vertical line, allowing the whole counterbalanced floating

solar panels and the upper part of the floating structure/substructure) are arranged

solar panels and the upper part of the floating structure/substructure) are arranged the centre of mass of the upper part (above the water surface, mainly composed of the

consecutively upward in a vertical line, allowing the whole counterbalanced floating solar energy system and the vector of the total buoyant forces created by the float and

solar energy system being floated, balanced and stabilized on the body of water. the lower part of the floating structure/substructure) of the counterbalanced floating

of the lower part (below the water surface, mainly composed of the counterweight and

Furthermore, in order to firmly balance water surface, at the water surface and above the water surface). The centre of mass and stabilize the floating structure/substructure, the centre of mass of the counterbalanced floating solar energy upper structure being respectively arranged downward to upward (underneath the

structure/substructure, allowing the lower structure, the middle structure and the system must be positioned lower than the total buoyant forces. Thus, the gravity forces which is then structurally secured to the upper structure in order to form the floating

created by the counterbalanced floating solar energy system are always smaller and mounting system). The lower structure is structurally secured to the middle structure

positioned lower than the total buoyant floating structure/substructure is named after the upper structure or the photovoltaic forces, allowing the floating structure/substructure being balanced/stabilized at all times with respect to oscillations to harness solar energy, are positioned above the water surface (the upper part of the

secured to the upper part of the floating structure/substructure, facing the sun in order

caused by waves of the body of water. So, the counterweight must be heavy enough is(are) secured to, is named after the middle structure). The solar panels, which are also

and positioned deep enough (below the water surface) in order to overcome any forces 45

which tends to unbalance/destabilize the floating structure/substructure (or the counterbalanced floating solar energy system). It is notable that the upper structure, the middle structure and the lower structure are not clearly/completely separated in terms of geometry. In other words, these structures may not have clear borders between them. For example, a part of the counterweight and a part of the floats can be located at the same position or the same elevation.

a polygonal pyramid shape which are more preferred for bearing the distributed

[0092] The counterbalanced floating solar energy system has several benefits. Firstly, structure can be particularly made with a cone shape (#30, Figure 37 and Figure 38) or 14 May 2025

where typical floating solar energy systems are impossible. Furthermore, the upper

as the counterweight can be made from cheaper materials (such as concrete rather than counterbalanced floating solar energy system capable of working with high waves

steel) in a smaller compacted size (rather than a large frame steel structure working as with or without floating solar trackers integrated, with high waves, allowing the

a counterweight), or the counterweight can be composed of a number of weights the floating structure, the float(s) and the counterweight are ideal for copping, either

more expensive than that that of ground mounted solar systems. The combination of

distributed in a small enough space (allowing the lower part of the floating structure/substructure made costly, and thus, floating solar energy systems are much

structure/substructure, where the counterweight is secured to, to be made smaller for of water. Bending and twisting are the main issues causing the floating

avoid bending (upward/downward) or twisting (back and forth) by waves of the body less costs), the costs of manufacturing, transportation and installation are less (thanks number of important benefits: The body of the floating structure/substructure can 2025203461

to using cheaper materials or having smaller sizes for cheaper transportation and structure/substructure can avoid spreading wider on the water surface. This leads to a

installation). Furthermore, as the counterweight is compacted in a smaller size, it allows containing the float (or the distributed floats), the body of the upper part of the floating

the counterbalanced floating solar energy system working on a less deep water instead compacted lower part (of the floating structure/substructure) at the compacted space

floating structure/substructure is only needed to be structurally secured to the

of deeper water, particularly when the counterbalanced floating solar energy system smaller for less costs). Additionally, as the upper part (above the water surface) of the

needs to turn back and forth following the sun without hitting the ground surface (the floating structure/substructure, where the distributed floats are secured to, to be made

waterbed) underneath. Secondly, as the float can be a single float (made with less of a number of floats distributed in a small enough space (allowing the part of the

quantity of materials for a desired volume to save costs) or the float can be composed

quantity of materials for a desired volume to save costs) or the float can be composed waterbed) underneath. Secondly, as the float can be a single float (made with less

of a number of floats distributed in a small enough space (allowing the part of the needs to turn back and forth following the sun without hitting the ground surface (the

floating structure/substructure, where the distributed floats are secured to, to be made of deeper water, particularly when the counterbalanced floating solar energy system

the counterbalanced floating solar energy system working on a less deep water instead

smaller for less costs). Additionally, as the upper part (above the water surface) of the installation). Furthermore, as the counterweight is compacted in a smaller size, it allows

floating structure/substructure is only needed to be structurally secured to the to using cheaper materials or having smaller sizes for cheaper transportation and

compacted lower part (of the floating structure/substructure) at the compacted space less costs), the costs of manufacturing, transportation and installation are less (thanks

structure/substructure, where the counterweight is secured to, to be made smaller for

containing the float (or the distributed floats), the body of the upper part of the floating distributed in a small enough space (allowing the lower part of the floating

structure/substructure can avoid spreading wider on the water surface. This leads to a a counterweight), or the counterweight can be composed of a number of weights

number of important benefits: The body of the floating structure/substructure can steel) in a smaller compacted size (rather than a large frame steel structure working as

as the counterweight can be made from cheaper materials (such as concrete rather than

avoid bending (upward/downward) or twisting (back and forth) by waves of the body

[0092] The counterbalanced floating solar energy system has several benefits. Firstly,

of water. Bending and twisting are the main issues causing the floating 46

structure/substructure made costly, and thus, floating solar energy systems are much more expensive than that that of ground mounted solar systems. The combination of the floating structure, the float(s) and the counterweight are ideal for copping, either with or without floating solar trackers integrated, with high waves, allowing the counterbalanced floating solar energy system capable of working with high waves where typical floating solar energy systems are impossible. Furthermore, the upper structure can be particularly made with a cone shape (#30, Figure 37 and Figure 38) or a polygonal pyramid shape which are more preferred for bearing the distributed right choice for the counterbalanced floating solar energy system: a cone, a truncated weights of the solar panels in terms of less structural costs and/or lighter structural structure/substructures (or the upper structure) having the following shapes are the 14 May 2025 weights and/or better structural stiffness. The solar panels are positioned right on the be used for the counterbalanced floating solar energy system. In addition, floating usually used for typical (flexible) floating solar energy systems, are not appropriate to

(circular/oval) base of the cone shape or the polygonal base of the polygonal pyramid structures (laid and stretched widely on the surface of the body of water), which are

shape, facing the sun while the apex of the cone shape or the polygonal pyramid shape However, some kinds of structures such as deformable structures or horizontal flat

words, any rigid structures can be used to be the floating structure/substructure. points downward (underneath) and is positioned where the float(s) then the

[0093] There are no limits required for the floating structure/substructure. In other

counterweight are consecutively located. The cone shape and the polygonal pyramid shape can also be truncated. The shape of floating structure/substructure can also be a spherical structure can be a ball made from rubber or fibre plastic.

spherical structure and the conical structure, and/or the float(s). For example, the 2025203461

sphere (#6La, Figure 40 or Figure 42) and can also a combination of a sphere and a cone plastic/rubber, can be used to make the floating structure/substructure, including the

(#30f and #6Lo, Figure 51 or #30s and #6Lo, Figure 52). In this case, the floating surfaces and cover the surfaces. Any appropriate materials, such as metal or

structure/substructure is composed of a spherical structure and a conical structure structure is(are) is(are) composed of surface structures being stretched on its(their)

ball which can also be used as a float. The spherical structure and/or the conical

which are structurally secured together along their intersection while the solar panels secured together where they intersect together. The spherical structure can be a sealed

are secured to the structural base of the conical structure, allowing the solar panels to structural elements, which are intersected together at the intersection, are structurally

structurally secured together along the intersection. Structural components or face the sun. The is no further specifications required with respect to the relative position of the spherical structure and the conical structure because they can always be

position of the spherical structure and the conical structure because they can always be face the sun. The is no further specifications required with respect to the relative

structurally secured together along the intersection. Structural components or are secured to the structural base of the conical structure, allowing the solar panels to

structural elements, which are intersected together at the intersection, are structurally which are structurally secured together along their intersection while the solar panels

structure/substructure is composed of a spherical structure and a conical structure

secured together where they intersect together. The spherical structure can be a sealed (#30f and #6Lo, Figure 51 or #30s and #6Lo, Figure 52). In this case, the floating

ball which can also be used as a float. The spherical structure and/or the conical sphere (#6La, Figure 40 or Figure 42) and can also a combination of a sphere and a cone

structure is(are) is(are) composed of surface structures being stretched on its(their) shape can also be truncated. The shape of floating structure/substructure can also be a

counterweight are consecutively located. The cone shape and the polygonal pyramid

surfaces and cover the surfaces. Any appropriate materials, such as metal or points downward (underneath) and is positioned where the float(s) then the

plastic/rubber, can be used to make the floating structure/substructure, including the shape, facing the sun while the apex of the cone shape or the polygonal pyramid shape

spherical structure and the conical structure, and/or the float(s). For example, the (circular/oval) base of the cone shape or the polygonal base of the polygonal pyramid

weights and/or better structural stiffness. The solar panels are positioned right on the

spherical structure can be a ball made from rubber or fibre plastic. weights of the solar panels in terms of less structural costs and/or lighter structural

[0093] There are no limits required for the floating structure/substructure. In other 47

words, any rigid structures can be used to be the floating structure/substructure. However, some kinds of structures such as deformable structures or horizontal flat structures (laid and stretched widely on the surface of the body of water), which are usually used for typical (flexible) floating solar energy systems, are not appropriate to be used for the counterbalanced floating solar energy system. In addition, floating structure/substructures (or the upper structure) having the following shapes are the right choice for the counterbalanced floating solar energy system: a cone, a truncated cone, a polygonal pyramid, a truncated polygonal pyramid, a sphere, a spherical cape, system uses a counterweight in conjunction with a float for balancing/stabilizing. 14 May 2025 wide area for preventing overturns while the counterbalanced floating solar energy a hemisphere, an ellipsoid, a part of an ellipsoid, a cylinder, a polygonal prism or a system being balanced/stabilized by using floats being distributed widely to cover a polyhedron, including an icosahedron, a dodecahedron, an octahedron, a cube or a system and typical floating solar energy systems is that each typical floating solar energy tetrahedron. A concave polyhedron is still workable although such floating main different essential feature between the counterbalanced floating solar energy structure/substructure is weak. With these cases, a side of each shape above has solar improving the efficiencies of the counterbalanced floating solar energy system. The

(or the floats) is to allow using bifacial solar panels for harnessing more solar energy, or

panels being positioned while another side of the shape has the float(s) and the using the counterweight together with the floating structure/substructure and the float

counterweight positioned downward consecutively, solar energy from both sides of the solar panels. Thus, one of an important purpose of allowing the floating 2025203461

structure/substructure having the shape capable to support solar panels facing the sun lights being transmitted to, leading to allow using bifacial solar panels for harnessing

systems, allowing the space behind the solar panels to be deeper and larger for more

while the counterweight balances the floating structure/substructure over the float. further above the water surface, in comparison with other typical floating solar energy

The floating structure/substructures (or the upper structure) shaped like a spherical cap as it allows the floating structure/substructure to be able to raise the solar panels quite

or a hemisphere can be positioned with their circular base oriented upward while the

[0094] In addition, the counterbalanced floating solar energy system is more beneficial

solar panels are position on the circular base, allowing the solar panels to orient towards like a spherical cap or a hemisphere) or indirectly through a supporting structure.

the sun. In this case, the floats are secured underneath. It is allowable if the circular either directly to the floating structure/substructures (or the upper structure) (shaped

base is secured with a number of floats, facing down while the solar panels are secured

base is secured with a number of floats, facing down while the solar panels are secured the sun. In this case, the floats are secured underneath. It is allowable if the circular

either directly to the floating structure/substructures (or the upper structure) (shaped solar panels are position on the circular base, allowing the solar panels to orient towards

like a spherical cap or a hemisphere) or indirectly through a supporting structure. or a hemisphere can be positioned with their circular base oriented upward while the

The floating structure/substructures (or the upper structure) shaped like a spherical cap

while the counterweight balances the floating structure/substructure over the float.

[0094] In addition, the counterbalanced floating solar energy system is more beneficial structure/substructure having the shape capable to support solar panels facing the sun

as it allows the floating structure/substructure to be able to raise the solar panels quite counterweight positioned downward consecutively, allowing the floating

further above the water surface, in comparison with other typical floating solar energy panels being positioned while another side of the shape has the float(s) and the

structure/substructure is weak. With these cases, a side of each shape above has solar systems, allowing the space behind the solar panels to be deeper and larger for more tetrahedron. A concave polyhedron is still workable although such floating

lights being transmitted to, leading to allow using bifacial solar panels for harnessing polyhedron, including an icosahedron, a dodecahedron, an octahedron, a cube or a

solar energy from both sides of the solar panels. Thus, one of an important purpose of a hemisphere, an ellipsoid, a part of an ellipsoid, a cylinder, a polygonal prism or a

cone, a polygonal pyramid, a truncated polygonal pyramid, a sphere, a spherical cape, using the counterweight together with the floating structure/substructure and the float (or the floats) is to allow using bifacial solar panels for harnessing more solar energy, or 48

improving the efficiencies of the counterbalanced floating solar energy system. The main different essential feature between the counterbalanced floating solar energy system and typical floating solar energy systems is that each typical floating solar energy system being balanced/stabilized by using floats being distributed widely to cover a wide area for preventing overturns while the counterbalanced floating solar energy system uses a counterweight in conjunction with a float for balancing/stabilizing.

can also be secured to a typical float-supporting structure which is then secured to the

[0095] In a particular case that the floating structure/substructure or the upper to a float (or float(s)) either attached/secured to or integrated in the section. The float(s) 14 May 2025

by a power source within a designated angle, of which each section is floatable thanks

structure or the photovoltaic mounting system, has a cone/polygonal pyramid shape or and the floating structure to float and remain stable on a body of water when rotated

a truncated cone/polygonal pyramid shape or a spherical/ellipsoid shape or a arranged partially or entirely around a horizontal axis, enabling the middle structure

polyhedral shape, the outer surfaces of the floating structure/substructure or the upper either hollow or not hollow. In other words, the middle structure has buoyant sections,

energy system floated and stabilized on the body of water. The middle structure can be

structure are the (outer) surfaces of the cone/polygonal pyramid shape or the secured to the middle structure, allowing the whole counterbalanced floating solar

spherical/ellipsoid shape or the polyhedral shape, including the polygonal base and benefits. The middle structure is hollow and/or the float (or the distributed floats) is/are

triangular lateral faces (of the polygonal pyramid shape) or the circular base and the the shadows of the upper structure are accepted in trading of less efficiencies for other

if the solar panels are positioned anywhere else (with respect to the upper structure) if 2025203461

curved lateral surface (of the cone shape). The perimeter of the circular base, or the falling onto the surface or the solar panels). However, the solar panels are still workable

polygonal base, are not necessary to be a circle, or a polygon only. It can also be an circular base) of the cone/polygonal shape (without shadows of the upper structure

ellipse or an enclosed line composed of curved lines and straight lines. The upper recommended that the solar panels are positioned at the base (the polygonal base/the

typical structure which is then secured to structural parts of the upper structure. It is

structure has a rigid surface structure which is stretched to cover the outer surfaces of panels are allowed to be secured to any structural parts of the upper structure or any

the cone/polygonal pyramid shape. The rigid surface structure, as defined and secured to the middle structure which is then secured to the lower structure. The solar

described in previous/other sections, can be structurally composed/formed from cone/polygonal pyramid shaped upper structure (the photovoltaic mounting system) is

structural elongate structural elements and/or structural surface elements. Thus, the

structural elongate structural elements and/or structural surface elements. Thus, the described in previous/other sections, can be structurally composed/formed from

cone/polygonal pyramid shaped upper structure (the photovoltaic mounting system) is the cone/polygonal pyramid shape. The rigid surface structure, as defined and

secured to the middle structure which is then secured to the lower structure. The solar structure has a rigid surface structure which is stretched to cover the outer surfaces of

ellipse or an enclosed line composed of curved lines and straight lines. The upper

panels are allowed to be secured to any structural parts of the upper structure or any polygonal base, are not necessary to be a circle, or a polygon only. It can also be an

typical structure which is then secured to structural parts of the upper structure. It is curved lateral surface (of the cone shape). The perimeter of the circular base, or the

recommended that the solar panels are positioned at the base (the polygonal base/the triangular lateral faces (of the polygonal pyramid shape) or the circular base and the

spherical/ellipsoid shape or the polyhedral shape, including the polygonal base and

circular base) of the cone/polygonal shape (without shadows of the upper structure structure are the (outer) surfaces of the cone/polygonal pyramid shape or the

falling onto the surface or the solar panels). However, the solar panels are still workable polyhedral shape, the outer surfaces of the floating structure/substructure or the upper

a truncated cone/polygonal pyramid shape or a spherical/ellipsoid shape or a if the solar panels are positioned anywhere else (with respect to the upper structure) if structure or the photovoltaic mounting system, has a cone/polygonal pyramid shape or

the shadows of the upper structure are accepted in trading of less efficiencies for other

[0095] In a particular case that the floating structure/substructure or the upper

benefits. The middle structure is hollow and/or the float (or the distributed floats) is/are 49

secured to the middle structure, allowing the whole counterbalanced floating solar energy system floated and stabilized on the body of water. The middle structure can be either hollow or not hollow. In other words, the middle structure has buoyant sections, arranged partially or entirely around a horizontal axis, enabling the middle structure and the floating structure to float and remain stable on a body of water when rotated by a power source within a designated angle, of which each section is floatable thanks to a float (or float(s)) either attached/secured to or integrated in the section. The float(s) can also be secured to a typical float-supporting structure which is then secured to the water tank, allowing the water pump pumping water from a source to the water tank middle structure. The counterweight is secured to the lower structure, allowing the pipe has an end being secured to the water pump while the other end is secured to the 14 May 2025 counterweight capable to balance and stabilize the whole counterbalanced floating water tank, or to any structural part of the floating structure/substructure. The water water into or out of the water tank. The water pump is secured to the structure of the solar energy system on the body of water. by connecting to the water tank via a water pipe, allowing the water pump pumping the variations of the water contained in the water tank. Thus, a water pump is added

[0096] The counterbalanced floating solar energy system can be integrated with floating structure/substructure being revolved/inclined, around a horizontal axis, according to

solar trackers used to harness more solar energy by facing the solar panels towards the tank, is varied, the vertical total force is variable, making the floating

rebalanced at a new stabilized position. If the water, which is contained in the water sun. In this case, the counterbalanced floating solar energy system is added with a water solar panels, around a horizontal axis, until the floating structure/substructure is

tank (#1x, Figure 37 and Figure 38) being attached to a side of the floating 2025203461

torque) which revolves the floating structure/substructure or incline the surface of the

structure/substructure, including the upper structure, the middle structure and the volume (or the submerged part) of the water tank. The total force creates a moment (a

weight of the water contained) and the buoyant force created by the submerged lower structure. The water tank is allowed to be fully empty, or to be partially/fully filled total values of both the gravity force (created by the weight of the tank, including the

with water. Thus, the water tank contains water (#2w) and an empty space containing fully or partly submerged in the water of the body of water, the total force equal to the

air (#2a). The water tank can be positioned above the water surface, right at the water equals to zero and the total force equal to the gravity force. When the water tank is

a horizontal axis. When the water tank is above the water surface, the buoyant force surface or below the water surface. The water tank creates a force, which is the vertical structure/substructure, or to incline the surface of the solar panels more or less, around

total force of the gravity force and the buoyant force, used to revolve the floating total force of the gravity force and the buoyant force, used to revolve the floating

structure/substructure, or to incline the surface of the solar panels more or less, around surface or below the water surface. The water tank creates a force, which is the vertical

air (#2a). The water tank can be positioned above the water surface, right at the water a horizontal axis. When the water tank is above the water surface, the buoyant force with water. Thus, the water tank contains water (#2w) and an empty space containing

equals to zero and the total force equal to the gravity force. When the water tank is lower structure. The water tank is allowed to be fully empty, or to be partially/fully filled

fully or partly submerged in the water of the body of water, the total force equal to the structure/substructure, including the upper structure, the middle structure and the

tank (#1x, Figure 37 and Figure 38) being attached to a side of the floating total values of both the gravity force (created by the weight of the tank, including the sun. In this case, the counterbalanced floating solar energy system is added with a water

weight of the water contained) and the buoyant force created by the submerged solar trackers used to harness more solar energy by facing the solar panels towards the

volume (or the submerged part) of the water tank. The total force creates a moment (a

[0096] The counterbalanced floating solar energy system can be integrated with floating

torque) which revolves the floating structure/substructure or incline the surface of the solar energy system on the body of water.

solar panels, around a horizontal axis, until the floating structure/substructure is counterweight capable to balance and stabilize the whole counterbalanced floating

middle structure. The counterweight is secured to the lower structure, allowing the rebalanced at a new stabilized position. If the water, which is contained in the water tank, is varied, the vertical total force is variable, making the floating 50

structure/substructure being revolved/inclined, around a horizontal axis, according to the variations of the water contained in the water tank. Thus, a water pump is added by connecting to the water tank via a water pipe, allowing the water pump pumping water into or out of the water tank. The water pump is secured to the structure of the water tank, or to any structural part of the floating structure/substructure. The water pipe has an end being secured to the water pump while the other end is secured to the water tank, allowing the water pump pumping water from a source to the water tank pipe allows water moving from a water tank to the other, by using any ways such as or pumping out the water residing in the water tank. It is notable that the empty space from a water tank to the other. In contrast, when the water pump is operated, the water 14 May 2025 either separated or integrated in the water pump, in order to prevent water moving of the water tank contains air and the empty space is opened while the water pump is operated, the water pipe is fully closed, by using any ways such as using a closed valve, operated, allowing water being pump into or out of the water tank. When the water pipe then into the other water tank, and vice versa. When the water pump is not pump is not operated, the volume of the water in the water tank is unchanged. So, a of the water pipe then through the water pump then through the other end of the water

When the water pump is operated, it pumps water from a water tank through an end water tank, together with a water pump and a water pipe arranged together as There is a water pipe connecting the two water tanks together via the water pump.

described above, can be used as a horizontal axis solar tracker which maintain facing a water tank or to any structure of the counterbalanced floating solar energy system).

the solar panels towards the sun for harnessing more solar energy. The total force needs The water pump is secured to the floating structure/substructure (or to the structure of 2025203461

to be positioned (the position of the total force is resulted from the position of the water allowing the water pump pumping water back and forth from a water tank to the other.

being pumped out (making the water tank to be lighter). Thus, a water pump is added,

tank) as far as possible from the centre of mass of the whole floating solar energy the water tanks is being filled up while the other water tank needs to have its water

system in order to be capable to revolve the floating structure/substructure to face the gain larger moments (torques) for revolving the floating structure/substructure, one of

solar panels towards the sun. the sun. It is notable that, as the two water tanks are positioned oppositely, in order to

of the water contained in the water tanks) in order to maintain the solar panels facing

inclining the surface of the solar panels) back and forth (depending the varied amounts

[0097] A secondary water tank can be securely attached to the floating total forces of the two water tanks revolving the floating structure/substructure (or

structure/substructure in the opposite side of the first water tank, allowing the two structure/substructure in the opposite side of the first water tank, allowing the two

total forces of the two water tanks revolving the floating structure/substructure (or

[0097] A secondary water tank can be securely attached to the floating

inclining the surface of the solar panels) back and forth (depending the varied amounts solar panels towards the sun.

of the water contained in the water tanks) in order to maintain the solar panels facing system in order to be capable to revolve the floating structure/substructure to face the

tank) as far as possible from the centre of mass of the whole floating solar energy the sun. It is notable that, as the two water tanks are positioned oppositely, in order to to be positioned (the position of the total force is resulted from the position of the water

gain larger moments (torques) for revolving the floating structure/substructure, one of the solar panels towards the sun for harnessing more solar energy. The total force needs

the water tanks is being filled up while the other water tank needs to have its water described above, can be used as a horizontal axis solar tracker which maintain facing

water tank, together with a water pump and a water pipe arranged together as being pumped out (making the water tank to be lighter). Thus, a water pump is added, pump is not operated, the volume of the water in the water tank is unchanged. So, a

allowing the water pump pumping water back and forth from a water tank to the other. operated, allowing water being pump into or out of the water tank. When the water

The water pump is secured to the floating structure/substructure (or to the structure of of the water tank contains air and the empty space is opened while the water pump is

or pumping out the water residing in the water tank. It is notable that the empty space a water tank or to any structure of the counterbalanced floating solar energy system). There is a water pipe connecting the two water tanks together via the water pump. 51

When the water pump is operated, it pumps water from a water tank through an end of the water pipe then through the water pump then through the other end of the water pipe then into the other water tank, and vice versa. When the water pump is not operated, the water pipe is fully closed, by using any ways such as using a closed valve, either separated or integrated in the water pump, in order to prevent water moving from a water tank to the other. In contrast, when the water pump is operated, the water pipe allows water moving from a water tank to the other, by using any ways such as system needs to be distributed symmetrically over its centre of mass while the float(s) using an opened valve (the valve can be opened or closed as desired). The empty spaces with lowest power or energy provided, the mass of the whole floating solar energy 14 May 2025 of both the water tanks need to be opened at all time in order to allow air getting in or

[0098] In other words, in order to be able to revolve the floating structure/substructure

out the empty space of each water tank automatically while water is being pumped out order to be able to support more solar panels facing the sun.

of or into the water tank. Thus, the two water tanks are allowed to have an air pipe enough while the floating structure/substructure is allowed to be wider and taller in

being operated without hitting the ground where the body of water may not be deep

connecting the two empty spaces together, allowing the air from a first water tank (or the distributed floats), allowing the single-axis/dual-axis floating solar tracker(s)

moving automatically to the other while water is being pumped from the other to the energy system which allows to have compacted sizes of the counterweight and the float

first water tank. In this case, the two water tanks, the air pipe, the water pipe and the floating solar tracker(s) take(s) advantage(s) of the counterbalanced floating solar

(although nonorthogonal arrangements are still workable). The single-axis/dual-axis 2025203461

water pump become a sealed system keeping water and air circulated completely harnessing more solar energy. The two axes should be arranged to be orthogonal

inside. As the air or the water are liquid, it is equivalent that, instead of pumping the of each single-axis solar tracker in order to maintain the solar panels facing the sun for

water, an air pump (instead of the water pump) can be used to pump the air from a together, allowing the floating structure/substructure being revolved around each axis

the sun for harnessing more solar energy. A pair of single-axis solar trackers can work

water tank to the other or vice versa for the same purpose. However, using the air pump around a horizontal axis and which can face, and can maintain the solar panels facing

is not recommended as it is not efficient, not durable and not stable, in term of moving tracker (or single-axis solar tracker) which revolves the floating structure/substructure

the air/water from a tank to the other, like using the water pump. So, a pair of water air pipe arranged together as described above, can be used as a horizontal axis solar

tanks, together with a water pump and a water pipe, and optionally together with an

tanks, together with a water pump and a water pipe, and optionally together with an the air/water from a tank to the other, like using the water pump. So, a pair of water

air pipe arranged together as described above, can be used as a horizontal axis solar is not recommended as it is not efficient, not durable and not stable, in term of moving

tracker (or single-axis solar tracker) which revolves the floating structure/substructure water tank to the other or vice versa for the same purpose. However, using the air pump

water, an air pump (instead of the water pump) can be used to pump the air from a

around a horizontal axis and which can face, and can maintain the solar panels facing inside. As the air or the water are liquid, it is equivalent that, instead of pumping the

the sun for harnessing more solar energy. A pair of single-axis solar trackers can work water pump become a sealed system keeping water and air circulated completely

first water tank. In this case, the two water tanks, the air pipe, the water pipe and the together, allowing the floating structure/substructure being revolved around each axis moving automatically to the other while water is being pumped from the other to the

of each single-axis solar tracker in order to maintain the solar panels facing the sun for connecting the two empty spaces together, allowing the air from a first water tank

harnessing more solar energy. The two axes should be arranged to be orthogonal of or into the water tank. Thus, the two water tanks are allowed to have an air pipe

(although nonorthogonal arrangements are still workable). The single-axis/dual-axis out the empty space of each water tank automatically while water is being pumped out

of both the water tanks need to be opened at all time in order to allow air getting in or

floating solar tracker(s) take(s) advantage(s) of the counterbalanced floating solar using an opened valve (the valve can be opened or closed as desired). The empty spaces

energy system which allows to have compacted sizes of the counterweight and the float 52

(or the distributed floats), allowing the single-axis/dual-axis floating solar tracker(s) being operated without hitting the ground where the body of water may not be deep enough while the floating structure/substructure is allowed to be wider and taller in order to be able to support more solar panels facing the sun.

