AU2014280990B2

AU2014280990B2 - 3,6-disubstituted xanthylium salts as medicaments

Info

Publication number: AU2014280990B2
Application number: AU2014280990A
Authority: AU
Inventors: Scott Clunas; Charles Robert Harrington; David Horsley; Janet Elizabeth Rickard; John Mervyn David Storey; Claude Michael Wischik
Original assignee: Taurx Therapeutics Man Ltd
Current assignee: Taurx Therapeutics Management Ltd
Priority date: 2008-12-10
Filing date: 2014-12-31
Publication date: 2017-05-25
Anticipated expiration: 2029-12-10
Also published as: AU2014280990A1

Abstract

Abstract This invention pertains generally to processes, uses, methods and materials utilising particular xanthylium compounds, including compounds of formula (I) and (II), as further defined herein. These compounds are useful as drugs, for example, in the treatment of tauopathies, such as Alzheimer's disease.

Description

3,6-Disubstituted Xanthylium Salts

Technical Field

This invention pertains generally to processes, uses, methods and materials utilising particular xanthylium compounds. These compounds are useful as drugs, for example, in the treatment of tauopathies, such as Alzheimer’s disease.

Background A number of patents and publications are cited herein in order to more fully describe and disclose the invention and the state of the art to which the invention pertains. Each of these references is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety into the present disclosure, to the same extent as if each individual reference was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

Throughout this specification, including the claims which follow, unless the context requires otherwise, the word “comprise,” and variations such as “comprises” and “comprising,” will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or step or group of integers or steps but not the exclusion of any other integer or step or group of integers or steps.

It must be noted that, as used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a pharmaceutical carrier” includes mixtures of two or more such carriers, and the like.

Ranges are often expressed herein as from “about” one particular value, and/or to “about” another particular value. When such a range is expressed, another embodiment includes from the one particular value and/or to the other particular value. Similarly, when values are expressed as approximations, by the use of the antecedent “about,” it will be understood that the particular value forms another embodiment.

Conditions of dementia such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are frequently characterised by a progressive accumulation of intracellular and/or extracellular deposits of proteinaceous structures such as -amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in the brains of affected patients. The appearance of these lesions largely correlates with pathological neurofibrillary degeneration and brain atrophy, as well as with cognitive impairment (see, e.g., Mukaetova-Ladinska, E.B., et al., 2000, Am. J. Pathol., Vol. 157, No. 2, pp. 623-636).

In AD, both neuritic plaques and NFTs contain paired helical filaments (PHFs), of which a major constituent is the microtubule-associated protein tau (see, e.g., Wischik et al., 1988, PNAS USA, Vol. 85, pp. 4506-4510). Plaques also contain extracellular -amyloid fibrils derived from the abnormal processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) (see, e.g., Kang et al., 1987, Nature, Vol. 325, p. 733). An article by Wischik et al. (in ‘Neurobiology of Alzheimer’s Disease’, 2nd Edition, 2000, Eds. Dawbarn, D. and Allen, S.J., The Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology Series, Bios Scientific Publishers, Oxford) discusses in detail the putative role of tau protein in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative dementias. Loss of the normal form of tau, accumulation of pathological PFIFs, and loss of synapses in the mid-frontal cortex all correlate with associated cognitive impairment. Furthermore, loss of synapses and loss of pyramidal cells both correlate with morphometric measures of tau-reactive neurofibrillary pathology, which parallels, at a molecular level, an almost total redistribution of the tau protein pool from a soluble to a polymerised form (i.e., PFIFs) in Alzheimer’s disease.

Tau exists in alternatively-spliced isoforms, which contain three or four copies of a repeat sequence corresponding to the microtubule-binding domain (see, e.g., Goedert, M., et al., 1989, EMBO J., Vol. 8, pp. 393-399; Goedert, M., et al., 1989, Neuron, Vol. 3, pp. 519-526). Tau in PFIFs is proteolytically processed to a core domain (see, e.g., Wischik, C.M., et al., 1988, PNAS USA, Vol. 85, pp. 4884-4888; Wischik et al., 1988, PNAS USA, Vol. 85, pp. 4506-4510; Novak, M„ et al., 1993, EMBO J„ Vol. 12, pp. 365-370) which is composed of a phase-shifted version of the repeat domain; only three repeats are involved in the stable tau-tau interaction (see, e.g., Jakes, R., et al., 1991, EMBO J., Vol. 10, pp. 2725-2729). Once formed, PFHF-like tau aggregates act as seeds for the further capture and provide a template for proteolytic processing of full-length tau protein (see, e.g., Wischik et al., 1996, PNAS USA, Vol. 93, pp. 11213-11218).

The phase shift which is observed in the repeat domain of tau incorporated into PFIFs suggests that the repeat domain undergoes an induced conformational change during incorporation into the filament. During the onset of AD, it is envisaged that this conformational change could be initiated by the binding of tau to a pathological substrate, such as damaged or mutated membrane proteins (see, e.g., Wischik, C.M., et al., 1997, in “Microtubule-associated proteins: modifications in disease”, Eds. Avila, J., Brandt, R. and Kosik, K. S. (Flarwood Academic Publishers, Amsterdam) pp.185-241).

In the course of their formation and accumulation, PFIFs first assemble to form amorphous aggregates within the cytoplasm, probably from early tau oligomers which become truncated prior to, or in the course of, PFIF assembly (see, e.g., Mena, R., et al., 1995, Acta Neuropathol., Vol. 89, pp. 50-56; Mena, R., et al., 1996, Acta Neuropathol., Vol. 91, pp. 633-641). These filaments then go on to form classical intracellular NFTs. In this state, the PFIFs consist of a core of truncated tau and a fuzzy outer coat containing full-length tau (see, e.g., Wischik etal., 1996, PNAS USA, Vol. 93, pp. 11213-11218).

The assembly process is exponential, consuming the cellular pool of normal functional tau and inducing new tau synthesis to make up the deficit (see, e.g., Lai, R. Y. K., et al., 1995, Neurobiology of Ageing, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 433-445). Eventually, functional impairment of the neurone progresses to the point of cell death, leaving behind an extracellular NFT. Cell death is highly correlated with the number of extracellular NFTs (see, e.g., Wischik et al., in ‘Neurobiology of Alzheimer’s Disease’, 2nd Edition, 2001, Eds. Dawbarn, D. and Allen, S.J., The Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology Series, Bios Scientific Publishers, Oxford). As tangles are extruded into the extracellular space, there is progressive loss of the fuzzy outer coat of the neurone with corresponding loss of N-terminal tau immunoreactivity, but preservation of tau immunoreactivity associated with the PHF core (see, e.g., Bondareff, W. et al., 1994, J. Neuropath. Exper. Neurol., Vol. 53, No. 2, pp. 158-164).

Xanthylium compounds (also known as pyronine compounds) have previously been shown to act as fluorescent dyes. Xanthylium compounds previously disclosed include:

JP 2000/344684 describes the use of xanthylium compounds, such as compound G and AA, as probes for diseases which accumulate -amyloid protein. WO 96/30766 describes the use of a xanthylium compound, DMAXC, as capable of inhibiting tau-tau protein interactions:

Diaminophenothiazines have previously been shown to inhibit tau protein aggregation and to disrupt the structure of PHFs, and reverse the proteolytic stability of the PHF core (see, e.g., WO 96/30766, F Floffman-La Roche). Such compounds were disclosed for use in the treatment or prophylaxis of various diseases, including Alzheimer's disease. These included, amongst others:

It will be understood that the term 'xanthylium compounds', as used herein, refers generally to compounds having a xanthylium core structure and compounds having related core structures including, but not limited to thioxanthylium, phenazinium, oxazinium, and thioninium.

Notwithstanding the above disclosures, it will be appreciated that the provision of one or more xanthylium compounds, not previously specifically identified as being effective tau protein aggregation inhibitors, would provide a contribution to the art.

Any discussion of documents, acts, materials, devices, articles or the like which has been included in the present specification is not to be taken as an admission that any or all of these matters form part of the prior art base or were common general knowledge in the field relevant to the present disclosure as it existed before the priority date of each claim of this application.

Throughout this specification the word "comprise", or variations such as "comprises" or "comprising", will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated element, integer or step, or group of elements, integers or steps, but not the exclusion of any other element, integer or step, or group of elements, integers or steps.

Summary

In a first aspect, provided herein is use of a compound of formula (II) or (III):

(II) (III) wherein: X" is a counter ion; where Z is present: Y is O, and Z is N or C-R5; or Y is NH, and Z is N; or Y is S, and Z is C-R5; where Z is absent: Y is 0 or S; -R1, and -R2 are each independently saturated C^alkyl, or R1 and R2, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound, form a saturated C3.7 heterocycle; -R3 and -R4 are each independently saturated C^alkyl, or R3 and R4, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound, form a saturated C3.7 heterocycle; -R9, and -R10 are each independently saturated C^alkyl; or -R9 and -R10, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound, form a saturated C3.7 heterocycle; -R11 and -R12 are each independently saturated C^alkyl, or -R11 and -R12, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound, form a saturated C3.7 heterocycle; -R5 is independently -H, or saturated C^alkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents -R5A, or phenyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents -R5A; each -R5A is independently selected from -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -OH, -OR6, -SH, -SR6, -CN, - N02, -NH2, -NHR6, -NR62, -NHC(=0)R6, -NR6C(=0)R6, -C(=0)0R6, -0C(=0)R6, -C(=0)NH2, -C(=0)NHR6, and -C(=0)NR62, -C(=0)R6, -C(=0)0H, -S(=0)R6, -S(=0)2R6, and -S(=0)20H; each -R6 is independently saturated aliphatic C^alkyl, phenyl, or benzyl; -R7 and -R8 are each independently selected from: -H, saturated Ci_4alkyl, C2_4alkenyl, and halogenated Ci_4alkyl; and additionally, when Z is C-R5 and R5 is phenyl, -R7 and -R8 may each independently be a bridging group, W, which is bonded to said R5; W is O, NR17, S, or C(R17)2 wherein each R17 is independently selected from H, saturated aliphatic C3_4 alkyl, and R5A; with the proviso that the compound is not 3,6-bis-dimethylamino xanthylium chloride (DMAXC); in a method of treatment or prophylaxis of a tauopathy condition in a patient, or a disease of tau protein aggregation in a patient, or Alzheimer's disease (AD), Pick's disease, Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP), fronto-temporal dementia (FTD), fronto-temporal dementia with parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17), disinhibition-dementia-parkinsonism-amyotrophy complex (DDPAC), pallido-ponto-nigral degeneration (PPND), Guam-ALS syndrome, pallido-nigro-luysian degeneration (PNLD), cortico-basal degeneration (CBD),

Dementia with Argyrophilic grains (AgD), Dementia pugilistica (DP), Down's Syndrome (DS), Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), MCI, Niemann Pick disease, type C (NPC), Sanfilippo syndrome type B, mucopolysaccharidosis III B (MPS III B), myotonic dystrophies (DM), DM1 or DM2, or chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) in a patient.

