AU2019200822A1 - Solar Thermal Aqueduct and Reservoir System. Capable of purifying sea water with solar thermal energy, transporting it long distances inland, and redirected saline waste with the help of additional branched network of solar troughs and aqueduct pipelines to retain maximum efficiency - Google Patents

Abstract

A solar thermal desalination plant and a method of desalination, the plant comprising an aqueduct including a solar reflective concave panel field to focus sunlight onto the body of a suspended main pipeline to heat the seawater flowing therethrough to a temperature exceeding the boiling point of water, a glass encasing over the body of the main pipeline to act as an insulator and allowing sunlight to freely enter and fall over the body of the pipeline, an elevated reservoir containing an initial supply of water intended to be sent down the main pipeline, and a terminal station at the end of the main pipeline with an opening allowing the heated steam to separate from the saline wastewater, wherein the seawater is pumped uphill into the elevated reservoir from where it enters the main pipeline placed at a gradual incline.

Description

EDITORIAL NOTE

2019200822

There are 13 pages of the description only.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION DESIGN AND METHOD OF OPERATION

There are many factors to consider when discussing specific details of an aqueduct design, but the initial consideration should be the desired capacity. In this case, it must be factored that the modern demand for water is approximately one ton per person, the downhill flow rate is approximately 9.8 meters per second, and most importantly, the energy required to raise the temperature of 1 Liter of water by one celsius (heat capacity) is approximately 4.19 kilojoules.

For simplicity of displaying calculations, a pipe with a diameter of 3.56 meters will hold a volume of 10 metric tons of water per meter of length. The total desired length of the pipeline is based on the speed water can flow through the main body during the course of a sunlit day, which totals close to 353 km containing a mass 351,529,183 liters of water. In an example, the approximate energy requirements to increase the temperature of the aforementioned mass of water would be over 1,470,000,000,000 kilojoules of energy.

The energy available from solar power is usually close to 10,000 kilojoules per square meter per day in most places, while some desert regions reach as high as 30,000 kilojoules per square meter per day. Both hourly and seasonal fluctuations change the rate in addition to the geographic latitude which all compound together when considered the viability of solar projects. However, the case of the deserts in Western Australia; 350,000 meters parallel to the pipeline receiving approximately 20,000 kilojoules of solar energy per day each has the theoretical potential to receive 7,000,000,000 kilojoules of solar energy per day.

Even with the generous energy availability from the sun, it is still insufficient to raise the temperature of the water to the boiling point by a factor of nearly 200 even in most optimal conditions. This problem can be solved in two ways, first by the use of additional arrays of reflective mirrors to direct a much larger portion of the sun towards the main body of the aqueduct, and second, by taking into account the water from upstream being heated by the same method prior to continuing on its journey, therefore lowering the threshold of energy required to continue heating the water up to boiling.

The continuous flow method of heating the pipeline makes the operation much easier, as the temperature increase of the water content is compounded section by section receiving additional reflected solar radiation. As the water continues its flow downstream, less continued input of reflected solar energy is needed to achieve the desired temperature within the pipe.

A theoretical example of this stratified with ten hour-long increments with energy input adjusted for solar flux variation during winter equinox can still produce a very high internal temperature close to 200 celsius. If allowed to follow the full length of the pipeline from entry over a ten hour journey, the average size of the solar reflective array necessary would only be 70 meters perpendicular to the pipeline, and even a flow lasting only a few hours exposed to sunlight would only require an array size of approximately several hundred meters in length. These calculations have not been adjusted for additional variations such as the possibility of clouds blocking the sun, or a loss of reflective efficiency in the arrays, for example. This does not pose a serious problem if enough arrays are made available to provide additional reflective potential if needed.

The maximum length of the aqueduct is based on the speed water can flow through the pipe which is calculated as approximately as water falling at 9.8 meters per second, over 10 hours of daytime sun exposure, which results in approximately 350 kilometers transversed inland. However, this maximum length is only necessary when dealing with the water remaining in a liquid state. As the temperature surpasses the boiling point of 100 celsius, the interior pressure will dramatically increase as the contents are converted to steam. Steam takes up a volume of space approximately 4 times that as its equivalent mass in a liquid state, and tend to move at a velocity close to 30 to 40 meters per second depending on factors of pressure and temperature. Assuming the entire content of the pipeline was converted to steam, the flow rate would be greatly increased as the increased interior pressure would compel it towards the exit at a faster rate. Therefore, it is possible to install a pipeline with a range even greater than 350 kilometers to deliver water in the form of steam.

As the aqueduct is in operation, the internal temperature will rise corresponding to the amount of thermal energy delivered onto the main pipeline from reflected sun. The thermal energy on the surface of the pipe will be consistently transferred by convection to the water flowing inside, provided that the temperature of the exterior is hotter than the temperature of the interior. While this process is happening, thermal energy will be lost from the pipe to the air outside. As the heated water continues on its journey through the pipe, an ongoing input of thermal energy will compound to raise the temperature, which would correspondingly cause an increase in the temperature loss. However, this problem can be confronted by an additional layer around the pipeline in the form of a glass greenhouse. The transparent glass will allow most sunlight radiation to pass through with minimal reflection, while simultaneously retaining thermal energy within the space surrounding the pipeline, and providing an encased area significantly hotter than the normal air temperature outside in the same way a greenhouse would.

As the boiled water begins to arrive close to its exit destination, the process of distillation will occur. The steam will be mostly fresh desalinated water, while salts and other unwanted impurities will be left behind. Some of the newly arrived supply of fresh water will be diverted back in the reverse direction of the pipeline and also carry away the impurities as a sort of viscous sludge. The vast majority of impurities in sea water have a boiling point very far above the boiling point of water and tend to dissociate easily during the distillation process. The mass of salt obtained per liter of water is usually close to 3% and would not pose a significant problem to remove or flush out.