[0098] In other words, in order to be able to revolve the floating structure/substructure with lowest power or energy provided, the mass of the whole floating solar energy system needs to be distributed symmetrically over its centre of mass while the float(s) is (are) also required to be distributed symmetrically over the centre of mass in order structure/substructure. Thus, in order to integrate them together, their components 14 May 2025 floating solar trackers because they share their common floating to create a constant buoyant force while the floating structure/substructure is either rotation system-based floating solar trackers and/or the arc-shaped water tank-based revolved or idled. The centre of mass is also laid in the direction of the constant buoyant integrated with the anchored-moored rotation systems and/or the anchored-moored force. Furthermore, forces created by the floating solar tracker to revolve the floating

[0101] The counterbalanced floating solar energy system can work and can be

structure/substructure also need to be symmetric over the centre of mass. The float(s) liquid/water.

floating structure/substructure. Each damping water tank is partially filled with is (are) also named after surrounding float(s) in order to imply an important feature of tanks can also be securely attached to a supporting structure which is secured to the

the float(s) that they are distributed around the axis (containing the centre of mass) in where required in accordance with structural and damping effects. The damping water 2025203461

such a way that the float(s) can create the constant buoyant force at any time that the liquid dampers which are securely attached to the floating structure/substructure

floating structure/substructure is either revolved or idled in order to allow the floating damping water tanks are tanks containing liquid/water partially in order to be used as

to improve stabilization of the floating structure/substructure on the body of water. The

structure/substructure to be rollable with lowest power required. of liquid dampers, which are damping water tanks, to form a damping system in order

[0100] The floating structure/substructure can also be securely attached with a number

[0099] The counterbalanced floating solar energy system can work with the anchored- structure/substructure as described. moored rotation system-based floating solar trackers or the arc-shaped water tank- structure/substructure. All their components are simply arranged with the floating

based floating solar trackers as they are can settle on the same floating based floating solar trackers as they are can settle on the same floating

structure/substructure. All their components are simply arranged with the floating moored rotation system-based floating solar trackers or the arc-shaped water tank-

[0099] The counterbalanced floating solar energy system can work with the anchored- structure/substructure as described. structure/substructure to be rollable with lowest power required.

[0100] The floating structure/substructure can also be securely attached with a number floating structure/substructure is either revolved or idled in order to allow the floating

such a way that the float(s) can create the constant buoyant force at any time that the of liquid dampers, which are damping water tanks, to form a damping system in order the float(s) that they are distributed around the axis (containing the centre of mass) in

to improve stabilization of the floating structure/substructure on the body of water. The is (are) also named after surrounding float(s) in order to imply an important feature of

damping water tanks are tanks containing liquid/water partially in order to be used as structure/substructure also need to be symmetric over the centre of mass. The float(s)

force. Furthermore, forces created by the floating solar tracker to revolve the floating liquid dampers which are securely attached to the floating structure/substructure revolved or idled. The centre of mass is also laid in the direction of the constant buoyant

where required in accordance with structural and damping effects. The damping water to create a constant buoyant force while the floating structure/substructure is either

tanks can also be securely attached to a supporting structure which is secured to the is (are) also required to be distributed symmetrically over the centre of mass in order

floating structure/substructure. 53 Each damping water tank is partially filled with liquid/water.

[0101] The counterbalanced floating solar energy system can work and can be integrated with the anchored-moored rotation systems and/or the anchored-moored rotation system-based floating solar trackers and/or the arc-shaped water tank-based floating solar trackers because they share their common floating structure/substructure. Thus, in order to integrate them together, their components makes the structural ring to be different with flat floating structure/substructures which are simply arranged with and/or secured to their common floating structure/substructure that the vertical structural ring is created to avoid. This feature 14 May 2025 addition, being bended by waves is the most challenged problem of floating structure/substructure as described. systems are not popular in comparison with grounded solar energy systems). In the solar panels and other loads (high cost is the reason that floating solar energy

1.8 [0102] Vertical ring-based floating solar energy systems can be made to be stiff enough with low costs in order to be capable to bear weights of

solar panels on the body of water. Thanks to its circular shape, the structure of the ring

[0103] A vertical ring-based floating solar energy system (Figure 39 to Figure 46) uses a explained as follows: in term of structure, the shape of the ring is ideal for supporting

[0104] The vertical ring-based floating solar energy system has benefits which are vertical rigid structural ring (#6La in Figure 39 to Figure 42 or #30t in Figure 43 to Figure 46) as a (stabilized) floating structure/substructure for supporting solar panels on a Figure 40, facing the sun. 2025203461

the middle between the top and the bottom of the ring as illustrated in Figure 39 and body of water (#12). The ring is hollow and/or a number of floats (#4, Figure 41) are positioned on the top of the ring as illustrated in Figure 41 to Figure 46 or anywhere in

secured to the ring, allowing the ring being floated and being hold vertically and being is then secured to the ring (#6La). The solar panels (#5s, Figure 41 to Figure 46) are

stabilized on the body of water. The ring can be either hollow or not hollow. In other secured to a typical photovoltaic mounting system (#6Lo, Figure 39 and Figure 41) which

in the body of water. A number of solar panels (#5s) are secured to the ring directly or words, the ring has buoyant sections, arranged partially or entirely along its perimeter, body of water, the floats can be made larger and/or the ring can be submerged deeper

enabling the ring to float and remain stable on a body of water, of which each section to the ring. In order to be easier for stabilizing and holding the ring vertically on the

is floatable thanks to a float either attached/secured to or integrated in the section. The floats can also be secured to a typical float-supporting structure which is then secured

is floatable thanks to a float either attached/secured to or integrated in the section. The floats can also be secured to a typical float-supporting structure which is then secured enabling the ring to float and remain stable on a body of water, of which each section

to the ring. In order to be easier for stabilizing and holding the ring vertically on the words, the ring has buoyant sections, arranged partially or entirely along its perimeter,

body of water, the floats can be made larger and/or the ring can be submerged deeper stabilized on the body of water. The ring can be either hollow or not hollow. In other

secured to the ring, allowing the ring being floated and being hold vertically and being in the body of water. A number of solar panels (#5s) are secured to the ring directly or body of water (#12). The ring is hollow and/or a number of floats (#4, Figure 41) are

secured to a typical photovoltaic mounting system (#6Lo, Figure 39 and Figure 41) which 46) as a (stabilized) floating structure/substructure for supporting solar panels on a

is then secured to the ring (#6La). The solar panels (#5s, Figure 41 to Figure 46) are vertical rigid structural ring (#6La in Figure 39 to Figure 42 or #30t in Figure 43 to Figure

[0103] A vertical ring-based floating solar energy system (Figure 39 to Figure 46) uses a positioned on the top of the ring as illustrated in Figure 41 to Figure 46 or anywhere in the middle between the top and the bottom of the ring as illustrated in Figure 39 and 1.8 [0102] Vertical ring-based floating solar energy systems

Figure 40, facing the sun. structure/substructure as described.

are simply arranged with and/or secured to their common floating

[0104] The vertical ring-based floating solar energy system has benefits which are 54

explained as follows: in term of structure, the shape of the ring is ideal for supporting solar panels on the body of water. Thanks to its circular shape, the structure of the ring can be made to be stiff enough with low costs in order to be capable to bear weights of the solar panels and other loads (high cost is the reason that floating solar energy systems are not popular in comparison with grounded solar energy systems). In addition, being bended by waves is the most challenged problem of floating structure/substructure that the vertical structural ring is created to avoid. This feature makes the structural ring to be different with flat floating structure/substructures which which revolves the structural ring or incline the surface of the solar panels, around the are usually used for typical floating solar systems. Furthermore, it is important that the the submerged part) of the water tank. The total force creates a moment (a torque) 14 May 2025 of the water contained) and the buoyant force created by the submerged volume (or ring is able to raise the solar panels quite further above the water surface, in comparison of both the gravity force (created by the weight of the water tank, including the weight with other typical floating solar energy systems, allowing the space behind the solar submerged in the water of the body of water, the total force equal to the total values panels to be deeper and larger for more lights being transmitted to, leading to allow the total force equal to the gravity force. When the water tank is fully or partly using bifacial solar panels for harnessing solar energy from both sides of the solar When the water tank is above the water surface, the buoyant force equals to zero and vertical plane of the structural ring (the ring is assumed to be 2D and fitted in the plane).

panels. Thus, one of an important purpose of using the structural ring is to allow using or less, around a horizontal axis which is about to be orthogonal/perpendicular with the

bifacial solar panels for harnessing more solar energy, or improving the efficiencies of to revolve the vertical structural ring, or to incline the surface of the solar panels more 2025203461

the vertical ring-based floating solar energy system. Another benefit of the vertical ring- force, which is the vertical total force of the gravity force and the buoyant force, used

surface, right at the water surface or below the water surface. The water tank creates a

based floating solar energy system is that the structural ring can cope well, either with empty space containing air (#2a). The water tank can be positioned above the water

or without floating solar trackers integrated, with high waves, allowing the vertical ring- to be partially/fully filled with water. Thus, the water tank contains water (#2w) and an

based floating solar energy system capable of working with high waves where typical to a side of the vertical structural ring. The water tank is allowed to be fully empty, or

energy system is added with a water tank (#1x, Figure 39 and Figure 45) being attached

floating solar energy systems are impossible. towards the sun as much as possible. In this case, the vertical ring-based floating solar

floating solar trackers used to harness more solar energy by facing the solar panels

[0105] The vertical ring-based floating solar energy system can be integrated with

[0105] The vertical ring-based floating solar energy system can be integrated with

floating solar trackers used to harness more solar energy by facing the solar panels floating solar energy systems are impossible.

towards the sun as much as possible. In this case, the vertical ring-based floating solar based floating solar energy system capable of working with high waves where typical

energy system is added with a water tank (#1x, Figure 39 and Figure 45) being attached or without floating solar trackers integrated, with high waves, allowing the vertical ring-

based floating solar energy system is that the structural ring can cope well, either with to a side of the vertical structural ring. The water tank is allowed to be fully empty, or the vertical ring-based floating solar energy system. Another benefit of the vertical ring-

to be partially/fully filled with water. Thus, the water tank contains water (#2w) and an bifacial solar panels for harnessing more solar energy, or improving the efficiencies of

empty space containing air (#2a). The water tank can be positioned above the water panels. Thus, one of an important purpose of using the structural ring is to allow using

using bifacial solar panels for harnessing solar energy from both sides of the solar surface, right at the water surface or below the water surface. The water tank creates a panels to be deeper and larger for more lights being transmitted to, leading to allow

force, which is the vertical total force of the gravity force and the buoyant force, used with other typical floating solar energy systems, allowing the space behind the solar

to revolve the vertical structural ring, or to incline the surface of the solar panels more ring is able to raise the solar panels quite further above the water surface, in comparison

are usually used for typical floating solar systems. Furthermore, it is important that the or less, around a horizontal axis which is about to be orthogonal/perpendicular with the vertical plane of the structural ring (the ring is assumed to be 2D and fitted in the plane). 55

When the water tank is above the water surface, the buoyant force equals to zero and the total force equal to the gravity force. When the water tank is fully or partly submerged in the water of the body of water, the total force equal to the total values of both the gravity force (created by the weight of the water tank, including the weight of the water contained) and the buoyant force created by the submerged volume (or the submerged part) of the water tank. The total force creates a moment (a torque) which revolves the structural ring or incline the surface of the solar panels, around the from a water tank to the other. The water pump is secured to the structural ring (or to horizontal axis, until the structural ring is rebalanced at a new stabilized position (the Thus, a water pump is added, allowing the water pump pumping water back and forth 14 May 2025 ring is assumed to be vertical at all time). If the water, which is contained in the water needs to have its water being pumped out (making the other water tank to be lighter).

the structural ring, one of the water tanks is being filled up while the other water tank

tank, is varied, the vertical total force is variable, making the structural ring being tanks are positioned oppositely, in order to gain larger moments (torques) for revolving

revolved/inclined, around the horizontal axis, according to the variations of the water to maintain facing the solar panels towards the sun. It is notable that, as the two water

contained in the water tank. Thus, a water pump is added by connecting to the water forth (depending the varied amounts of the water contained in the water tanks) in order

tanks revolving the structural ring (or inclining the surface of the solar panels) back and

tank via a water pipe, allowing the water pump pumping water into or out of the water opposite side of the first water tank, allowing the two total forces of the two water

tank. The water pump is secured to the structure of the water tank, or to any structural

[0106] A secondary water tank can be securely attached to the structural ring in the 2025203461

part of the structural ring. The water pipe has an end being secured to the water pump structural ring to face the solar panels towards the sun.

while the other end is secured to the water tank, allowing the water pump pumping whole floating solar energy system in order to be capable to revolve the vertical rigid

water from a source to the water tank or pumping out the water residing in the water from the position of the water tank) as far as possible from the centre of mass of the

energy. The total force needs to be positioned (the position of the total force is resulted

tank. It is notable that the empty space of the water tank contains air and the empty order to maintain facing the solar panels towards the sun for harnessing more solar

space is opened while the water pump is operated, allowing water being pump into or pipe arranged together as described above, can be used as a single-axis solar tracker in

out of the water tank while the air contained in the empty space is added or subtracted water tank is unchanged. Thus, a water tank, together with a water pump and a water

consequently. When the water pump is not operated, the volume of the water in the

consequently. When the water pump is not operated, the volume of the water in the out of the water tank while the air contained in the empty space is added or subtracted

water tank is unchanged. Thus, a water tank, together with a water pump and a water space is opened while the water pump is operated, allowing water being pump into or

pipe arranged together as described above, can be used as a single-axis solar tracker in tank. It is notable that the empty space of the water tank contains air and the empty

water from a source to the water tank or pumping out the water residing in the water

order to maintain facing the solar panels towards the sun for harnessing more solar while the other end is secured to the water tank, allowing the water pump pumping

energy. The total force needs to be positioned (the position of the total force is resulted part of the structural ring. The water pipe has an end being secured to the water pump

from the position of the water tank) as far as possible from the centre of mass of the tank. The water pump is secured to the structure of the water tank, or to any structural

tank via a water pipe, allowing the water pump pumping water into or out of the water

whole floating solar energy system in order to be capable to revolve the vertical rigid contained in the water tank. Thus, a water pump is added by connecting to the water

structural ring to face the solar panels towards the sun. revolved/inclined, around the horizontal axis, according to the variations of the water

tank, is varied, the vertical total force is variable, making the structural ring being

[0106] A secondary water tank can be securely attached to the structural ring in the ring is assumed to be vertical at all time). If the water, which is contained in the water

horizontal axis, until the structural ring is rebalanced at a new stabilized position (the opposite side of the first water tank, allowing the two total forces of the two water tanks revolving the structural ring (or inclining the surface of the solar panels) back and 56

forth (depending the varied amounts of the water contained in the water tanks) in order to maintain facing the solar panels towards the sun. It is notable that, as the two water tanks are positioned oppositely, in order to gain larger moments (torques) for revolving the structural ring, one of the water tanks is being filled up while the other water tank needs to have its water being pumped out (making the other water tank to be lighter). Thus, a water pump is added, allowing the water pump pumping water back and forth from a water tank to the other. The water pump is secured to the structural ring (or to based floating solar energy system, are described in the description of the arc-shaped the structure of a water tank or to any structural part of the vertical ring-based floating arranged and work together with the structural ring, and thus, with the vertical ring- 14 May 2025 solar energy system). There is a water pipe connecting the two water tanks together via based floating solar trackers. Further features relating to how floating solar trackers moored rotation system-based floating solar trackers or the arc-shaped water tank- the water pump. When the water pump is operated, it pumps water from a water tank

[0107] The vertical ring-based floating solar energy system can work with the anchored-

through an end of the water pipe then through the water pump then through the other maintain facing the solar panels towards the sun for harnessing more solar energy.

end of the water pipe then into the other water tank, and vice versa. When the water axis solar tracker which revolves the structural ring around a horizontal axis in order to

pump is not operated, the water pipe is fully closed, by using any ways such as using a together with an air pipe arranged together as described above, can be used as a single-

pair of water tanks, together with a water pump and a water pipe, and optionally closed valve, either separated or integrated in the water pump, in order to prevent term of moving the air/water from a tank to the other, like using the water pump. So, a 2025203461

water moving from a water tank to the other. In contrast, when the water pump is the air pump is not recommended as it is not efficient, not durable and not stable, in

operated, the water pipe allows water moving from a water tank to the other, by using air from a water tank to the other or vice versa for the same purpose. However, using

pumping the water, an air pump (instead of the water pump) can be used to pump the any ways such as using an opened valve (the valve can be opened or closed as desired). completely inside. As the air and the water are liquid, it is equivalent that, instead of

The empty spaces of both the water tanks need to be opened at all time in order to pipe and the water pump become a sealed system keeping water and air circulated

allow air getting in or out the empty space of each water tank automatically while water the other to the first water tank. In this case, the two water tanks, the air pipe, the water

is being pumped out of or into the water tank. Thus, the two water tanks are allowed first water tank moving automatically to the other while water is being pumped from

to have an air pipe connecting the two empty spaces together, allowing the air from a

to have an air pipe connecting the two empty spaces together, allowing the air from a is being pumped out of or into the water tank. Thus, the two water tanks are allowed

first water tank moving automatically to the other while water is being pumped from allow air getting in or out the empty space of each water tank automatically while water

The empty spaces of both the water tanks need to be opened at all time in order to the other to the first water tank. In this case, the two water tanks, the air pipe, the water any ways such as using an opened valve (the valve can be opened or closed as desired).

pipe and the water pump become a sealed system keeping water and air circulated operated, the water pipe allows water moving from a water tank to the other, by using

completely inside. As the air and the water are liquid, it is equivalent that, instead of water moving from a water tank to the other. In contrast, when the water pump is

closed valve, either separated or integrated in the water pump, in order to prevent pumping the water, an air pump (instead of the water pump) can be used to pump the pump is not operated, the water pipe is fully closed, by using any ways such as using a

air from a water tank to the other or vice versa for the same purpose. However, using end of the water pipe then into the other water tank, and vice versa. When the water

the air pump is not recommended as it is not efficient, not durable and not stable, in through an end of the water pipe then through the water pump then through the other

the water pump. When the water pump is operated, it pumps water from a water tank term of moving the air/water from a tank to the other, like using the water pump. So, a solar energy system). There is a water pipe connecting the two water tanks together via

pair of water tanks, together with a water pump and a water pipe, and optionally the structure of a water tank or to any structural part of the vertical ring-based floating

together with an air pipe arranged together as described above, can be used as a single- 57

axis solar tracker which revolves the structural ring around a horizontal axis in order to maintain facing the solar panels towards the sun for harnessing more solar energy.

[0107] The vertical ring-based floating solar energy system can work with the anchored- moored rotation system-based floating solar trackers or the arc-shaped water tank- based floating solar trackers. Further features relating to how floating solar trackers arranged and work together with the structural ring, and thus, with the vertical ring- based floating solar energy system, are described in the description of the arc-shaped energy to revolve the ring.

water tank-based floating solar trackers or the counterbalanced floating solar energy between the states can still be done but with more fluctuations which require more 14 May 2025

regarding to changes of buoyant forces created by the floats. Otherwise, the transitions

systems, in which the floating structure/substructure are replaced with the vertical ring. possible revolved states, but also capable to transit between the states smoothly

the revolving direction of the part in order to allow the ring not only being floated in all

[0108] The vertical structural ring can also be securely attached with a number of liquid have the floats being distributed continuously, in term of buoyant forces created, along

dampers, which are damping water tanks, to form a damping system in order to the body of water. For such a reason, the possibly submerged part of the ring should

float is fully submerged, partially submerged or fully stayed above the water surface of improve stabilization of the vertical structural ring on the body of water. The damping revolved, the states of the floats are changed. The states of a float include whether the

water tanks are tanks containing liquid/water partially in order to be used as liquid allow the ring being remained floating and being stabilized because when the ring is

dampers which are securely attached to the vertical structural ring where required in and/or the hollow body of the ring need to be distributed around the axis, in order to 2025203461

[0110] If the ring is revolved around an axis by a floating solar tracker, these floats accordance with structural and damping effects. The damping water tanks can also be securely attached to a supporting structure which is secured to the vertical structural using the ring with dual functions (as a structure and as a float(s)).

number of floats (#4, Figure 45 and Figure 46). This way helps to save costs thanks to ring. Each damping water tank is partially filled with liquid/water. a each one is a float. In this case, the ring works as both a structural ring and a float, or

with walls (or valves) to divide the ring into multiple sealed compartments, of which

[0109] The ring is hollow or the floats (#4, Figure 41, Figure 45 and Figure 46) can be and Figure 46) or a number of floats by partitioning the hollow space inside the ring

distributed along the body of the ring by being secured to the ring consecutively. Otherwise, the ring can be hollow and thus, can also be used as a float (#4, Figure 45

distributed along the body of the ring by being secured to the ring consecutively. Otherwise, the ring can be hollow and thus, can also be used as a float (#4, Figure 45

[0109] The ring is hollow or the floats (#4, Figure 41, Figure 45 and Figure 46) can be

and Figure 46) or a number of floats by partitioning the hollow space inside the ring with walls (or valves) to divide the ring into multiple sealed compartments, of which ring. Each damping water tank is partially filled with liquid/water.

securely attached to a supporting structure which is secured to the vertical structural

each one is a float. In this case, the ring works as both a structural ring and a float, or a accordance with structural and damping effects. The damping water tanks can also be

number of floats (#4, Figure 45 and Figure 46). This way helps to save costs thanks to dampers which are securely attached to the vertical structural ring where required in

using the ring with dual functions (as a structure and as a float(s)). water tanks are tanks containing liquid/water partially in order to be used as liquid

improve stabilization of the vertical structural ring on the body of water. The damping

dampers, which are damping water tanks, to form a damping system in order to

[0110] If the ring is revolved around an axis by a floating solar tracker, these floats

[0108] The vertical structural ring can also be securely attached with a number of liquid

and/or the hollow body of the ring need to be distributed around the axis, in order to systems, in which the floating structure/substructure are replaced with the vertical ring.

allow the ring being remained floating and being stabilized because when the ring is water tank-based floating solar trackers or the counterbalanced floating solar energy

revolved, the states of the floats are changed. The states of a float include whether the 58 float is fully submerged, partially submerged or fully stayed above the water surface of the body of water. For such a reason, the possibly submerged part of the ring should have the floats being distributed continuously, in term of buoyant forces created, along the revolving direction of the part in order to allow the ring not only being floated in all possible revolved states, but also capable to transit between the states smoothly regarding to changes of buoyant forces created by the floats. Otherwise, the transitions between the states can still be done but with more fluctuations which require more energy to revolve the ring.

previous/other sections. The shape of the ring can be a circle, a polygon (including a

[0111] In other words, in order to be able to revolve the ring with lowest power or 14 May 2025

the same features of the ring referred in the wheel-like structures described in

energy provided, the mass of the whole floating solar energy system needs to be

[0113] The structural ring (of this vertical ring-based floating solar energy system) has

distributed symmetrically over its centre of mass while the float(s) is (are) also required tracker can be integrated using the two water tanks as explained above.

to be distributed symmetrically over the centre of mass in order to create a constant top of the two water tanks) is displaced accordingly. A horizontal axis floating solar

buoyant force while the ring is either revolved or idled. The centre of mass is also laid a water pump from a water tank to the other while the air in the top of the ring (or the

contained in the two water tanks integrated inner the body of the ring can be pump by

in the direction of the constant buoyant force. Furthermore, forces created by the in the top of the ring (also in the top of the two water tanks) contains air. Water (#12i)

floating solar tracker to revolve the ring also need to be symmetric over the centre of capable to work with up to three functions for saving costs). The common empty space 2025203461

mass. The float(s) is (are) also named after surrounding float(s) in order to imply an as explained above, the ring can also be used as a float (or floats), allowing the ring

46). In this case, the ring can be used as both a structure and a pair of water tanks (and

important feature of the float(s) that they are distributed around the axis (containing wall or the closed valve is the second water tank (#1x, Figure 43, Figure 44 and Figure

the centre of mass) in such a way that the float(s) can create the constant buoyant force and #2a, Figure 44 and Figure 46) while the right part of the ring in the right side of the

at any time that the ring is either revolved or idled in order to allow the ring to be (hollow) ring in the left side of the wall or the closed valve is the first water tank (#2w

a wall or a closed valve (#7p) located at a lower position of the ring. The left part of the

rollable with lowest power required. Figure 46. In this case, the hollow space inner the ring is partitioned (or separated) with

hollow body of the ring for two water tanks as presented in Figure 43, Figure 44 and

[0112] As the body of the ring is also allowed to be hollow, it is possible to utilize the

[0112] As the body of the ring is also allowed to be hollow, it is possible to utilize the

hollow body of the ring for two water tanks as presented in Figure 43, Figure 44 and rollable with lowest power required.