In a second aspect, provided herein is use of a compound as defined in the first aspect in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prophylaxis of a tauopathy condition in a patient, or in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prophylaxis of a disease of tau protein aggregation in a patient, or in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prophylaxis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), Pick's disease. Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP), fronto temporal dementia (FTD), fronto-temporal dementia with parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP 17), disinhibition-dementia-parkinsonism-amyotrophy complex (DDPAC), pallido-ponto-nigral degeneration (PPND), Guam-ALS syndrome, pallido nigro luysian degeneration (PNLD), cortico-basal degeneration (CBD), Dementia with Argyrophilic grains (AgD), Dementia pugilistica (DP), Down's Syndrome (DS), Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), MCI, Niemann Pick disease, type C (NPC), Sanfilippo syndrome type B, mucopolysaccharidosis III B (MPS III B), myotonic dystrophies (DM), DM1 or DM2, or chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) in a patient.

In a third aspect, provided herein is use of a compound as defined in the first aspect in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prophylaxis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in a patient.

In a fourth aspect, provided herein is a method of reversing or inhibiting the aggregation of tau protein comprising contacting the aggregate or protein with a compound as defined in the first aspect.

In a fifth aspect, provided herein is a method of regulating the aggregation of a tau protein in the brain of a mammal, which aggregation is associated with a disease of tau protein aggregation, comprising the step of administering to said mammal a prophylactically or therapeutically effective amount of a compound as defined in the first aspect.

In a sixth aspect, provided herein is a method of treatment or prophylaxis of: a tauopathy condition; a disease of tau protein aggregation;

Alzheimer's disease (AD), Pick's disease, Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP), fronto temporal dementia (FTD), fronto temporal dementia with parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP 17), disinhibition-dementia-parkinsonism-amyotrophy complex (DDPAC), pallido-ponto-nigral degeneration (PPND), Guam-ALS syndrome, pallido nigro luysian degeneration (PNLD), cortico-basal degeneration (CBD), Dementia with Argyrophilic grains (AgD), Dementia pugilistica (DP), Down's Syndrome (DS), Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), MCI, Neumann Pick disease, type C (NPC), Sanfilippo syndrome type B, mucopolysaccharidosis III B (MPS III B), myotonic dystrophies (DM), DM1 or DM2, or chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) in a patient comprising administering to said patient a compound as defined in the first aspect.

In a seventh aspect, provided herein is a method of treatment or prophylaxis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in a patient, comprising administering to said patient a compound as defined in the first aspect.

In an eighth aspect, provided herein is use of a compound as defined in the first aspect; wherein the compound incorporates, is conjugated to, is chelated with, or is otherwise associated with, one or more detectable labels in a method of diagnosis or prognosis of a tau proteinopathy.

In a ninth aspect, provided herein is use of a compound in the manufacture of a diagnostic or prognostic reagent for use in the diagnosis or prognosis of a tau proteinopathy of patient, wherein the compound is a compound as defined in the first aspect; and wherein the compound incorporates, is conjugated to, is chelated with, or is otherwise associated with, one or more detectable labels.

In a tenth aspect, provided herein is a method of labelling tau protein or aggregated tau protein comprising the step of: contacting the tau protein or aggregated tau protein with a compound as defined in the first aspect; wherein the compound incorporates, is conjugated to, is chelated with, or is otherwise associated with, one or more detectable labels.

In an eleventh aspect, provided herein is a method of detecting tau protein or aggregated tau protein comprising the steps of: contacting the tau protein or aggregated tau protein with a compound as defined in the first aspect; wherein the compound incorporates, is conjugated to, is chelated with, or is otherwise associated with, one or more detectable labels; and detecting the presence and/or amount of said compound bound to tau protein (or aggregated tau protein).

In a twelfth aspect, provided herein is a method of diagnosis or prognosis of a tau proteinopathy in a subject believed to suffer from the disease, comprising the steps of: (i) introducing into the subject a compound as defined in the first aspect; wherein the compound incorporates, is conjugated to, is chelated with, or is otherwise associated with, one or more detectable labels, (ii) determining the presence and/or amount of said compound bound to tau protein or aggregated tau protein in the brain of the subject, (iii) correlating the result of the determination made in (ii) with the disease state of the subject.

In a thirteenth aspect, provided herein is a compound of formula (II):

(II) wherein X' is a counter ion Y is NH, and Z is N; -R1, and -R2 are each independently saturated C^alkyl, or R1 and R2, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound, form a saturated C3.7 heterocycle; -R3 and -R4 are each independently saturated Ci_6alkyl, or R3 and R4, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound, form a saturated C3.7 heterocycle; -R5 is independently -H, or saturated C^alkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents -R5A or phenyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents -R5A; each -R5A is independently selected from -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -OH, -OR6, -SH, -SR6, -CN, -N02, -NH2, -NHR6, -NR62, -NHC(=0)R6, -NR6C(=0)R6, -C(=0)0R6, -0C(=0)R6, -C(=0)NH2, -C(=0)NHR6, and -C(=0)NR62, -C(=0)R6, -S(=0)R6, -S(=0)2R6, and -S(=0)20H; each -R6 is independently saturated aliphatic Ci_4alkyl, phenyl or benzyl; -R7 and -R8 are each independently selected from: -H, saturated Ci_4alkyl, C2-4alkenyl, and halogenated Ci_4alkyl; with the proviso that the compound is not: 3.7- bis(dimethylamino)phenazinium chloride ("compound MC"); or 3.7- Bis(dimethylamino)phenazinium perchlorate ("compound MP").

In a fourteenth aspect, provided herein is a compound of formula (lla):

(Ha) wherein X is a counter ion selected from N03", F, Cl", Br", Γ, ZnCI3", FeCI4" and PF6" -R9, and -R10 are each independently ethyl; or-R9 and -R10, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound, form a saturated C3.7 heterocycle; -R11 and -R12 are each independently ethyl, or -R11 and -R12, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound, form a saturated C3.7 heterocycle; and -R5 is independently -H, or saturated C2-6alkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents -R5A; each -R5A is independently selected from -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -OFI, -OR6, -SH, -SR6, -CN, -N02, -NH2, -NHR6, -NR62, -NHC(=0)R6, -NR6C(=0)R6, -C(=0)0R6, -0C(=0)R6, -C(=0)NH2, -C(=0)NHR6, and -C(=0)NR62, -C(=0)R6, -S(=0)R6, -S(=0)2R6, and -S(=0)20H; each -R6 is independently saturated aliphatic C^alkyl, or benzyl; with the proviso that the compound is not: 3.6- bis-diethylamino xanthylium chloride ("compound E"); 3.6- bis-diethylamino xanthylium iron tetrachloride ("compound G"); 3.6- bis-diethylamino xanthylium zinc trichloride ("compound Y") 9-(2-carboxyethyl)-3,6-Bis-dimethylamino xanthylium chloride ("compound AA"); or 3,6-bis-dimethylamino xanthylium chloride ("DMAXC")

In a fifteenth aspect, provided herein is a compound of formula (VI):

(VI) wherein: X" is a counter ion selected from N03", CI04, F", Cl", Br", Γ, ZnCI3", FeCI4" and PF6"; Y is O or S; W is O, NR17, S, or C(R17)2 wherein each R17 is independently selected from FI, saturated aliphatic Cx_4 alkyl, and R5A; -R1, and -R2 are each independently saturated C^alkyl; -R3 and -R4 are each independently saturated C^alkyl; each -R5A is independently selected from -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -OH, -OR6, -SH, -SR6, -CN, - N02, -NH2, -NHR6, -NRs2, -NHC(=0)R6, -NR6C(=0)Rs, -C(=0)0R6, -0C(=0)R6, -C(=0)NH2, -C(=0)NHR6, and -C(=0)NR62, -C(=0)R6, -C(=0)0H, -S(=0)R6, -S(=0)2R6, and -S(=0)20H; each -R6 is independently saturated aliphatic Ci_4alkyl, phenyl, or benzyl; with the proviso that the compound is not 2,6,10-tris-diethylamino-4,8,12-trioxotrianguleum hexafluorophosphate ("compound AL").

In a sixteenth aspect, provided herein is a compound of formula (III):

(III) wherein Y, X, R5, R9, R10, R11 and R12 are as defined in the first aspect, with the proviso that the compound is not 3,6-bis-diethylamino xanthene dihydrochloride ("compound H").

Description of the Invention

The present inventors have now identified certain xanthylium compounds as being effective tau protein aggregation inhibitors and in preferred forms having certain other desirable properties, for example by comparison with the compounds of the prior art discussed above.

As discussed above, tau proteins are characterised as being one among a larger number of protein families which co-purify with microtubules during repeated cycles of assembly and disassembly (Shelanski etal. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1973, 70, 765-768), and are known as microtubule-associated-proteins (MAPs). Members of the tau family share the common features of having a characteristic N-terminal segment, sequences of approximately 50 amino acids inserted in the N-terminal segment, which are developmentally regulated in the brain, a characteristic tandem repeat region consisting of 3 or 4 tandem repeats of 31-32 amino acids, and a C-terminal tail.

One or more of the xanthylium compounds are known in the art - for example compound A (2,3,6,7,12,13,16,17-Octahydro-1 H,5H,11 H,15H-diquinolizino[1,9-bc:1 ’,9’-hi] xanthylium chloride) is described in US 3 932 415. However it is believed that none of these have previously been disclosed in the prior art as tau protein aggregation inhibitors.

The invention therefore relates to methods, uses, compositions and other materials employing these compounds as tau protein aggregation inhibitors and as therapeutics or prophylactics of diseases associated with tau protein aggregation (“tauopathies”). The invention further provides processes for making these compounds.

These and other aspects of the invention are discussed in more detail hereinafter. Compounds

In one aspect the present invention provides compounds of formula (I), and particularly their use in medicine:

(I) wherein: X' is an anion; -R5 is independently -H, or saturated C^alkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents -R5A, or phenyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents -R5A; each -R5A is independently selected from -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -OH, -OR6, -SH, -SR6, -CN, -N02, -NH2, -NHR6, -NR62, -NHC(=0)R6, -NR6C(=0)R6, -C(=0)0R6, -0C(=0)R6, -C(=0)NH2, -C(=0)NHR6, -C(=0)NR62, -C(=0)R6, -C(=0)0H, -S(=0)R6, -S(=0)2R6, and -S(=0)20H; and each -R6 is independently saturated aliphatic Ci_4alkyl, phenyl, or benzyl; -R13a, -R13b, -R14a, -R14b, -R15a, -R15b, -R16a, and -R16b are each independently selected from H and saturated aliphatic Ci-4 alkyl.

In one embodiment - R13a, -R13b, -R14a, -R14b, -R15a, -R15b, -R16a, and -R16b are all H, providing a compound of formula (Ic).