The potential energy that could be obtained from a steam turbine system at the exit of the aqueduct may vary over the course of any given day, but as long as the priority of transporting and purifying water is kept, then it is unlikely to be the cause of any problems initially. In fact, there is the additional benefit and opportunity to store energy from the steam as a renewable reserve. This is possible by allowing the steam flow to heat up material that can be exploited as a reserve of thermal energy, and also by allowing the steam to condense in an elevated vessel, which then - presumably during the night or as an on demand service - can be condensed and released into a downhill flow as hydroelectric power.

The structural shape of the aqueduct system will basically be a pipeline suspended above a reflective solar trough. The height of the pipeline will need to correspond to the width of the mirror trough as indicated in the main calculations spreadsheet. Graphical representations of these are included.

CALCULATIONS EXPLAINED

The first stage of calculations to show the project is possible begins with the capacity of the aqueduct. The length is given by the daily velocity of water allowed to flow within the pipe, but in the case of the example, the volume of aqueduct will also depend on the cross sectional area. A hypothetical scenario with a pipe radius of 1.78 meters and a cross sectional area of 10 meters has been chosen to make the rest of the calculations somewhat simpler and also provide an immense reserve. The volume of water within the total length of the aqueduct would be 3,515,291,835 liters. The specific heat capacity of 4.19 kilojoules per liter would also demand an energy input of 1,471,501,162,260 kilojoules daily assuming the goal of a 100 celsius increase is to be met. Respectively, 147,150,116,226 kilojoules per section assuming the pipe will be divided into hour long sections.

To provide for immense energy requirements to heat the water, solar thermal technology has been chosen primarily because of its nature as a renewable resource, the abundance in certain regions, and as a suitable alternative in remote areas that does not require additional complicated infrastructure. The example included in this document is the environment conditions of a region in Western Australia with information provided by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology. There are other regions in the world which also have similar conditions and may be located with convenience close to coastal areas that the same data could also be applied with reliability such as the desert states of USA and Mexico, Southern Africa, South America, middle east and east Asia. In the section of the document title 'Solar Irradiance Available in Australia' the general average of potential energy from the sun transversing parallel across the landscape by increments of the meter squared. In the section 'Solar Flux Variations', the differences between the seasonal solar intensity is also tabulated. For the rest of the example given, the winter solstice is used for calculations to ensure accuracy by reducing the likelihood over overestimation.

The section 'Pipeline Calculations with Solar Flux' the hours of operation are listed across with the respective solar average flux factor for that time of day, which is basically a percentage of the maximum potential solar energy available. For example, the dawn and dusk hours at the start and end of the length are tallied with approximately 38% of the maximum potential available contrasting with the midday solar flux between 70% to 80% of the maximum potential. The total length per hour of operation is the hourly distance of the water flow calculated at 9.8 meters per second compounding over the course of a single day of operation. Energy needed to boil water in pipe is compounded by the hour across the table. Solar energy available to the pipeline is the daily average, but is also duplicated in Energy available per section parallel to the pipe with solar flux variation factored in. The table 'Specific Heat Formula for Raising water

temperature Q=MSAT Given 1 M2 parallel with pipeline of solar energy'shows calculations

given the mass of water present in a one hour section of the pipe and the heat capacity of water, which also allows the calculation of heat increase possible by absorbing only the solar energy available within one square meter being reflected onto the pipe.

Table 'Temperature of pipeline change adjusted for compounding hours of operation' is used to store data for additional calculations with the table 'Temperature Change in Pipeline Compounding Variety Multiplied Length of Parallel Solar Reflectors From Start of Run'which displays the compounding totals of temperature increase on the water flowing through the pipe. The downwards column 'maximum temperature obtained'shows the total possible given the limitations of the pipe length and being heated by a reflective mirror of the same length but only one meter in width parallel to the pipe. 'Maximum temperature obtained' data is repeated in the additional temperature goal tables.

In the temperature goal tables, the goal of reaching a threshold for the internal temperature of the pipe and contents is listed in the third column. 'Average perpendicular length of mirrors' column displays the width of the reflective surface necessary to heat up the water within the pipeline to the desired minimal threshold. The same table is repeated with different temperature goals. It should be noted that these are theoretical goals based on law of averages.

In the section 'Latitude Pipeline Calculations for Ideal Size' most of the initial calculations are copied and repeated along with an additional table'Length of Perpendicular mirrors'which is only used to help with the calculations in the spreadsheet. In this case, a temperature change of 200 celsius has been chosen as ideal because of the benefit of very high steam pressure within the system. 'Temperature Change Compounding Variety Multiplied Length of Parallel Solar Reflectors From Start of Run'displays the temperature increase obtainable per hour long section of the pipeline. The total amount is compounded in the column 'Maximum Temperature obtained', and the column 'Average perpendicular mirror length'displays the approximate width of the parallel mirrors required to achieve that goal during the day. The following table' 200 C ideal temperature goal with reflective mirrors necessary perpendicular to pipeline' displays the same calculations with the'Maximum Temperature obtained'column set to approximately 200 celsius, and in the final column 'Average perpendicular mirror length' displays the width of the reflective mirrors necessary to reach the temperature goal. In both cases, the hourly section steps in compounded temperature (the input from the specific section in addition to the result of the previous) shows the rate of increase and gives a clear indication of productivity to the function of the aqueduct.

An additional table on the same page "Perpendicular length of reservoir run calculated by number of folds in the reservoir run assuming 10km sections (m)" addresses the problem of lowered solar thermal energy during the earlier hour of daylight operation. Although the design is still viable even if several hours worth of waterflow remains below par temperature, the same flow can be redirected towards a similar corresponding system besides the main pipeline on either side. The same principal of the reflective mirrors to retain solar thermal energy applies. The difference is that with the addition of several extra hours of operation, the water can be heated then fed back into the original pipeline to maximise the daily reserves. There is also the option of a variance in its shape depending on how convoluted or compact the path of the run is intended given the landscape.