Figure 46. In this case, the hollow space inner the ring is partitioned (or separated) with at any time that the ring is either revolved or idled in order to allow the ring to be

a wall or a closed valve (#7p) located at a lower position of the ring. The left part of the the centre of mass) in such a way that the float(s) can create the constant buoyant force

important feature of the float(s) that they are distributed around the axis (containing (hollow) ring in the left side of the wall or the closed valve is the first water tank (#2w mass. The float(s) is (are) also named after surrounding float(s) in order to imply an

and #2a, Figure 44 and Figure 46) while the right part of the ring in the right side of the floating solar tracker to revolve the ring also need to be symmetric over the centre of

wall or the closed valve is the second water tank (#1x, Figure 43, Figure 44 and Figure in the direction of the constant buoyant force. Furthermore, forces created by the

buoyant force while the ring is either revolved or idled. The centre of mass is also laid 46). In this case, the ring can be used as both a structure and a pair of water tanks (and to be distributed symmetrically over the centre of mass in order to create a constant

as explained above, the ring can also be used as a float (or floats), allowing the ring distributed symmetrically over its centre of mass while the float(s) is (are) also required

capable to work with up to three functions for saving costs). The common empty space energy provided, the mass of the whole floating solar energy system needs to be

[0111] In other words, in order to be able to revolve the ring with lowest power or in the top of the ring (also in the top of the two water tanks) contains air. Water (#12i) contained in the two water tanks integrated inner the body of the ring can be pump by 59

a water pump from a water tank to the other while the air in the top of the ring (or the top of the two water tanks) is displaced accordingly. A horizontal axis floating solar tracker can be integrated using the two water tanks as explained above.

[0113] The structural ring (of this vertical ring-based floating solar energy system) has the same features of the ring referred in the wheel-like structures described in previous/other sections. The shape of the ring can be a circle, a polygon (including a order to improve its structural stabilities. As a horizontal axis floating solar tracker can triangle, a square, quadrangle, a pentagon, a hexagon and so on), an oval or an enclosed 14 May 2025

The photovoltaic mounting system can also be secured to the suspended structure in

line composed of curved lines and straight lines. The shape of the structural ring should hold the whole vertical ring-based floating solar energy system on the body of water.

be non-concave in order to gain good performances of its structure although concave be used as a float or can be used to attach a number of floats which float, stabilize and

at anywhere between the bottom and the top of the ring. The suspended structure can

shapes are not objected because they are still workable (the structure of the ring is stabilized. The solar panels can be positioned on the top of the ring, or at the middle or

simply weaker). outward from the ring while the vertical ring is maintained to be floated, held and

typical photovoltaic mounting system which is secured to the ring) and can be extended

[0114] The ring is allowed to be enhanced by using a structural linkage, which is a

[0115] Solar panels (facing towards the sun) are secured to the ring (or secured to a

structure, to secured to the ring in order to create a wheel-like structure as referred in 2025203461

structure.

the description of wheel-like structures (without the suspended structure) in ring is still workable if it is settled inclinedly although this position may cost for for the

ropes/cables/chains. Although the ring is recommended to be positioned vertically, the previous/other sections. Particularly, the structural linkage can be a number of spokes frame and/or plate/shell structures while the structural linkage can also be

(#16x, Figure 47)) composed with the ring (#30t, Figure 47). The ring is also allowed to throughout the ring. The suspended structure or the structural linkage or the ring is a

be further enhanced by adding a suspended structure, in which the structural linkage is points where the structural linkage intersects with the ring are sparsely distributed

suspended structure are sparsely distributed throughout the suspended structure. The secured to both the suspended structure and the ring to form the wheel-like structure previous/other sections. The points where the structural linkage intersects with the

as referred in the description of wheel-like structures (with the suspended structure) in as referred in the description of wheel-like structures (with the suspended structure) in

previous/other sections. The points where the structural linkage intersects with the secured to both the suspended structure and the ring to form the wheel-like structure

be further enhanced by adding a suspended structure, in which the structural linkage is suspended structure are sparsely distributed throughout the suspended structure. The (#16x, Figure 47)) composed with the ring (#30t, Figure 47). The ring is also allowed to

points where the structural linkage intersects with the ring are sparsely distributed previous/other sections. Particularly, the structural linkage can be a number of spokes

throughout the ring. The suspended structure or the structural linkage or the ring is a the description of wheel-like structures (without the suspended structure) in

structure, to secured to the ring in order to create a wheel-like structure as referred in frame and/or plate/shell structures while the structural linkage can also be

[0114] The ring is allowed to be enhanced by using a structural linkage, which is a

ropes/cables/chains. Although the ring is recommended to be positioned vertically, the simply weaker). ring is still workable if it is settled inclinedly although this position may cost for for the shapes are not objected because they are still workable (the structure of the ring is

structure. be non-concave in order to gain good performances of its structure although concave

line composed of curved lines and straight lines. The shape of the structural ring should

[0115] Solar panels (facing towards the sun) are secured to the ring (or secured to a triangle, a square, quadrangle, a pentagon, a hexagon and so on), an oval or an enclosed

typical photovoltaic mounting 60 system which is secured to the ring) and can be extended outward from the ring while the vertical ring is maintained to be floated, held and stabilized. The solar panels can be positioned on the top of the ring, or at the middle or at anywhere between the bottom and the top of the ring. The suspended structure can be used as a float or can be used to attach a number of floats which float, stabilize and hold the whole vertical ring-based floating solar energy system on the body of water. The photovoltaic mounting system can also be secured to the suspended structure in order to improve its structural stabilities. As a horizontal axis floating solar tracker can end of a structural linkage (#3L). Figure 49 presents solar panels (#5s) being supported be attached to the vertical ring (the axis of the solar tracker is orthogonal/perpendicular 14 May 2025 second circular structural ring (#2r), of which each is structurally secured to an available with the plane of the ring), the vertical ring-based floating solar energy system can be ring-based structure which is composed of a first circular structural ring (#1r) and a revolved/rotated, facing the solar panels towards the sun with ease. supported on a body of water (#12) by a floated and stabilized rigid cylinder-shaped 3D

(#16x) and a suspended structure (#102L). Figure 48 presents solar panels (#5s) being

like structure which is composed of a vertical structural ring (#30t), a number of spokes

[0116] The structure of the vertical ring-based floating solar energy system, which is the supported on a body of water (#12) by the floated and stabilized (vertical) rigid wheel-

structural ring and is now referred to be the primary vertical structural ring, can be to create some 3D ring-based structures: Figure 47 presents solar panels (#5s) being

further expanded by adding another vertical structural ring or a number of vertical

[0117] The following examples present some ways to expand a vertical structural ring

structural rings. These newly added vertical structural rings have the same features of 2025203461

(rigid) cylinder-like shaped structures as presented in Figure 48 to Figure 50.

the primary vertical structural ring. The primary vertical structural ring and these added structures are (rigid) prism shaped structures or (rigid) cylinder shaped structures or

of water, allowing its two bases to be vertical. Some examples of such 3D ring-based vertical structural rings are structurally secured together directly and/or indirectly. If which has two bases to be the two rings. The 3D ring-based structure is laid on the body

any two vertical structural rings are structurally secured together directly, the structural which is structurally secured to the other ring to form a rigid 3D ring-based structure

bodies of the rings are simply structurally secured together in any ways, allowing both such as a number of beams. The first ring is structurally secured to the structural linkage

is to indirectly secure the two vertical structural rings together via a structural linkage the rings to be still vertical and to be laid in different vertical planes. For example, two form a spherical shaped structure as presented in Figure 40 and Figure 42. Another way

or more vertical structural rings are secured together at their bottoms and their tops to or more vertical structural rings are secured together at their bottoms and their tops to

form a spherical shaped structure as presented in Figure 40 and Figure 42. Another way the rings to be still vertical and to be laid in different vertical planes. For example, two

bodies of the rings are simply structurally secured together in any ways, allowing both is to indirectly secure the two vertical structural rings together via a structural linkage any two vertical structural rings are structurally secured together directly, the structural

such as a number of beams. The first ring is structurally secured to the structural linkage vertical structural rings are structurally secured together directly and/or indirectly. If

which is structurally secured to the other ring to form a rigid 3D ring-based structure the primary vertical structural ring. The primary vertical structural ring and these added

structural rings. These newly added vertical structural rings have the same features of which has two bases to be the two rings. The 3D ring-based structure is laid on the body further expanded by adding another vertical structural ring or a number of vertical

of water, allowing its two bases to be vertical. Some examples of such 3D ring-based structural ring and is now referred to be the primary vertical structural ring, can be

structures are (rigid) prism shaped structures or (rigid) cylinder shaped structures or

[0116] The structure of the vertical ring-based floating solar energy system, which is the

(rigid) cylinder-like shaped structures as presented in Figure 48 to Figure 50. revolved/rotated, facing the solar panels towards the sun with ease.

with the plane of the ring), the vertical ring-based floating solar energy system can be

[0117] The following examples present some ways to expand a vertical structural ring be attached to the vertical ring (the axis of the solar tracker is orthogonal/perpendicular

to create some 3D ring-based 61 structures: Figure 47 presents solar panels (#5s) being supported on a body of water (#12) by the floated and stabilized (vertical) rigid wheel- like structure which is composed of a vertical structural ring (#30t), a number of spokes (#16x) and a suspended structure (#102L). Figure 48 presents solar panels (#5s) being supported on a body of water (#12) by a floated and stabilized rigid cylinder-shaped 3D ring-based structure which is composed of a first circular structural ring (#1r) and a second circular structural ring (#2r), of which each is structurally secured to an available end of a structural linkage (#3L). Figure 49 presents solar panels (#5s) being supported reducer can be balls, rollers, oil, air, water, rotary bearings and so on. A rotary bearing on a body of water (#12) by a floated and stabilized rigid prism-shaped 3D ring-based frictions between the rail and the photovoltaic mounting system. Some kinds of friction- 14 May 2025 structure which is composed of a first hexagonal structural ring (#1r) and a second (or the structural component) and the photovoltaic mounting system in order to reduce layer of friction-reducer can be added and securely fitted between the structural ring hexagonal structural ring (#2r), of which each is structurally secured to an available end structural ring) while it is held to the rail (or the structural component) at all times. A of a structural linkage (#3L). Figure 50 presents solar panels (#5s) being supported on a relatively slide/revolve on the circular/arc rail (or any structural component of the body of water (#12) by a floated and stabilized rigid prism-shaped 3D ring-based a rail in a circular or an arc shape. The photovoltaic mounting system is allowed to vertical structural ring is circular, the rigid structural ring can be securely attached with structure which is composed of a first quadrangle structural ring (#1r) and a second capable of sliding or revolving relatively to the vertical structural ring. Particularly, if the quadrangle structural ring (#2r), of which each is structurally secured to an available ring and the photovoltaic mounting system, allowing the photovoltaic mounting system 2025203461 end of a structural linkage. A cylinder-like shape looks like a cylinder but its orthogonal rollable or slidable mechanism is needed to be added between the vertical structural independently with the vertical structural ring (for example, in order to face the sun), A cross section is not a circle (for example, its cross section is an oval). The solar panels

[0118] If the solar panels are desired to be able to slide/revolve relatively or

are secured on and between the two tops of the two rings, either directly to the rings the sun.

or to a typical photovoltaic mounting system which is secured to the two rings. These the solar panels being revolved around a horizontal axis to face the solar panels towards

3D ring-based structures provide better stabilization on the body of water because it is system with a 3D ring-based structure and a horizontal axis floating solar tracker allows

further expanded in the directions linking the two rings. An important purpose of these integrate floating solar trackers. Thus, the vertical ring-based floating solar energy

3D ring-based structures is to allow the structure to be revolved stably in order to

3D ring-based structures is to allow the structure to be revolved stably in order to further expanded in the directions linking the two rings. An important purpose of these

integrate floating solar trackers. Thus, the vertical ring-based floating solar energy 3D ring-based structures provide better stabilization on the body of water because it is

or to a typical photovoltaic mounting system which is secured to the two rings. These system with a 3D ring-based structure and a horizontal axis floating solar tracker allows are secured on and between the two tops of the two rings, either directly to the rings

the solar panels being revolved around a horizontal axis to face the solar panels towards cross section is not a circle (for example, its cross section is an oval). The solar panels

the sun. end of a structural linkage. A cylinder-like shape looks like a cylinder but its orthogonal

quadrangle structural ring (#2r), of which each is structurally secured to an available

[0118] If the solar panels are desired to be able to slide/revolve relatively or structure which is composed of a first quadrangle structural ring (#1r) and a second

body of water (#12) by a floated and stabilized rigid prism-shaped 3D ring-based independently with the vertical structural ring (for example, in order to face the sun), A of a structural linkage (#3L). Figure 50 presents solar panels (#5s) being supported on a

rollable or slidable mechanism is needed to be added between the vertical structural hexagonal structural ring (#2r), of which each is structurally secured to an available end

ring and the photovoltaic mounting system, allowing the photovoltaic mounting system structure which is composed of a first hexagonal structural ring (#1r) and a second

on a body of water (#12) by a floated and stabilized rigid prism-shaped 3D ring-based capable of sliding or revolving relatively to the vertical structural ring. Particularly, if the vertical structural ring is circular, the rigid structural ring can be securely attached with 62

a rail in a circular or an arc shape. The photovoltaic mounting system is allowed to relatively slide/revolve on the circular/arc rail (or any structural component of the structural ring) while it is held to the rail (or the structural component) at all times. A layer of friction-reducer can be added and securely fitted between the structural ring (or the structural component) and the photovoltaic mounting system in order to reduce frictions between the rail and the photovoltaic mounting system. Some kinds of friction- reducer can be balls, rollers, oil, air, water, rotary bearings and so on. A rotary bearing described in related previous/other sections. The spherical surface structure can also

(with an inner race and an outer race), a set of a slider, friction-reducer and a rail or a curved) structural surface elements. Surface structures and how to form them are 14 May 2025

curved) structural elongate structural elements and/or a number of (plane and/or set of a pinion gear and a gear rack can also be used. In this case, the inner race/the surface. The spherical surface structure is composed of a number of (straight and/or

slider/the pinion gear is secured to either the structural component or the photovoltaic spherical surface covered with a surface structure being stretched on the spherical

mounting system while the outer race/the rail/the gear rack is secured to the other with floating structure/substructure can also be a spherical surface structure which has a

balls or rollers or oil or air or liquid or water fitted between them. ways with or without vertical structural rings and/or any other rings. The spherical

[0122] A spherical floating structure/substructure can also be formed in several other

[0119] The vertical ring-based floating solar energy system can work and can be floating transmission-based solar trackers is integrated.

integrated with the anchored-moored rotation systems and/or the anchored-moored floating solar trackers or an arc-shaped water tank-based floating solar tracker or a 2025203461

advantages if a floating solar tracker, such as a anchored-moored rotation system-based rotation system-based floating solar trackers because they share their common floating on a body of water (#12) with ease (thanks to its spherical surface), leading to having

structure/substructure (the vertical rigid structural ring versus the floating 42. The spherical floating structure/substructure allows to be rolled/revolved/rotated

structure/substructure). Thus, in order to integrate them together, their components from a number of vertical structural rings (#6La) as illustrated in Figure 40 and Figure

previous/other sections can be used to form a spherical floating structure/substructure are simply arranged with and/or secured

[0121] The vertical ring-based floating solar energy system as described in to their common floating structure/substructure as described individually. 1.9 [0120] Rollable structure-based floating solar energy systems

1.9 [0120] Rollable structure-based floating solar energy systems structure/substructure as described individually.

are simply arranged with and/or secured to their common floating

[0121] The vertical ring-based floating solar energy system as described in structure/substructure). Thus, in order to integrate them together, their components

structure/substructure (the vertical rigid structural ring versus the floating previous/other sections can be used to form a spherical floating structure/substructure rotation system-based floating solar trackers because they share their common floating

from a number of vertical structural rings (#6La) as illustrated in Figure 40 and Figure integrated with the anchored-moored rotation systems and/or the anchored-moored

42. The spherical floating structure/substructure allows to be rolled/revolved/rotated

[0119] The vertical ring-based floating solar energy system can work and can be

on a body of water (#12) with ease (thanks to its spherical surface), leading to having balls or rollers or oil or air or liquid or water fitted between them.

advantages if a floating solar tracker, such as a anchored-moored rotation system-based mounting system while the outer race/the rail/the gear rack is secured to the other with

floating solar trackers or an arc-shaped water tank-based floating solar tracker or a slider/the pinion gear is secured to either the structural component or the photovoltaic

set of a pinion gear and a gear rack can also be used. In this case, the inner race/the

floating transmission-based solar trackers is integrated. (with an inner race and an outer race), a set of a slider, friction-reducer and a rail or a

[0122] A spherical floating structure/substructure can also be formed in several other 63

ways with or without vertical structural rings and/or any other rings. The spherical floating structure/substructure can also be a spherical surface structure which has a spherical surface covered with a surface structure being stretched on the spherical surface. The spherical surface structure is composed of a number of (straight and/or curved) structural elongate structural elements and/or a number of (plane and/or curved) structural surface elements. Surface structures and how to form them are described in related previous/other sections. The spherical surface structure can also which each is structurally secured to an available end of a structural linkage (#3L). Figure be completely sealed like a ball or simply a frame structure being stretched on the 14 May 2025 first hexagonal structural ring (#1r) and a second hexagonal structural ring (#2r), of spherical surface. by a floated and stabilized rigid prism-shaped rollable structure which is composed of a

(#3L). Figure 49 presents solar panels (#5s) being supported on a body of water (#12)

[0123] A rollable structure-based floating solar energy system has a rigid rollable ring (#2r), of which each is structurally secured to an available end of a structural linkage

which is composed of a first circular structural ring (#1r) and a second circular structural structure which is a (stabilized) floating structure/substructure (including the spherical a body of water (#12) by a floated and stabilized rigid cylinder-shaped rollable structure

floating structure/substructure described above) and which is allowed to be suspended structure (#102L). Figure 48 presents solar panels (#5s) being supported on

rolled/revolved/rotated on a body of water. The rollable structure can also be which is composed of a structural ring (#30t), a number of spokes (#16x) and a

on a body of water (#12) by the floated and stabilized (vertical) rigid wheel-like structure integrated with a floating solar tracker, such as a arc-shaped water tank-based floating 2025203461

revolved around a horizontal axis. Figure 47 presents solar panels (#5s) being supported

solar tracker or a floating transmission-based solar trackers in order to form a floating and Figure 50) which allow the rollable structure being laid horizontally and being

solar energy system which can face solar panels towards the sun for harnessing more 47) of a rigid wheel-like structure, a cylinder (Figure 48) or a polygonal prism (Figure 49

still structurally stable. The shapes can also include a vertical wheel-like shape (Figure solar energy. to do so and it also requires less structural stiffness/less weights for rolling while it is

rolled/revolved/rotated If a floating object is easier to be rolled, it requires less forces

[0124] Although the best shape of the rollable structure is spherical (the spherical closer to a sphere/a circle, the easier the rollable structure being

floating structure/substructure is a particularly case of the rollable structure), the rollable structure is workable with other shapes, of which the more the shapes being

rollable structure is workable with other shapes, of which the more the shapes being floating structure/substructure is a particularly case of the rollable structure), the

[0124] Although the best shape of the rollable structure is spherical (the spherical

closer to a sphere/a circle, the easier the rollable structure being solar energy. rolled/revolved/rotated. If a floating object is easier to be rolled, it requires less forces solar energy system which can face solar panels towards the sun for harnessing more

to do so and it also requires less structural stiffness/less weights for rolling while it is solar tracker or a floating transmission-based solar trackers in order to form a floating

still structurally stable. The shapes can also include a vertical wheel-like shape (Figure integrated with a floating solar tracker, such as a arc-shaped water tank-based floating

rolled/revolved/rotated on a body of water. The rollable structure can also be 47) of a rigid wheel-like structure, a cylinder (Figure 48) or a polygonal prism (Figure 49 floating structure/substructure described above) and which is allowed to be

and Figure 50) which allow the rollable structure being laid horizontally and being structure which is a (stabilized) floating structure/substructure (including the spherical

revolved around a horizontal axis. Figure 47 presents solar panels (#5s) being supported

[0123] A rollable structure-based floating solar energy system has a rigid rollable

on a body of water (#12) by the floated and stabilized (vertical) rigid wheel-like structure spherical surface.

which is composed of a structural ring (#30t), a number of spokes (#16x) and a be completely sealed like a ball or simply a frame structure being stretched on the

suspended structure (#102L). 64 Figure 48 presents solar panels (#5s) being supported on a body of water (#12) by a floated and stabilized rigid cylinder-shaped rollable structure which is composed of a first circular structural ring (#1r) and a second circular structural ring (#2r), of which each is structurally secured to an available end of a structural linkage (#3L). Figure 49 presents solar panels (#5s) being supported on a body of water (#12) by a floated and stabilized rigid prism-shaped rollable structure which is composed of a first hexagonal structural ring (#1r) and a second hexagonal structural ring (#2r), of which each is structurally secured to an available end of a structural linkage (#3L). Figure lights further away, such as 300m (900feet) cannot reach the solar panels because these

50 presents solar panels (#5s) being supported on a body of water (#12) by a floated 14 May 2025

lights within a radius of 100m (300feet) can reach the solar panels while reflected sun

and stabilized rigid prism-shaped rollable structure which is composed of a first reaching the solar panels by waves of the body of water. For example, reflected sun

quadrangle structural ring (#1r) and a second quadrangle structural ring (#2r), of which travel nearly horizontally and come from far distance, because these lights are stopped

water surface, the solar panels cannot catch sun lights and reflected sun lights, which

each is structurally secured to an available end of a structural linkage. sun lights to gain better efficiencies. If the solar panels are positioned too close to the

to be able to raise the solar panels further above the water surface for catching more

[0125] Similar to a shape of a sphere, the shapes of a spherical cap or a hemisphere are structure needs to own another important feature which allows the rollable structure

also ideal. A spherical cap/hemisphere-shaped rollable structure are suitable to be vertically and/or horizontally around a vertical axis and/or a horizontal axis, the rollable

[0126] Beside features which allow the rollable structure to be rolled/revolved/rotated, rolled/revolved/rotated within a designated angle which is not necessary to be to much. 2025203461

The spherical cap/hemisphere-shaped rollable structure can be positioned with their the shape of the rollable structure is said a sphere.

rollable structure composed of curved beams wrapped, fitted inside a spherical surface, circular base oriented upward while the solar panels are positioned on the circular base, structure, included the structure itself, are occupied and fitted inside. For example, a

allowing the solar panels to orient towards the sun. In this case, while the floats are structure refers to its 3D outer boundary, in which all the structural elements of the

secured underneath the rollable structure, the solar panels are secure either directly to that a shape of a 2D structure refers to its (outer) perimeter while a shape of a 3D

ropes/cables/chains, beams, bars) and/or plate/shell structural elements. It is notable the rollable structure at its circular base or indirectly through a supporting structure. It is notable that the rollable structure is composed of elongate structural elements (like

The rollable structure can be rolled/revolved/rotated, in a designated angle, as desired. The rollable structure can be rolled/revolved/rotated, in a designated angle, as desired.

It is notable that the rollable structure is composed of elongate structural elements (like the rollable structure at its circular base or indirectly through a supporting structure.

secured underneath the rollable structure, the solar panels are secure either directly to ropes/cables/chains, beams, bars) and/or plate/shell structural elements. It is notable allowing the solar panels to orient towards the sun. In this case, while the floats are

that a shape of a 2D structure refers to its (outer) perimeter while a shape of a 3D circular base oriented upward while the solar panels are positioned on the circular base,

structure refers to its 3D outer boundary, in which all the structural elements of the The spherical cap/hemisphere-shaped rollable structure can be positioned with their

rolled/revolved/rotated within a designated angle which is not necessary to be to much. structure, included the structure itself, are occupied and fitted inside. For example, a also ideal. A spherical cap/hemisphere-shaped rollable structure are suitable to be

rollable structure composed of curved beams wrapped, fitted inside a spherical surface,

[0125] Similar to a shape of a sphere, the shapes of a spherical cap or a hemisphere are

the shape of the rollable structure is said a sphere. each is structurally secured to an available end of a structural linkage.

quadrangle structural ring (#1r) and a second quadrangle structural ring (#2r), of which

[0126] Beside features which allow the rollable structure to be rolled/revolved/rotated, and stabilized rigid prism-shaped rollable structure which is composed of a first

vertically and/or horizontally around a vertical axis and/or a horizontal axis, the rollable 50 presents solar panels (#5s) being supported on a body of water (#12) by a floated

structure needs to own65another important feature which allows the rollable structure to be able to raise the solar panels further above the water surface for catching more sun lights to gain better efficiencies. If the solar panels are positioned too close to the water surface, the solar panels cannot catch sun lights and reflected sun lights, which travel nearly horizontally and come from far distance, because these lights are stopped reaching the solar panels by waves of the body of water. For example, reflected sun lights within a radius of 100m (300feet) can reach the solar panels while reflected sun lights further away, such as 300m (900feet) cannot reach the solar panels because these other shapes are still able to work well. With these cases, a side of each shape above lights are stopped by waves raising up in the area further than 100m (300feet). 14 May 2025 tetrahedron, of which, the sphere or the spherical cap are the most preferred while the

Furthermore, as the rollable structure is capable to raise up the solar panels, allowing polyhedron, including an icosahedron, a dodecahedron, an octahedron, a cube or a

cap, a hemisphere, an ellipsoid, a part of an ellipsoid, a cylinder, a polygonal prism or a

the spaces in front and in the back of the solar panels to be deeper and taller for more

[0130] The 3D shape of the rollable structure can be particularly a sphere, a spherical

sun lights/reflected sun lights reaching, allowing bifacial solar panels being used to intersection at the common edge) with each adjacent flat face or curved face.

gaining more solar energy harnessed. faces and/or curved faces. The flat face or the curved face has a common edge (or an

nonconcave 3D shape. Each flat face or each curved face has a number of adjacent flat

[0127] So, the rollable structure is capable not only to be rolled/revolved/rotated, but surface structure composed of frame and/or plate/shell structures wrapping the

also to raise the solar panels further above the water surface, and, as a result, the surface of flat and/or curved faces, enclosing a central cavity. The rollable structure is a 2025203461

[0129] The rollable structure possesses a nonconcave 3D shape with a composite rollable structure has appropriate structural stiffness in order to be capable to bear all loads and weights of the solar panels with respect to all cases of rolling/revolving, with lower costs for manufacturing, transportation and erection.

rollable structure must be stiff with any positions to bear and load cases while it is rolling rotating and all cases of loads, including winds and waves of the body of water. rollable structure distributed around/throughout the rollable structure and 2) the

rolled/revolved rollable structure, leading to the floats and/or the hollow body of the

[0128] The rollable structure needs to be three-dimensional (3D) in order to be able to must own two key features: 1) It must be floated with any positions of the being

stand with all positions of the being structure/substructure (which is the rollable structure). Thus, the rollable structure rolled/evolved/rotated floating stand with all positions of the being rolled/evolved/rotated floating structure/substructure (which is the rollable structure). Thus, the rollable structure

[0128] The rollable structure needs to be three-dimensional (3D) in order to be able to

must own two key features: 1) It must be floated with any positions of the being rolled/revolved rollable structure, leading to the floats and/or the hollow body of the rotating and all cases of loads, including winds and waves of the body of water.

loads and weights of the solar panels with respect to all cases of rolling/revolving,

rollable structure distributed around/throughout the rollable structure and 2) the rollable structure has appropriate structural stiffness in order to be capable to bear all

rollable structure must be stiff with any positions to bear and load cases while it is rolling also to raise the solar panels further above the water surface, and, as a result, the

with lower costs for manufacturing, transportation and erection.