(Ic) wherein X and R5 are as defined above.

In one embodiment -R5 is independently -H, or saturated C^alkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents -R5A.

In one embodiment, the compound of the invention is a compound of formula (I) or (Γ) with the proviso that the compound is not: 2.3.6.7.12.13.16.17- octahydro-1 H,5H,11 H,15H-diquinolizino[1,9-bc:1 ’,9’-hi] xanthylium chloride (“compound A”); 8-(trifluoromethyl)-2,3,5,6,11,12,14,15-octahydro-1H,4H,10H,13H-diquinolizino[9,9a,1-bc;9’,9a’1’-hi] xanthylium perchlorate (“compound C”); or 2.3.6.7.12.13.16.17- octahydro-1 H,5H,11H, 15H-diquinolizino[1,9-bc:1 ’,9’-hi] xanthylium perchlorate (“compound X”). *****

In a further aspect of the present invention there are provided compounds of formula (II) and particularly their use in medicine:

(II) wherein: X" is a counter ion; Y is O, and Z is N or C-R5; or Y is NH, and Z is N; or Y is S, and Z is C-R5; -R1 and -R2, are each independently saturated C16alkyl, or R1 and R2, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound, form a saturated C3.7 heterocycle; -R3 and -R4 are each independently saturated Ci-6alkyl, or R3 and R4, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound, form a saturated C3.7 heterocycle; -R5 is independently -H, saturated C^alkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents -R5A, or phenyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents -R5A'; each -R5A is independently selected from -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -OH, -OR6, -SH, -SR6, -CN, -NO2, -NH2, -NHR6, -NR62, -NHC(=0)R6, -NR6C(=0)R6, -C(=0)0R6, -0C(=0)R6, -C(=0)NH2j -C(=0)NHR6, -C(=0)NR62j -C(=0)R6, -C(=0)0H, -S(=0)R6, -S(=0)2R6, and -S(=0)20H; each -R6 is independently saturated aliphatic C^alkyl, phenyl, or benzyl; and -R7 and -R8 are each independently selected from: -H, saturated Ci.4alkyl, C2.4alkenyl, and halogenated C^alkyl; and additionally, when Z is C-R5 and R5 is phenyl, -R7 and -R8 may each independently be a bridging group, W, which is bonded to said R5; and W is O, NR17, S, or C(R17)2 wherein each R17 is independently selected from H, saturated aliphatic Ci_4 alkyl, and R5A.

In one embodiment, -R1, -R2, -R3 and -R4 are each independently saturated aliphatic Ci-6alkyl.

In one embodiment, -R7 and -R8 are each independently selected from: -H, saturated C-i_4alkyl, C2.4alkenyl, and halogenated C^alkyl.

In one embodiment, -R5 is independently -H, saturated C^alkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents -R5A.

In one embodiment, at least one of -R1, -R2, -R3 and -R4 is independently unsubstituted saturated aliphatic C2-6alkyl.

In one embodiment, the compound of the invention is a compound of formula (II) with the proviso that the compound is not: 3.6- bis(dimethylamino)thioxanthylium zinc trichloride (“compound LZ“); 3.6- bis(dimethylamino)thioxanthylium perchlorate (“compound LP“); 3.7- bis(dimethylamino)phenazinium chloride (“compound MC“); 3.7- Bis(dimethylamino)phenazinium perchlorate (“compound MP“); or 3.7- bis(dimethylamino)oxazinium chloride (“compound 0“).

In another embodiment, the compound of the invention is a compound of formula (II) with the proviso that the compound is not: 3.6- bis-diethylamino xanthylium chloride (“compound E”); 3.6- bis-diethylamino xanthylium iron tetrachloride (“compound G”); or 3.6- bis-diethylamino xanthylium zinc trichloride (“compound Y”).

In another embodiment, the compound of the invention is a compound of formula (II) with the proviso that the compound is not 9-(2-carboxyethyl)-3,6-Bis-dimethylamino xanthylium chloride (“compound AA”).

In another embodiment, the compound of the invention is a compound of formula (II) with the proviso that the compound is not 3,6-bis-dimethylamino xanthylium chloride (“DMAXC”). *****

In a preferred embodiment of the invention there are provided compounds of formula (Ila) and particularly their use in medicine:

(I la) wherein: X" is a counter ion; -R9, and -R10 are each independently saturated Ci_6alkyl; or-R9 and -R10, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound, form a saturated C3.7 heterocycle; -R11 and -R12 are each independently saturated C^alkyl, or-R11 and -R12, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound, form a saturated C3.7 heterocycle; and -R5 is defined according to the compounds of formula (II).

In one embodiment, R9, -R10, -R11 and -R12 are each independently saturated C2-6alkyl.

In one embodiment, the compound of the invention is a compound of formula (Ila) with the proviso that the compound is not: 3.6- bis-diethylamino xanthylium chloride (“compound E”); 3.6- bis-diethylamino xanthylium iron tetrachloride (“compound G”); 3.6- bis-diethylamino xanthylium zinc trichloride (“compound Y”);

In one embodiment, the compound of the invention is a compound of formula (Ila) with the proviso that the compound is not 3,6-bis-dimethylamino xanthylium chloride (DMAXC). *****

In a preferred embodiment of the invention there are provided compounds of formula (lib) and particularly their use in medicine:

xO (Mb) wherein: X" is a counter ion; Y is O or NH, and Z is N; or Y is S, and Z is C-R5; -R1, -R2, -R3, -R4, -R5, -R7 and -R8 are defined according to the compound of formula (II).

In one embodiment, the compound of the invention is a compound of formula (lib) with the proviso that the compound is not: 3.6- bis(dimethylamino)thioxanthylium zinc trichloride (“compound L“); 3.7- bis(dimethylamino)phenazinium chloride (“compound M“); or 3.7- bis(dimethylamino)oxazinium chloride (“compound 0“). *****

In an alternative embodiment of the invention, there are provided compounds of formula (lie) and particularly their use in medicine:

(lie) wherein: X" is a counter ion; Y is O or S; -R9 and -R10 are each independently saturated Ci_6alkyl; - orR9 and R10, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound, form a saturated C3.7 heterocycle; -R11 and -R12 are each independently saturated C^alkyl, or R11 and R12, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound, form a saturated C3.7 heterocycle; and -R5 is defined according to the compounds of formula (II).

In one embodiment, the compound of the invention is a compound of formula (lie) with the proviso that the compound is not: 3.6- bis-diethylamino xanthylium chloride (“compound E”); 3.6- bis-diethylamino xanthylium iron tetrachloride (“compound G”); or 3.6- bis-diethylamino xanthylium zinc trichloride (“compound Y”)

In one embodiment, the compound of the invention is a compound of formula (lie) with the proviso that the compound is not 3,6-bis-dimethylamino xanthylium chloride (DMAXC). *****

In an alternative embodiment, there are provided compounds wherein Z is C-R5, R5 is phenyl, and -R7 and -R8 are each independently a bridging group, W, which is bonded to said R5, and their use in medicine.

These compounds can also be described as compounds of formula (VI):

(VI) wherein X, Y, W, -R1,-R2, -R3, -R4 and -R5A are as defined according to the compounds of formula (II).

In one embodiment, the compound of the invention is a compound of formula (VI) with the proviso that the compound is not 2,6,10-tris-diethylamino-4,8,12-trioxatrianguleum hexafluorophosphate (‘compound AL’).

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, there are provided compounds of formula (Via) and particularly their use in medicine:

(Via) wherein X", -R1,-R2, -R3, -R4, -R5 and -R5A are as defined according to the compounds of formula (VI).

In one embodiment, the compound of the invention is a compound of formula (Via) with the proviso that the compound is not 2,6,10-tris-diethylamino-4,8,12-trioxatrianguleum hexafluorophosphate (‘compound AL’). *****

In a further aspect of the present invention there are provided compounds of formula (III), and particularly their use in medicine:

(III) wherein: X' is a counter ion; Y is O or S; -R9 and -R10 are each independently saturated Ci_6alkyl; or R9 and R10, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound, form a saturated C3.7 heterocycle; -R11 and -R12 are each independently saturated C^alkyl, orR11 and R12, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound, form a saturated C3.7 heterocycle; and -R5 is defined according to the compounds of formula (II).

In one embodiment, the compound of the invention is a compound of formula (III) with the proviso that the compound is not 3,6-bis-diethylamino xanthene dihydrochloride (“compound H”). *****

The compounds (I), (Ic), (II), (lla), (lib), (lie), (III), (VI), and (Via) are described herein as “xanthylium compounds” or “compounds of the invention” or (unless context demands otherwise) “active compounds”.

The preferred counter ions and substituents for the compounds (I), (Ic), (II), (lla), (lib), (lie), (III). (VI) and (Via) are set out below. They are combinable in any combination, where appropriate. Each and every compatible combination of the embodiments described above, and below, is explicitly disclosed herein, as if each and every combination was individually and explicitly recited.

Preferences for X' X" is a counter ion. X" is one or more anionic counter ions to achieve electrical neutrality.

In one embodiment, X" is one anionic counter ion.

In one embodiment, each X' is a pharmaceutically acceptable anion.

In one embodiment, each X' may be selected from the group consisting of: N03', CI04', F, Cl", Br", Γ, ZnCI3", FeCI4", and PF6".

In one embodiment, each X" may be selected from the group consisting of: N03", CI04", Cl" ,Br", Γ, FeCI4", and PF6".

In one embodiment, each X" may be selected from N03, Cl, and CI04".

In one embodiment, each X" may be selected from N03, Cl, Br" and FeCI4".

In one embodiment, each X" may be selected from Γ, Br", N03" and Cl".

In one embodiment, each X" may be selected from Γ, N03" and Cl'. X" may be ZnCI3". X" may be N03". X" may be Cl'. X" may be CI04". X" may be Br". X" may be Γ. X" may be FeCI4". X" may be PF6".

In one embodiment, X" is a mixed anionic counter ion. In one embodiment, the compound is in the form of a mixed salt, for example, a HN03 mixed salt. In one embodiment the compound is in the form of a N03 and HN03 mixed salt.

Preferences for -R13a, -R13b, -R14a, -R14b, -R15a, -R15b, -R16a, and -R16b -R13a, -R13b, -R14a, -R14b, -R15a, -R15b, -R16a, and -R16b are each independently selected from H and saturated aliphatic C^ alkyl.

In one embodiment, -R13a, -R13b, -R14a, -R14b, -R15a, -R15b, -R16a, and -R16b are each independently H.

In one embodiment, -R13a, -R13b, -R14a, -R14b, -R15a, -R15b, -R16a, and -R16b are all H.

In one embodiment, -R13a, -R13b, -R14a, -R14b, -R15a, -R15b, -R16a, and -R16b are each independently saturated aliphatic Ci-4 alkyl.

In one embodiment, -R13a, -R13b, -R14a, -R14b, -R15a, -R15b, -R16a, and -R16b are each independently selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, and t-butyl.