One more factor to be taken into consideration is the rate of which heat will leave the system. The hotter the aqueduct becomes, the more rapid the thermal energy will leave the main body towards the relatively cooler environment outside. As aforementioned, this can be reduced by enclosing the pipeline in glass that will allow sunlight to pass though with minimal reflection, and retain a significant amount of heat, certainly more than what could be retained normally. Multiple layers to minimize convection and conduction, should be able to retain as much of the thermal energy as possible. The problem of thermal loss is also another reason for such a high ideal temperature recommended in the example as a way of retaining as much potential as possible over the course of the waters journey. Thermal goals in excess of 100 celsius would be desirable as a means of cutting down the risk of an underpowered system, whether by cloud cover or excessive cold winds, or by the simple nature of thermal dynamics allowing shortcuts for the energy before it can be put to use.

In conclusion, judging from the theoretical data based on known physics principles when heating water, the goals of the project described are plausible and obtainable with the method suggested. The theoretical results displayed are expected to be somewhat less effective in real life due to the problem of heat conduction and convection moving potential thermal energy form the interior of the pipeline to the atmosphere outside, even with insulating glass enclosures. The abundance of solar energy should not be ignored by modern society as a means of generating and storing energy reserves at convenient locations and relatively cheap price especially for renewable reserves. The multiple benefits of providing fresh water through distillation, long distance transportation of the water, and providing renewable reserves to thermal and hydroelectric power generation should not be ignored nor taken for granted.

DISTILLATION OF PURIFIED WATER AND REMOVAL OF WASTE The oceans are able to provide a practically infinite resource of water, if only it can be transported and cleaned of impurities and the appropriate response is made to somehow flush away any unwanted sediment. The ideal temperatures obtained by the aqueduct are more than sufficient to boil water, which can then easily be separated from any salts that may be carried through from the ocean. An additional benefit of steam is that it tends not to carry dissolved impurities with it as it evaporates. The waste can be sent elsewhere, perhaps backwards to the ocean, by letting it flow through a sewer to prevent any environmental contamination, and use the ongoing steam pressure to force its passage and dilute it if necessary.

WASTE AND LOST POTENTIAL DURING OFF PEAK HOURS The aqueduct is intended to be most productive during the middle of the day when the solar energy source would be at its most intense, however, the problem of inactivity during off peak hours should also be addressed. The terminal station of the aqueduct where the water, in both liquid and steam forms, makes its exit should also follow separate courses depending on factors such as temperature and purity. Impure water that has simply not had enough time to reach the boiling point prior to any attempt at distillation should be directed straight out of the system to either some kind of other distillation process or into an additional reservoir that works on a slower schedule to continue to heating process in a different area. A neighbouring network of siphons with literally the same system of solar thermal energy would be sufficient for the task and produce the same result. The early hours of the morning, with the water inside a relatively smaller section of the pipeline is unlikely to reach the boiling point by the time it reaches the terminal station. But, since the quantity of water flowing through the supplementary system would be significantly smaller that the entire 10 hour aqueduct, a somewhat reduced size version of the the aqueduct it originated from could be sufficient to bring its temperature to the boil.

24HOURSTEAMSUPPLYSYSTEM The amount of time spent at peak efficiency of the aqueduct is limited, first at dawn from the lack of time to heat the water before it comes close to the end of its journey at the terminal station, and the general underpowering of the system due to a lack of solar intensity for all but a few hours during the day. The losses tend to be counterbalanced during the approach to dusk that can leave yet a few more hours of efficient operation because of the already heated contents of the pipeline already in transit. The loss of potential during the night can't be solved easily, but by cutting off the flow, the futile system is at least put on standby. However, it should also be acknowledged that by continuing to pump water into the system, or by allowing an additional reservoir to flow through, hydro electric power can still be derived. One plausible solution is to have a significant portion of the daylight waterflow diverted into an reservoir to be utilised during the reduced input hours of the night for use in hydroelectric to continue the flow.

Storing the output of steam for potential use poses a different problem by its intermittent nature when depending on a solar energy source. One plausible solution is to retain the water in a pressured chamber which can then be released on demand by flash boiling to atmospheric pressure. During this process, when steam is required, a valve can be opened to allow the hot pressurised water to exit and flash into steam without additional input of energy.

In addition to the benefit of the steam for turbines, there is also the opportunity to make use of the outbound flow with very efficient hydro electric systems. This could plausibly be made possible by installing a hydroelectric station at the aqueduct terminal point, or at any point on the downhill path of the effluent.

RESERVOIRS USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE MAIN PIPELINE As the water requires an extensive period of time to be heated adequately, and a substantial portion of the flow will be forced to return without making its full use of potential, it may be necessary to redirect the flow into a longer running course. Assuming the main body of the pipeline is full at the moment of dawn, and it begins to exit the terminal station almost instantaneously without a chance to heat up. Also assuming the solar trough has a span of approximately 200 meters, then the water would take approximately 3 to 4 hours to exceed the boiling point and reach optimal temperature. A solution is to provide an additional branch in the course of the main pipe that also features a 200 meter span solar trough to provide thermal energy running in a loop to rejoin the main pipeline. The design is fundamentally the unchanged aside form the extra length. The additional reservoirs in the system will allow more water to be heated past the boiling point.

SOLAR THERMAL DESALINATION AQUEDUCT FOR PURIFICATION, TRANSPORTATION, AND UTILISATION AS ENERGY RESERVES BY LEON HARVEY

PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION The solar thermal powered desalinating aqueduct is a multiple phased pipeline that is intended to provide several important functions. Functions include

" Desalinating sea water, or any water that may contain sediments or dissolved precipitates. " Transporting an artificial source of fresh water over very long distances inland. " Providing an energy source in the form of hydro electric. " Providing an energy source in the form of steam. " Providing an energy source in the form of solar thermal. " Providing a stored source of energy and water from reservoirs. " Providing an outlet for effluent, both saline and other waste

TITE Solar Thermal Desalination Aqueduct

ABSTRACT PROBLEM: Many parts of the world simply do not have sources of water in sufficient abundance to provide for anything more than a very fragile ecosystem, or remain barren for a variety of reasons. Even fertile areas have been increasingly under stress from competition for water supplies, and many populated, industrial, and farming zones may be forced to agree to water rationing, or are already preparing to do so. Even though water is an abundant resource for the planet, nature has not always provided a convenient strategic reserve on land, and sea water is often unusable in most cases.