[0127] So, the rollable structure is capable not only to be rolled/revolved/rotated, but

gaining more solar energy harnessed.

[0129] The rollable structure possesses a nonconcave 3D shape with a composite sun lights/reflected sun lights reaching, allowing bifacial solar panels being used to

surface of flat and/or curved faces, enclosing a central cavity. The rollable structure is a the spaces in front and in the back of the solar panels to be deeper and taller for more

Furthermore, as the rollable structure is capable to raise up the solar panels, allowing

surface structure composed of frame and/or plate/shell structures wrapping the lights are stopped by waves raising up in the area further than 100m (300feet).

nonconcave 3D shape. Each flat face or each curved face has a number of adjacent flat 66 faces and/or curved faces. The flat face or the curved face has a common edge (or an intersection at the common edge) with each adjacent flat face or curved face.

[0130] The 3D shape of the rollable structure can be particularly a sphere, a spherical cap, a hemisphere, an ellipsoid, a part of an ellipsoid, a cylinder, a polygonal prism or a polyhedron, including an icosahedron, a dodecahedron, an octahedron, a cube or a tetrahedron, of which, the sphere or the spherical cap are the most preferred while the other shapes are still able to work well. With these cases, a side of each shape above surfaces of the rollable structure, allowing the floats to be capable to float, support, has solar panels being positioned while the floats or the distributed floats (and/or the 14 May 2025 and/or the edges/the perimeters of the outer surfaces and/or the vertices of the outer hollow body of the rollable structure) are distributed throughout the surface of the

[0132] A number of floats are secured to the rollable structure at the outer surfaces

shape (and where the floats are required). The centre of mass of the whole floating panels, are not necessary to have floats equipped.

solar energy system needs to be located inside the inner space of the 3D shape in order areas or faces, where are not submerged at all time, such as the faces having solar

to be rolled/revolved easier. The surface structure comprises a number of (flat/curved) that these (surface) areas or faces can possibly submerged. However, some (surface)

(are secured to the rollable structure) at (surface) areas or faces of the rollable structure

frame structures and/or a number of (flat/curved) plate/shell structures. Each structurally secured to the rollable structure. Particularly, the floats need to be available

(flat/curved) frame structure is composed of (straight/curved) elongate structural of water. The floats can also be secured to a typical float-supporting structure which is 2025203461

elongate structural elements and each (flat/curved) plate/shell structure is composed structure, allowing it to float and remain stabilized at all times while revolving on a body

secured to the rollable structure, are distributed around/throughout the rollable

of (flat/curved) structural plate/shell elements. The surface structure is composed of a

[0131] The hollow body of the rollable structure, if there is, and/or the floats, which are

number of (straight/curved) elongate structural elongate structural elements and/or a attached/secured to or integrated in the section.

number of (flat/curved) structural plate/shell elements. It is acceptable that the surface within a designated angle, of which each section is floatable thanks to a float either

structure is made of structural fibre plastics or simply a ball of fibre plastics. It is also structure to float and remain stable on a body of water when rotated by a power source

acceptable that the surface structure is actually an inflatable rubber ball. The rollable buoyant sections, arranged partially or entirely around a horizontal axis, enabling the

structure can be either hollow or not hollow. In other words, the rollable structure has

structure can be either hollow or not hollow. In other words, the rollable structure has acceptable that the surface structure is actually an inflatable rubber ball. The rollable

buoyant sections, arranged partially or entirely around a horizontal axis, enabling the structure is made of structural fibre plastics or simply a ball of fibre plastics. It is also

structure to float and remain stable on a body of water when rotated by a power source number of (flat/curved) structural plate/shell elements. It is acceptable that the surface

number of (straight/curved) elongate structural elongate structural elements and/or a

within a designated angle, of which each section is floatable thanks to a float either of (flat/curved) structural plate/shell elements. The surface structure is composed of a

attached/secured to or integrated in the section. elongate structural elements and each (flat/curved) plate/shell structure is composed

(flat/curved) frame structure is composed of (straight/curved) elongate structural

[0131] The hollow body of the rollable structure, if there is, and/or the floats, which are frame structures and/or a number of (flat/curved) plate/shell structures. Each

to be rolled/revolved easier. The surface structure comprises a number of (flat/curved) secured to the rollable structure, are distributed around/throughout the rollable solar energy system needs to be located inside the inner space of the 3D shape in order

structure, allowing it to float and remain stabilized at all times while revolving on a body shape (and where the floats are required). The centre of mass of the whole floating

of water. The floats can also be secured to a typical float-supporting structure which is hollow body of the rollable structure) are distributed throughout the surface of the

has solar panels being positioned while the floats or the distributed floats (and/or the structurally secured to the rollable structure. Particularly, the floats need to be available (are secured to the rollable structure) at (surface) areas or faces of the rollable structure 67

that these (surface) areas or faces can possibly submerged. However, some (surface) areas or faces, where are not submerged at all time, such as the faces having solar panels, are not necessary to have floats equipped.

[0132] A number of floats are secured to the rollable structure at the outer surfaces and/or the edges/the perimeters of the outer surfaces and/or the vertices of the outer surfaces of the rollable structure, allowing the floats to be capable to float, support, can be composed of hollow pipes or hollow structural elongate structural elements stabilized and hold the rollable structure on the body of water with respect to any

[0135] As the floating structure/substructure (the rollable structure) can be hollow (or 14 May 2025

positions of the rolled/revolved/rotated floating structure/substructure, which is the idled in order to allow the rollable structure to be rollable with lowest power required.

rollable structure. The floats can also be secured to a typical float-supporting structure the constant buoyant force at any time that the rollable structure is either revolved or

around the axis (containing the centre of mass) in such a way that the float(s) can create

which is secured to the rollable structure. float(s) in order to imply an important feature of the float(s) that they are distributed

be symmetric over the centre of mass. The float(s) is (are) also named after surrounding

[0133] If the rollable structure is revolved around an axis by a floating solar tracker, the forces created by the floating solar tracker to revolve the rollable structure also need to

floats are also distributed around the axis, in order to allow the rollable structure being centre of mass is also laid in the direction of the constant buoyant force. Furthermore,

constant buoyant force while the rollable structure is either revolved or idled. The remained floating and being stabilized because when the rollable structure is revolved, 2025203461

required to be distributed symmetrically over the centre of mass in order to create a

the states of the floats are changed. The states of a float include whether the float is be distributed symmetrically over its centre of mass while the float(s) is (are) also

fully submerged, partially submerged or fully stayed above the water surface of the power or energy provided, the mass of the whole floating solar energy system needs to

[0134] In other words, in order to be able to revolve the rollable structure with lowest body of water. For such a reason, the possibly submerged part of the rollable structure should have the floats being distributed continuously, in term of buoyant forces fluctuations which require more energy to revolve the rollable structure.

Otherwise, the transitions between the states can still be done but with more created, along the revolving direction of the part in order to allow the rollable structure the states smoothly regarding to changes of buoyant forces created by the floats.

not only being floated in all possible revolved states, but also capable to transit between not only being floated in all possible revolved states, but also capable to transit between

the states smoothly regarding to changes of buoyant forces created by the floats. created, along the revolving direction of the part in order to allow the rollable structure

should have the floats being distributed continuously, in term of buoyant forces Otherwise, the transitions between the states can still be done but with more body of water. For such a reason, the possibly submerged part of the rollable structure

fluctuations which require more energy to revolve the rollable structure. fully submerged, partially submerged or fully stayed above the water surface of the

the states of the floats are changed. The states of a float include whether the float is

[0134] In other words, in order to be able to revolve the rollable structure with lowest remained floating and being stabilized because when the rollable structure is revolved,

power or energy provided, the mass of the whole floating solar energy system needs to floats are also distributed around the axis, in order to allow the rollable structure being

[0133] If the rollable structure is revolved around an axis by a floating solar tracker, the

be distributed symmetrically over its centre of mass while the float(s) is (are) also which is secured to the rollable structure. required to be distributed symmetrically over the centre of mass in order to create a rollable structure. The floats can also be secured to a typical float-supporting structure

constant buoyant force while the rollable structure is either revolved or idled. The positions of the rolled/revolved/rotated floating structure/substructure, which is the

centre of mass is also laid in the direction of the constant buoyant force. Furthermore, stabilized and hold the rollable structure on the body of water with respect to any

forces created by the floating 68 solar tracker to revolve the rollable structure also need to be symmetric over the centre of mass. The float(s) is (are) also named after surrounding float(s) in order to imply an important feature of the float(s) that they are distributed around the axis (containing the centre of mass) in such a way that the float(s) can create the constant buoyant force at any time that the rollable structure is either revolved or idled in order to allow the rollable structure to be rollable with lowest power required.

[0135] As the floating structure/substructure (the rollable structure) can be hollow (or can be composed of hollow pipes or hollow structural elongate structural elements anchored-moored rotation system-based floating solar trackers or the arc-shaped and/or hollow structural surface elements), the rollable structure (or the structural 14 May 2025

[0137] The rollable structure-based floating solar energy system can work with the

elements) can also be used as a float (or floats), allowing the rollable structure has dual and optionally together with i floating solar tracker(s).

(structural and floatable) functions for costs-effectiveness. As the rollable structure can held and faced towards the sun thanks to the rollable structure together with its float(s)

be rolled/revolved/rotated, the floats are required to be distributed at a number of panels facing towards the sun as desired. Thus, the solar panels are floated, stabilized,

plane and/or curved surfaces which require suitable floats to keep the rollable structure secure to the rollable structure (#30f Figure 51 or #30s Figure 52), allowing the solar

to a typical photovoltaic mounting system (#6Lo, Figure 51 and Figure 52) which is

being floated, stabilized and held on the body of water. The distribution of the floats solar panels facing towards the sun as desired. Otherwise, the solar panels are secured

needs to be considered in conjunctions with the distribution of masses and loads in secured to the rollable structure (#6La and #6Lo, Figure 40 and Figure 42), allowing the 2025203461

order to allow the rollable structure (the floating structure/substructure) being

[0136] A number of solar panels (#5s, Figure 40, Figure 42, Figure 51 and Figure 52) are

rolled/revolved/rotated smoothly at any stages. For example, the spherical floating solar panels towards the sun.

structure/substructure (Figure 40 and Figure 42) mentioned above is ideal with its required to roll/revolve/rotate the rollable structure to a suitable position for facing

rolled/revolved/rotated, the less power (of the motor of a floating solar tracker) is

structural element s to be also floats. In other words, as the structural rings (#6La) of the spherical floating structure/substructure. The smoother the rollable structure is

the spherical floating structure/substructure are also circular shaped (or circular ring rollable structure can also be rolled/revolved/rotated although it is not as smooth as

torus shaped) floats, the spherical floating structure/substructure can be and the hollow structural elements laid along the edges of the cube are hollow, the

rolled/revolved/rotated smoothly. If the rollable structure is a cube shaped structure

rolled/revolved/rotated smoothly. If the rollable structure is a cube shaped structure torus shaped) floats, the spherical floating structure/substructure can be

and the hollow structural elements laid along the edges of the cube are hollow, the the spherical floating structure/substructure are also circular shaped (or circular ring

rollable structure can also be rolled/revolved/rotated although it is not as smooth as structural element S to be also floats. In other words, as the structural rings (#6La) of

structure/substructure (Figure 40 and Figure 42) mentioned above is ideal with its

the spherical floating structure/substructure. The smoother the rollable structure is rolled/revolved/rotated smoothly at any stages. For example, the spherical floating

rolled/revolved/rotated, the less power (of the motor of a floating solar tracker) is order to allow the rollable structure (the floating structure/substructure) being

required to roll/revolve/rotate the rollable structure to a suitable position for facing needs to be considered in conjunctions with the distribution of masses and loads in

being floated, stabilized and held on the body of water. The distribution of the floats

solar panels towards the sun. plane and/or curved surfaces which require suitable floats to keep the rollable structure

be rolled/revolved/rotated, the floats are required to be distributed at a number of

[0136] A number of solar panels (#5s, Figure 40, Figure 42, Figure 51 and Figure 52) are (structural and floatable) functions for costs-effectiveness. As the rollable structure can

secured to the rollable structure (#6La and #6Lo, Figure 40 and Figure 42), allowing the elements) can also be used as a float (or floats), allowing the rollable structure has dual

and/or hollow structural surface elements), the rollable structure (or the structural solar panels facing towards the sun as desired. Otherwise, the solar panels are secured to a typical photovoltaic mounting system (#6Lo, Figure 51 and Figure 52) which is 69

secure to the rollable structure (#30f Figure 51 or #30s Figure 52), allowing the solar panels facing towards the sun as desired. Thus, the solar panels are floated, stabilized, held and faced towards the sun thanks to the rollable structure together with its float(s) and optionally together with i floating solar tracker(s).

[0137] The rollable structure-based floating solar energy system can work with the anchored-moored rotation system-based floating solar trackers or the arc-shaped the rollable structure-based floating solar energy system but also smoother to operate water tank-based floating solar trackers as they are can settle on the same floating bodies of the structural components conveniently. It is not only cost-effective to build 14 May 2025 tracker(s). In this case, forces created by the water tank(s) are transmitted through the structure/substructure, which is the rollable structure. All their components are simply order to be used as the water tank(s) of the arc-shaped water tank-based floating solar arranged with the floating structure/substructure as described.

[0140] The structural components of the rollable structure are allowed to be hollow in

structure.

[0138] The rollable structure can also be securely attached with a number of liquid operated, wherein the surface areas are a part of the outer surface of the rollable

dampers, which are damping water tanks, to form a damping system in order to areas which may contact the water surface while the floating solar tracker(s) is(are)

improve stabilization of the rollable structure on the body of water. The damping water is(are) distributed on the outer surface of the rollable structure, covering any surface

solar tracker(s) roll/evolve/rotate the rollable structure. In other words, the float(s) tanks are tanks containing liquid/water partially in order to be used as liquid dampers 2025203461

part of the float(s)are raised upward to be above the water surface once the floating

which are securely attached to the rollable structure where required in accordance with surface at any time, allowing the second part of floats being submerged (while the first

structural and damping effects. The damping water tanks can also be securely attached buoyant forces while a second part of the float(s) are required to be above the water

tracker(s), a first part of the float(s) are required to be submerged in order to create to a supporting structure which is secured to the rollable structure. Each damping water workable). If the rollable structure-based floating solar energy system has floating solar

tank is partially filled with liquid/water. axis floating solar trackers is cylinder (although other shapes such as prisms are still

workable). The smoothest shape of the rollable structure used with single (horizontal)

[0139] The smoothest shape of the rollable structure used with dual axis floating solar trackers is sphere (although other shapes such as cubes or tetrahedrons are still

trackers is sphere (although other shapes such as cubes or tetrahedrons are still

[0139] The smoothest shape of the rollable structure used with dual axis floating solar

workable). The smoothest shape of the rollable structure used with single (horizontal) tank is partially filled with liquid/water.

axis floating solar trackers is cylinder (although other shapes such as prisms are still to a supporting structure which is secured to the rollable structure. Each damping water

structural and damping effects. The damping water tanks can also be securely attached

workable). If the rollable structure-based floating solar energy system has floating solar which are securely attached to the rollable structure where required in accordance with

tracker(s), a first part of the float(s) are required to be submerged in order to create tanks are tanks containing liquid/water partially in order to be used as liquid dampers

buoyant forces while a second part of the float(s) are required to be above the water improve stabilization of the rollable structure on the body of water. The damping water

dampers, which are damping water tanks, to form a damping system in order to

surface at any time, allowing the second part of floats being submerged (while the first

[0138] The rollable structure can also be securely attached with a number of liquid

part of the float(s)are raised upward to be above the water surface once the floating arranged with the floating structure/substructure as described.

solar tracker(s) roll/evolve/rotate the rollable structure. In other words, the float(s) structure/substructure, which is the rollable structure. All their components are simply

is(are) distributed on the outer surface of the rollable structure, covering any surface water tank-based floating solar trackers as they are can settle on the same floating

areas which may contact 70 the water surface while the floating solar tracker(s) is(are)

operated, wherein the surface areas are a part of the outer surface of the rollable structure.

[0140] The structural components of the rollable structure are allowed to be hollow in order to be used as the water tank(s) of the arc-shaped water tank-based floating solar tracker(s). In this case, forces created by the water tank(s) are transmitted through the bodies of the structural components conveniently. It is not only cost-effective to build the rollable structure-based floating solar energy system but also smoother to operate rotation system-based floating solar trackers because they share their common floating its floating solar tracker(s) by further using the structural components of the rollable 14 May 2025 integrated with the anchored-moored rotation systems and/or the anchored-moored structure to be the surrounding float(s) and/or the liquid dampers and/or the water

[0142] The rollable structure-based floating solar energy system can work and can be

tanks of the floating solar tracker(s). In addition, besides being integrated with the with high waves where typical floating solar energy systems are impossible.

structural components of the rollable structure as explained above, another number of allowing the rollable structure-based floating solar energy system capable of working

separate float(s) and/or separate liquid dampers and/or separate water tanks can be cope well, either with or without floating solar trackers integrated, with high waves,

rollable structure-based floating solar energy system is that the rollable structure can

externally secured to the structural components or to a supporting structure which is stretched densely right at the surface of the body of water. Another benefit of the

then secured to the structural components. system is less in comparison with typical floating solar systems which are laid and 2025203461

under water environments caused by the rollable structure-based floating solar energy

[0141] The rollable structure is still beneficial even if the rollable structure-based Furthermore, as the solar panels raised up further above the water surface, impacts to

the floating solar energy system to be capable to survive in critical weather conditions. floating solar energy system does not include floating solar tracker(s) because it has the floated, the rollable structure is capable to adapt high waves and strong winds, allowing

following features: it is light and stiff thanks to its 3D shape to be rollable on the surface while its floats are still capable to keep the whole floating solar energy system being

of the body of water and it is capable to raise the solar panels further above the water typical floating solar systems. As the rollable structure is allowed to be rolled/revolved

to be different with flat floating structure/substructures which are usually used for surface for gaining better efficiencies in harnessing more solar energy. In addition, being that the rollable structure is created to avoid. This feature makes the rollable structure

bended by waves is the most challenged problem of floating structure/substructure bended by waves is the most challenged problem of floating structure/substructure

that the rollable structure is created to avoid. This feature makes the rollable structure surface for gaining better efficiencies in harnessing more solar energy. In addition, being

of the body of water and it is capable to raise the solar panels further above the water to be different with flat floating structure/substructures which are usually used for following features: it is light and stiff thanks to its 3D shape to be rollable on the surface

typical floating solar systems. As the rollable structure is allowed to be rolled/revolved floating solar energy system does not include floating solar tracker(s) because it has the

while its floats are still capable to keep the whole floating solar energy system being

[0141] The rollable structure is still beneficial even if the rollable structure-based

floated, the rollable structure is capable to adapt high waves and strong winds, allowing then secured to the structural components.

the floating solar energy system to be capable to survive in critical weather conditions. externally secured to the structural components or to a supporting structure which is

separate float(s) and/or separate liquid dampers and/or separate water tanks can be Furthermore, as the solar panels raised up further above the water surface, impacts to structural components of the rollable structure as explained above, another number of

under water environments caused by the rollable structure-based floating solar energy tanks of the floating solar tracker(s). In addition, besides being integrated with the

system is less in comparison with typical floating solar systems which are laid and structure to be the surrounding float(s) and/or the liquid dampers and/or the water

its floating solar tracker(s) by further using the structural components of the rollable stretched densely right at the surface of the body of water. Another benefit of the rollable structure-based floating solar energy system is that the rollable structure can 71

cope well, either with or without floating solar trackers integrated, with high waves, allowing the rollable structure-based floating solar energy system capable of working with high waves where typical floating solar energy systems are impossible.

[0142] The rollable structure-based floating solar energy system can work and can be integrated with the anchored-moored rotation systems and/or the anchored-moored rotation system-based floating solar trackers because they share their common floating spherical surface structure which allows any forces applied at any points of the spherical surface structure. The spherical surface structure and the spokes form a tensioned structure/substructure. Thus, in order to integrate them together, their components 14 May 2025 distributed around/surrounding the centre and on the outer surface of the spherical are simply arranged with and/or secured spherical surface structure), and allowing the spokes heading to different points to their common floating structure/substructure as described individually. around/surrounding the centre and being contained in the inner space (or inner the to the spherical surface structure, allowing the spokes being laid in different directions

1.10 [0143] Tensioned rollable structure-based floating solar energy systems at the centre of the spherical shape. The other end of each spoke is structurally secured

end being structurally secured to a suspended structure (#102L, Figure 54) positioned

of the spherical shape of the spherical surface structure. It is optional to have each first

[0144] The rollable structure-based floating solar energy system (RS-BFSES) can be spoke has a first end structurally secured to the first ends of other spokes at the centre

further modified to create a tensioned rollable structure-based floating solar energy Figure 53 and Figure 54), which are recommended to be ropes/cables, of which each 2025203461

system (Tensioned RS-BFSES) which is based on different technical principles while the outer spherical surface. The spherical surface structure has a number of spokes (#16x,

a spherical surface structure (#6La, Figure 53) which has a surface structure covering its rollable structure is thinner but stiffer. The Tensioned RS-BFSES is actually the RS-BFSES

[0145] Firstly, it is started with a recommended simplest form of the rollable structure:

with some optional additions or reductions to the rollable structure of the RS-BFSES in a rigid suspended structure (versus the hub). order to form a tensioned rollable structure which is the floating structure/substructure rigid rollable structure (versus the rim) and a structural linkage (versus the spokes) and

of the Tensioned RS-BFSES. In term of structures, the tensioned rollable structure is also heavy loads while the wheel structure is light. The tensioned rollable structure has a

based on technical features which are similar to that of a bicycle wheel: a thin rim together with thin tensioned spokes and a hub allows the bicycle wheel capable to bear

based on technical features which are similar to that of a bicycle wheel: a thin rim together with thin tensioned spokes and a hub allows the bicycle wheel capable to bear of the Tensioned RS-BFSES. In term of structures, the tensioned rollable structure is also

heavy loads while the wheel structure is light. The tensioned rollable structure has a order to form a tensioned rollable structure which is the floating structure/substructure

rigid rollable structure (versus the rim) and a structural linkage (versus the spokes) and with some optional additions or reductions to the rollable structure of the RS-BFSES in

rollable structure is thinner but stiffer. The Tensioned RS-BFSES is actually the RS-BFSES a rigid suspended structure (versus the hub). system (Tensioned RS-BFSES) which is based on different technical principles while the

further modified to create a tensioned rollable structure-based floating solar energy

[0145] Firstly, it is started with a recommended simplest form of the rollable structure:

[0144] The rollable structure-based floating solar energy system (RS-BFSES) can be

a spherical surface structure (#6La, Figure 53) which has a surface structure covering its 1.10 [0143] Tensioned rollable structure-based floating solar energy systems

outer spherical surface. The spherical surface structure has a number of spokes (#16x, Figure 53 and Figure 54), which are recommended to be ropes/cables, of which each structure/substructure as described individually.

are simply arranged with and/or secured to their common floating spoke has a first end structurally secured to the first ends of other spokes at the centre structure/substructure. Thus, in order to integrate them together, their components

of the spherical shape of the spherical surface structure. It is optional to have each first 72

end being structurally secured to a suspended structure (#102L, Figure 54) positioned at the centre of the spherical shape. The other end of each spoke is structurally secured to the spherical surface structure, allowing the spokes being laid in different directions around/surrounding the centre and being contained in the inner space (or inner the spherical surface structure), and allowing the spokes heading to different points distributed around/surrounding the centre and on the outer surface of the spherical surface structure. The spherical surface structure and the spokes form a tensioned spherical surface structure which allows any forces applied at any points of the spherical structure and/or the suspended structure (if the suspended structure is included). The surface structure being transmitted through the spokes to the centre then redistributed structure allows any forces applied to its structural components, particularly the rollable 14 May 2025 structure can include or exclude the suspended structure. The tensioned rollable back through the spokes to the whole body of the spherical surface structure, making excluded) form a tensioned rollable structure. It is notable that the tensioned rollable the spherical surface structure to be stiffer while allowing the spherical structure to be structural linkage) and the optional suspended structure (which can be included or lighter. These principles of tensioning the spokes are the same with that of the wheel- rollable structure, and the tensioned structural elements (which is also named after the suspended structure staying inner the outer surface of the rollable structure. The like structures which work like bicycle wheels. suspended structure (if the suspended structure is included) in order to suspend the structural elements (the structural linkage) being distributed around/surrounding the

[0146] The Tensioned RS-BFSES extends the above principles for its rollable structure being distributed around/throughout the rollable structure, and allowing the tensioned

which further has a rigid suspended structure (#102L) positioned inside the inner space 2025203461

the intersections between the tensioned structural elements and the rollable structure

of the nonconcave 3D shape of the rollable structure. The suspended structure is a tensioned structural elements being contained inner the rollable structure and allowing

the rollable structure and/or another tensioned structural element, allowing the typical structure which has no further specific requirements except having capabilities structural element) where it is structurally secured to the suspended structure and/or

allowing a number of tensioned structural elements connecting, structurally, from the structural element also has a second point (such as the other end of the elongate

suspended structure to the rollable structure. The tensioned structural elements are element) where it is structurally secured to the rollable structure. The tensioned

tensioned structural element has a first point (such as a first end of a elongate structural structural elements which allow to be tensioned such as tensile elongate structural frame/plate structural elements (like triangle elements or quadrangle elements). Each

elements (ropes/cables/chains/beams/bars) or tensioned surface elements such as flat elements (ropes/cables/chains/beams/bars) or tensioned surface elements such as flat

frame/plate structural elements (like triangle elements or quadrangle elements). Each structural elements which allow to be tensioned such as tensile elongate structural

suspended structure to the rollable structure. The tensioned structural elements are tensioned structural element has a first point (such as a first end of a elongate structural allowing a number of tensioned structural elements connecting, structurally, from the

element) where it is structurally secured to the rollable structure. The tensioned typical structure which has no further specific requirements except having capabilities

structural element also has a second point (such as the other end of the elongate of the nonconcave 3D shape of the rollable structure. The suspended structure is a

which further has a rigid suspended structure (#102L) positioned inside the inner space structural element) where it is structurally secured to the suspended structure and/or

[0146] The Tensioned RS-BFSES extends the above principles for its rollable structure

the rollable structure and/or another tensioned structural element, allowing the like structures which work like bicycle wheels. tensioned structural elements being contained inner the rollable structure and allowing lighter. These principles of tensioning the spokes are the same with that of the wheel-

the intersections between the tensioned structural elements and the rollable structure the spherical surface structure to be stiffer while allowing the spherical structure to be

being distributed around/throughout the rollable structure, and allowing the tensioned back through the spokes to the whole body of the spherical surface structure, making

surface structure being transmitted through the spokes to the centre then redistributed structural elements (the structural linkage) being distributed around/surrounding the suspended structure (if the suspended structure is included) in order to suspend the 73

suspended structure staying inner the outer surface of the rollable structure. The rollable structure, and the tensioned structural elements (which is also named after the structural linkage) and the optional suspended structure (which can be included or excluded) form a tensioned rollable structure. It is notable that the tensioned rollable structure can include or exclude the suspended structure. The tensioned rollable structure allows any forces applied to its structural components, particularly the rollable structure and/or the suspended structure (if the suspended structure is included). The structures of both cases, can be both composed of structural elongate structural applied forces are then transmitted/distributed through the tensioned structural also the same. For example, the ring and the rollable structure, or the suspended 14 May 2025 elements (the structural linkage) and/or the suspended structure to the rest of the the suspended structure, the structural linkage, the ring (or the rollable structure) are these structural components work together. Furthermore, variations or possibilities of tensioned rollable structure, allowing the rollable structure to be lighter, thinner but including how these structural components are arranged and secured together and how stiffer while the tensioned structural elements (the structural linkage) are thin and light structure. Other than the above different feature, the rest are exactly the same, as they are simply targeted to bear tensioned forces, and allowing the tensioned structure and the structural linkage being distributed on the outer surface of the rollable distributed along the perimeter of the ring while the intersections between the rollable structural elements to be further longitudinal, resulting to the rollable structure to be the intersections between the structural ring and the structural linkage being allowed larger for supporting more solar panels with less weights of the whole implied to be 2D (actually it is always 3D) while the rollable structure is 3D, resulting to 2025203461 tensioned rollable structure. In other words, thanks to using the tensioned structural applied for the tensioned rollable structure. The only difference is that the ring is tensioned rollable structure. Thus, the description of the wheel-like structure can be elements (the structural linkage), the body of the rollable structure becomes stiffer (or elements of the tensioned rollable structure also form a structural linkage of the less deformed when a force is applied) while the tensioned rollable structure is light suspended structure) as described in previous/other sections. The tensioned structural with less costs to be capable to cope any load cases with any positions of the being like structure (composed of a structural ring, a structural linkage and an optional optional suspended structure), has the same technical features with that of a wheel- revolved tensioned rollable structure, particularly when the solar panels face to the structural linkage (which is composed of the tensioned structural elements) and the moving sun.