In one embodiment, -R13a, -R13b, -R14a, -R14b, -R15a, -R15b, -R16a, and -R16b are each independently methyl or ethyl.

In one embodiment, -R13a, -R13b, -R14a, -R14b, -R15a, -R15b, -R16a, and -R16b are each independently methyl.

In one embodiment, -R13a, -R13b, -R14a, -R14b, -R15a, -R15b, -R16a, and -R16b are all methyl. Preferences for Y, Z, and W

For the compounds of formula (II), Y is independently Ο, NH or S.

In one embodiment, Y is 0.

In one embodiment, Y is NH.

In one embodiment, Y is S.

In one embodiment, Y is 0 or NH, and Z is N.

In one embodiment, Y is 0 or S, and Z is C-R5.

In one embodiment, Y is 0, and Z is N or C-R5.

In one embodiment, Y is 0, and Z is N.

In one embodiment, Y is 0, and Z is C-R5.

In one embodiment, Y is NH, and Z is N.

In one embodiment, Y is S, and Z is C-R5.

For the compounds of formula (lib), Y is independently 0, NH or S.

In one embodiment, Y is 0, and Z is N.

In one embodiment, Y is NH, and Z is N.

In one embodiment, Y is S, and Z is C-R5.

For the compounds of formula (lie), Y is independently 0 or S.

In one embodiment, Y is 0.

In one embodiment, Y is S.

For the compounds of formula (III), Y is independently 0 or S.

In one embodiment, Y is 0.

In one embodiment, Y is S.

For the compounds of formula (IV), Y is independently Ο, NH or S.

In one embodiment, Y is 0.

In one embodiment, Y is NH.

In one embodiment, Y is S.

Each W is independently 0, NR17, CR172, or S.

In one embodiment, each W is independently 0, NR17 or S.

In one embodiment, each W is independently 0, NH or S.

In one embodiment, each W is independently 0 or S.

In one embodiment, each W is independently 0.

In one embodiment, each W is independently CR172.

In one embodiment, each W is independently CH2.

Preferences for -R17

Each R17 is independently H, saturated aliphatic Ci_4 alkyl, or is as defined for R5A.

In one embodiment, each R17 is H.

In one embodiment, each R17 is indedendently H or saturated aliphatic Ci-4 alkyl.

In one embodiment, each R17 is indedendently saturated aliphatic Ci_4 alkyl.

In one embodiment, each R17 is independently selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, and t-butyl.

In one embodiment, each R17 is independently selected from H or methyl.

In one embodiment W is NR17 and R17 is H or saturated aliphatic Ci_4 alkyl.

In one embodiment W is NR17 and R17 is H.

In one embodiment W is NR17 and R17 is saturated aliphatic Ci_4 alkyl.

In one embodiment W is C(R17)2 and each R17 is H or saturated aliphatic Ci_4 alkyl.

In one embodiment W is C(R17)2 and each R17 is H.

In one embodiment W is C(R17)2 wherein one R17 is H and the other is saturated aliphatic C-i-4 alkyl.

In one embodiment W is C(R17)2 and each R17 is saturated aliphatic Ci_4 alkyl. Preferences for -R1, -R2, -R3 and -R4

In one embodiment, -R1 and -R2, are each independently saturated C^alkyl, or R1 and R2, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound, form a saturated C3.7 heterocycle; and -R3 and -R4 are each independently saturated C^alkyl, or R3 and R4, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound, form a saturated C3-7 heterocycle.

In one embodiment, at least one of -R1, -R2, -R3 and -R4 is independently saturated aliphatic C2-6alkyl.

In one embodiment, -R1, -R2, -R3 and -R4 are each independently saturated aliphatic C2-6alkyl.

In one embodiment, -R1, -R2, -R3 and -R4 are each independently saturated C3.6cycloalkyl. In one embodiment, at least one of -R1, -R2, -R3 and -R4 is independently saturated C3.6cycloalkyl.

In one embodiment, -R1, -R2, -R3 and -R4 are defined according to -R9, -R10, -R11 and -R12 respectively.

In one embodiment, -R1 and -R2 are the same.

In one embodiment, -R1 and -R2 are each -Me.

In one embodiment, -R1 and -R2 are each -Et.

In one embodiment, -R1 and -R3 are the same.

In one embodiment, -R3 and -R3 are the same.

In one embodiment, -R3 and -R4 are each -Me.

In one embodiment, -R3 and -R4 are each -Et.

In one embodiment, -R2 and -R4 are the same.

In one embodiment, one of -R1 and -R2 is -Me.

In one embodiment, one of -R1 and -R2 is -Et.

In one embodiment, one of -R3 and -R3 is -Me.

In one embodiment, one of -R3 and -R3 is -Et.

In one embodiment, -R1, -R2, -R3 and -R4 are each -Me.

In one embodiment, -R1, -R2, -R3 and -R4 are each -Et.

In one embodiment, -R1 and -R2, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound, form a saturated C3.7 heterocycle; and -R3 and -R4, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound, independently form a saturated C3.7 heterocycle.

In one embodiment the saturated C3.7 heterocycle formed by R1 and R2 and the saturated C3.7 heterocycle formed by R3 and R4 are independently selected from: aziridine, azetidine, pyrrolidine, imidazolidine, pyrazolidine, oxazolidine, isoxazolidine, piperidine, piperazine, morpholine, azepine, oxazepine, and diazepine.

In one embodiment the saturated C3 7 heterocycle formed by R1 and R2 and the saturated C3-7 heterocycle formed by R3 and R4 are independently selected from: morpholine, piperidine, and pyrrolidine.

In one embodiment the saturated C3_7 heterocycle is morpholine.

In one embodiment the saturated C3.7 heterocycle is piperidine.

In one embodiment the saturated C3_7 heterocycle is pyrrolidine.

In one embodiment the saturated C3.7 heterocycle formed by R1 and R2 and the saturated C3-7 heterocycle formed by R3 and R4 are the same.

Preferences for -R5 and -R5A

In one embodiment, -R5 is independently -H, saturated Ci-6alkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents -R5A, or phenyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents -R5A. -R5A is independently selected from -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -OH, -OR6, -SH, -SR6, -CN, -N02, -NH2, -NHR6, -NR62, -NHC(=0)R6, -NR6C(=0)R6, -C(=0)0R6, -0C(=0)R6, -C(=0)NH2j -C(=0)NHR6, -C(=0)NR62, -C(=0)R6, -C(=0)0H, -S(=0)R6, -S(=0)2R6, and -S(=0)20H.

In one embodiment, -R5 is -H.

In one embodiment, -R5 is saturated aliphatic C^alkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents -R5A.

In one embodiment, -R5 is saturated C3.6cycloalkyl or saturated aliphatic Ci_4alkyl, both of which are unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents -R5A.

In one embodiment, -R5 is saturated C3.6cycloalkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents -R5A.

In one embodiment, -R5 is unsubstituted saturated aliphatic Ci-4alkyl.

In one embodiment, -R5 is saturated aliphatic Ci-4alkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents -R5A.

In one embodiment, -R5 is Ci-4alkyl substituted with one or more substituents -R5A.

In one embodiment, -R5 is saturated aliphatic C^alkyl substituted with one or more substituents -R5A.

In one embodiment, -R5 is -Me or -Et, which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents -R5A.

In one embodiment, -R5 is -CF3 or -Et.

In one embodiment, -R5 is -CF3.

In one embodiment, -R5 is -Et.

In one embodiment, -R5 is independently phenyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents -R5A.

In one embodiment, -R5 is independently phenyl, which is substituted with one or more substituents -R5A.

When R5 is phenyl, it may be substituted with one or more substituents -R5A in a position ortho, meta or para to the tricyclic core.

In one embodiment, a substituent -R5A is in the ortho position.

In one embodiment, a substituent -R5A is in the meta position.

In one embodiment, a substituent -R5A is in the para position.

In one embodiment, each -R5A is independently selected from -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -OH, -OR6, -SR6, -N02, -NH2, -NHR6, -NR62, -NHC(=0)R6, -NR6C(=0)R6, -C(=0)0R6, -0C(=0)R6, -C(=0)NH2, -C(=0)NHR6, -C(=0)NR62, -C(=0)R6, and -C(=0)0H.

In one embodiment, each -R5A is independently selected from -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -OH, -OR6, -SR6, -N02, -NH2, -NHR6, -NR62, -NHC(=0)R6, -NR6C(=0)R6, -C(=0)0R6, -0C(=0)R6, -C(=0)NH2, -C(=0)NHR6, and -C(=0)NR62, and -C(=0)R6.

In one embodiment, each -R5A is independently selected from -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -OH, -OR6, -SR6, -N02, -NH2, -NHR6, and -NR62,

In one embodiment, each -R5A is independently selected from -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, or -OH.

In one embodiment, each -R5A is independently selected from -F, -Cl, -Br, or -I.

In one embodiment, each R5A is independently selected from - NH2, -NHR6, -NR62 and -N02.

In one embodiment, each R5A is independently selected from -NR62 and -N02.

In one embodiment, -R5 is substituted with one substituent -R5A.

In one embodiment, -R5 is substituted with two substituents -R5A. The substituents may be the same or different.

In one embodiment, -R5 is substituted with three substituents -R5A. The substituents may be the same or different.

Preferences for -R6

Each -R6 is independently saturated aliphatic C^alkyl, phenyl, or benzyl.

In one embodiment, -R6 is saturated aliphatic Ci_4alkyl.

In one embodiment, -R6 is phenyl.

In one embodiment, -R6 is benzyl.

Preferences for -R7 and -R8 -R7 and -R8 are each independently selected from: -H, saturated C^alkyl, C2-4alkenyl, and halogenated C^alkyl; and additionally, when Z is C-R5 and R5 is phenyl, -R7 and -R8 may each independently be a bridging group, W, which is bonded to said R5.

In one embodiment -R7 and -R8 are each independently selected from: -H; saturated C^alkyl; C2.4alkenyl; and halogenated C^alkyl.

In one embodiment, -R7 and -R8 are each independently -H.

In one embodiment, the C^alkyl groups are selected from: linear C^alkyl groups, such as -Me, -Et, -nPr, -iPr, and -nBu; branched C3.4alkyl groups, such as -iPr, -iBu, -sBu, and -tBu; and cyclic C3-4alkyl groups, such as -cPr and -cBu.

In one embodiment, the C2.4alkenyl groups are selected from linear C14alkenyl groups, such as -CH=CH2 (vinyl) and -CH2-CH=CH2 (allyl).

In one embodiment, the halogenated C14alkyl groups are selected from: -CF3, -CH2CF3, and -CF2CF3.

In one embodiment, each of -R7 and -R8 is independently -FI or saturated aliphatic Ci-4alkyl.

In one embodiment, each of -R7 and -R8 is independently C^alkyl.

In one embodiment, each of -R7 and -R8 is independently -FI, -Me, -Et, or -CF3.