Man made projects such as dams, aqueducts, and artificial reservoirs have been constructed all over the world, but the ongoing security of some of these projects in addition to the capacity their are meant to provide has been put in question. Many nations are already being described as approaching malthusian economics.

There is only a limited amount of naturally occurring water inland that can be utilised. Projects such as redirecting rivers in the caucasian region, or constructing additional dams on rivers that cross several nationalities at once for example have all shown the respective limits of their ability to provide.

The use of an aqueduct that could desalinate sea water and provide a massive quantity of freshwater reserves inland is a novel concept that also aims to utilise and provide clean energy in the form of solar thermal, and using the motive force of flowing water. This idea involves a four phase system of operation: 1. Pumping sea water towards an uphill reservoir ready for distribution through a pipeline towards the inland direction. 2. The water inside the pipeline is heated past the normal boiling point as it gradually flows towards its destination. The heating will be done by solar thermal technology that involves focusing sunlight into a single high energy point that will conduct heat onto the pipeline and into the water. The ideal circumstances will continue to boil the water, and, there will be a continuous gravity fed flow over very long distances even when compensating for the curvature of the earth. 3. The boiled water is unlikely to evaporate as steam while inside the enclosed space of the pipe, but an opening at its destination would quickly separate fresh water from the impurities also carried along, and also provide the benefit of steam turbine power at the terminal station. 4. The effluent water will be returned in the opposite direction to the sea, or possibly processed to salvage trace materials from its contents. Water generally has a lower boiling point that any useful material on the periodic table.

As a supplementary note, the decision to incorporate solar thermal input into the main body of the transit phase is to confront the problem of providing continuous environmentally friendly energy to the contents of the pipe. Occasional erratic cloud cover and the need to provide larger energy input if a physically larger pipe was chosen to be used will demand a larger quantity of reflective panels as a matter of necessity. As the water flows down the main body, there will also be a substantial loss of thermal energy especially over a long distance which should ideally be kept as high as possible and losses simultaneously low as possible. An alternative design incorporated into the first phase may include the bulk of the water desalination prior to or during the entry into the initial reservoir. The advantage of this alternative is that the water could be boiled and converted to steam very early to make its transit uphill much easier, and the flow of the effluent in the opposite direction will be much shorter and require less infrastructure.

THEPROBLEMOFENERGYRESERVES The energy generated by sustainable environmentally cleaner methods such as solar voltaic and wind turbines is generally less powerful and somewhat more erratic than fossil fuels, even with the immense progress already made to improve their efficiency and cost. Another reason why fossil fuel is still attractive is that it is easily transported and stored prior to use on demand. Even with batteries to store the electric current in the form of a chemical reaction to assist, much of the potential for solar technology is lost if not used immediately. Solar panels are convenient but tend to only provide abundant energy during the day when it is not being used, and the locations for wind turbines may be impractical for a consistent supply, while hydropower requires dramatic changes to the landscape that may not always be in the ideal location. However, when comparing kilojoules required to kilojoules available, there is definitely a compelling case to provide all a nation's power reserves by renewable alternatives at least in theory.

Although the primary goal of the aqueduct system is the production of a source of freshwater, unlike other designs, this one will be able to salvage energy while in use. There is obviously an initial input necessary in the form of the first phase reservoir that is impossible to avoid, but as the water continues to flow, it has the additional benefit of serving as an energy reserve while in motion in two ways. The possibility of hydroelectric and a convenient thermal source should be considered.

After the first phase and initial storage reservoir, water can be released on a downhill gradient to fulfill hydro energy on demand. During the second phase, additional hydro electric turbines can make use of the waterflow while inside the pipeline. Finally, during the third phase, when the heated water is separated between steam and its residue, it can serve as a prime mover in a power plant with a consistent input of motive force, and a source of thermal energy running steam turbines.

The energy harvested in the terminal station can power the effluent removal steam if needed to be forced out, while the first and second phase energy reserves can help provide some power for the initial phase if there is no additional requirement towards outside sources. Obviously, this is not an infinite energy system, but with help from natural sources, it does convert its initial input into a more useful form and location.

THE PROBLEM OF WATER DESALINATION The energy needed to desalinate water is very high. It would actually require less energy to desalinate by filtration methods than by heating to the boiling point, but within the context of this design, the ease of providing intense levels of thermal power by the sun is ideal. The aqueduct will solve this by first acting as the focal point for reflective solar mirrors while in operation. The focused sunlight will provide a very intense form of thermal energy not only bring the contents of the main pipeline past the boiling point, but also provide the energy necessary the separate mostly purified water from the unwanted salts and trace substances which also generally have a much higher boiling point than water. This will provide a benefit as the heated water exits the pipeline at a terminal station. The water will begin to vaporise, but leave behind a slurry of concentrated effluent containing most of the unwanted impurities that can then be allowed to flow outwards on a seperate journey.

PROVIDING WATER RESERVES INLAND There are many factors that make it difficult to provide water reserves inland. Traditionally, limited rainfall, high temperatures, high evaporation, and ongoing outflow towards the ocean have caused the natural limits. Diverting water supplies for human use has been demonstrated to push some natural supplies past the rate of replenishment.

The solar aqueduct will provide a consistent flow of desalinated water into remote areas which can function as support infrastructure for man made utilities, as well as rejuvenating depleted areas and reversing desertification. As long as the head of the initial reservoir is uphill from the main flow, then the pipeline could even transverse across the countryside. From a standing height of 2 meters, the horizon on a flat plane visibly disappears at around 5 km. From an elevated position, the horizon is much further away, depending on height without obstruction. If an example flat plane length of the pipeline structure was to reach 1000 km, starting with a reasonable height of the head, possibly occupying a elevated mountain range with additional built up structures at 1 km approximately about sea level, then only a slight decline calculated by simple trigonometry will allow water to flow gradually towards the inland reservoir. However, within the limits of solar power, a continuous flow of water can move from starting position to a terminal station across a distance of approximately 350 km over the course of a 10 hour day given that the water flow can be sent at 9.8 meters per second. One more benefit from converting the water into heated state above the level of boiling, is the significantly faster movement of steam compared to any liquid. Although the physics of steam can be difficult to predict in some ways, the increase in pressure within the pipe and the typically greater velocity based on temperature makes it possible to propel the pipeline contents at close to 2-3 times the velocity of water.