[0147] The tensioned rollable structure (composed of the rollable structure, the

moving sun.

[0147] The tensioned rollable structure (composed of the rollable structure, the revolved tensioned rollable structure, particularly when the solar panels face to the

structural linkage (which is composed of the tensioned structural elements) and the with less costs to be capable to cope any load cases with any positions of the being

optional suspended structure), has the same technical features with that of a wheel- less deformed when a force is applied) while the tensioned rollable structure is light

elements (the structural linkage), the body of the rollable structure becomes stiffer (or like structure (composed of a structural ring, a structural linkage and an optional tensioned rollable structure. In other words, thanks to using the tensioned structural

suspended structure) as described in previous/other sections. The tensioned structural allowed larger for supporting more solar panels with less weights of the whole

elements of the tensioned rollable structure also form a structural linkage of the structural elements to be further longitudinal, resulting to the rollable structure to be

as they are simply targeted to bear tensioned forces, and allowing the tensioned tensioned rollable structure. Thus, the description of the wheel-like structure can be stiffer while the tensioned structural elements (the structural linkage) are thin and light

applied for the tensioned rollable structure. The only difference is that the ring is tensioned rollable structure, allowing the rollable structure to be lighter, thinner but

implied to be 2D (actually it is always 3D) while the rollable structure is 3D, resulting to elements (the structural linkage) and/or the suspended structure to the rest of the

applied forces are then transmitted/distributed through the tensioned structural the intersections between the structural ring and the structural linkage being distributed along the perimeter of the ring while the intersections between the rollable 74

structure and the structural linkage being distributed on the outer surface of the rollable structure. Other than the above different feature, the rest are exactly the same, including how these structural components are arranged and secured together and how these structural components work together. Furthermore, variations or possibilities of the suspended structure, the structural linkage, the ring (or the rollable structure) are also the same. For example, the ring and the rollable structure, or the suspended structures of both cases, can be both composed of structural elongate structural revolved around an axis by a floating solar tracker, the floats or its hollow body are also elements and/or structural surface elements. In other words, the suspended structure 14 May 2025

[0149] If the rollable structure (which is a part of the tensioned rollable structure) is

or the structural linkage or the rollable structure (or the ring) is a frame and/or roll/revolve/rotate but also to stabilize the tensioned rollable structure as desired.

plate/shell structures while the structural linkage can also be ropes/cables/chains. In structure. The horizontal axis floating solar tracker is capable to not only

addition, the points where the structural linkage intersects with the suspended forces (by its water tanks) to balance/stabilize and to revolve the tensioned rollable

structure are sparsely distributed throughout the suspended structure. The points tanks) can be included. The horizontal axis floating solar tracker create extra variable

being stabilized, without the floats, a horizontal axis floating solar tracker (having water

where the structural linkage intersects with the rollable structure (or the ring) are as installation costs. However, in order to maintain the tensioned rollable structure

sparsely distributed throughout the rollable structure (or the ring). (for creating the same value of buoyant forces) and saves manufacturing costs as well 2025203461

costs can be saved by using the central float which saves materials for the same volume

[0148] The rollable structure can be either hollow or not hollow. In other words, the float only or with both the central float and the floats. So, instead of using the floats,

rollable structure. The tensioned rollable structure can optionally work with the central rollable structure has buoyant sections, arranged partially or entirely around a be further attached with a central float which provide buoyant forces to assist the

horizontal axis, enabling the structure to float and remain stable on a body of water rollable structure). The suspended structure of the tensioned rollable structure can also

when rotated by a power source within a designated angle, of which each section is secured to a typical float-supporting structure which is then secured to the tensioned

solar energy systems in the previous/other sections above (The floats can also be floatable thanks to a float either attached/secured to or integrated in the section. The rollable structure as presented in the description of rollable structure-based floating

tensioned rollable structure can also have a number of floats being secured to its tensioned rollable structure can also have a number of floats being secured to its

rollable structure as presented in the description of rollable structure-based floating floatable thanks to a float either attached/secured to or integrated in the section. The

when rotated by a power source within a designated angle, of which each section is solar energy systems in the previous/other sections above (The floats can also be horizontal axis, enabling the structure to float and remain stable on a body of water

secured to a typical float-supporting structure which is then secured to the tensioned rollable structure has buoyant sections, arranged partially or entirely around a

rollable structure). The suspended structure of the tensioned rollable structure can also

[0148] The rollable structure can be either hollow or not hollow. In other words, the

be further attached with a central float which provide buoyant forces to assist the sparsely distributed throughout the rollable structure (or the ring).

rollable structure. The tensioned rollable structure can optionally work with the central where the structural linkage intersects with the rollable structure (or the ring) are

structure are sparsely distributed throughout the suspended structure. The points float only or with both the central float and the floats. So, instead of using the floats, addition, the points where the structural linkage intersects with the suspended

costs can be saved by using the central float which saves materials for the same volume plate/shell structures while the structural linkage can also be ropes/cables/chains. In

(for creating the same value of buoyant forces) and saves manufacturing costs as well or the structural linkage or the rollable structure (or the ring) is a frame and/or

elements and/or structural surface elements. In other words, the suspended structure as installation costs. However, in order to maintain the tensioned rollable structure being stabilized, without the floats, a horizontal axis floating solar tracker (having water 75

tanks) can be included. The horizontal axis floating solar tracker create extra variable forces (by its water tanks) to balance/stabilize and to revolve the tensioned rollable structure. The horizontal axis floating solar tracker is capable to not only roll/revolve/rotate but also to stabilize the tensioned rollable structure as desired.

[0149] If the rollable structure (which is a part of the tensioned rollable structure) is revolved around an axis by a floating solar tracker, the floats or its hollow body are also is included, all the rest of the Tensioned RS-BFSES and the RS--BFSES are the same. In distributed around the axis, in order to allow the rollable structure being remained 14 May 2025 structural linkage (the tensioned structural elements) and the suspended structure, if it floating and being stabilized because when the rollable structure is revolved, the states structure. Thus, except arrangements and structural connections related to the which are composed to form the structural linkage, and an optional suspended of the floats are changed. The states of a float include whether the float is fully of the Tensioned RS-BFSES further has a number of tensioned structural elements, submerged, partially submerged or fully stayed above the water surface of the body of floating solar energy system (RS--BFSES), except a difference that the rollable structure water. For such a reason, the possibly submerged part of the rollable structure should

[0151] The Tensioned RS-BFSES is exactly the same with the rollable structure-based

have the floats being distributed continuously, in term of buoyant forces created, along idled in order to allow the rollable structure to be rollable with lowest power required.

the revolving direction of the part in order to allow the rollable structure not only being the constant buoyant force at any time that the rollable structure is either revolved or 2025203461

floated in all possible revolved states, but also capable to transit between the states around the axis (containing the centre of mass) in such a way that the float(s) can create

float(s) in order to imply an important feature of the float(s) that they are distributed

smoothly regarding to changes of buoyant forces created by the floats. Otherwise, the be symmetric over the centre of mass. The float(s) is (are) also named after surrounding

transitions between the states can still be done but with more fluctuations which forces created by the floating solar tracker to revolve the rollable structure also need to

require more energy to revolve the rollable structure. centre of mass is also laid in the direction of the constant buoyant force. Furthermore,

constant buoyant force while the rollable structure is either revolved or idled. The

required to be distributed symmetrically over the centre of mass in order to create a

[0150] In other words, in order to be able to revolve the rollable structure with lowest be distributed symmetrically over its centre of mass while the float(s) is (are) also

power or energy provided, the mass of the whole floating solar energy system needs to power or energy provided, the mass of the whole floating solar energy system needs to

be distributed symmetrically over its centre of mass while the float(s) is (are) also

[0150] In other words, in order to be able to revolve the rollable structure with lowest

required to be distributed symmetrically over the centre of mass in order to create a require more energy to revolve the rollable structure.

constant buoyant force while the rollable structure is either revolved or idled. The transitions between the states can still be done but with more fluctuations which

smoothly regarding to changes of buoyant forces created by the floats. Otherwise, the centre of mass is also laid in the direction of the constant buoyant force. Furthermore, floated in all possible revolved states, but also capable to transit between the states

forces created by the floating solar tracker to revolve the rollable structure also need to the revolving direction of the part in order to allow the rollable structure not only being

be symmetric over the centre of mass. The float(s) is (are) also named after surrounding have the floats being distributed continuously, in term of buoyant forces created, along

water. For such a reason, the possibly submerged part of the rollable structure should float(s) in order to imply an important feature of the float(s) that they are distributed submerged, partially submerged or fully stayed above the water surface of the body of

around the axis (containing the centre of mass) in such a way that the float(s) can create of the floats are changed. The states of a float include whether the float is fully

the constant buoyant force at any time that the rollable structure is either revolved or floating and being stabilized because when the rollable structure is revolved, the states

distributed around the axis, in order to allow the rollable structure being remained idled in order to allow the rollable structure to be rollable with lowest power required. 76

[0151] The Tensioned RS-BFSES is exactly the same with the rollable structure-based floating solar energy system (RS--BFSES), except a difference that the rollable structure of the Tensioned RS-BFSES further has a number of tensioned structural elements, which are composed to form the structural linkage, and an optional suspended structure. Thus, except arrangements and structural connections related to the structural linkage (the tensioned structural elements) and the suspended structure, if it is included, all the rest of the Tensioned RS-BFSES and the RS--BFSES are the same. In structure while the intersections are distributed around/throughout the rollable other words, how the solar panels are secured to the rollable structure are still the rollable structure at the intersections between the structural linkage and the rollable 14 May 2025 surface elements). In other words, the structural linkage is structurally secured to the same, and how other components of the Tensioned RS-BFSES and the RS-BFSES being structural elements can be structural elongate structural elements and/or structural included and being arranged are still the same. elements as explained in the descriptions of wheel-like structures (the tensioned composed of structural elongate structural elements and/or structural surface

[0152] One or more single axis floating solar tracker(s) can be integrated in conjunction the structural linkage (composed of the tensioned structural elements) can be

in the description of rollable structure-based floating solar energy systems. In addition, with the rollable structure (which is a part of the tensioned rollable structure). How to

[0154] The shape of the rollable structure is not only a sphere as previously explained

secure/arrange the components of the single axis floating solar tracker(s) to the rollable filled with liquid/water. structure is presented in previous/other sections which describe arc-shaped water tank- 2025203461

structure which is secured to the rollable structure. Each damping water tank is partially

based floating solar trackers, in which the (stabilized) floating structure/substructure, effects. The damping water tanks can also be securely attached to a supporting

or particularly the structural ring, is replaced with the rollable structure. The to the rollable structure where required in accordance with structural and damping

liquid/water partially in order to be used as liquid dampers which are securely attached components of the single axis floating solar tracker(s) can be secured directly to the structure on the body of water. The damping water tanks are tanks containing

rollable structure or secured to a supporting structure which is then secured to the tanks, to form a damping system in order to improve stabilization of the rollable

rollable structure. also be securely attached with a number of liquid dampers, which are damping water

[0153] The rollable structure (which is a part of the tensioned rollable structure) can

[0153] The rollable structure (which is a part of the tensioned rollable structure) can rollable structure.

also be securely attached with a number of liquid dampers, which are damping water rollable structure or secured to a supporting structure which is then secured to the

tanks, to form a damping system in order to improve stabilization of the rollable components of the single axis floating solar tracker(s) can be secured directly to the

or particularly the structural ring, is replaced with the rollable structure. The

structure on the body of water. The damping water tanks are tanks containing based floating solar trackers, in which the (stabilized) floating structure/substructure,

liquid/water partially in order to be used as liquid dampers which are securely attached structure is presented in previous/other sections which describe arc-shaped water tank-

to the rollable structure where required in accordance with structural and damping secure/arrange the components of the single axis floating solar tracker(s) to the rollable

with the rollable structure (which is a part of the tensioned rollable structure). How to

effects. The damping water tanks can also be securely attached to a supporting

[0152] One or more single axis floating solar tracker(s) can be integrated in conjunction

structure which is secured to the rollable structure. Each damping water tank is partially included and being arranged are still the same.

filled with liquid/water. same, and how other components of the Tensioned RS-BFSES and the RS-BFSES being

other words, how the solar panels are secured to the rollable structure are still the

[0154] The shape of the rollable structure is not only a sphere as previously explained 77 in the description of rollable structure-based floating solar energy systems. In addition, the structural linkage (composed of the tensioned structural elements) can be composed of structural elongate structural elements and/or structural surface elements as explained in the descriptions of wheel-like structures (the tensioned structural elements can be structural elongate structural elements and/or structural surface elements). In other words, the structural linkage is structurally secured to the rollable structure at the intersections between the structural linkage and the rollable structure while the intersections are distributed around/throughout the rollable systems and/or floating solar trackers. When it is used with a floating solar tracker for structure, allowing the structural linkage capable to assist the rollable structure in

[0158] A floating mechanical power transmission system is used for wave energy 14 May 2025

preventing deformations in any load cases and any positions of the rollable structure 1.11 [0157] Floating mechanical power transmission systems

with respect to any angles of the solar panels facing towards the sun. Similarly, the floating structure/substructure as described individually.

structural linkage is also secured to the suspended structure, if there is, at the together, their components are simply arranged with and/or secured to their common

intersections between the suspended structure and the structural linkage, allowing the their common floating structure/substructure. Thus, in order to integrate them

anchored-moored rotation system-based floating solar trackers because they share suspended structure being suspended from the outer surface of the rollable structure, and can be integrated with the anchored-moored rotation systems and/or the

and allowing structural parts of the rollable structure being held (or being suspended)

[0156] The tensioned rollable structure-based floating solar energy system can work 2025203461

together via the structural linkage and/or the suspended structure, making the energy system has because both are based on the rollable structure.

tensioned rollable structure to be less deformable in any cases while the rollable energy system has all features that the tensioned rollable structure-based floating solar

structure and the tensioned structural elements are allowed to be thinner and lighter energy systems are impossible. The tensioned rollable structure-based floating solar

and cheaper to make. solar energy system capable of working with high waves where typical floating solar

integrated, with high waves, allowing the tensioned rollable structure-based floating

rollable structure can cope well, either with or without floating solar trackers

[0155] The tensioned rollable structure has all benefits that a rollable structure and a tensioned rollable structure-based floating solar energy system is that the tensioned

wheel-like structure have for floating solar energy systems. Another benefit of the wheel-like structure have for floating solar energy systems. Another benefit of the

tensioned rollable structure-based floating solar energy system is that the tensioned

[0155] The tensioned rollable structure has all benefits that a rollable structure and a

rollable structure can cope well, either with or without floating solar trackers and cheaper to make.

integrated, with high waves, allowing the tensioned rollable structure-based floating structure and the tensioned structural elements are allowed to be thinner and lighter

tensioned rollable structure to be less deformable in any cases while the rollable solar energy system capable of working with high waves where typical floating solar together via the structural linkage and/or the suspended structure, making the

energy systems are impossible. The tensioned rollable structure-based floating solar and allowing structural parts of the rollable structure being held (or being suspended)

energy system has all features that the tensioned rollable structure-based floating solar suspended structure being suspended from the outer surface of the rollable structure,

intersections between the suspended structure and the structural linkage, allowing the energy system has because both are based on the rollable structure. structural linkage is also secured to the suspended structure, if there is, at the

with respect to any angles of the solar panels facing towards the sun. Similarly, the

[0156] The tensioned rollable structure-based floating solar energy system can work preventing deformations in any load cases and any positions of the rollable structure

and can be integrated with the anchored-moored rotation systems and/or the structure, allowing the structural linkage capable to assist the rollable structure in

anchored-moored rotation 78 system-based floating solar trackers because they share their common floating structure/substructure. Thus, in order to integrate them together, their components are simply arranged with and/or secured to their common floating structure/substructure as described individually.

1.11 [0157] Floating mechanical power transmission systems

[0158] A floating mechanical power transmission system is used for wave energy systems and/or floating solar trackers. When it is used with a floating solar tracker for the inner race of the other rotary bearing, in which the rotational axis of each floating a floating solar energy system, the floating solar energy system is named after the 14 May 2025 the inner race of a rotary bearing while an end of the other floating shaft is secured to floating transmission-based solar tracker (Figure 55 and Figure 56). symmetrical axes are orthogonal/perpendicular. An end of a floating shaft is secured to externally secured together (each one is positioned outer the other one), in which their

[0159] A floating mechanical power transmission system (Figure 55) has a pair of universal joint. For example, a pair of rotary bearings, which has two outer races being

shafts is varied. There are also several mechanical components capable to work like a floating shafts (#9s, Figure 55) and a universal joint (#9j, Figure 55) used to rotatably shaft to the other while the angle between the two rotational axes of the pair of floating

joint two (jointed) ends of the pair of floating shafts together, allowing the pair of

[0160] The universal joint allows mechanical power being transmitted from a floating

floating shafts being rotated while the angle between the two rotational axes of the pair Each floating shaft can be either hollow or nor hollow.

is allowed to be varied. Each of the pair of floating shafts has a number of floats being 2025203461

varying angles between a pair of shafts being jointed together via the universal joint).

secured to its body and/or possesses a float integrated in its body. The floating shaft degrees of freedom (DOF) for rotational motion, allowing torque being transmitted at

while the pair are allowed to be rotated like two rotary shafts (a universal joint has two can be either hollow or not hollow. In other words, the floating shaft has buoyant bearings. The universal joint holds the two ends of the pair of floating shafts together

sections, arranged partially or entirely around a horizontal axis, enabling the floating shafts (of typical mechanical power transmission systems) being borne/supported by

shaft to float and remain stable on a body of water when rotated by a power source that the floating shafts are "borne/supported" by the body of water, similar to typical

(or the floats). The principle of the floating mechanical power transmission system is within a designated angle, of which each section is floatable thanks to a float either floatable, floated, stabilized and hold on a body of water (#12) by its buoyant sections

attached/secured to or integrated in the section. The floating shaft is rotatable, attached/secured to or integrated in the section. The floating shaft is rotatable,

floatable, floated, stabilized and hold on a body of water (#12) by its buoyant sections within a designated angle, of which each section is floatable thanks to a float either

shaft to float and remain stable on a body of water when rotated by a power source (or the floats). The principle of the floating mechanical power transmission system is sections, arranged partially or entirely around a horizontal axis, enabling the floating

that the floating shafts are “borne/supported” by the body of water, similar to typical can be either hollow or not hollow. In other words, the floating shaft has buoyant

shafts (of typical mechanical power transmission systems) being borne/supported by secured to its body and/or possesses a float integrated in its body. The floating shaft

is allowed to be varied. Each of the pair of floating shafts has a number of floats being bearings. The universal joint holds the two ends of the pair of floating shafts together floating shafts being rotated while the angle between the two rotational axes of the pair

while the pair are allowed to be rotated like two rotary shafts (a universal joint has two joint two (jointed) ends of the pair of floating shafts together, allowing the pair of

degrees of freedom (DOF) for rotational motion, allowing torque being transmitted at floating shafts (#9s, Figure 55) and a universal joint (#9j, Figure 55) used to rotatably

[0159] A floating mechanical power transmission system (Figure 55) has a pair of varying angles between a pair of shafts being jointed together via the universal joint). Each floating shaft can be either hollow or nor hollow. floating transmission-based solar tracker (Figure 55 and Figure 56).

a floating solar energy system, the floating solar energy system is named after the

[0160] The universal joint 79 allows mechanical power being transmitted from a floating shaft to the other while the angle between the two rotational axes of the pair of floating shafts is varied. There are also several mechanical components capable to work like a universal joint. For example, a pair of rotary bearings, which has two outer races being externally secured together (each one is positioned outer the other one), in which their symmetrical axes are orthogonal/perpendicular. An end of a floating shaft is secured to the inner race of a rotary bearing while an end of the other floating shaft is secured to the inner race of the other rotary bearing, in which the rotational axis of each floating the two (jointed) ends being held by the rope/cable/chain within a watch circle which shaft is orthogonal/perpendicular to the symmetrical axis of the inner race which is 14 May 2025 rope/cable/chain of a mooring/anchoring system, allowing the universal joint as well as secured to the floating shaft, allowing the pair of rotary bearings having the same end of a floating shaft while the other end is secured to an anchor or to another degrees of freedom with typical universal joints, and thus, the same features like that secured to the outer surface of the universal joint or the outer surface of the (jointed) same with the above solution. An end of a mooring/anchoring rope/cable/chain is of universal joints. So, the universal joints referred here and used for the floating joint staying within the watch circle without using the rotary bearing. The method is the mechanical power transmission system are typical universal joints or a pair of rotary

[0162] There is another lower-cost method which can be used to suspend the universal

bearings (being secured together) explained above, or any other mechanical shafts are rotated and floated.

components which have two degrees of freedom (DOF) for rotational motion, allowing as well as the universal joint being maintained to stay inside as desired while the floating 2025203461

it to transmit torque at varying angles between a pair of shafts being jointed together within the watch circle which refers to the designated boundary that the rotary bearing

of the pair of floating shafts being held by the mooring/anchoring rope/cable/chain

via the universal joint/the mechanical component) the universal joint as well as the two (jointed) ends (being jointed to the universal joint)

rope/cable/chain of the mooring/anchoring system, allowing the outer race, and thus

[0161] The inner race of a rotary bearing (#9b) is coaxially secured to the outer surface secured to the outer race while the other end is secured to an anchor or to another

of the universal joint or the outer surface of the (jointed) end of a floating shaft (of the rope/cable/chain (#9m, Figure 55). For example, an end of the rope/cable/chain is

by being moored/anchored to a mooring/anchoring system via a mooring/anchoring pair), allowing the universal joint and the two (jointed) ends of the pair of floating the body of water while the outer race of the bearing is being held within a watch circle

shafts, including the inner race of the bearing, being rotated and being supported by shafts, including the inner race of the bearing, being rotated and being supported by

the body of water while the outer race of the bearing is being held within a watch circle pair), allowing the universal joint and the two (jointed) ends of the pair of floating

of the universal joint or the outer surface of the (jointed) end of a floating shaft (of the by being moored/anchored to a mooring/anchoring system via a mooring/anchoring

[0161] The inner race of a rotary bearing (#9b) is coaxially secured to the outer surface

rope/cable/chain (#9m, Figure 55). For example, an end of the rope/cable/chain is via the universal joint/the mechanical component) secured to the outer race while the other end is secured to an anchor or to another it to transmit torque at varying angles between a pair of shafts being jointed together

rope/cable/chain of the mooring/anchoring system, allowing the outer race, and thus components which have two degrees of freedom (DOF) for rotational motion, allowing

the universal joint as well as the two (jointed) ends (being jointed to the universal joint) bearings (being secured together) explained above, or any other mechanical

mechanical power transmission system are typical universal joints or a pair of rotary of the pair of floating shafts being held by the mooring/anchoring rope/cable/chain of universal joints. So, the universal joints referred here and used for the floating

within the watch circle which refers to the designated boundary that the rotary bearing degrees of freedom with typical universal joints, and thus, the same features like that

as well as the universal joint being maintained to stay inside as desired while the floating secured to the floating shaft, allowing the pair of rotary bearings having the same

shaft is orthogonal/perpendicular to the symmetrical axis of the inner race which is shafts are rotated and floated. 80

[0162] There is another lower-cost method which can be used to suspend the universal joint staying within the watch circle without using the rotary bearing. The method is the same with the above solution. An end of a mooring/anchoring rope/cable/chain is secured to the outer surface of the universal joint or the outer surface of the (jointed) end of a floating shaft while the other end is secured to an anchor or to another rope/cable/chain of a mooring/anchoring system, allowing the universal joint as well as the two (jointed) ends being held by the rope/cable/chain within a watch circle which floating shaft, are named after central floats while any floats, which are secured to the refers to the designated boundary that the universal joint being maintained to stay 14 May 2025 floated, held and stabilized on the body of water. Any floats, which are secured to the inside as desired. As the floating shafts are only allowed to be rotated back and forth system and which is secured to the floating shaft, allowing the floating shaft being within a very limited angle which is less than 180 degrees, the moored/anchored (or the supporting structure is hollow), which can be a typical photovoltaic mounting

[0164] A number of floats are secured to each floating shaft or to a supporting structure

floating shaft or the moored/anchored universal joint can only roll a short section of the mooring/anchoring rope/cable/chain which typically has enough reserved length for thanks to a float either attached/secured to or integrated in the section.

rotated by a power source within a designated angle, of which each section is floatable

rolling. The length of the short section, which is less than haft of the perimeter of the enabling the mounting system to float and remain stable on a body of water when

outer surface of the moored/anchored floating shaft or the outer surface/outer case of also have buoyant sections, arranged partially or entirely around a horizontal axis, 2025203461

the moored/anchored universal joint, is very small in comparison with the length of the the floating shaft. Similar to the floating shaft, the photovoltaic mounting systems can

towards the sun. Thus, the solar panels are floated, stabilized, held and supported by

whole mooring/anchoring rope/cable/chain which is typically not straight, allowing 56) are secured on the photovoltaic mounting system, allowing the solar panels facing

such short section being rolled, and allowing the floating shafts being rotated while the is structurally secured to the floating shaft while a number of solar panels (#5s, Figure

universal joint is moored/anchored and held within the watch circle. Another solution 56) to form a rigid floating structure/substructure. The photovoltaic mounting system

[0163] Each floating shaft supports a typical photovoltaic mounting system (#7s, Figure

is to secure the other end of the mooring/anchoring rope/cable/chain to a (jointed) end system. of a floating shaft which belongs to another floating mechanical power transmission system being laid parallelly with the (first) floating mechanical power transmission

system being laid parallelly with the (first) floating mechanical power transmission of a floating shaft which belongs to another floating mechanical power transmission

system. is to secure the other end of the mooring/anchoring rope/cable/chain to a (jointed) end

universal joint is moored/anchored and held within the watch circle. Another solution

[0163] Each floating shaft supports a typical photovoltaic mounting system (#7s, Figure such short section being rolled, and allowing the floating shafts being rotated while the

whole mooring/anchoring rope/cable/chain which is typically not straight, allowing 56) to form a rigid floating structure/substructure. The photovoltaic mounting system the moored/anchored universal joint, is very small in comparison with the length of the

is structurally secured to the floating shaft while a number of solar panels (#5s, Figure outer surface of the moored/anchored floating shaft or the outer surface/outer case of

56) are secured on the photovoltaic mounting system, allowing the solar panels facing rolling. The length of the short section, which is less than haft of the perimeter of the

mooring/anchoring rope/cable/chain which typically has enough reserved length for towards the sun. Thus, the solar panels are floated, stabilized, held and supported by floating shaft or the moored/anchored universal joint can only roll a short section of the

the floating shaft. Similar to the floating shaft, the photovoltaic mounting systems can within a very limited angle which is less than 180 degrees, the moored/anchored

also have buoyant sections, arranged partially or entirely around a horizontal axis, inside as desired. As the floating shafts are only allowed to be rotated back and forth

refers to the designated boundary that the universal joint being maintained to stay enabling the mounting system to float and remain stable on a body of water when rotated by a power source within a designated angle, of which each section is floatable 81

thanks to a float either attached/secured to or integrated in the section.