In one embodiment, each of -R7and -R8 is independently -FI, -Me, or -Et.

In one embodiment, each of -R7and -R8 is independently -FI.

In one embodiment, each of -R7and -R8 is independently -Me.

In one embodiment, each of -R7and -R8 is independently -Et.

In one embodiment, -R7and -R8 are the same.

In one embodiment, -R7and -R8 are different.

In one embodiment, when Z is C-R5 and R5 is phenyl, -R7 and -R8 may each independently be a bridging group, W, which is bonded to said R5.

In one embodiment, -R7 and -R8 are each a bridging group, W, which is bonded to said phenyl group R5.

In one embodiment, -R7 and -R8 are each a bridging group, W, which is bonded to said phenyl group R5at an ortho position, relative to the xanthylium core, to produce a six-membered fused ring.

In one embodiment, both -R7 and -R8 are bridging groups, W, and are each bonded to said phenyl group R5at respective ortho positions, to produce six-membered fused rings as shown in formula (VI).

Preferences for -R9, -R10, -R11 and -R12 -R9, -R10, -R11 and -R12 are each independently saturated C^alkyl.

In one embodiment, -R9, -R10, -R11 and -R12 are each independently saturated C2-6alkyl.

In one embodiment, the C2-6alkyl groups are selected from: linear C2_6alkyl groups, such as -Et, -nPr, -iPr, and -nBu; branched C3-4alkyl groups, such as -iPr, -iBu, -sBu, and -tBu; and cyclic C3-4alkyl groups, such as -cPr and -cBu.

In one embodiment, each -R9, -R10, -R11 and -R12 is independently saturated C3-6cycloalkyl or unsubstituted saturated aliphatic C2.6alkyl.

In one embodiment, each -R9, -R10, -R11 and -R12 is independently saturated C3_6cycloalkyl.

In one embodiment, each -R9, -R10, -R11 and -R12 is independently saturated aliphatic C2.6alkyl.

In one embodiment, each -R9, -R10, -R11 and -R12 is independently saturated aliphatic C2.4alkyl.

In one embodiment each -R9, -R10, -R11 and -R12 is independently selected from -Et; -n-Pr, -iso-Pr, -n-Bu, -sec-Bu, -iso-Bu, and -tert-Bu.

In one embodiment, one of -R9 and -R10 is -Et.

In one embodiment, one of -R11 and -R12 is -Et.

In one embodiment, -R9 and -R10 are the same.

In one embodiment, -R9 and -R10 are each -Et.

In one embodiment, -R11 and -R12 are the same.

In one embodiment, -R11 and -R12 are each -Et.

In one embodiment, -R9 and -R11 are the same. In one embodiment -R9 and -R11 are each -Et.

In one embodiment, -R10 and -R12 are the same. In one embodiment, -R10 and -R12 are each -Et.

In one embodiment, -R9, -R10, -R11 and -R12 are the same.

In one embodiment, -R9, -R10, -R11 and -R12 are each -Et.

In one embodiment, -R9 and -R10, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound, form a saturated C3.7 heterocycle; and -R11 and -R12, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound, independently form a saturated C3-7 heterocycle.

In one embodiment the saturated C3.7 heterocycle formed by R9 and R10 and the saturated C3.7 heterocycle formed by R11 and R12 are independently selected from: aziridine, azetidine, pyrrolidine, imidazolidine, pyrazolidine, oxazolidine, isoxazolidine, piperidine, piperazine, morpholine, azepine, oxazepine, and diazepine.

In one embodiment the saturated C3.7 heterocycle formed by R9 and R10 and the saturated C3.7 heterocycle formed by R11 and R12 are independently selected from: morpholine, piperidine, and pyrrolidine.

In one embodiment the saturated C3.7 heterocycle is morpholine.

In one embodiment the saturated C3.7 heterocycle is piperidine.

In one embodiment the saturated C3.7 heterocycle is pyrrolidine.

In one embodiment the saturated C3.7 heterocycle formed by R9 and R10 and the saturated C3.7 heterocycle formed by R11 and R12 are the same.

Preferred Compounds

In general, the present invention relates to one or more compounds selected from the following compounds, and their use in medicine:

In this and all other aspects of the invention, unless context demands otherwise, a compound may be selected from the list consisting of A, B, C, D, E, F, G, Η, I, I · HN03, J, K, L, Μ, N, Ο, AB, AC, AD, AE, AF, AG, AH, Al, AJ, AK, AL, AM and AN.

In one embodiment, a compound may be selected from the list consisting of A, B, C, D, E, F, G, Η, I, I · HN03, J, K, L, Μ, N, and 0.

In one embodiment, a compound may be selected from the list consisting of A, B, C, D, E, F, G, Η, I, I · HN03, and J.

In one embodiment, the compound is selected from list consisting of A, B, C, and D.

In one embodiment, the compound is selected from list consisting of B and D.

In one embodiment, the compound is selected from list consisting of E, F, G, Η, I, I · HN03, J, and K.

In one embodiment, the compound is selected from list consisting of E, F, G, I, I · HN03, J, and K.

In one embodiment, the compound is selected from list consisting of F, I, I · HN03, and J.

In one embodiment, the compound is selected from list consisting of L, Μ, N, and 0.

In one embodiment, the compound is selected from list consisting of N and 0.

In one embodiment, the compound is selected from list consisting of K, L, and, M.

In one embodiment, the compound is selected from list consisting of L and M.

In one embodiment, the compound is selected from list consisting of AB, AC, AD, AE, AF, AG, AH, Al, AJ, AK, and AL.

In one embodiment, the compound is selected from the list consisting of AB, AC, AD, AE, AF, AG, AH, Al, AJ, and AK.

In one embodiment, the compound is selected from the list consisting of AC and AD.

In one embodiment, the compound is selected from the list consisting of AF, AG, AH, Al, AJ, and AK.

In one embodiment, the compound is selected from the list consisting of AF, AG and AH. In one embodiment, the compound is selected from the list consisting of Al, AJ, and AK.

In one embodiment, the compound is selected from the list consisting of AM and AN.

In one embodiment, it is compound A.

In one embodiment, it is compound B.

In one embodiment, it is compound C.

In one embodiment, it is compound D.

In one embodiment, it is compound E.

In one embodiment, it is compound F.

In one embodiment, it is compound G.

In one embodiment, it is compound H.

In one embodiment, it is compound I.

In one embodiment, it is compound I · HN03.

In one embodiment, it is compound J.

In one embodiment, it is compound K.

In one embodiment, it is compound L.

In one embodiment, it is compound M.

In one embodiment, it is compound N.

In one embodiment, it is compound O.

In one embodiment, it is compound AB.

In one embodiment, it is compound AC.

In one embodiment, it is compound AD.

In one embodiment, it is compound AE.

In one embodiment, it is compound AF.

In one embodiment, it is compound AG.

In one embodiment, it is compound AH.

In one embodiment, it is compound Al.

In one embodiment, it is compound AJ.

In one embodiment, it is compound AK.

In one embodiment, it is compound AL.

In one embodiment, it is compound AM.

In one embodiment, it is compound AN.

In one embodiment the xanthylium compound may be one which is obtained by, oris obtainable by, a method as described herein (see “Methods of Synthesis” below).

Preferred compounds of the present invention are those which show high activity in the assays described herein, particularly the in vitro assay described below. Preferred compounds have a B50 of less than 500, more preferably less than 300, 200, 100, 90, 80, 70, 60, 50, or 40 M, as determined with reference to the Examples herein.

In one embodiment the xanthylium compound has a Rxlndex (Rxl) value obtained as determined with reference to the Examples herein of greater than or equal to 150, more preferably greater than or equal to 200, 250, 300, 500, 1000,1500, or 2000.

The present invention also provides intermediates for use in the preparation of the compounds of the invention. Such intermediates are described below in the methods of synthesis section

Isotopic Variation

In one embodiment, one or more of the carbon atoms of the compound is 11C or 13C or 14C.

In one embodiment, one or more of the carbon atoms of the compound is 11C.

In one embodiment, one or more of the carbon atoms of the compound is 13C.

In one embodiment, one or more of the carbon atoms of the compound is 14C.

In one embodiment, one or more of the nitrogen atoms of the compound is 15N.

In one embodiment, one or more or all of the carbon atoms of one or more or all of the groups -R1, -R2, -R3, -R4, -R9, -R10, -R1\ and -R12 is 11C.

In one embodiment, the groups -R1, -R2, -R3 and -R4 are each -(11CH211CH3).

In one embodiment, the groups -R1, -R2, -R3 and -R4 are each -(11CH3).

In one embodiment, the groups -R9, -R10, -R11 and -R12 are each -(11CH211CH3).

In one embodiment, one or more or all of the carbon atoms, where present, of the groups -R5,-R5A,-R6,-R7, or-R8 is 11C.

In one embodiment, one or more or all of the carbon atoms, where present, of the groups -R5, -R5A, or-R6 is 11C.

In one embodiment, one or more or all of the carbon atoms, where present, of the groups -R7 or-R8 is 11C.

Uses to reverse or inhibit the aggregation of tau protein.

One aspect of the invention is the use of a xanthylium compound to reverse or inhibit the aggregation of tau protein. This aggregation may be in vitro, or in vivo, and may be associated with a tauopathy disease state as discussed herein. Also provided are methods of reversing or inhibiting the aggregation of tau protein comprising contacting the aggregate or protein with a compound as described herein.

As discussed below, various tauopathy disorders that have been recognized which feature prominent tau pathology in neurons and/or glia and this term has been used in the art for several years. The similarities between these pathological inclusions and the characteristic tau inclusions in diseases such as AD indicate that the structural features are shared and that it is the topographic distribution of the pathology that is responsible for the different clinical phenotypes observed. In addition to specific diseases discussed below, those skilled in the art can identify tauopathies by combinations of cognitive or behavioural symptoms, plus additionally through the use of appropriate ligands for aggregated tau as visualised using PET or MRI, such as those described in W002/075318.

Methods of treatment or prophylaxis and 1st & 2nd medical uses One aspect of the present invention pertains to a method of treatment or prophylaxis of a tauopathy condition in a patient, comprising administering to said patient a therapeutically-effective amount of a xanthylium compound, as described herein.

Aspects of the present invention relate to “tauopathies”. As well as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders such as Pick’s disease and Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP) appears to correlate with an accumulation of pathological truncated tau aggregates in the dentate gyrus and stellate pyramidal cells of the neocortex, respectively. Other dementias include fronto-temporal dementia (FTD); parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17); disinhibition-dementia-parkinsonism-amyotrophy complex (DDPAC); pallido-ponto-nigral degeneration (PPND); Guam-ALS syndrome; pallido-nigro-luysian degeneration (PNLD); cortico-basal degeneration (CBD); Dementia with Argyrophilic grains (AgD); Dementia pugilistica (DP) wherein despite different topography, NFTs are similar to those observed in AD (Hof P.R., Bouras C.,

Buee L., Delacourte A., Perl D.P. and Morrison J.H. (1992) Differential distribution of neurofibrillary tangles in the cerebral cortex of dementia pugilistica and Alzheimer’s disease cases. Acta Neuropathol. 85, 23-30); Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a tauopathy including DP as well as repeated and sports-related concussion (McKee, A., Cantu, R., Nowinski, C., Hedley-Whyte, E., Gavett, B., Budson, A., Santini, V., Lee, H.-S., Kubilus, C. & Stern, R. (2009) Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in athletes: progressive tauopathy after repetitive head injury. Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology 68, 709-735). Others are discussed in Wischik etal. 2000, loc. cit, for detailed discussion - especially Table 5.1).