HYDROELECTRIC POWER After entering the initial uphill reservoir, the water can serve as a head for powering hydroelectric turbines along the main body of the pipeline. This is possible by the force of the water exiting the reservoir and bernoulli's principle when entering the main pipeline. Depending on the height of the head where the stored water is descending from and the cross sectional area of the pipe, the flow rate can be calculated. As the body of pipe is constricted, and the force of water flowing through remains constant, the flow rate will increase, and therefore make hydroelectric somewhat more practicable. In addition to this, as water heats up, it will begin to expand slightly. This would normally continue until it reaches 100 Celsius at which point it normally converts to its gas form. However, if it continues to remain inside the sealed enclosure it will be unable to completely vaporise unless moving towards the terminal ending where an opening may be.The water could theoretically boil and fill the space in the downstream area of the pipe while being forced by the flow of water, but as more and more water makes its way through the passage, it the pressure will be ever increased. This will have the effect of causing a pressure gradient to move faster through the pipeline than would otherwise be possible by allowing an undisturbed flow without increasing the temperature.

Although the flow of water (assuming the pipe is not contracted) will remain constant at around 9.8 meters per second, the flow rate of steam may be more difficult to predict, although it is generally agreed that steam moves much faster than water between approximately twice to a fourfold increase in velocity.

The original purpose of the design is to provide an ongoing supply of freshwater inland, but the opportunity to convert part of the operation into an energy should not be overlooked. In this case, the power source will be hydro converting into mechanical and then electric at a very high efficiency, in addition to thermal converting into mechanical and then electric at a somewhat lower efficiency, but still providing a viable supply. Although the design would lose potential during the night, it can still be stored by capturing the steam and allowing condensation into a reservoir or siphon uphill which would then be allowed to flow down into a hydroelectric system. Thermal energy can also be stored on a daily basis for additional use.

TERRAFORMING OF AUSTRALIA AND OTHER DESERTS Australia's unique terrain has given the nation a reputation as one of the driest and least populated areas of the developed world. A brief description of the ecology would include a narrow band of forested areas close to coastline, mostly dry, coarse vegetation and shrubbery, and large interior desert with few distinctive mountain ranges. The continent is similar is size relative to that held by the United States of America but only capable of supporting a fraction of the life across the mainland by comparison. The reason for this is a compound of unfavourable weather patterns and geographical features that has resulted in an interior that is simply too hot and dry to inhabit. There is nothing like the great lakes of the North American continent that remains as a full reservoir all year round. The Mississippi watershed that incorporates flowing freshwater streams from all over the American continent and culminates in one of the world's largest inland navigable waterways has no equivalent in Australia.

In our time, the present day climatic patterns are only getting warmer and water is becoming increasingly scarce, ergo, the need for a man made solution. A solution that would not only satiate the persistent need for freshwater into one of the most remote regions of the world, but also be a plausible method of salvaging the man made catastrophe of global warming that has been surreptitiously creeping alongside modernisation.

Providing a source of flowing water will serve as an enormous heat sink, firstly in the areas that are the hottest made possible the very high heat capacity of water compared to most surface rocks, secondly by evaporation which will drag away and dissipate the overheated surface, and finally as moisture content of the air which will possibly form cloud cover and provide rainfall in some areas.

Providing a source of flowing water will not alone be enough to change an ecosystem for a variety of factors. There are many cases of deserts that have flowing rivers and lakes and even regular rainfall. There are also many cases of heavy erosion occuring in areas that have no human or grazing activity.

A second phase of problems may appear as bodies of water begin to draw up salt precipitates from the ground and cause a toxic effect. Salinity can be washed off again though trenches then gathered and removed, but it may remain as a recurring problem. The soil in many areas is often unsuitable for many kinds of growing plants because of the poor and depleted quality or the fact that much of the land is sandy with limited ability to provide a suitable home to new seedlings.

EDITORIAL NOTE

2019200822

There is one page of the claims only.

SOLAR THERMAL DESALINATION AQUEDUCT FOR PURIFICATION, TRANSPORTATION, AND UTILISATION AS ENERGY RESERVES BY LEON HARVEY

PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION The solar thermal powered desalinating aqueduct is a multiple phased pipeline that is intended to provide several important functions. Functions include

" Desalinating sea water, or any water that may contain sediments or dissolved precipitates. " Transporting an artificial source of fresh water over very long distances inland. " Providing an energy source in the form of hydro electric. " Providing an energy source in the form of steam. " Providing an energy source in the form of solar thermal. " Providing a stored source of energy and water from reservoirs. " Providing an outlet for effluent, both saline and other waste

EDITORIAL NOTE 07 Feb 2019

2019200822

There are 12 pages of the drawings only .

SOLAR IRRADIANCE AVAILABLE IN AUSTRALIA HAMMERSLEY RANGE, WA Solar Exposure daily annual average (KJ/m2) Solar Exposure daily Winter average (KJ/m2) Solar Exposure daily Spring average (KJ/m2) Solar Exposure daily Summer average (KJ/m2) Solar Exposure daily autumn average (KJ/m2) 21,000 15,000 24,000 24,000 18,000 Minimal Energy Needed to Boil Water (KJ) Mass of water (L) Specific heat capcity (KJ/L) Temperature change (C) (KJ) Energy needed per hour section of pipeline (KJ) 3,515,291,835 4.19 100 1,471,501,162,260 147,150,116,226 Enegy available parallel to pipeline Daily Solar Exposure (KJ/M2) Length of pipeline (M) Daily Solar Exposure along length of pipeline (KJ) Solar Exposure along hourly length of pipeline (KJ) Factor of difference between energy needed and availability along full length of pipeline 21,000 353,160 7,416,360,000 741,636,000 198 Solar Exposure daily annual average (KJ/m2) Hourly (Kj/m2) Hourly (Kw) Length of hourly section of pipeline (m) Energy available parralel to one Energy hour section available of pipeline converted(Kw) from Kw to Kj 20,000 8333.33 138.89 35,000 4,861,111.11 17,500,000,000 07 Feb 2019 2019200822