[0164] A number of floats are secured to each floating shaft or to a supporting structure (or the supporting structure is hollow), which can be a typical photovoltaic mounting system and which is secured to the floating shaft, allowing the floating shaft being floated, held and stabilized on the body of water. Any floats, which are secured to the floating shaft, are named after central floats while any floats, which are secured to the changed. Otherwise, the transitions between the states can still be done but with more supporting structure, are named after surrounding floats. The floats can also be secured 14 May 2025 regarding to changes of buoyant forces created by the floats having states being to a typical float-supporting structure which is secured to the floating shaft or the in all possible revolved states, but also capable to transit between the states smoothly photovoltaic mounting system. allow the floating shaft (and the photovoltaic mounting system) not only being floated in term of buoyant forces created, along the revolving direction of the part in order to photovoltaic mounting system) should have the floats being distributed continuously,

[0165] The floating shaft and the photovoltaic mounting system can optionally work water. For such a reason, the possibly submerged part of the floating shaft (and the

with the central floats only or with both the central floats and the surrounding floats or submerged, partially submerged or fully stayed above the water surface of the body of

with the surrounding floats only. So, instead of using the surrounding floats, costs can of the floats are changed. The states of a float include whether the float is fully

when the floating shaft (and the photovoltaic mounting system) is revolved, the states be saved by using only one central float which saves materials for the same volume (for 2025203461

photovoltaic mounting system) being remained floating and being stabilized because

creating the same value of buoyant forces) and saves manufacturing costs as well as also distributed around the axis, in order to allow the floating shaft (and the

installation costs. The central float is mainly used to float while the surrounding floats the floating shaft) is revolved around an axis by a floating solar tracker, the floats are

[0166] If the floating shaft (and the photovoltaic mounting system which is secured to are mainly used to stabilize the photovoltaic mounting system. So, in order to maintain the floating shaft being stabilized, without the surrounding floats, a horizontal axis mounting system) as desired.

roll/revolve/rotate but also to stabilize the floating shaft (and the photovoltaic floating solar tracker (having water tanks) can be included. The horizontal axis floating revolve the floating shaft. The horizontal axis floating solar tracker is capable to not only

solar tracker create extra variable forces (by its water tanks) to balance/stabilize and to solar tracker create extra variable forces (by its water tanks) to balance/stabilize and to

revolve the floating shaft. The horizontal axis floating solar tracker is capable to not only floating solar tracker (having water tanks) can be included. The horizontal axis floating

the floating shaft being stabilized, without the surrounding floats, a horizontal axis roll/revolve/rotate but also to stabilize the floating shaft (and the photovoltaic are mainly used to stabilize the photovoltaic mounting system. So, in order to maintain

mounting system) as desired. installation costs. The central float is mainly used to float while the surrounding floats

creating the same value of buoyant forces) and saves manufacturing costs as well as

[0166] If the floating shaft (and the photovoltaic mounting system which is secured to be saved by using only one central float which saves materials for the same volume (for

the floating shaft) is revolved around an axis by a floating solar tracker, the floats are with the surrounding floats only. So, instead of using the surrounding floats, costs can

with the central floats only or with both the central floats and the surrounding floats or

also distributed around the axis, in order to allow the floating shaft (and the

[0165] The floating shaft and the photovoltaic mounting system can optionally work

photovoltaic mounting system) being remained floating and being stabilized because photovoltaic mounting system.

when the floating shaft (and the photovoltaic mounting system) is revolved, the states to a typical float-supporting structure which is secured to the floating shaft or the

of the floats are changed. The states of a float include whether the float is fully supporting structure, are named after surrounding floats. The floats can also be secured

submerged, partially submerged 82 or fully stayed above the water surface of the body of water. For such a reason, the possibly submerged part of the floating shaft (and the photovoltaic mounting system) should have the floats being distributed continuously, in term of buoyant forces created, along the revolving direction of the part in order to allow the floating shaft (and the photovoltaic mounting system) not only being floated in all possible revolved states, but also capable to transit between the states smoothly regarding to changes of buoyant forces created by the floats having states being changed. Otherwise, the transitions between the states can still be done but with more of the water tanks (or the variation of the water contained in the water tanks) creating fluctuations which require more energy to revolve the floating shaft (and the 14 May 2025 positioned oppositely in the two opposite sides, allowing the variations of the weights photovoltaic mounting system). a side of a typical photovoltaic mounting system, of which the two water tanks are two water tanks. Each water tank is structurally secured to a side of a floating shaft or

[0167] In other words, in order to be able to revolve the floating shaft (and the floating transmission-based solar tracker. The horizontal axis floating solar tracker has

solar tracker", with the floating mechanical power transmission system to form the photovoltaic mounting system) with lowest power or energy provided, the mass of the tracker together, as described in the section of "Arc-shaped water tank-based floating

whole floating solar energy system needs to be distributed symmetrically over its centre ways to power the floating shafts rotating is to integrate a horizontal axis floating solar

of mass while the float(s) is (are) also required to be distributed symmetrically over the the pair of floating shafts and maintained facing towards the sun as desired. One of

floating shaft rotates the other floating shaft, allowing the solar panels supported by centre of mass in order to create a constant buoyant force while the floating shaft (and 2025203461

rotated (or held rotating) by a motor or a source of mechanical power, then the rotated

the photovoltaic mounting system) is either revolved or idled. The centre of mass is also above floating mechanical power transmission system. One of the floating shafts is

laid in the direction of the constant buoyant force. Furthermore, forces created by the

[0168] A solar floating transmission-based solar tracker (Figure 56) is based on the

required. floating solar tracker to revolve the floating shaft (and the photovoltaic mounting system) also need to be symmetric over the centre of mass. The float(s) is (are) also floating shaft (and the photovoltaic mounting system) to be rollable with lowest power

(and the photovoltaic mounting system) is either revolved or idled in order to allow the named after surrounding float(s) in order to imply an important feature of the float(s) that the float(s) can create the constant buoyant force at any time that the floating shaft

that they are distributed around the axis (containing the centre of mass) in such a way that they are distributed around the axis (containing the centre of mass) in such a way

that the float(s) can create the constant buoyant force at any time that the floating shaft named after surrounding float(s) in order to imply an important feature of the float(s)

system) also need to be symmetric over the centre of mass. The float(s) is (are) also (and the photovoltaic mounting system) is either revolved or idled in order to allow the floating solar tracker to revolve the floating shaft (and the photovoltaic mounting

floating shaft (and the photovoltaic mounting system) to be rollable with lowest power laid in the direction of the constant buoyant force. Furthermore, forces created by the

required. the photovoltaic mounting system) is either revolved or idled. The centre of mass is also

centre of mass in order to create a constant buoyant force while the floating shaft (and

[0168] A solar floating transmission-based solar tracker (Figure 56) is based on the of mass while the float(s) is (are) also required to be distributed symmetrically over the

whole floating solar energy system needs to be distributed symmetrically over its centre

above floating mechanical power transmission system. One of the floating shafts is photovoltaic mounting system) with lowest power or energy provided, the mass of the

rotated (or held rotating) by a motor or a source of mechanical power, then the rotated

[0167] In other words, in order to be able to revolve the floating shaft (and the

floating shaft rotates the other floating shaft, allowing the solar panels supported by photovoltaic mounting system).

the pair of floating shafts and maintained facing towards the sun as desired. One of fluctuations which require more energy to revolve the floating shaft (and the

ways to power the floating 83 shafts rotating is to integrate a horizontal axis floating solar tracker together, as described in the section of “Arc-shaped water tank-based floating solar tracker”, with the floating mechanical power transmission system to form the floating transmission-based solar tracker. The horizontal axis floating solar tracker has two water tanks. Each water tank is structurally secured to a side of a floating shaft or a side of a typical photovoltaic mounting system, of which the two water tanks are positioned oppositely in the two opposite sides, allowing the variations of the weights of the water tanks (or the variation of the water contained in the water tanks) creating secured to a shaft (#9s), in which the oscillated float is resided in a side of the shaft.

moments (torques) to roll/revolve/rotate the floating shafts together in order to face 14 May 2025

supporting structure. The oscillated float and/or the float-supporting structure is (are)

the solar panels towards the sun as desired. Further details on how to arrange the with solar trackers is integrated. The oscillated float is secured/attached to the float-

components of the horizontal axis floating solar tracker together with the components structure (#7s, Figure 56) which should be included in a floating solar energy system

preferred float-supporting structure is a vertical structural ring or a vertical wheel-like

of the floating mechanical power transmission system are explained in the description structure or float-supporting structure (#7s) which simply means the same one. A

of the horizontal axis floating solar tracker (a part of the previous/other sections of arc- converter which has an oscillated float (#8, Figure 58). The oscillated float has a float

energy system (Figure 57 and Figure 58). The wave energy system has a wave energy shaped water tank-based floating solar trackers), in which the floating

[0170] The floating mechanical power transmission system can also be used for a wave

structure/substructure is replaced with the floating shafts and/or the photovoltaic 2025203461

on the body of water or anchored/moored. mounting systems. be rotated by a motor which can be securely fixed to the ground or stabilized/settled

(and/or its photovoltaic mounting system). It is notable that the floating shaft can also

[0169] So, one or more single axis floating solar tracker(s) can be integrated in system) or secured to a supporting structure which is then secured to the floating shaft

conjunction with a floating shaft (and/or its photovoltaic mounting system which is tracker(s) can be secured directly to the floating shaft (and/or its photovoltaic mounting

secured to the floating shaft). How to secure/arrange the components of the single axis photovoltaic mounting system). The components of the single axis floating solar

particularly the structural ring, is replaced with the floating shaft (and/or its floating solar tracker(s) to the floating shaft (and/or its photovoltaic mounting system) floating solar trackers, in which the (stabilized) floating structure/substructure, or

is presented in previous/other sections which describe arc-shaped water tank-based is presented in previous/other sections which describe arc-shaped water tank-based

floating solar trackers, in which the (stabilized) floating structure/substructure, or floating solar tracker(s) to the floating shaft (and/or its photovoltaic mounting system)

secured to the floating shaft). How to secure/arrange the components of the single axis particularly the structural ring, is replaced with the floating shaft (and/or its conjunction with a floating shaft (and/or its photovoltaic mounting system which is

photovoltaic mounting system). The components of the single axis floating solar

[0169] So, one or more single axis floating solar tracker(s) can be integrated in

tracker(s) can be secured directly to the floating shaft (and/or its photovoltaic mounting mounting systems.

system) or secured to a supporting structure which is then secured to the floating shaft structure/substructure is replaced with the floating shafts and/or the photovoltaic

(and/or its photovoltaic mounting system). It is notable that the floating shaft can also shaped water tank-based floating solar trackers), in which the floating

of the horizontal axis floating solar tracker (a part of the previous/other sections of arc- be rotated by a motor which can be securely fixed to the ground or stabilized/settled of the floating mechanical power transmission system are explained in the description

on the body of water or anchored/moored. components of the horizontal axis floating solar tracker together with the components

the solar panels towards the sun as desired. Further details on how to arrange the

[0170] The floating mechanical power transmission system can also be used for a wave moments (torques) to roll/revolve/rotate the floating shafts together in order to face

energy system (Figure 84 57 and Figure 58). The wave energy system has a wave energy converter which has an oscillated float (#8, Figure 58). The oscillated float has a float structure or float-supporting structure (#7s) which simply means the same one. A preferred float-supporting structure is a vertical structural ring or a vertical wheel-like structure (#7s, Figure 56) which should be included in a floating solar energy system with solar trackers is integrated. The oscillated float is secured/attached to the float- supporting structure. The oscillated float and/or the float-supporting structure is (are) secured to a shaft (#9s), in which the oscillated float is resided in a side of the shaft.

order to maintain facing towards the sun. The rotary bearing or the rotary sliding

Buoyant forces created by waves and applied to the oscillated float are able to revolve the shaft/float-supporting structure/wheel-like structure/structural ring (#7s or #9s) in 14 May 2025

the shaft around a horizontal axis while the shaft is being anchored/moored and held shaft. So, the solar panels (#5s, Figure 58) are able to slide/revolve independently with

which allows the photovoltaic mounting system to revolve around and be held to the

in the designated boundary. Energy of the rotations of the shaft is converted to a torque vertical structural ring) or the shaft via a rotary bearing or a rotary sliding mechanism

which is used to generate electricity. In other words, the shaft(s) can rotate a generator attached to the float-supporting structure (or the vertical wheel-like structure or the

(or an electricity-generating mechanism) which can be securely fixed/secured to the together. In this case, the photovoltaic mounting system (#6s) is slidably/rotatably

[0171] The wave energy system and the floating solar energy system can be combined

ground or stabilized/settled on the body of water, including using anchoring/mooring systems. If there are more than one wave energy converters revolving the shaft or the are several types of gear boxes which can be used for this case.

The gear box can include several gear ratios and/or a forward/reverse mechanism. The 2025203461

shafts, each wave energy converter may require a gear box or a one-way bearing (#9b). The gearbox is used to transmit mechanical power from the oscillated float to the shaft.

The inner race of the one-way bearing is secured to a shaft while the outer race of the bidirectional motions of the oscillated float into single rotational motions of the shaft.

the one-way bearing, a wave anergy converter can use a gear box which can convert one-way bearing is secured to the oscillated float or the float-supporting structure, converters need to revolve the shafts in the same rotational direction. In lieu of using

allowing the one-way bearing to support the oscillated float revolving around the shaft. is no torque/power being transmitted (the two races are not engaged). All wave energy

The one-way bearing also allows (the two races are engaged) torques/mechanical transmitted to the shaft to revolve the shaft. In the opposite rotational direction, there

energy being transmitted from one of its races to the other race with respect to a oscillated float in a direction (such as raising up the oscillated float by waves) is

relative rotational direction. Thus, in this case, mechanical power of motions of the

relative rotational direction. Thus, in this case, mechanical power of motions of the energy being transmitted from one of its races to the other race with respect to a

oscillated float in a direction (such as raising up the oscillated float by waves) is The one-way bearing also allows (the two races are engaged) torques/mechanical

transmitted to the shaft to revolve the shaft. In the opposite rotational direction, there allowing the one-way bearing to support the oscillated float revolving around the shaft.

one-way bearing is secured to the oscillated float or the float-supporting structure,

is no torque/power being transmitted (the two races are not engaged). All wave energy The inner race of the one-way bearing is secured to a shaft while the outer race of the

converters need to revolve the shafts in the same rotational direction. In lieu of using shafts, each wave energy converter may require a gear box or a one-way bearing (#9b).

the one-way bearing, a wave anergy converter can use a gear box which can convert systems. If there are more than one wave energy converters revolving the shaft or the

ground or stabilized/settled on the body of water, including using anchoring/mooring

bidirectional motions of the oscillated float into single rotational motions of the shaft. (or an electricity-generating mechanism) which can be securely fixed/secured to the

The gearbox is used to transmit mechanical power from the oscillated float to the shaft. which is used to generate electricity. In other words, the shaft(s) can rotate a generator

The gear box can include several gear ratios and/or a forward/reverse mechanism. The in the designated boundary. Energy of the rotations of the shaft is converted to a torque

the shaft around a horizontal axis while the shaft is being anchored/moored and held

are several types of gear boxes which can be used for this case. Buoyant forces created by waves and applied to the oscillated float are able to revolve

[0171] The wave energy system and the floating solar energy system can be combined 85

together. In this case, the photovoltaic mounting system (#6s) is slidably/rotatably attached to the float-supporting structure (or the vertical wheel-like structure or the vertical structural ring) or the shaft via a rotary bearing or a rotary sliding mechanism which allows the photovoltaic mounting system to revolve around and be held to the shaft. So, the solar panels (#5s, Figure 58) are able to slide/revolve independently with the shaft/float-supporting structure/wheel-like structure/structural ring (#7s or #9s) in order to maintain facing towards the sun. The rotary bearing or the rotary sliding optional to add the floating solar tracker to the floating solar energy system which can mechanism (#6b, #7s, #6s) is needed to be fitted between the shaft/float-supporting (by simply replacing these structures with the photovoltaic mounting system). It is 14 May 2025 structure/wheel-like structure/structural ring (#7s or #9s) and the photovoltaic (tensioned) rollable structure or any other floating structure referred in this document floating structure/substructure or the wheel-like structure or the structural ring or the mounting system (#6s), allowing the photovoltaic mounting system capable of sliding tracker with the photovoltaic mounting system is exactly the same with that of the or revolving relatively and independently times, a floating solar tracker is needed. How to cooperate/integrate the floating solar to the shaft/float-supporting structure/wheel-like structure/structural ring (#7s or #9s). fitted between them. If the solar panels are required to face towards the sun at all secured to the other, and vice versa, with balls or rollers or oil or air or liquid or water ring or the photovoltaic mounting system while the outer race/the rail/the gear rack is

[0172] If the rotary bearing is included, the inner race of the rotary bearing is secured is secured to either the shaft/float-supporting structure/wheel-like structure/structural

to the shaft/float-supporting structure/wheel-like structure/structural ring while the 2025203461

and a gear rack can also be used. In this case, the inner race/the slider/the pinion gear

outer race of the rotary bearing is secured to the photovoltaic mounting system. If the and an outer race), a set of a slider, friction-reducer and a rail or a set of a pinion gear

rollers, oil, air, water, rotary bearings and so on. A rotary bearing (with an inner race rotary sliding mechanism is included, the shaft/float-supporting structure/wheel-like and the photovoltaic mounting system. Some kinds of friction-reducers can be balls,

structure/structural ring can be securely attached with a rail in a circular or an arc shape. the photovoltaic mounting system (#6s) in order to reduce frictions between the rail

The photovoltaic mounting system is allowed to relatively slide/revolve on the shaft/float-supporting structure/wheel-like structure/structural ring (#7s or #9s) and

sun. A layer of friction-reducer (#6b) can be added and securely fitted between the circular/arc rail while it is also held to the rail at all times. In other words, the bearing or the rotary sliding mechanism, enabling the solar panels to orient toward the

photovoltaic mounting system rotates around the shaft, supported by the rotary photovoltaic mounting system rotates around the shaft, supported by the rotary

bearing or the rotary sliding mechanism, enabling the solar panels to orient toward the circular/arc rail while it is also held to the rail at all times. In other words, the

The photovoltaic mounting system is allowed to relatively slide/revolve on the sun. A layer of friction-reducer (#6b) can be added and securely fitted between the structure/structural ring can be securely attached with a rail in a circular or an arc shape.

shaft/float-supporting structure/wheel-like structure/structural ring (#7s or #9s) and rotary sliding mechanism is included, the shaft/float-supporting structure/wheel-like

the photovoltaic mounting system (#6s) in order to reduce frictions between the rail outer race of the rotary bearing is secured to the photovoltaic mounting system. If the

to the shaft/float-supporting structure/wheel-like structure/structural ring while the and the photovoltaic mounting system. Some kinds of friction-reducers can be balls,

[0172] If the rotary bearing is included, the inner race of the rotary bearing is secured

rollers, oil, air, water, rotary bearings and so on. A rotary bearing (with an inner race structure/wheel-like structure/structural ring (#7s or #9s). and an outer race), a set of a slider, friction-reducer and a rail or a set of a pinion gear or revolving relatively and independently to the shaft/float-supporting

and a gear rack can also be used. In this case, the inner race/the slider/the pinion gear mounting system (#6s), allowing the photovoltaic mounting system capable of sliding

is secured to either the shaft/float-supporting structure/wheel-like structure/structural structure/wheel-like structure/structural ring (#7s or #9s) and the photovoltaic

mechanism (#6b, #7s, #6s) is needed to be fitted between the shaft/float-supporting ring or the photovoltaic mounting system while the outer race/the rail/the gear rack is secured to the other, and vice versa, with balls or rollers or oil or air or liquid or water 86

fitted between them. If the solar panels are required to face towards the sun at all times, a floating solar tracker is needed. How to cooperate/integrate the floating solar tracker with the photovoltaic mounting system is exactly the same with that of the floating structure/substructure or the wheel-like structure or the structural ring or the (tensioned) rollable structure or any other floating structure referred in this document (by simply replacing these structures with the photovoltaic mounting system). It is optional to add the floating solar tracker to the floating solar energy system which can

1.12 [0176] Anchored-moored rotation systems for floating solar trackers

be workable in any cases by using enough floats to stabilize the floating solar energy 14 May 2025

secured to their common floating structure/substructure as described individually.

system. order to integrate them together, their components are simply arranged with and/or

trackers because they share their common floating structure/substructure. Thus, in

[0173] A floating shaft (and/or its photovoltaic mounting system) can also be securely rotation systems and/or the anchored-moored rotation system-based floating solar

attached with a number of liquid dampers, which are damping water tanks, to form a transmission systems can work and can be integrated with the anchored-moored

[0175] The floating transmission-based solar trackers and floating mechanical power damping system in order to improve stabilization of the floating shaft (and/or its photovoltaic mounting system) on the body of water. The damping water tanks are the solar panels being stabilized.

the photovoltaic mounting systems in order to provide sufficient buoyant forces to hold tanks containing liquid/water partially in order to be used as liquid dampers which are 2025203461

a number of floats being secured at two sides of the floating shafts and/or two sides of

securely attached to the floating shaft (and/or its photovoltaic mounting system) where still work, without tracking the sun, if the floating solar system is further stabilized using

required in accordance with structural and damping effects. The damping water tanks of the floating shafts and the photovoltaic mounting systems and the solar panels can

horizontal axis floating solar tracker is not included, the floating solar system composed can also be securely attached to a supporting structure which is secured to the floating further rotating like how a typical (grounding) solar tracker operates. Thus, if the

shaft (and/or its photovoltaic mounting system). Each damping water tank is partially are held by the motor or the sources of power (or a breaking mechanism) to prevent

filled with liquid/water. or the sources of power. In other words, while the floating shafts are not rotated, they

[0174] It is notable that the floating shafts are rotated, and also being held by the motor

[0174] It is notable that the floating shafts are rotated, and also being held by the motor filled with liquid/water.

or the sources of power. In other words, while the floating shafts are not rotated, they shaft (and/or its photovoltaic mounting system). Each damping water tank is partially

are held by the motor or the sources of power (or a breaking mechanism) to prevent can also be securely attached to a supporting structure which is secured to the floating

required in accordance with structural and damping effects. The damping water tanks

further rotating like how a typical (grounding) solar tracker operates. Thus, if the securely attached to the floating shaft (and/or its photovoltaic mounting system) where

horizontal axis floating solar tracker is not included, the floating solar system composed tanks containing liquid/water partially in order to be used as liquid dampers which are

photovoltaic mounting system) on the body of water. The damping water tanks are of the floating shafts and the photovoltaic mounting systems and the solar panels can damping system in order to improve stabilization of the floating shaft (and/or its

still work, without tracking the sun, if the floating solar system is further stabilized using attached with a number of liquid dampers, which are damping water tanks, to form a

a number of floats being secured at two sides of the floating shafts and/or two sides of

[0173] A floating shaft (and/or its photovoltaic mounting system) can also be securely

system. the photovoltaic mounting systems in order to provide sufficient buoyant forces to hold the solar panels being stabilized. be workable in any cases by using enough floats to stabilize the floating solar energy

87

[0175] The floating transmission-based solar trackers and floating mechanical power transmission systems can work and can be integrated with the anchored-moored rotation systems and/or the anchored-moored rotation system-based floating solar trackers because they share their common floating structure/substructure. Thus, in order to integrate them together, their components are simply arranged with and/or secured to their common floating structure/substructure as described individually.