Abnormal tau in NFTs is found also in Down’s Syndrome (DS) (Flament S., Delacourte A. and Mann D.M.A. (1990) Phosphorylation of tau proteins: a major event during the process of neurofibrillary degeneration. A comparative study between AD and Down’s syndrome. Brain Res., 516, 15-19). Also Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) (Harrington, C.R., Perry, R.H., Perry, E.K., Hurt, J., McKeith, I.G., Roth, M. & Wischik, C.M. (1994) Senile dementia of Lewy body type and Alzheimer type are biochemically distinct in terms of paired helical filaments and hyperphosphorylated tau protein. Dementia 5, 215-228). Tau-positive NFTs are also found in Postencephalitic parkinsonism (PEP) (Hof P.R., Charpiot, A., Delacourte A., Buee, L., Purohit, D., Perl D.P. and Bouras, C. (1992) Distribution of neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques in the cerebral cortex in postencephalitic parkinsonism. Neurosci. Lett. 139, 10-14). Glial tau tangles are observed in Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) (Ikeda K., Akiyama H., Kondo H., Arai T., Arai N. and Yagishita S. (1995) Numerous glial fibrillary tangles in oligodendroglia in cases of Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis with neurofibrillary tangles. Neurosci. Lett., 194, 133-135).

Other tauopathies include Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC) (Love, S., Bridges, L.R. & Case, C.P. (1995), Brain, 118,119-129); Sanfilippo syndrome type B (or mucopolysaccharidosis III B, MPS III B) (Ohmi, K., Kudo, L.C., Ryazantsev, S., et al. (2009) PNAS, 106, 8332-8337; myotonic dystrophies (DM), DM1 (Sergeant, N., Sablonniere, B., Schraen-Maschke, S., et al. (2001) Human Molecular Genetics, 10, 2143-2155 and references cited therein) and DM2 (Maurage, C.A., Udd, B., Ruchoux, M.M., et al. (2005) Neurology, 65, 1636-1638).

Additionally there is a growing concensus in the literature that a tau pathology may also contribute more generally to cognitive deficits and decline, including in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) (see e.g. Braak, H., Del Tredici, K, Braak, E. (2003) Spectrum of pathology. In Mild cognitive impairment: Aging to Alzheimer’s disease edited by Petersen, R.C.; pp. 149-189).

All of these diseases, which are characterized primarily or partially by abnormal tau aggregation, are referred to herein as “tauopathies” or “diseases of tau protein aggregation”.

In this and all other aspects of the invention relating to tauopathies, preferably the tauopathy is selected from the list consisting of the indications above, i.e., AD, Pick’s disease, PSP, FTD, FTDP-17, DDPAC, PPND, Guam-ALS syndrome, PNLD, and CBD and AgD, DS, SSPE, DP, PEP, DLB, CTE and MCI.

In one preferred embodiment the tauopathy is Alzheimer’s disease (AD).

One aspect of the present invention pertains to a xanthylium compound, as described herein, for use in a method of treatment or prophylaxis (e.g., of a tauopathy condition) of the human or animal body by therapy.

One aspect of the present invention pertains to use of a xanthylium compound, as described herein, in the manufacture of a medicament for use in the treatment or prophylaxis of a tauopathy condition. A further embodiment is a method of treatment or prophylaxis of a disease of tau protein aggregation as described herein, which method comprises administering to a subject a xanthylium compound, or therapeutic composition comprising the same, such as to inhibit the aggregation of the tau protein associated with said disease state.

Other methods and uses

In a further embodiment there is disclosed a xanthylium compound, or therapeutic composition comprising the same, for use in a method of treatment or prophylaxis of a disease of tau protein aggregation as described above, which method comprises administering to a subject the xanthylium compound or composition such as to inhibit the aggregation of the tau protein associated with said disease state.

In a further embodiment there is disclosed use of a xanthylium compound in the preparation of a medicament for use in a method of treatment or prophylaxis of a disease of tau protein aggregation as described above, which method comprises administering to a subject the medicament such as to inhibit the aggregation of the tau protein associated with said disease state.

In one embodiment there is disclosed a method of regulating the aggregation of a tau protein in the brain of a mammal, which aggregation is associated with a disease state as described above, the treatment comprising the step of administering to said mammal in need of said treatment, a prophylactically or therapeutically effective amount of an inhibitor of said aggregation, wherein the inhibitor is a xanthylium compound.

One aspect of the invention is a method of inhibiting production of protein aggregates (e.g. in the form of paired helical filaments (PHFs), optionally in neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs)) in the brain of a mammal, the treatment being as described herein.

In one aspect the invention provides a drug product for the treatment of a disease state associated with tau protein aggregation in a mammal suffering therefrom, comprising a container labeled or accompanied by a label indicating that the drug product is for the treatment of said disease, the container containing one or more dosage units each comprising at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and, as an active ingredient, an isolated pure xanthylium compound of the invention.

Compositions, formulations and purity

In one embodiment, the xanthylium compound may be provided or used in a composition which is equal to or less than 100, 99, 98, 97, 96, 95, 94, 93, 92, 91, or 90% pure.

One aspect of the present invention pertains to a dosage unit (e.g., a pharmaceutical tablet or capsule) comprising 20 to 300 mg of a xanthylium compound as described herein (e.g., obtained by, or obtainable by, a method as described herein; having a purity as described herein; etc.), and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient.

In one embodiment, the dosage unit is a tablet.

In one embodiment, the dosage unit is a capsule.

Dosage units (e.g., a pharmaceutical tablet or capsule) comprising 20 to 300 mg of a xanthylium compound as described herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient are discussed in more detail hereinafter.

In one embodiment, the amount is 30 to 200 mg.

In one embodiment, the amount is about 25 mg.

In one embodiment, the amount is about 35 mg.

In one embodiment, the amount is about 50 mg.

In one embodiment, the amount is about 70 mg.

In one embodiment, the amount is about 125 mg.

In one embodiment, the amount is about 175 mg.

In one embodiment, the amount is about 250 mg.

In one embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient is or comprises one or both of a glyceride (e.g., Gelucire 44/14 ®; lauroyl macrogol-32 glycerides PhEur, USP) and colloidal silicon dioxide (e.g., 2% Aerosil 200 ®; Colliodal Silicon Dioxide PhEur, USP).

Formulations

While it is possible for the xanthylium compound to be used (e.g., administered) alone, it is often preferable to present it as a composition or formulation.

In one embodiment, the composition is a pharmaceutical composition (e.g., formulation, preparation, medicament) comprising a xanthylium compound, as described herein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient.

In one embodiment, the composition is a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one xanthylium compound, as described herein, together with one or more other pharmaceutically acceptable ingredients well known to those skilled in the art, including, but not limited to, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents, excipients, adjuvants, fillers, buffers, preservatives, anti-oxidants, lubricants, stabilisers, solubilisers, surfactants (e.g., wetting agents), masking agents, colouring agents, flavouring agents, and sweetening agents.

In one embodiment, the composition further comprises other active agents, for example, other therapeutic or prophylactic agents.

Suitable carriers, diluents, excipients, etc. can be found in standard pharmaceutical texts. See, for example, Handbook of Pharmaceutical Additives. 2nd Edition (eds. M. Ash and I. Ash), 2001 (Synapse Information Resources, Inc., Endicott, New York, USA), Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences. 20th edition, pub. Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2000; and Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients. 2nd edition, 1994.

Another aspect of the present invention pertains to methods of making a pharmaceutical composition comprising admixing at least one [11C]-radiolabelled xanthylium or xanthylium-like compound, as defined herein, together with one or more other pharmaceutically acceptable ingredients well known to those skilled in the art, e.g., carriers, diluents, excipients, etc. If formulated as discrete units (e.g., tablets, etc.), each unit contains a predetermined amount (dosage) of the active compound.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable,” as used herein, pertains to compounds, ingredients, materials, compositions, dosage forms, etc., which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of the subject in question (e.g., human) without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio. Each carrier, diluent, excipient, etc. must also be “acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation.

The formulations may be prepared by any methods well known in the art of pharmacy. Such methods include the step of bringing into association the active compound with a carrier which constitutes one or more accessory ingredients. In general, the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the active compound with carriers (e.g., liquid carriers, finely divided solid carrier, etc.), and then shaping the product, if necessary.

The formulation may be prepared to provide for rapid or slow release; immediate, delayed, timed, or sustained release; or a combination thereof.

Formulations suitable for parenteral administration (e.g., by injection), include aqueous or non-aqueous, isotonic, pyrogen-free, sterile liquids (e.g., solutions, suspensions), in which the active ingredient is dissolved, suspended, or otherwise provided (e.g., in a liposome or other microparticulate). Such liquids may additional contain other pharmaceutically acceptable ingredients, such as anti-oxidants, buffers, preservatives, stabilisers, bacteriostats, suspending agents, thickening agents, and solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood (or other relevant bodily fluid) of the intended recipient. Examples of excipients include, for example, water, alcohols, polyols, glycerol, vegetable oils, and the like. Examples of suitable isotonic carriers for use in such formulations include Sodium Chloride Injection, Ringer’s Solution, or Lactated Ringer’s Injection. Typically, the concentration of the active ingredient in the liquid is from about 1 ng/ml to about 10 g/ml, for example from about 10 ng/ml to about 1 g/ml. The formulations may be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose sealed containers, for example, ampoules and vials, and may be stored in a freeze-dried (lyophilised) condition requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid carrier, for example water for injections, immediately prior to use. Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions may be prepared from sterile powders, granules, and tablets.

Dosage

It will be appreciated by one of skill in the art that appropriate dosages of the xanthylium compound, and compositions comprising the xanthylium compound, can vary from patient to patient. Determining the optimal dosage will generally involve the balancing of the level of therapeutic benefit against any risk or deleterious side effects. The selected dosage level will depend on a variety of factors including, but not limited to, the activity of the particular compound, the route of administration, the time of administration, the rate of excretion of the compound, the duration of the treatment, other drugs, compounds, and/or materials used in combination, the severity of the condition, and the species, sex, age, weight, condition, general health, and prior medical history of the patient. The amount of compound and route of administration will ultimately be at the discretion of the physician, veterinarian, or clinician, although generally the dosage will be selected to achieve local concentrations at the site of action which achieve the desired effect without causing substantial harmful or deleterious side-effects.