SOLAR FLUX VARIATIONS Hours Winter Solstice Solar Equinox Flux Solar (kW/m2) Flux Summer (kW/m2) Solstice Solar Flux (kW/m2) 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 5 0 0 0.04 6 0 0.1 0.51 7 0.1 0.5 0.71 8 0.38 0.7 0.82 9 0.6 0.8 0.89 10 0.71 0.86 0.92 11 0.77 0.89 0.94 12 0.78 0.9 0.95 13 0.77 0.89 0.94 14 0.71 0.86 0.92 15 0.6 0.8 0.89 16 0.38 0.7 0.82 17 0.1 0.5 0.71 18 0 0.1 0.51 19 0 0 0.04 20 0 0 0 21 0 0 0 22 0 0 0 23 0 0 0 24 0 0 0 Hours of Operation 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Winter Solstice Flux 0.1 0.38 0.6 0.71 0.77 0.78 0.77 0.71 0.6 0.38 Movement of the Dawn Horizon Circumference of Earth Approximate (m) Daylight HourlyLength Interval (m)Length (m) 40,075,000 20,037,500.00 1,669,791.67 ! Length of day is approximately 4 times longer than length of a 10 hour flow in pipeline 07 Feb 2019 2019200822

PIPELINE CALCULATIONS WITH SOLAR FLUX Length of Pipeline Per Hour of Operation (M) ! Enter length manually to prevent dragging error 35,316 35,316 35,316 35,316 35,316 35,316 35,316 35,316 35,316 35,316 Hours of Operation 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Winter Solstice Flux 0.1 0.38 0.6 0.71 0.77 0.78 0.77 0.71 0.6 0.38 Total Length per hour of operation (M) 35,316 70,632 105,948 141,264 176,580 211,896 247,212 282,528 317,844 353,160 Energy Needed to Boil Total Water in Pipe Daily per Hour of Operation (KJ) 1,471,501,162,260 735,750,581,130 490,500,387,420 367,875,290,565 294,300,232,452 245,250,193,710 210,214,451,751 183,937,645,283 163,500,129,140 147,150,116,226 Solar energy available parallel to the pipeline (KJ) 741,636,000 Copied manually to prevent 741,636,000 dragging error 741,636,000 741,636,000 741,636,000 741,636,000 741,636,000 741,636,000 741,636,000 741,636,000 Energy Available per Section parallel to Pipe (KJ/M2) 74,163,600 281,821,680 444,981,600 526,561,560 571,059,720 578,476,080 571,059,720 526,561,560 444,981,600 281,821,680 Specific Heat Formula for Raising water temperature Q=MS∆T Given 1 M2 parallel with pipeline of solar energy Q (heat energy) (kJ) 74,163,600 281,821,680 444,981,600 526,561,560 571,059,720 578,476,080 571,059,720 526,561,560 444,981,600 281,821,680 Mass of Water per Section (Kg) 351,529,183.53 351,529,183.50 351,529,183.50 351,529,183.50 351,529,183.50 351,529,183.50 351,529,183.50 351,529,183.50 351,529,183.50 351,529,183.50 Specific Heat Capacity of Water (KJ/L) 4.186 4.186 4.186 4.186 4.186 4.186 4.186 4.186 4.186 4.186 Total basic temperature change during daylight operation (celcuis) ∆T (c) 0.050 0.192 0.302 0.358 0.388 0.393 0.388 0.358 0.302 0.192 2.923 Temperature of pipeline change adjusted for compounding hours of operation Hours of operation 1 0.050 2 0.050 0.192 3 0.050 0.192 0.302 4 0.050 0.192 0.302 0.358 5 0.050 0.192 0.302 0.358 0.388 6 0.050 0.192 0.302 0.358 0.388 0.393 7 0.050 0.192 0.302 0.358 0.388 0.393 0.388 8 0.050 0.192 0.302 0.358 0.388 0.393 0.388 0.358 9 0.050 0.192 0.302 0.358 0.388 0.393 0.388 0.358 0.302 10 0.050 0.192 0.302 0.358 0.388 0.393 0.388 0.358 0.302 0.192 Temperature Change in Pipeline Compounding Variety Multiplied Length of Parallel Solar Reflectors From Start of Run (m) Maximum Temperature Averageobtained perpendicular mirror length (m2) ∆T 1 Hours Operation 0.050 0.05 1 ∆T 2 Hours Operation 0.050 0.242 0.24 1 ∆T 3 Hours Operation 0.050 0.242 0.544 0.54 1 ∆T 4 Hours Operation 0.050 0.242 0.544 0.902 0.90 1 ∆T 5 Hours Operation 0.050 0.242 0.544 0.902 1.290 1.29 1 ∆T 6 Hours Operation 0.050 0.242 0.544 0.902 1.290 1.683 1.68 1 ∆T 7 Hours Operation 0.050 0.242 0.544 0.902 1.290 1.683 2.071 2.07 1 ∆T 8 Hours Operation 0.050 0.242 0.544 0.902 1.290 1.683 2.071 2.429 2.43 1 ∆T 9 Hours Operation 0.050 0.242 0.544 0.902 1.290 1.683 2.071 2.429 2.732 2.73 1 ∆T 10 Hours Operation 0.050 0.242 0.544 0.902 1.290 1.683 2.071 2.429 2.732 2.923 2.92 1 Hours of operation maximum temperature obtained Temperature from hours goal (c)Average of operation perpendicular Average lengthperpendicular of mirrors (m)length of mirros compared to hours of operation (m) 1 0.05 100 1984.13 1984.13 2 0.24 100 206.68 1095.40 3 0.54 100 61.24 750.68 4 0.90 100 27.71 569.94 5 1.29 100 15.50 459.05 6 1.68 100 9.90 384.19 7 2.07 100 6.90 330.29 8 2.43 100 5.15 289.65 9 2.73 100 4.07 257.92 10 2.92 100 3.42 232.47 Hours of operation maximum temperature obtained Temperature from hours goal (c)Average of operation perpendicular Average lengthperpendicular of mirros (m)length of mirros compared to hours of operation (m) 1 0.05 150 2976.19 2976.19 2 0.24 150 310.02 1643.11 3 0.54 150 91.86 1126.02 4 0.90 150 41.57 854.91 5 1.29 150 23.25 688.58 6 1.68 150 14.85 576.29 07 Feb 2019 2019200822