1.12 [0176] Anchored-moored rotation systems for floating solar trackers slider being suspended/held to the anchoring/mooring system and allowing the primary

[0177] A anchored-moored rotation system is a system used to anchor/moor a rollable while the other end is secured to the anchoring/mooring system, allowing the primary 14 May 2025

floating structure/substructure (of a floating solar energy system) while the floating to a typical anchoring/mooring system, has an end being secured to the primary slider

of the primary rail is either a circle or an arc. A rope/cable/chain (#50r1), which belongs

structure/substructure is allowed to be revolved/rotated around an axis. Thus, the rail while the primary slider is either sliding or idling versus the primary rail. The shape

floating solar energy system, which is based on the floating structure/substructure slider (#50s1) which is slidable along the primary rail and which is held to the primary

being secured with solar panels, is allowed to maintain the solar panels facing the sun rotation system (Figure 59) which has a rigid primary rail (#301, Figure 59) and a primary

[0178] The floating solar energy system can also include a primary anchored-moored

while its floating structure/substructure is revolved/rotated and anchored/moored, allowing the rotatable floating structure/substructure being held within a watch circle structure/substructure).

a typical photovoltaic mounting system (which is secured to the floating 2025203461

which refers to a designated boundary that the floating structure/substructure is being the solar panels which are secured to the floating structure/substructure or secured to

maintained to stay inside as desired while the floating structure/substructure is to the floating structure/substructure. The floating solar energy system also comprises

revolved/rotated, floated, stabilized and anchored/moored. The floating solar energy floats can also be secured to a typical float-supporting structure which is then secured

floatable thanks to a float either attached/secured to or integrated in the section. The

system comprises the floating structure/substructure. when rotated by a power source within a designated angle, of which each section is The floating structure/substructure is floated, held, balanced and stabilized on the body of water horizontal axis, enabling the structure to float and remain stable on a body of water

thanks to its hollow body and/or a number of floats which are secured to it. The floating structure/substructure has buoyant sections, arranged partially or entirely around a

structure/substructure can be either hollow or not hollow. In other words, the floating

structure/substructure can be either hollow or not hollow. In other words, the floating thanks to its hollow body and/or a number of floats which are secured to it. The floating

structure/substructure has buoyant sections, arranged partially or entirely around a structure/substructure is floated, held, balanced and stabilized on the body of water

system comprises the floating structure/substructure. The horizontal axis, enabling the structure to float and remain stable on a body of water floating

revolved/rotated, floated, stabilized and anchored/moored. The floating solar energy

when rotated by a power source within a designated angle, of which each section is maintained to stay inside as desired while the floating structure/substructure is

floatable thanks to a float either attached/secured to or integrated in the section. The which refers to a designated boundary that the floating structure/substructure is being

floats can also be secured to a typical float-supporting structure which is then secured allowing the rotatable floating structure/substructure being held within a watch circle

while its floating structure/substructure is revolved/rotated and anchored/moored,

to the floating structure/substructure. The floating solar energy system also comprises being secured with solar panels, is allowed to maintain the solar panels facing the sun

the solar panels which are secured to the floating structure/substructure or secured to floating solar energy system, which is based on the floating structure/substructure

structure/substructure is allowed to be revolved/rotated around an axis. Thus, the a typical photovoltaic mounting system (which is secured to the floating floating structure/substructure (of a floating solar energy system) while the floating

structure/substructure).

[0177] A anchored-moored rotation system is a system used to anchor/moor a rollable

[0178] The floating solar energy system can also include a primary anchored-moored 88

rotation system (Figure 59) which has a rigid primary rail (#301, Figure 59) and a primary slider (#50s1) which is slidable along the primary rail and which is held to the primary rail while the primary slider is either sliding or idling versus the primary rail. The shape of the primary rail is either a circle or an arc. A rope/cable/chain (#50r1), which belongs to a typical anchoring/mooring system, has an end being secured to the primary slider while the other end is secured to the anchoring/mooring system, allowing the primary slider being suspended/held to the anchoring/mooring system and allowing the primary anchoring/mooring system, allowing the secondary slider being suspended/held to the slider being held (by the anchoring/mooring system) within a watch circle. In other end being secured to the secondary slider while the other end is secured to the typical 14 May 2025 words, the primary slider is anchored/moored to or securely held by the rope/cable/chain (#50r2), which belongs to a typical anchoring/mooring system, has an structure/substructure being revolved/rotated in a 3D space instead of a 2D space. A anchoring/mooring system. It is optional to add and fit a primary optional friction- (although any angles between them are still workable), allowing the floating reducer (#50b1), such as rollers or balls, between the two surfaces between and of the containing the primary and the secondary rails should be orthogonal/perpendicular primary rail and the primary slider, allowing the primary slider sliding on the surface of although any angles between them are still workable. In other words, the two planes and the primary rail should be positioned orthogonally/perpendicularly together the primary rail with less friction. The primary rail is secured to the floating the secondary rail which is relatively slidable on the secondary slider. The secondary rail structure/substructure which is floated and stabilized on a body of water (#12), allowing 60). In other words, the primary slider is secured to and securely held by (and only by) 2025203461 the floating structure/substructure being held within the watch circle as desired, and arc. The primary slider (#50s1, Figure 59) become a part the secondary rail (#302, Figure idling versus the secondary rail. The shape of the secondary rail is either a circle or an allowing the floating structure/substructure being revolved/rotated by a floating solar and is slidably held to the secondary rail while the secondary slider is either sliding or tracker. As the solar panels are secured to the floating structure/substructure, or the and a secondary slider (#50s2). The secondary slider is slidable along the secondary rail solar panels are secured to a typical photovoltaic mounting system which is secured to moored rotation system (Figure 60) which has a rigid secondary rail (#302, Figure 60)

[0179] The floating solar energy system can also further include a secondary anchored-

the floating structure/substructure, the solar panels are allowed to maintain facing the sun while the floating structure/substructure is being anchored/moored and structure/substructure being revolved/rotated around a primary rotational axis.

revolved/rotated. The primary anchored-moored rotation system allows the floating

revolved/rotated. The primary anchored-moored rotation system allows the floating sun while the floating structure/substructure is being anchored/moored and

structure/substructure being revolved/rotated around a primary rotational axis. the floating structure/substructure, the solar panels are allowed to maintain facing the

solar panels are secured to a typical photovoltaic mounting system which is secured to

[0179] The floating solar energy system can also further include a secondary anchored- tracker. As the solar panels are secured to the floating structure/substructure, or the

allowing the floating structure/substructure being revolved/rotated by a floating solar moored rotation system (Figure 60) which has a rigid secondary rail (#302, Figure 60) the floating structure/substructure being held within the watch circle as desired, and

and a secondary slider (#50s2). The secondary slider is slidable along the secondary rail structure/substructure which is floated and stabilized on a body of water (#12), allowing

and is slidably held to the secondary rail while the secondary slider is either sliding or the primary rail with less friction. The primary rail is secured to the floating

primary rail and the primary slider, allowing the primary slider sliding on the surface of idling versus the secondary rail. The shape of the secondary rail is either a circle or an reducer (#50b1), such as rollers or balls, between the two surfaces between and of the

arc. The primary slider (#50s1, Figure 59) become a part the secondary rail (#302, Figure anchoring/mooring system. It is optional to add and fit a primary optional friction-

words, the primary slider is anchored/moored to or securely held by the 60). In other words, the primary slider is secured to and securely held by (and only by) slider being held (by the anchoring/mooring system) within a watch circle. In other the secondary rail which is relatively slidable on the secondary slider. The secondary rail and the primary rail should be positioned orthogonally/perpendicularly together 89

although any angles between them are still workable. In other words, the two planes containing the primary and the secondary rails should be orthogonal/perpendicular (although any angles between them are still workable), allowing the floating structure/substructure being revolved/rotated in a 3D space instead of a 2D space. A rope/cable/chain (#50r2), which belongs to a typical anchoring/mooring system, has an end being secured to the secondary slider while the other end is secured to the typical anchoring/mooring system, allowing the secondary slider being suspended/held to the of liquid/water contained (in the water tank) is varied. A liquid/water pump is used to anchoring/mooring system and allowing the secondary slider being held (by the 14 May 2025 structure/substructure around a horizontal rotational axis once the volume (or weight) anchoring/mooring system) within a watch circle. It is optional to add and fit a and the buoyant forces generated by the water tank) revolving the floating secondary friction-reducer (#50b2), such as rollers or balls, between the two surfaces floating structure/substructure, allowing the total force (composed of the gravity forces surface of the body of water. The water tank is structurally secured to a side of the between and of the secondary rail and the secondary slider, allowing the secondary liquid/water partially filled, can be submerged or positioned above or at the water slider sliding on the surface of the secondary rail with less friction. shaped water tank-based floating solar trackers. A water tank, which is a tank containing buoyant forces with a number of water tanks as described in the descriptions of arc-

[0180] The secondary anchored-moored rotation system works in the same way like structure/substructure on the body of water. An example is to use gravity forces and/or

body of the floating structure/substructure, in order to revolve/rotate the floating that of the primary anchored-moored rotation system. Thus, the solar panels are 2025203461

system. A floating solar tracker simply needs to generate a force, which is applied to the

allowed to maintain facing the sun while the floating structure/substructure is being around the secondary rotational axis, can be integrated in the floating solar energy

anchored/moored within a watch circle and also being revolved/rotated with respect and a secondary floating solar tracker revolving the floating structure/substructure

tracker revolving the floating structure/substructure around the primary rotational axis to both the primary rotational axis (of the primary anchored-moored rotation system)

[0181] Thus, a set of dual floating solar tracker, which has a primary floating solar

and the secondary rotational axis (of the secondary anchored-moored rotation system) with respect to the primary rotational axis and/or the secondary rotational axis. at the same time. The watch circle refers to a designated boundary that the floating structure/substructure is floated, stabilized, anchored/moored and revolved/rotated

structure/substructure is being maintained to stay inside as desired while the floating structure/substructure is being maintained to stay inside as desired while the floating

structure/substructure is floated, stabilized, anchored/moored and revolved/rotated at the same time. The watch circle refers to a designated boundary that the floating

and the secondary rotational axis (of the secondary anchored-moored rotation system) with respect to the primary rotational axis and/or the secondary rotational axis. to both the primary rotational axis (of the primary anchored-moored rotation system)

anchored/moored within a watch circle and also being revolved/rotated with respect

[0181] Thus, a set of dual floating solar tracker, which has a primary floating solar allowed to maintain facing the sun while the floating structure/substructure is being

tracker revolving the floating structure/substructure around the primary rotational axis that of the primary anchored-moored rotation system. Thus, the solar panels are

[0180] The secondary anchored-moored rotation system works in the same way like and a secondary floating solar tracker revolving the floating structure/substructure around the secondary rotational axis, can be integrated in the floating solar energy slider sliding on the surface of the secondary rail with less friction.

between and of the secondary rail and the secondary slider, allowing the secondary system. A floating solar tracker simply needs to generate a force, which is applied to the secondary friction-reducer (#50b2), such as rollers or balls, between the two surfaces

body of the floating structure/substructure, in order to revolve/rotate the floating anchoring/mooring system) within a watch circle. It is optional to add and fit a

structure/substructure on the body of water. An example is to use gravity forces and/or anchoring/mooring system and allowing the secondary slider being held (by the

buoyant forces with a 90 number of water tanks as described in the descriptions of arc- shaped water tank-based floating solar trackers. A water tank, which is a tank containing liquid/water partially filled, can be submerged or positioned above or at the water surface of the body of water. The water tank is structurally secured to a side of the floating structure/substructure, allowing the total force (composed of the gravity forces and the buoyant forces generated by the water tank) revolving the floating structure/substructure around a horizontal rotational axis once the volume (or weight) of liquid/water contained (in the water tank) is varied. A liquid/water pump is used to solar tracker, the primary floating solar tracker and the secondary floating solar tracker, pump liquid/water into or out of the water tank for varying its weight. Another example motor, a pinion gear and a gear rack as explained above. Thus, the set of dual floating 14 May 2025 anchored-moored rotation system can include a floating solar tracker which has a is to use a motorized propeller, which is submerged in the body of water and which is structure/substructure is revolved/rotated accordingly. Each (primary/secondary) secured to the floating structure/substructure, allowing forces created by the held (such as being anchored/moored), when the motor is operated, the floating motorized propeller revolving the floating structure/substructure around a vertical part of the rail as they are fully fitted together as a whole. Because the slider is being rotational axis. A second water tank can be added and structurally secured to the rail as well as the floating structure/substructure. It can be said that the gear rack is a transmitted through the pinion gear then through the gear rack to revolve/rotate the floating structure at the opposite side of the first water tank. The liquid/water pump is anchored-moored rotation system, allowing torques generated by the motor and being allowed to pump liquid/water from the first water tank to the second water tank and transmitting torques. The gear rack is fitly secured to the surface of the rail of the the teeth of the pinion gear engaging the teeth of the gear rack at all time for 2025203461 vice versa, allowing the total forces (composed of the gravity forces and the buoyant The motor is secured to the slider of the anchored-moored rotation system, allowing forces generated by the water tanks) together rack is also either a circle or an arc. The pinion gear is controllably rotated by the motor. revolving the floating structure/substructure around a horizontal rotational axis once the volumes (or further has a controllable motor, a pinion gear and a gear rack. The shape of the gear anchored-moored rotation systems. Any/each anchored-moored rotation system weights) of liquid/water contained (in the water tanks) are varied. Further details on floating structure/substructure which is being anchored/moored by a number of how to arrange/secure the components of a number of arc-shaped water tank-based

[0182] Another type of floating solar tracker can be used for revolving/rotating the

floating solar trackers with the floating structure/substructure are presented in the descriptions of arc-shaped water tank-based floating solar trackers.

descriptions of arc-shaped water tank-based floating solar trackers. floating solar trackers with the floating structure/substructure are presented in the

how to arrange/secure the components of a number of arc-shaped water tank-based

[0182] Another type of floating solar tracker can be used for revolving/rotating the weights) of liquid/water contained (in the water tanks) are varied. Further details on

floating structure/substructure which is being anchored/moored by a number of structure/substructure around a horizontal rotational axis once the volumes (or

forces generated by the water tanks) together revolving the floating anchored-moored rotation systems. Any/each anchored-moored rotation system vice versa, allowing the total forces (composed of the gravity forces and the buoyant

further has a controllable motor, a pinion gear and a gear rack. The shape of the gear allowed to pump liquid/water from the first water tank to the second water tank and

rack is also either a circle or an arc. The pinion gear is controllably rotated by the motor. floating structure at the opposite side of the first water tank. The liquid/water pump is

rotational axis. A second water tank can be added and structurally secured to the The motor is secured to the slider of the anchored-moored rotation system, allowing motorized propeller revolving the floating structure/substructure around a vertical

the teeth of the pinion gear engaging the teeth of the gear rack at all time for secured to the floating structure/substructure, allowing forces created by the

transmitting torques. The gear rack is fitly secured to the surface of the rail of the is to use a motorized propeller, which is submerged in the body of water and which is

pump liquid/water into or out of the water tank for varying its weight. Another example anchored-moored rotation system, allowing torques generated by the motor and being transmitted through the pinion gear then through the gear rack to revolve/rotate the 91

rail as well as the floating structure/substructure. It can be said that the gear rack is a part of the rail as they are fully fitted together as a whole. Because the slider is being held (such as being anchored/moored), when the motor is operated, the floating structure/substructure is revolved/rotated accordingly. Each (primary/secondary) anchored-moored rotation system can include a floating solar tracker which has a motor, a pinion gear and a gear rack as explained above. Thus, the set of dual floating solar tracker, the primary floating solar tracker and the secondary floating solar tracker, tanks can also be securely attached to a supporting structure which is secured to the can be integrated in the combination of the primary and secondary anchored-moored where required in accordance with structural and damping effects. The damping water 14 May 2025 liquid dampers which are securely attached to the floating structure/substructure rotation systems in order to revolve/rotate the floating structure/substructure with damping water tanks are tanks containing liquid/water partially in order to be used as respect to dual (primary and secondary) rotational axes. These floating solar trackers to improve stabilization of the floating structure/substructure on the body of water. The are named after the anchored-moored rotation system-based floating solar trackers. of liquid dampers, which are damping water tanks, to form a damping system in order

[0185] The floating structure/substructure can also be securely attached with a number

[0183] The (primary/secondary) revolved/rotated to avoid twisting the rope/cable/chain. slider can be anchored/moored to the anchoring/mooring system using a number of ropes/cables/chains (#50r, Figure 61 and the rope/cable/chain while the body of the floating structure/substructure is

be connected to the slider via a free joint which allows no torque being transmitted to Figure 62), of which, each rope/cable/chain is laid in a direction, allowing the slider 2025203461

and the floating solar energy system can still workable. Each rope/cable/chain can also

staying within a watch circle as desired. The direction can be vertical, horizontal or any solar trackers. In this case, the (primary/secondary) anchored-moored rotation systems

angles. Each anchored-moored rotation system can be submerged or positioned at or

[0184] It is possible that the floating solar energy system does not need any floating

above the water surface of the body of water. A floating structure/substructure can also on a floating structure/substructure, together.

be connected with an adjacent floating structure/substructure by using a capable to revolve/rotate several floating solar energy systems, of which each is based

order to revolve/rotate the other at the same pace. This allows a floating solar tracker rope/cable/chain which has an end being secured to a floating structure/substructure a being revolved/rotated floating structure/substructure capable to pull the other in

while the other end being secured to the other floating structure/substructure, allowing while the other end being secured to the other floating structure/substructure, allowing

a being revolved/rotated floating structure/substructure capable to pull the other in rope/cable/chain which has an end being secured to a floating structure/substructure

be connected with an adjacent floating structure/substructure by using a order to revolve/rotate the other at the same pace. This allows a floating solar tracker above the water surface of the body of water. A floating structure/substructure can also

capable to revolve/rotate several floating solar energy systems, of which each is based angles. Each anchored-moored rotation system can be submerged or positioned at or

on a floating structure/substructure, together. staying within a watch circle as desired. The direction can be vertical, horizontal or any

Figure 62), of which, each rope/cable/chain is laid in a direction, allowing the slider

[0184] It is possible that the floating solar energy system does not need any floating anchoring/mooring system using a number of ropes/cables/chains (#50r, Figure 61 and

[0183] The (primary/secondary) slider can be anchored/moored to the

solar trackers. In this case, the (primary/secondary) anchored-moored rotation systems are named after the anchored-moored rotation system-based floating solar trackers. and the floating solar energy system can still workable. Each rope/cable/chain can also respect to dual (primary and secondary) rotational axes. These floating solar trackers

be connected to the slider via a free joint which allows no torque being transmitted to rotation systems in order to revolve/rotate the floating structure/substructure with

the rope/cable/chain while the body of the floating structure/substructure is can be integrated in the combination of the primary and secondary anchored-moored

revolved/rotated to avoid 92 twisting the rope/cable/chain.

[0185] The floating structure/substructure can also be securely attached with a number of liquid dampers, which are damping water tanks, to form a damping system in order to improve stabilization of the floating structure/substructure on the body of water. The damping water tanks are tanks containing liquid/water partially in order to be used as liquid dampers which are securely attached to the floating structure/substructure where required in accordance with structural and damping effects. The damping water tanks can also be securely attached to a supporting structure which is secured to the ring has buoyant sections, arranged partially or entirely along its perimeter, enabling floating structure/substructure. Each damping water tank is partially filled with net) (#16u, Figure 63). The ring can be either hollow or not hollow. In other words, the 14 May 2025 liquid/water. straight segments (#30, Figure 63) and a structural bidimensional net (bidimensional principles of a trampoline that it has a rigid structural ring in a shape with curved and/or be used for floating solar systems. The trampoline-like structure is based on the

[0186] The anchored-moored rotation systems and/or the anchored-moored rotation trampoline-like structure which is a similar form of the wheel-like structure suitable to

system-based floating solar trackers can be used or integrated with any floating solar

[0189] A trampoline-like structure-based floating solar energy system is based on a taut

trackers and/or any floating solar energy systems which are described/referred in this 1.13 [0188] Trampoline-like structure-based floating solar energy systems

document, in which, the floating structures/substructures of the anchored-moored trackers integrated (the anchored-moored rotation systems). rotation systems are the floating structures/substructures, or the wheel-like structures, 2025203461

systems can work well with high waves, even though with or without floating solar

or the rigid structural rings of the floating solar trackers and/or the and/or the floating the anchored-moored rotation system-based floating solar trackers is that these

solar energy systems, including counterbalanced floating solar energy systems, vertical better performance, another benefit of the anchored-moored rotation systems and/or

[0187] Beside the main benefit of anchoring/mooring floating solar energy systems for ring-based floating solar energy systems, rollable structure-based floating solar energy systems, tensioned rollable structure-based floating solar energy systems, floating with/secured to their common floating structures/substructures as described.

structures/substructures, in which all their components are being arranged transmission-based these can solar trackers be integrated together by using and floating their commonmechanical floating power transmission systems, In other words, all these share their common floating structures/substructures. Thus, In other words, all these share their common floating structures/substructures. Thus,

these can be integrated together by transmission-based solar trackers and floating mechanical power transmission systems, using their common floating systems, tensioned rollable structure-based floating solar energy systems, floating structures/substructures, in which all their components are being arranged ring-based floating solar energy systems, rollable structure-based floating solar energy

with/secured to their common floating structures/substructures as described. solar energy systems, including counterbalanced floating solar energy systems, vertical

or the rigid structural rings of the floating solar trackers and/or the and/or the floating

[0187] Beside the main benefit of anchoring/mooring floating solar energy systems for rotation systems are the floating structures/substructures, or the wheel-like structures,

document, in which, the floating structures/substructures of the anchored-moored better performance, another benefit of the anchored-moored rotation systems and/or trackers and/or any floating solar energy systems which are described/referred in this

the anchored-moored rotation system-based floating solar trackers is that these system-based floating solar trackers can be used or integrated with any floating solar

systems can work well with high waves, even though with or without floating solar

[0186] The anchored-moored rotation systems and/or the anchored-moored rotation

trackers integrated (the anchored-moored rotation systems). liquid/water.

floating structure/substructure. Each damping water tank is partially filled with

1.13 [0188] Trampoline-like structure-based floating solar energy systems 93

[0189] A trampoline-like structure-based floating solar energy system is based on a taut trampoline-like structure which is a similar form of the wheel-like structure suitable to be used for floating solar systems. The trampoline-like structure is based on the principles of a trampoline that it has a rigid structural ring in a shape with curved and/or straight segments (#30, Figure 63) and a structural bidimensional net (bidimensional net) (#16u, Figure 63). The ring can be either hollow or not hollow. In other words, the ring has buoyant sections, arranged partially or entirely along its perimeter, enabling least two sets of elongate structural element, securing the body of the elongate the ring to float and remain stable on a body of water, of which each section is floatable with its intersected elongate structural elements. If the bidimensional net contains at 14 May 2025 thanks to a float either attached/secured to or integrated in the section. The structural elements intersected together). It is optional to secure the elongate structural element number of elongate structural elements at a node (a node is where a pair of structural bidimensional net is capable of tensioning in at least two directions, allowing the net to a point of the ring. Each elongate structural element can also intersect with each of a be able to transmit forces in two directions in its two-dimensional space. The net can others. Each elongate structural element has two ends, of which each end is secured to be formed in several ways, either with a canvas or a tensional structural linkage elements (#16u, Figure 63), wherein each set forms an angle of 60 degrees to both the net can contain several regular triangles formed from three sets of elongate structural composed of tensioned structural elements. The net is pre/tensioned in at least two elements of each set are parallel together. Another example is that, the bidimensional directions, fitted inner the ring, and secured to the ring at points distributed wherein each set is orthogonal/perpendicular to the other while the elongate structural 2025203461 surrounding the net, forming the taut trampoline-like structure, allowing forces applied rectangular (#16u, Figure 64), formed from two sets of elongate structural elements, such as 60 degrees. For example, the bidimensional net can contain several squares or to the ring to be transmit throughout the net back to the whole body of the ring. directions are not necessary to be orthogonal/perpendicular as they can form any angle

Although the trampoline-like structure and the wheel-like structure, as described least two different directions in order to form the bidimensional net. These different

above, look to be similar, they are indeed based on different technical features as rods, beams. These elongate structural elements are laid in the bidimensional net in at

bidimensional net of elongate structural elements such as ropes/cables/chains, bars,

described and explained below. linkage, composed of tensioned structural elements, forming a layer which is the

(hub) like a typical wheel. The trampoline-like structure also has a tensional structural

[0190] Firstly, the trampoline-like structure does not need any suspended structure

[0190] Firstly, the trampoline-like structure does not need any suspended structure

(hub) like a typical wheel. The trampoline-like structure also has a tensional structural described and explained below.

linkage, composed of tensioned structural elements, forming a layer which is the above, look to be similar, they are indeed based on different technical features as

bidimensional net of elongate structural elements such as ropes/cables/chains, bars, Although the trampoline-like structure and the wheel-like structure, as described

to the ring to be transmit throughout the net back to the whole body of the ring. rods, beams. These elongate structural elements are laid in the bidimensional net in at surrounding the net, forming the taut trampoline-like structure, allowing forces applied

least two different directions in order to form the bidimensional net. These different directions, fitted inner the ring, and secured to the ring at points distributed

directions are not necessary to be orthogonal/perpendicular as they can form any angle composed of tensioned structural elements. The net is pre/tensioned in at least two

be formed in several ways, either with a canvas or a tensional structural linkage such as 60 degrees. For example, the bidimensional net can contain several squares or be able to transmit forces in two directions in its two-dimensional space. The net can

rectangular (#16u, Figure 64), formed from two sets of elongate structural elements, bidimensional net is capable of tensioning in at least two directions, allowing the net to

wherein each set is orthogonal/perpendicular to the other while the elongate structural thanks to a float either attached/secured to or integrated in the section. The structural

the ring to float and remain stable on a body of water, of which each section is floatable elements of each set are parallel together. Another example is that, the bidimensional net can contain several regular triangles formed from three sets of elongate structural 94

elements (#16u, Figure 63), wherein each set forms an angle of 60 degrees to both the others. Each elongate structural element has two ends, of which each end is secured to a point of the ring. Each elongate structural element can also intersect with each of a number of elongate structural elements at a node (a node is where a pair of structural elements intersected together). It is optional to secure the elongate structural element with its intersected elongate structural elements. If the bidimensional net contains at least two sets of elongate structural element, securing the body of the elongate structural element to its intersected elongate structural elements is a good choice to 14 May 2025 significantly improve the tensioned capability of the bidimensional net in multiple net to be thinner than the spokes.

redistributed throughout the whole bidimensional net. This makes the bidimensional

directions. So, it is recommended that the bidimensional net should have at least 3 sets bidimensional net to be thinner because the applied forces are refined and

of elongate structural elements laid in three different directions, in which the elongate the whole bidimensional net and the whole body of the ring). This feature helps the

structural elements of each set are still parallel together. Even if the elongate structural several directions then the process is repeated until the forces are fully redistributed in

other words, to transform the forces into several finer forces which are transmitted in

elements are not secured together, as each elongate structural element is secured to allows the bidimensional net to ease the forces being transmitted inside its body (or, in

two points of the ring, the elongate structural element helps to hold the two points of suspended structure) can only transmit forces in one direction along the spoke. This 2025203461

the ring together. The points where the elongate structural elements are secured to (or forces in multiple directions while the spokes of a wheel-like structure with a hub (a

bearing the same weights/loads. So, the bidimensional net is capable of transmitting

intersect with) the ring are sparsely distributed throughout the ring. The more the to be significantly thinner in comparison with the ring of a wheel-like structure for

elongate structural elements are integrated, the more the points are densely bidimensional net to work with less concentrated forces created, and allowing the ring

redistributes/spreads forces through its body bidirectionally, allowing the distributed. The bidimensional net, as it is tensioned, is flat. Apparently, the bidimensional net

the applied forces are redistributed throughout both the bidimensional net and the ring.