Administration can be effected in one dose, continuously or intermittently (e.g., in divided doses at appropriate intervals) throughout the course of treatment. Methods of determining the most effective means and dosage of administration are well known to those of skill in the art and will vary with the formulation used for therapy, the purpose of the therapy, the target cell(s) being treated, and the subject being treated. Single or multiple administrations can be carried out with the dose level and pattern being selected by the treating physician, veterinarian, or clinician.

In general, a suitable dose of the active compound is in the range of about 100 ng to about 25 mg (more typically about 1 g to about 10 mg) per kilogram body weight of the subject per day. Where the active compound is a salt, an ester, an amide, a prodrug, or the like, the amount administered is calculated on the basis of the parent compound and so the actual weight to be used is increased proportionately.

In one embodiment, the active compound is administered to a human patient according to the following dosage regime: about 100 mg, 3 times daily.

In one embodiment, the active compound is administered to a human patient according to the following dosage regime: about 150 mg, 2 times daily.

In one embodiment, the active compound is administered to a human patient according to the following dosage regime: about 200 mg, 2 times daily.

However in one embodiment, the xanthylium compound is administered to a human patient according to the following dosage regime: about 50 or about 75 mg, 3 or 4 times daily.

In one embodiment, the xanthylium compound is administered to a human patient according to the following dosage regime: about 100 or about 125 mg, 2 times daily.

Preferred combination therapies

Combination treatments and therapies, in which two or more treatments or therapies are combined, for example, sequentially or simultaneously, are discussed in more detail hereinafter. Thus it will be understood that any of the medical uses or methods described herein may be used in a combination therapy.

In one embodiment, a treatment of the invention (e.g., employing a compound of the invention) is in combination with a cholinesterase inhibitor such as donepezil (Aricept™), rivastigmine (Exelon™) or galantamine (Reminyl™).

In one embodiment, a treatment of the invention (e.g., employing a compound of the invention) is in combination with an NMDA receptor antagonist such as memantine (Ebixa™, Namenda™).

In one embodiment, a treatment of the invention (e.g. employing a compound of the invention) is in combination with a muscarinic receptor agonist.

In one embodiment, a treatment of the invention (e.g. employing a compound of the invention) is in combination with an inhibitor of amyloid precursor protein to beta-amyloid (e.g., an inhibitor of amyloid precursor protein processing that leads to enhanced generation of beta-amyloid).

Ligands and labels

Xanthylium compounds discussed herein that are capable of inhibiting the aggregation of tau protein will also be capable of acting as ligands or labels of tau protein (or aggregated tau protein). Thus, in one embodiment, the xanthylium compound is a ligand of tau protein (or aggregated tau protein).

Such xanthylium compounds (ligands) may incorporate, be conjugated to, be chelated with, or otherwise be associated with, other chemical groups, such as stable and unstable detectable isotopes, radioisotopes, positron-emitting atoms, magnetic resonance labels, dyes, fluorescent markers, antigenic groups, therapeutic moieties, or any other moiety that may aid in a prognostic, diagnostic or therapeutic application.

For example, as noted above, in one embodiment, the xanthylium compound is as defined above, but with the additional limitation that the compound incorporates, is conjugated to, is chelated with, or is otherwise associated with one or more (e.g., 1,2, 3, 4, etc.) isotopes, radioisotopes, positron-emitting atoms, magnetic resonance labels, dyes, fluorescent markers, antigenic groups, or therapeutic moieties.

In one embodiment, the xanthylium compound is a ligand as well as a label, e.g., a label for tau protein (or aggregated tau protein), and incorporates, is conjugated to, is chelated with, or is otherwise associated with, one or more (e.g., 1,2, 3, 4, etc.) detectable labels.

For example, in one embodiment, the xanthylium compound is as defined above, but with the additional limitation that the compound incorporates, is conjugated to, is chelated with, or is otherwise associated with, one or more (e.g., 1,2, 3, 4, etc.) detectable labels.

Labelled xanthylium compounds (e.g., when ligated to tau protein or aggregated tau protein) may be visualised or detected by any suitable means, and the skilled person will appreciate that any suitable detection means as is known in the art may be used.

For example, the xanthylium compound (ligand-label) may be suitably detected by incorporating a positron-emitting atom (e.g., 11C) (e.g., as a carbon atom of one or more alkyl group substituents, e.g., methyl group substituents) and detecting the compound using positron emission tomography (PET) as is known in the art.

Treatment

The term “treatment,” as used herein in the context of treating a condition, pertains generally to treatment and therapy, whether of a human or an animal (e.g., in veterinary applications), in which some desired therapeutic effect is achieved, for example, the inhibition of the progress of the condition, and includes a reduction in the rate of progress, a halt in the rate of progress, regression of the condition, amelioration of the condition, and cure of the condition. Treatment as a prophylactic measure (i.e., prophylaxis, prevention) is also included.

The term “therapeutically-effective amount,” as used herein, pertains to that amount of an active compound, or a material, composition or dosage from comprising an active compound, which is effective for producing some desired therapeutic effect, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio, when administered in accordance with a desired treatment regimen.

Similarly, the term “prophylactically-effective amount,” as used herein, pertains to that amount of an active compound, or a material, composition or dosage from comprising an active compound, which is effective for producing some desired prophylactic effect, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio, when administered in accordance with a desired treatment regimen.

The term “treatment” includes combination treatments and therapies, in which two or more treatments or therapies are combined, for example, sequentially or simultaneously. Examples of treatments and therapies include, but are not limited to, chemotherapy (the administration of active agents, including, e.g., drugs, antibodies (e.g., as in immunotherapy), prodrugs (e.g., as in photodynamic therapy, GDEPT, ADEPT, etc.); surgery; radiation therapy; and gene therapy.

Routes of Administration

The xanthylium compound, or pharmaceutical composition comprising it, may be administered to a subject/patient by any convenient route of administration, whether systemically/peripherally or topically (i.e., at the site of desired action).

Routes of administration include, but are not limited to, oral (e.g., by ingestion); buccal; sublingual; transdermal (including, e.g., by a patch, plaster, etc.); transmucosal (including, e.g., by a patch, plaster, etc.); intranasal (e.g., by nasal spray); ocular (e.g., by eyedrops); pulmonary (e.g., by inhalation or insufflation therapy using, e.g., via an aerosol, e.g., through the mouth or nose); rectal (e.g., by suppository or enema); vaginal (e.g., by pessary); parenteral, for example, by injection, including subcutaneous, intradermal, intramuscular, intravenous, intraarterial, intracardiac, intrathecal, intraspinal, intracapsular, subcapsular, intraorbital, intraperitoneal, intratracheal, subcuticular, intraarticular, subarachnoid, and intrasternal (including, e.g., intracatheter injection into the brain); by implant of a depot or reservoir, for example, subcutaneously or intramuscularly.

The Subject/Patient

The subject/patient may be an animal, mammal, a placental mammal, a marsupial (e.g., kangaroo, wombat), a monotreme (e.g., duckbilled platypus), a rodent (e.g., a guinea pig, a hamster, a rat, a mouse), murine (e.g., a mouse), a lagomorph (e.g., a rabbit), avian (e.g., a bird), canine (e.g., a dog), feline (e.g., a cat), equine (e.g., a horse), porcine (e.g., a pig), ovine (e.g., a sheep), bovine (e.g., a cow), a primate, simian (e.g., a monkey or ape), a monkey (e.g., marmoset, baboon), an ape (e.g., gorilla, chimpanzee, orangutang, gibbon), or a human.

Furthermore, the subject/patient may be any of its forms of development, for example, a foetus.

In one preferred embodiment, the subject/patient is a human.

Suitable subjects for the method may be selected on the basis of conventional factors. Thus the initial selection of a patient may involve any one or more of: rigorous evaluation by experienced clinician; exclusion of non-AD diagnosis as far as possible by supplementary laboratory and other investigations; objective evaluation of level of cognitive function using neuropathologically validated battery.

In one embodiment, the subject/patient is not a human.

The invention will now be further described with reference to the following non-limiting Examples. Other embodiments of the invention will occur to those skilled in the art in the light of these.

The disclosure of all references cited herein, inasmuch as it may be used by those skilled in the art to carry out the invention, is hereby specifically incorporated herein by cross-reference.

Methods of Synthesis

Methods for the chemical synthesis of compounds of the present invention are described in the Examples herein. These and/or other well known methods may be modified and/or adapted in known ways in order to facilitate the synthesis of other compounds of the present invention.

Thus one aspect of the invention provides a method of synthesising a compound of the invention as described herein, described, or substantially as described, with reference to any of the Examples hereinafter.

The invention further provides a xanthylium compound of the invention which is obtained by or is obtainable by, a method as described herein.

One aspect of the present invention pertains to methods for the preparation of xanthylium compounds, as described herein.

The present invention also provides intermediate compounds for use in the preparation of the compounds of the invention.

Compounds (IVa) and (IVb)

The compounds of formula (Ic) may be prepared from a compound of formula (IVa) and the salts thereof, the compounds of formula (I) may be prepared from a compound of formula (IVd) and the salts thereof, and the compounds of formula (lla) and (III) may be prepared from the compound of formula (IVb) and the salts thereof:

(IVa) (IVd) (IVb) wherein substituents -Ft5 ,-R9 to -Ft12, -Ft13a, -Ft13b, -Ft14a, -Ft14b, -Ft15a, -Ft15b, -Ft16a, and -Ft16b are as defined for the compounds of formula (I), (Ic), (lla) and (III) as appropriate.

In one aspect of the invention there is provided a compound of formula (IVa) and salts thereof, where -R5 is saturated Ci_6alkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents -R5A, and -R5A is as defined for the compounds of formula (I).

In one embodiment, there is provided a compound of formula (IVa) with the proviso that -R5 is not -CF3.

In another aspect of the invention there is provided a compound of formula (IVb) and salts thereof, where -R9 to -R12 are defined according to the compounds of formula (Ila) and (III), and -R5 is saturated C16alkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents -R5A, where -R5A is as defined for the compounds of formula (lla) and (III).

In one aspect of the invention there is provided a method of preparing a compound of formula (IVa), the method comprising the step of reacting a mixture of 8-hydroxyjulolidine and a compound R5-CHO in a solvent at room temperature or above, wherein -R5 is as defined for the compounds of formula (IVa).

In another aspect of the invention there is provided a method of preparing a compound of formula (IVb) from a compound of formula (V):

(V) wherein -R13 and -R14 are each independently saturated Ci-6alkyl.

In one embodiment, -R13 and -R14 are each independently saturated C2-6alkyl.

In one embodiment, the C2 ealkyl groups are selected from: linear C2.6alkyl groups, such as -Et, -nPr, -iPr, and -nBu; branched C3.4alkyl groups, such as -iPr, -iBu, -sBu, and -tBu; and cyclic C3.4alkyl groups, such as -cPr and -cBu.