7 2.07 150 10.34 495.44 8 2.43 150 7.72 434.48 9 2.73 150 6.10 386.88 10 2.92 150 5.13 348.70 Hours of operation maximum temperature obtained Temperature from hours goal (c)Average of operation perpendicular Average lengthperpendicular of mirros (m)length of mirros compared to hours of operation (m) 1 0.05 200 3968.26 3968.26 2 0.24 200 413.36 2190.81 3 0.54 200 122.48 1501.36 4 0.90 200 55.42 1139.88 5 1.29 200 31.00 918.10 6 1.68 200 19.80 768.39 7 2.07 200 13.79 660.59 8 2.43 200 10.29 579.30 9 2.73 200 8.14 515.84 10 2.92 200 6.84 464.94 Hours of operation maximum temperature obtained Temperature from hours goal (c)Average of operation perpendicular Average lengthperpendicular of mirros (m)length of mirros compared to hours of operation (m) 1 0.05 250 4960.32 4960.32 2 0.24 250 516.70 2738.51 3 0.54 250 153.10 1876.71 4 0.90 250 69.28 1424.85 5 1.29 250 38.75 1147.63 6 1.68 250 24.75 960.48 7 2.07 250 17.24 825.73 8 2.43 250 12.86 724.13 9 2.73 250 10.17 644.80 10 2.92 250 8.55 581.17 07 Feb 2019 2019200822

PIPELINE CALCULATIONS FOR IDEAL SIZE Length of Pipeline Per Hour of Operation (M) ! Enter length manually to prevent dragging error 35,316 35,316 35,316 35,316 35,316 35,316 35,316 35,316 35,316 35,316 Hours of Operation 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Winter Solstice Flux 0.1 0.38 0.6 0.71 0.77 0.78 0.77 0.71 0.6 0.38 Total Length per hour of operation (M) 35,316 70,632 105,948 141,264 176,580 211,896 247,212 282,528 317,844 353,160 Energy Needed to Boil Total Water in Pipe Daily per Hour of Operation (KJ) 1,471,501,162,260 735,750,581,130 490,500,387,420 367,875,290,565 294,300,232,452 245,250,193,710 210,214,451,751 183,937,645,283 163,500,129,140 147,150,116,226 Solar energy parallel to the pipeline (KJ) Copied741,636,000 manually to prevent741,636,000 dragging error 741,636,000 741,636,000 741,636,000 741,636,000 741,636,000 741,636,000 741,636,000 741,636,000 Energy Available per Section parallel to Pipe (KJ/M2) 74,163,600 281,821,680 444,981,600 526,561,560 571,059,720 578,476,080 571,059,720 526,561,560 444,981,600 281,821,680 Specific Heat Formula for Raising water temperature Q=MS∆T Given 1 M2 parallel with pipeline of solar energy Q (heat energy) (kJ) 74,163,600 281,821,680 444,981,600 526,561,560 571,059,720 578,476,080 571,059,720 526,561,560 444,981,600 281,821,680 Mass of Water per Section (Kg) 351,529,183.53 351,529,183.50 351,529,183.50 351,529,183.50 351,529,183.50 351,529,183.50 351,529,183.50 351,529,183.50 351,529,183.50 351,529,183.50 Specific Heat Capacity of Water (KJ/L) 4.186 4.186 4.186 4.186 4.186 4.186 4.186 4.186 4.186 4.186 Total basic temperature change during daylight operation (celcuis) ∆T (c) 0.05 0.19 0.30 0.36 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.36 0.30 0.19 2.92 ! enter manually using ∆T Compounding sum function from to prevent all sections dragging (c) error 0.05 0.24 0.54 0.90 1.29 1.68 2.07 2.43 2.73 2.92 Temperature change adjusted for compounding hours of operation Hours of operation 1 0.05 2 0.05 0.19 3 0.05 0.19 0.30 4 0.05 0.19 0.30 0.36 5 0.05 0.19 0.30 0.36 0.39 6 0.05 0.19 0.30 0.36 0.39 0.39 7 0.05 0.19 0.30 0.36 0.39 0.39 0.39 8 0.05 0.19 0.30 0.36 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.36 9 0.05 0.19 0.30 0.36 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.36 0.30 10 0.05 0.19 0.30 0.36 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.36 0.30 0.19 Length of Perpendicular mirrors (m2) ! enter mirror size manually, then drag accross all fields to complete calculation 200 in section below 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 Temperature Change Compounding Variety Multiplied Length of Parallel Solar Reflectors From Start of Run (m) Maximum Temperature Averageobtained perpendicular mirror length (m2) ∆T 1 Hours Operation 10.080 10.08 200 ! average length must be entered manually ∆T 2 Hours Operation 10.080 48.384 48.38 200 ∆T 3 Hours Operation 10.080 48.384 108.864 108.86 200 ∆T 4 Hours Operation 10.080 48.384 108.864 180.432 180.43 200 ∆T 5 Hours Operation 10.080 48.384 108.864 180.432 258.048 258.05 200 ∆T 6 Hours Operation 10.080 48.384 108.864 180.432 258.048 336.672 336.67 200 ∆T 7 Hours Operation 10.080 48.384 108.864 180.432 258.048 336.672 414.288 414.29 200 ∆T 8 Hours Operation 10.080 48.384 108.864 180.432 258.048 336.672 414.288 485.856 485.86 200 ∆T 9 Hours Operation 10.080 48.384 108.864 180.432 258.048 336.672 414.288 485.856 546.336 546.34 200 ∆T 10 Hours Operation 10.080 48.384 108.864 180.432 258.048 336.672 414.288 485.856 546.336 584.640 584.64 200 !example demonstration 200 C ideal temperature goal with reflective mirrors necessary perdedicular to pipeline Temperature Change Compounding Variety Multiplied Length of Parallel Solar Reflectors From Start of Run (m) Maximum Temperature Averageobtained perpendicular mirror length (m2) ∆T 1 Hours Operation 201.600 201.60 4000 ∆T 2 Hours Operation 42.840 205.632 205.63 850 ∆T 3 Hours Operation 18.648 89.510 201.398 201.40 370 ∆T 4 Hours Operation 11.340 54.432 122.472 202.986 202.99 225 ∆T 5 Hours Operation 8.064 38.707 87.091 144.345 206.438 206.44 160 ∆T 6 Hours Operation 6.048 29.030 65.318 108.259 154.829 202.003 202.00 120 ∆T 7 Hours Operation 5.040 24.192 54.432 90.216 129.024 168.336 207.144 207.14 100 ∆T 8 Hours Operation 4.284 20.563 46.267 76.684 109.670 143.085 176.072 206.489 206.49 85 ∆T 9 Hours Operation 3.780 18.144 40.824 67.662 96.768 126.252 155.358 182.196 204.876 204.88 75 ∆T 10 Hours Operation 3.528 16.934 38.102 63.151 90.317 117.835 145.001 170.049 191.217 204.624 204.62 70 07 Feb 2019 2019200822