[0191] Thus, the elongate structural element helps to prevent the ring deformed. The like a trampoline, allowing forces applied to the bidimensional net and/or the ring while

set of the bidimensional net and the ring composed together as described above works set of the bidimensional net and the ring composed together as described above works

like a trampoline, allowing forces applied to the bidimensional net and/or the ring while

[0191] Thus, the elongate structural element helps to prevent the ring deformed. The

the applied forces are redistributed throughout both the bidimensional net and the ring. distributed.

The bidimensional net, as it is tensioned, is flat. Apparently, the bidimensional net elongate structural elements are integrated, the more the points are densely

intersect with) the ring are sparsely distributed throughout the ring. The more the redistributes/spreads forces through its body the ring together. The points where the elongate structural elements are secured to (or bidirectionally, allowing the bidimensional net to work with less concentrated forces created, and allowing the ring two points of the ring, the elongate structural element helps to hold the two points of

to be significantly thinner in comparison with the ring of a wheel-like structure for elements are not secured together, as each elongate structural element is secured to

structural elements of each set are still parallel together. Even if the elongate structural bearing the same weights/loads. So, the bidimensional net is capable of transmitting of elongate structural elements laid in three different directions, in which the elongate

forces in multiple directions while the spokes of a wheel-like structure with a hub (a directions. So, it is recommended that the bidimensional net should have at least 3 sets

suspended structure) can only transmit forces in one direction along the spoke. This significantly improve the tensioned capability of the bidimensional net in multiple

structural element to its intersected elongate structural elements is a good choice to allows the bidimensional net to ease the forces being transmitted inside its body (or, in other words, to transform the forces into several finer forces which are transmitted in 95

several directions then the process is repeated until the forces are fully redistributed in the whole bidimensional net and the whole body of the ring). This feature helps the bidimensional net to be thinner because the applied forces are refined and redistributed throughout the whole bidimensional net. This makes the bidimensional net to be thinner than the spokes.

at least two points. The net formed from the structural elements can be two-

[0192] Secondly, the part of the ring at a point, where the bidimensional net intersects 14 May 2025

securing them together at their intersections and securing each of them to the ring at

(and is secured to) the ring, is pulled by the bidimensional net in several directions elements, such as ropes/cable/chains, these structural elements also form a net by

(unlike the spoke of the wheel-like structure which pulls the point in only one direction the bidimensional net or the ring. If the bidimensional net is formed from structural

bidimensional net to be tensioned in at least two directions when any force applied to

heading to the hub (or the suspended structure)). The reason is that, as the top of inner or bottom side of the ring, across the inner area of the ring, allowing the

bidimensional net is two dimensional, it allows a number of structural elements secured in at least two directions, the sheet is fitted in the inner area of the ring, secured to the

together and to the point while the wheel-like structure only allows one spoke secured bidimensional net is made of a canvas sheet or any 2D sheet capable of being tensioned

[0194] The bidimensional net is arranged and secured to the ring as follows: If the

to the point. This allows the ring to be thinner for bearing the same weights/loads. In spokes and a hub 2025203461

order words, the bidimensional net redistributes forces throughout the whole surface, convenient to pay solar panels on in comparison with the cone shape of the set of

or the whole area of the net while the spokes and the hub have to concentrate forces bearing the same weight/loads. Furthermore, as the bidimensional net is flat, it is more

to the hub before redistributing out to the ring. the trampoline-like structure is thinner than the ring of the wheel-like structure for

structures. As a result, the bidimensional net is thinner than the spokes and the ring of

[0193] The bidimensional net and the set of spokes and a hub work basing on different such a reason, the bidimensional net is more advantage in term of using tensional

several directions, or even all directions, in the 2D space of the bidimensional net. For principles. The wheel-like structure only allows centrifugal and centripetal forces orthogonal/perpendicular directions of the spokes while the bidimensional net cover

transmitted. It lacks of transmitting forces in all other directions, such as the transmitted. It lacks of transmitting forces in all other directions, such as the

orthogonal/perpendicular directions of the spokes while the bidimensional net cover principles. The wheel-like structure only allows centrifugal and centripetal forces

[0193] The bidimensional net and the set of spokes and a hub work basing on different several directions, or even all directions, in the 2D space of the bidimensional net. For such a reason, the bidimensional net is more advantage in term of using tensional to the hub before redistributing out to the ring.

or the whole area of the net while the spokes and the hub have to concentrate forces structures. As a result, the bidimensional net is thinner than the spokes and the ring of order words, the bidimensional net redistributes forces throughout the whole surface,

the trampoline-like structure is thinner than the ring of the wheel-like structure for to the point. This allows the ring to be thinner for bearing the same weights/loads. In

bearing the same weight/loads. Furthermore, as the bidimensional net is flat, it is more together and to the point while the wheel-like structure only allows one spoke secured

bidimensional net is two dimensional, it allows a number of structural elements secured convenient to pay solar panels on in comparison with the cone shape of the set of heading to the hub (or the suspended structure)). The reason is that, as the

spokes and a hub (unlike the spoke of the wheel-like structure which pulls the point in only one direction

(and is secured to) the ring, is pulled by the bidimensional net in several directions

[0194] The bidimensional net is arranged and secured to the ring as follows: If the

[0192] Secondly, the part of the ring at a point, where the bidimensional net intersects

bidimensional net is made 96 of a canvas sheet or any 2D sheet capable of being tensioned in at least two directions, the sheet is fitted in the inner area of the ring, secured to the top of inner or bottom side of the ring, across the inner area of the ring, allowing the bidimensional net to be tensioned in at least two directions when any force applied to the bidimensional net or the ring. If the bidimensional net is formed from structural elements, such as ropes/cable/chains, these structural elements also form a net by securing them together at their intersections and securing each of them to the ring at at least two points. The net formed from the structural elements can be two- be capable of bearing the solar panels). So, the ring can be positioned horizontally or dimensional (the bidimensional net) or three-dimensional, depending on how the secured to the ring as well (while the bidimensional net reinforces the ring in order to 14 May 2025 bidimensional net and/or the ring. For such a reason, the solar panels can also be structural elements are laid, whether in the same plane or not. The bidimensional net bidimensional net and/or the ring, the solar panels are allowed to be attached to the composes of structural elements which include elongate structural elements (such as and/or the solar panels. As the trampoline-like structure allows forces to apply to the ropes/cables/chains/beams/bars) and/or plate/shell structural elements, of which to float and remain stable on the body of water in any designated angle of the ring indirectly through a supporting structure (which is secured to the ring), allowing the ring ropes/cables/chains are recommended to be used to form the bidimensional net. The or not hollow and the ring has a number of floats secured either directly to the ring or bidimensional net is laid inner the ring, spread out to intersect the ring and secured to panels are laid in a suitable angle orienting towards the sun). The ring is either hollow the ring at the intersection. In other words, any structural elements intersected the ring bidimensional net is also laid vertically or horizontally or in the angle (while the solar ring is floated/held/stabilized vertically or horizontally or in any other angle, the 2025203461 at a point are secured together and to the ring at the point. All these points are sparsely ring is decided in consideration with orienting the solar panels towards the sun. If the distributed throughout the ring. If the bidimensional net is denser, the points are supporting structure) is secured to the trampoline-like structure. So, the angle of the system (or a supporting structure), wherein the photovoltaic mounting system (or a distributed denser. The bidimensional net can be laid horizontally, or vertically, or in to the ring and/or the bidimensional net, or indirectly through a photovoltaic mounting any angle, depending on the angle of the ring versus the horizontal direction. Depending the solar panels are secured either directly to the trampoline-like structure, including on circumstances, the ring can be laid horizontally, vertically or inclinedly. Thus, the ring the solar panels are allowed to be bear by the ring and/or the bidimensional net. Thus, can form an angle between zero and 90 degrees versus the horizontal direction. If the from a horizontal direction, the ring can be laid vertically or inclinedly. The weights of solar panels are needed to be raised further from the water surface or to orient the sun solar panels are needed to be raised further from the water surface or to orient the sun can form an angle between zero and 90 degrees versus the horizontal direction. If the from a horizontal direction, the ring can be laid vertically or inclinedly. The weights of on circumstances, the ring can be laid horizontally, vertically or inclinedly. Thus, the ring the solar panels are allowed to be bear by the ring and/or the bidimensional net. Thus, any angle, depending on the angle of the ring versus the horizontal direction. Depending distributed denser. The bidimensional net can be laid horizontally, or vertically, or in the solar panels are secured either directly to the trampoline-like structure, including distributed throughout the ring. If the bidimensional net is denser, the points are to the ring and/or the bidimensional net, or indirectly through a photovoltaic mounting at a point are secured together and to the ring at the point. All these points are sparsely the ring at the intersection. In other words, any structural elements intersected the ring system (or a supporting structure), wherein the photovoltaic mounting system (or a bidimensional net is laid inner the ring, spread out to intersect the ring and secured to supporting structure) is secured to the trampoline-like structure. So, the angle of the ropes/cables/chains are recommended to be used to form the bidimensional net. The ring is decided in consideration with orienting the solar panels towards the sun. If the ropes/cables/chains/beams/bars) and/or plate/shell structural elements, of which ring is floated/held/stabilized vertically or horizontally or in any other angle, the composes of structural elements which include elongate structural elements (such as structural elements are laid, whether in the same plane or not. The bidimensional net bidimensional net is also laid vertically or horizontally or in the angle (while the solar dimensional (the bidimensional net) or three-dimensional, depending on how the panels are laid in a suitable angle orienting towards the sun). The ring is either hollow 97 or not hollow and the ring has a number of floats secured either directly to the ring or indirectly through a supporting structure (which is secured to the ring), allowing the ring to float and remain stable on the body of water in any designated angle of the ring and/or the solar panels. As the trampoline-like structure allows forces to apply to the bidimensional net and/or the ring, the solar panels are allowed to be attached to the bidimensional net and/or the ring. For such a reason, the solar panels can also be secured to the ring as well (while the bidimensional net reinforces the ring in order to be capable of bearing the solar panels). So, the ring can be positioned horizontally or bidimensional net. More ropes/cables/chains can be used to brace each pair of vertically or in any angle while the solar panels are secured either directly to the ring 14 May 2025 bidimensional net being distributed (transmitted) thoroughly to the second and/or the bidimensional net or indirectly through a photovoltaic mounting system (or bidimensional nets and held vertically, allowing the forces applied to the first the supporting structure). Securing the solar panels to the ring which is held vertically elements. The posts/beams/bars trusses should be distributed sparsely throughout the posts/beams/bars to be vertical thanks to the intersected and secured structural is simply a case among several cases with respect to several angles that the ring needs their nodes, allowing the upper and second bidimensional nets capable of holding the to be held in such the angles for maximizing solar energy captured. For example, the structural elements of the first bidimensional net and the second bidimensional net at bidimensional net. Both the top end and the bottom end should be secured to the ring can be held at 60 degrees in order to gain more solar energy in comparison with all is secured to the first bidimensional net while the bottom end is secured to the second other angles. If the ring is held vertically, the solar panels can be secured either directly posts/beams/bars/trusses (#3c, Figure 64 to Figure 66). The top end of each beam/bar 2025203461 to the ring or indirectly through a photovoltaic mounting system, and extends further to Figure 66) can be added. The set of distributed supports contains several vertical from the ring, allowing the solar panels to orient towards the sun for harnessing solar net when it is applied with a force, a set of distributed supports (#3c and #4c, Figure 64 rope/cable/chains, in order to reduce the vertical deformation of the first bidimensional energy. The trampoline-like structure-based floating solar energy system also has a

[0196] The second variation is that, If the bidimensional nets are made of

number of other variations with respect to the variations of the trampoline-like designated distance from each other in order to strengthen the ring.

structure. These variations are explained below. the second bidimensional nets are secured to the ring while they are positioned at a

and a second bidimensional net (#2L, Figure 65) working together. Both the first and

[0195] The first variation is to include a pair of a first bidimensional net (#1L, Figure 65)

[0195] The first variation is to include a pair of a first bidimensional net (#1L, Figure 65)

and a second bidimensional net (#2L, Figure 65) working together. Both the first and structure. These variations are explained below.

the second bidimensional nets are secured to the ring while they are positioned at a number of other variations with respect to the variations of the trampoline-like

designated distance from each other in order to strengthen the ring. energy. The trampoline-like structure-based floating solar energy system also has a

from the ring, allowing the solar panels to orient towards the sun for harnessing solar

to the ring or indirectly through a photovoltaic mounting system, and extends further

[0196] The second variation is that, If the bidimensional nets are made of other angles. If the ring is held vertically, the solar panels can be secured either directly

rope/cable/chains, in order to reduce the vertical deformation of the first bidimensional ring can be held at 60 degrees in order to gain more solar energy in comparison with all

net when it is applied with a force, a set of distributed supports (#3c and #4c, Figure 64 to be held in such the angles for maximizing solar energy captured. For example, the

is simply a case among several cases with respect to several angles that the ring needs to Figure 66) can be added. The set of distributed supports contains several vertical the supporting structure). Securing the solar panels to the ring which is held vertically

posts/beams/bars/trusses (#3c, Figure 64 to Figure 66). The top end of each beam/bar and/or the bidimensional net or indirectly through a photovoltaic mounting system (or

is secured to the first bidimensional net while the bottom end is secured to the second vertically or in any angle while the solar panels are secured either directly to the ring

bidimensional net. Both 98 the top end and the bottom end should be secured to the

structural elements of the first bidimensional net and the second bidimensional net at their nodes, allowing the upper and second bidimensional nets capable of holding the posts/beams/bars to be vertical thanks to the intersected and secured structural elements. The posts/beams/bars trusses should be distributed sparsely throughout the bidimensional nets and held vertically, allowing the forces applied to the first bidimensional net being distributed (transmitted) thoroughly to the second bidimensional net. More ropes/cables/chains can be used to brace each pair of post/beam/bar/truss and its secured float. The conclusion here with this variation of posts/beams/bars/trusses together and/or to the body of the ring. This forms a on the top end of each post/beam/bar/truss are already handled by the 14 May 2025 trampoline-like structure with several vertical posts/beams/bars/ trusses being braced simply to hold the posts/beams/bars/trusses staying vertically while the weights/loads bear all forces transmitted to its body. In contrast, in this case, the duty of the ring is together (with or without bracing to the ring). As the posts/beams/bars/trusses are forces. This feature is different with the wheel-like structure, of which the ring has to distributed throughout the first bidimensional net, the first bidimensional net is the ring is allowed to be made thinner and lighter because it does not have to bear the supported by the second bidimensional net and the posts/beams/bars/trusses, allowing whole water surface via the set of distributed supports and its secured floats. As a result, meaning that the weights/loads are concentrated to the hub instead of spreading to the the first bidimensional net to be less deformed. weights/loads being distributed to the ring and/or to the hub (the suspended structure), throughout the water surface (unlike the wheel-like structure, which only allow the

[0197] The third variation is that a float (#4c, Figure 65 and Figure 66) can be secured 2025203461

their secured floats. So, the set of distributed supports distributes weights/loads

to the bottom end of each post/beam/bar/truss in order to hold the distributed throughout the water surface through the posts/beams/bars/trusses and

created by the whole weights/loads. Nearly all the weights/loads are already post/beam/bar/truss floated in order to bear forces transmitted downward through the be vertical with smaller horizontal forces instead of large vertical and horizontal forces

post/beam/bar/truss in order to allow the ring to avoid bearing these forces. The set of not to bear the whole weights/loads. The ring simply holds the post/beam/bar/truss to

distributed supports help to reduce deformations of the first bidimensional net in order (in diameter) while the weights/loads can be heavier. The function of the ring now is

post/beam/bar/truss has a float secured to, allow the ring to be made thinner and larger to allow the bidimensional net to be capable of supporting more weights/loads and via the distributed floats. The set of distributed supports, of which each

capable of distributing the weights/loads throughout the surface of water underneath capable of distributing the weights/loads throughout the surface of water underneath

via the distributed floats. The set of distributed supports, of which each to allow the bidimensional net to be capable of supporting more weights/loads and

distributed supports help to reduce deformations of the first bidimensional net in order post/beam/bar/truss has a float secured to, allow the ring to be made thinner and larger post/beam/bar/truss in order to allow the ring to avoid bearing these forces. The set of

(in diameter) while the weights/loads can be heavier. The function of the ring now is post/beam/bar/truss floated in order to bear forces transmitted downward through the

to the bottom end of each post/beam/bar/truss in order to hold the not to bear the whole weights/loads. The ring simply holds the post/beam/bar/truss to

[0197] The third variation is that a float (#4c, Figure 65 and Figure 66) can be secured be vertical with smaller horizontal forces instead of large vertical and horizontal forces created by the whole weights/loads. the first bidimensional net to be less deformed. Nearly all the weights/loads are already supported by the second bidimensional net and the posts/beams/bars/trusses, allowing distributed throughout the water surface through the posts/beams/bars/trusses and distributed throughout the first bidimensional net, the first bidimensional net is

their secured floats. So, the set of distributed supports distributes weights/loads together (with or without bracing to the ring). As the posts/beams/bars/trusses are

throughout the water surface (unlike the wheel-like structure, which only allow the trampoline-like structure with several vertical posts/beams/bars/trusses being braced

posts/beams/bars/trusses together and/or to the body of the ring. This forms a weights/loads being distributed to the ring and/or to the hub (the suspended structure), meaning that the weights/loads are concentrated to the hub instead of spreading to the 99

whole water surface via the set of distributed supports and its secured floats. As a result, the ring is allowed to be made thinner and lighter because it does not have to bear the forces. This feature is different with the wheel-like structure, of which the ring has to bear all forces transmitted to its body. In contrast, in this case, the duty of the ring is simply to hold the posts/beams/bars/trusses staying vertically while the weights/loads on the top end of each post/beam/bar/truss are already handled by the post/beam/bar/truss and its secured float. The conclusion here with this variation of which an end of each additional lower rope/cable/chain is secured to the bottom end the trampoline-like structure is that, the ring is allowed to be larger because it is much spokes). Similarly, a number of additional lower ropes/cables/chains are added, in 14 May 2025 less depended on the weights/loads that the first bidimensional net is bearing (almost post/beam/bar while the other end is secured to an upper spoke of the upper layer (of end of each additional upper rope/cable/chain is secured to the top end of a all the weights/loads are bear by the posts/beams/bars/trusses and their floats). and the ring. A number of additional upper ropes/cables/chains are added, in which an lower point. Thus, the posts/beams/bars/trusses are hung by the suspended structure

[0198] The fourth variation is that the ring is trampoline-like structure is added with a post/beam/bar/truss while the other end is secured to the suspended structure at a

wheel-like structure using the ring (#30, Figure 66) to be the common ring of both the rope/cable/chain is secured to the bottom end (or the point) of the

each post/beam/bar/truss has a hanging rope/cable/chain. An end of the trampoline-like structure and the wheel-like structure. The wheel-like structure has a structure can be further reinforced in a similar way: each bottom end (or any point) of

suspended structure (#102L, Figure 66) positioned in the middle of the ring. The wheel- 2025203461

secured to the suspended structure at an upper point. Similarly, the trampoline-like

like structure also has a number of spokes (#16x, Figure 66) arranged in two layers: the secured to the top end (or the point) of the post/beam/bar/truss while the other end is

has a hanging rope/cable/chain (#5h, Figure 66). An end of the rope/cable/chain is upper layer of spokes and the lower layer of spokes. Each spoke of the upper layer has wheel-like structures. Then, each top end (or any point) of each post/beam/bar/truss

an end secured to the ring while the other end is secured to an upper point of the details on the wheel-like structure can be referred in previous/other sections related to

suspended structure. Each spoke of the lower layer has an end secured to the ring while centrifugal and/or centripetal forces transmitted along the body of the spokes. Further

from the suspended structure to the ring in all surrounding axial directions which allows the other end is secured to a lower point of the suspended structure. The upper points secured to the ring are sparsely distributed throughout the ring. The spokes spread out

are positioned above the lower points. The points where the spokes intersect with or are positioned above the lower points. The points where the spokes intersect with or

secured to the ring are sparsely distributed throughout the ring. The spokes spread out the other end is secured to a lower point of the suspended structure. The upper points

suspended structure. Each spoke of the lower layer has an end secured to the ring while from the suspended structure to the ring in all surrounding axial directions which allows an end secured to the ring while the other end is secured to an upper point of the

centrifugal and/or centripetal forces transmitted along the body of the spokes. Further upper layer of spokes and the lower layer of spokes. Each spoke of the upper layer has

details on the wheel-like structure can be referred in previous/other sections related to like structure also has a number of spokes (#16x, Figure 66) arranged in two layers: the

suspended structure (#102L, Figure 66) positioned in the middle of the ring. The wheel- wheel-like structures. Then, each top end (or any point) of each post/beam/bar/truss trampoline-like structure and the wheel-like structure. The wheel-like structure has a

has a hanging rope/cable/chain (#5h, Figure 66). An end of the rope/cable/chain is wheel-like structure using the ring (#30, Figure 66) to be the common ring of both the

secured to the top end (or the point) of the post/beam/bar/truss while the other end is

[0198] The fourth variation is that the ring is trampoline-like structure is added with a

secured to the suspended structure at an upper point. Similarly, the trampoline-like all the weights/loads are bear by the posts/beams/bars/trusses and their floats).

structure can be further reinforced in a similar way: each bottom end (or any point) of less depended on the weights/loads that the first bidimensional net is bearing (almost

the trampoline-like structure is that, the ring is allowed to be larger because it is much each post/beam/bar/truss has a hanging rope/cable/chain. An end of the rope/cable/chain is secured to the bottom end (or the point) of the 100

post/beam/bar/truss while the other end is secured to the suspended structure at a lower point. Thus, the posts/beams/bars/trusses are hung by the suspended structure and the ring. A number of additional upper ropes/cables/chains are added, in which an end of each additional upper rope/cable/chain is secured to the top end of a post/beam/bar while the other end is secured to an upper spoke of the upper layer (of spokes). Similarly, a number of additional lower ropes/cables/chains are added, in which an end of each additional lower rope/cable/chain is secured to the bottom end of a post/beam/bar while the other end is secured to a lower spoke of the lower layer 14 May 2025

(of spokes).

[0199] This trampoline-like structure is suitable for floating solar systems to support solar panels secured either directly to the (upper) bidimensional net or indirectly through a supporting structure because the trampoline-like structure allows cover a much larger area while the body of the ring is significantly thinner. Furthermore, the ring is not bended by waves too much because most of the weights/loads are not 2025203461

directly transmitted to the ring (these weights/loads are transmitted through the structure.

surface enclosed by the ring while that is the main feature of the trampoline-like posts/beams/bars then their secured floats to the body of water). The distributed floats structure/hub) is not designated to distribute weights/loads throughout the water

are also suitable to cope waves: high waves will not raise each distributed float too ropes/cables/chains. Finally, the wheel-like structure (with one suspended

much because the float is small while the hub (the suspended structure) or the ring (of rope/cables/chains, implying that the net is formed typically from elements which are

forming the bidimensional net, it can be said that the bidimensional net is a net of the wheel-like structure) have to bear much greater forces created by the waves addition, instead of saying a structural linkage composed of ropes/cables/chains,

because both the ring and the hub have much larger floats secured to their bodies. In because both the ring and the hub have much larger floats secured to their bodies. In

addition, instead of saying a structural linkage composed of ropes/cables/chains, the wheel-like structure) have to bear much greater forces created by the waves

much because the float is small while the hub (the suspended structure) or the ring (of forming the bidimensional net, it can be said that the bidimensional net is a net of are also suitable to cope waves: high waves will not raise each distributed float too

rope/cables/chains, implying that the net is formed typically from elements which are posts/beams/bars then their secured floats to the body of water). The distributed floats

ropes/cables/chains. Finally, the wheel-like structure (with one suspended directly transmitted to the ring (these weights/loads are transmitted through the

ring is not bended by waves too much because most of the weights/loads are not structure/hub) is not designated to distribute weights/loads throughout the water much larger area while the body of the ring is significantly thinner. Furthermore, the

surface enclosed by the ring while that is the main feature of the trampoline-like through a supporting structure because the trampoline-like structure allows cover a

structure. solar panels secured either directly to the (upper) bidimensional net or indirectly

[0199] This trampoline-like structure is suitable for floating solar systems to support

(of spokes).

of a post/beam/bar while the other end is secured to a lower spoke of the lower layer

Claims (3)

CLAIMS 09 Sep 2025

1. A floating mechanical power transmission system comprising a pair of floating shafts, a universal joint possessing two degrees of freedom and an anchoring/mooring system, wherein:  each shaft is rotatable, floatable and stabilized on a body of water, anchored/moored to the anchoring/mooring system, and held within a designated boundary; 2025203461

 the shafts are secured together through the universal joint, aligned in a line, allowing the shafts to rotate while varying the angle between their rotational axes and transmitting torque between them;  a photovoltaic mounting system is secured to a shaft and supports solar panels;  a shaft is controllably rotated by a floating solar tracker, allowing the solar panels to orient towards the sun.

2. The floating mechanical power transmission system according to claim 1 further comprising a rotary bearing composed of an inner race and an outer race, with the inner race secured coaxially to a shaft and the outer race anchored/moored to the anchoring/mooring system.

3. The floating mechanical power transmission system according to any one of claims 1 to 2, wherein the photovoltaic mounting system includes buoyant sections arranged partially or entirely around a horizontal axis, enabling the mounting system to float and remain stable on a body of water when rotated by a power source within a designated angle.