Reservoirs will be needed to provide alternative course for waterflow during early and late hours when thermal energy input is minimal. 4 hours equivalent of flow suggested as necessary to reheat the water during the earlier hours over a loop pattern within a 3 hour time period utilising a 200M mirror length span Perpendicular length of reservoir run calculated by number of folds in the reservoir run assuming 10km sections (m) hours of operation Length of pipline hourly compounding section (m)length entered Average of pipeline manually perpendicular (m) to preventmirror dragging length error (m2) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1 35,316 35,316 4000 35,316.00 17,658.00 11,772.00 8,829.00 7,063.20 5,886.00 5,045.14 4,414.50 3,924.00 3,531.60 3,210.55 2,943.00 2,716.62 2,522.57 2 35,316 70,632 850 70,632.00 35,316.00 23,544.00 17,658.00 14,126.40 11,772.00 10,090.29 8,829.00 7,848.00 7,063.20 6,421.09 5,886.00 5,433.23 5,045.14 3 35,316 105,948 370 105,948.00 52,974.00 35,316.00 26,487.00 21,189.60 17,658.00 15,135.43 13,243.50 11,772.00 10,594.80 9,631.64 8,829.00 8,149.85 7,567.71 4 35,316 141,264 225 141,264.00 70,632.00 47,088.00 35,316.00 28,252.80 23,544.00 20,180.57 17,658.00 15,696.00 14,126.40 12,842.18 11,772.00 10,866.46 10,090.29 5 35,316 176,580 160 176,580.00 88,290.00 58,860.00 44,145.00 35,316.00 29,430.00 25,225.71 22,072.50 19,620.00 17,658.00 16,052.73 14,715.00 13,583.08 12,612.86 6 35,316 211,896 120 211,896.00 105,948.00 70,632.00 52,974.00 42,379.20 35,316.00 30,270.86 26,487.00 23,544.00 21,189.60 19,263.27 17,658.00 16,299.69 15,135.43 7 35,316 247,212 100 247,212.00 123,606.00 82,404.00 61,803.00 49,442.40 41,202.00 35,316.00 30,901.50 27,468.00 24,721.20 22,473.82 20,601.00 19,016.31 17,658.00 8 35,316 282,528 85 282,528.00 141,264.00 94,176.00 70,632.00 56,505.60 47,088.00 40,361.14 35,316.00 31,392.00 28,252.80 25,684.36 23,544.00 21,732.92 20,180.57 9 35,316 317,844 75 317,844.00 158,922.00 105,948.00 79,461.00 63,568.80 52,974.00 45,406.29 39,730.50 35,316.00 31,784.40 28,894.91 26,487.00 24,449.54 22,703.14 10 35,316 353,160 70 353,160.00 176,580.00 117,720.00 88,290.00 70,632.00 58,860.00 50,451.43 44,145.00 39,240.00 35,316.00 32,105.45 29,430.00 27,166.15 25,225.71 07 Feb 2019 2019200822

CAPACITY OF AQUEDUCT LENGTH OF PIPELINE MAIN BODY Speef of falling water (m/s) Hourly Travel Distance (m) Daylight Hours of Operation Maximum Distance of Water Flow Assuming Only Liquid(m) 9.81 35,316 10 353,160 Capacity of Pipe Daily Operation(L) radius (m) Cross Section Area (m^2) Length (m) Volume of Pipe (m3) Mass of Water in Pipe (L) Flow Capacity (m3/hr) Mass of Water in Pipe per hour section (L) 1.78 10 353,160 3,515,292 3,515,291,835 35,833.76 351,529,183.53 Energy Needed to Heat Water (KJ) Mass of water (L) Specific heat capcity (KJ/L) Temperature change (C) (KJ) (KJ/Hr) Celcius 3,515,291,835 4.19 100 1,471,501,162,260 147,150,116,226 779,895,615,998 U-Value and Heat Loss per section Surface area (m2) U-value Temperature difference (C) (KW/hr) (KJ/Hr) Celcius/Hr 3,989,263.77 1 100 398,926.38 1,436,134,956.538 756,176,915.05 Percentage of thermal energy lost from enclosure around pipe 97.60% #REF! #REF! #REF! 07 Feb 2019 2019200822

SOLAR TROUGH PIPELINE SHAPE ADJUSTED FOR CALCULATED SEGMENTS 07 Feb 2019