In one embodiment, each -R13 and -R14 is independently saturated aliphatic C^alkyl.

In one embodiment, each -R13 and -R14 is independently saturated aliphatic C2.4alkyl.

In one embodiment each-R13 and -R14 is independently selected from -Me, -Et; -n-Pr, -iso-Pr, -n-Bu, -sec-Bu, -iso-Bu, and -tert-Bu.

In one embodiment, -R13 and -R14 are the same.

In one embodiment, -R13 and -R14 are each -Et.ln one embodiment, -R13 and -R14 are each -Me.

The method comprises the step of reacting a mixture of a compound of formula (V) and a compound R5-CHO in a solvent at room temperature or above, wherein -R5 is as defined for the compounds of formula (IVb).

The preferences for -R5 for the compounds of formula (I) are also applicable to the compounds of formula (IVa) and (IVb), and compound R5-CHO, where appropriate.

Where -R5 is -H, the compound R5-CHO is formalin. Where -R5 is -Et, the compound R5-CHO is propionaldehyde.

In the methods described above, the reaction may be performed at 35°C or above, 40°C or above, 50°C or above, or 55°C or above.

In one embodiment, the temperature may be performed at ±2°C of the temperature specified.

The solvent may be a C^alkyl alcohol. The solvent may be methanol or ethanol.

The reaction may be performed in the presence of an acid. Preferably the acid is hydrochloric acid. In one embodiment, the compounds of formula (IVa) and (IVb) may be obtained as hydrochloride salts.

In one embodiment, the method further comprises the step of adding sufficient base to the product of the reaction such that the resulting mixture has a pH of 7 or more. In one embodiment the compounds of formula (IVa) and (IVb) may be obtained as a free base.

Compound P

In one embodiment, there is provided a method of preparing a compound P and the salts thereof, the method comprising the step of reacting a mixture of 8-hydroxyjulolidine and formalin in a solvent at room temperature or above.

The solvent may be methanol.

The reaction mixture may be heated to reflux.

The reaction may be performed at 35°C or above, 40°C or above, 50°C or above, or 55°C or above.

In one embodiment the reaction is performed at 55°C or above.

In one embodiment the temperature may be performed at ±2°C of the temperature specified.

The reaction may be performed in the presence of an acid. Preferably the acid is hydrochloric acid. In one embodiment, compound P may be obtained as a hydrochloride salt.

In one embodiment, the method further comprises the step of adding sufficient base to the product of the reaction such that the resulting mixture has a pH of 7 or more. In one embodiment, compound P may be obtained as a free base.

Compound P finds use as an intermediate in the synthesis of compounds A and B.

In one aspect of the methods described herein, the hydrochloride salt of compound P finds use in the synthesis of compounds of formula (I), and preferably the synthesis of compounds A and B.

The method described herein provides a greater yield of compound P than described previously in US 3 932 415. The present method has a yield of 81%, whilst the method described in US 3 932 415 is said to have a yield of 68%. Furthermore, compound P may be obtained substantially free of impurities in the present method without the need for column chromatography in contrast to the method of US 3 932 415.

Compound Q

The present invention provides an intermediate compound Q and the salts thereof:

Compound Q finds use as an intermediate in the synthesis of compound D.

In one embodiment, there is provided a method of preparing a compound of formula Q and the salts thereof, the method comprising the step of reacting a mixture of 8-hydroxyjulolidine and propionaldehyde in a solvent at room temperature or above.

The solvent may be ethanol.

The reaction may be performed at about 35°C or above, or about 40°C or above. In one embodiment the reaction is performed at about 40°C or above.

In one embodiment the reaction may be performed at ± 2°C of the temperature specified.

The reaction may be performed in the presence of an acid. Preferably the acid is hydrochloric acid. In one embodiment, compound Q may be obtained as a hydrochloride salt.

In one embodiment, the method further comprises the step of adding sufficient base to the product of the reaction such that the resulting mixture has a pH of 7 or more. In one embodiment, compound Q may be obtained as a free base.

Compound R

The present invention provides an intermediate compound R and the salts thereof:

Compound R finds use as an intermediate in the synthesis of compound J.

In one embodiment, there is provided a method of preparing a compound of formula R and the salts thereof, the method comprising the step of reacting a mixture of 3-diethylaminophenol and propionaldehyde in a solvent at room temperature or above.

The solvent may be methanol.

The reaction may be performed at about 35°C or above, or about 40°C or above.

In one embodiment the reaction is performed at about 40°C or above.

The reaction may be performed in the presence of an acid. Preferably the acid is hydrochloric acid. In one embodiment, compound R may be obtained as a hydrochloride salt.

In one embodiment, the method further comprises the step of adding sufficient base to the product of the reaction such that the resulting mixture has a pH of 7 or more. In one embodiment, compound R may be obtained as a free base.

Compounds (I), (lla) or (III)

In one aspect of the invention there is provided a method of preparing a compound of formula (I), (lla) or (III), the method comprising the steps of (i) reacting a compound of formula (IVa) or (IVb) with acid; and (ii) subsequently adding sufficient base to the reaction mixture such that the resulting mixture has a pH of 7 or more.

The compound of formula (IVa) may be used to prepare compounds of formula (I). The compound of formula (IVb) may be used to prepare compounds of formula (II) and (III).

The acid may be sulfuric acid.

Step (i) may comprise reacting a compound of formula (IVa) or (IVb) with acid at 40°C or above, 60°C or above, or 80°C or above.

Step (ii) may comprise adding sufficient base to the reaction mixture such that the resulting mixture has a pH of 8 or more, or 9 or more.

Step (ii) may comprise adding sufficient base to the reaction mixture such that the resulting mixture has a pH of around 7-8.

Step (ii) may comprise adding sufficient sodium hydroxide to the reaction mixture such that the resulting mixture has a pH of 7 or more. The sodium hydroxide may be an aqueous solution.

During the addition of the base, the mixture may be maintained at a temperature of 20°C or below.

The method described herein may provide a greater yield of the product, compared to the reactions that have been previously described in the art.

In another aspect of the invention there is provided a method of preparing a compound of formula (I), (lla) or (III), the method comprising the steps of (i) reacting a compound of formula (IVa) or (IVb) with acid; and (ii) subsequently adding an oxidant to the product of step (i).

In step (ii) the oxidant is independently selected from nitric acid, chloranil, benzoquinone, DDQ, sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, potassium permanganate, chromium-containing oxidants, manganese dioxide, sodium nitrite, isopentyl nitrite, terf-butyl nitrite and FeCI3. In one embodiment, the oxidant is nitric acid. In another embodiment the oxidant is FeCI3. The inventors have established that use of the oxidant FeCI3 allows the preparation of product having a greater purity compared to the products produced using other oxidants.

In one embodiment, step (i) comprises the step of (i) reacting a compound of formula (IVa) or (IVb) with acid and subsequently adding sufficient base to the reaction mixture such that the resulting mixture has a pH of 7 or more.

In one aspect of the invention there is provided a method for the preparation of compounds formula (I), (lla) or (III) where X is N03', the method comprising the steps of (i) reacting a compound of formula (IVa) or (IVb) with acid and, and then treating the product with FeCI3 and optionally an acid, and (ii) subsequently adding nitric acid to the product of step (i).

It has been found that the addition of nitric acid to the iron tetrachloride product formed in this step (i) provides compounds (I), (lla) or (III) with low levels of iron. Excessive levels of iron are generally unacceptable in pharmaceutical products. It has also been established such compounds may be produced having low levels of other pharmaceutically unacceptable metals such as lead, aluminium, and mercury.

Compound A or Compound B

In one aspect of the invention there is provided a method of preparing compound A or compound B, the method comprising the steps of: (i) reacting compound P with acid; and (ii) subsequently adding sufficient base to the reaction mixture such that the resulting mixture has a pH of 7 or more.

The preferences for the method for the preparation of compounds of formula (I) described above, also apply to the methods for the preparation of compounds A and B, where appropriate.

The method described herein may provides a greater yield of compound A than described previously in US 3 932 415. The present method has a yield of 52%, whilst the method described in US 3 932 415 gives 33%.

Compound E, Compound F, Compound H or Compound I

In one aspect of the invention there is provided a method of preparing compound E, compound F, compound H, or compound I, the method comprising the steps of: (i) reacting a compound of formula (IVb) with acid; and (ii) adding sufficient base to the reaction mixture such that the resulting mixture has a pH of 7 or more.

The preferences for the method for the preparation of compounds of formula (lla) described above, also apply to the methods for the preparation of compounds E, F, H, and I, where appropriate.

Compound AB, Compound AC, Compound AD, Compound AF, Compound AG, Compound AH, Compound Al, Compound AJ, and Compound AK,

In one aspect of the invention there is provided a method of preparing compound AB, compound AC, compound AD, compound AF, compound AG, compound AH, compound Al, compound AJ, and compound AK, the method comprising the steps of: (i) reacting a compound of formula (IVb) with acid; and (ii) adding sufficient base to the reaction mixture such that the resulting mixture has a pH of 7 or more.

The preferences for the method for the preparation of compounds of formula (Ila) described above, also apply to the methods for the preparation of compounds AB, AC, AD, AF, AG, AH, Al, AJ, and AK, where appropriate.

Compound (la)

In one aspect of the invention there is provided a method of preparing a compound of formula (la):

(la) wherein -Ft5 is as defined according to the compounds of formula (I), the method comprising the steps of (i) reacting a compound of formula (IVa) with acid; and (ii) subsequently adding an oxidant to the product of step (i).

The acid may be sulfuric acid.

Step (i) may comprise reacting a compound of formula (IVa) with acid at 40°C or above, 60°C or above, or 80°C or above.

Step (i) may comprise reacting a compound of formula (IVa) with acid then adding sufficient base to the reaction mixture such that the resulting mixture has a pH of 7 or more. Sufficient base may be added to the reaction mixture such that the resulting mixture has a pH of 8 or more, or 9 or more. The step may comprise adding sufficient sodium hydroxide to the reaction mixture such that the resulting mixture has a pH of 7 or more. The sodium hydroxide may be an aqueous solution.

In step (ii), the oxidant is preferably nitric acid or FeCI3.

In step (ii), nitric acid may be added to the product of step (i), and the resulting solid may be isolated from the reaction mixture.

In step (ii), nitric acid may be added to the product of step (i), and the resulting mixture heated to 40°C or above, or 50°C or above.

The resulting solid may be further treated with nitric acid and the solid product may be isolated from the reaction mixture.

Compound B

In one aspect of the invention there is provided a method of preparing compound B, the method comprising the steps of: (i) reacting compound P with acid; and (ii) subsequently adding nitric acid to the product of step (i).

The preferences for the method for the preparation of compounds of formula (la) described above, also apply to the methods for the preparation of compound B, where appropriate.

Compound (lb)

In one aspect of the invention there is provided a method of preparing a compound of formula (lb) from a compound of formula (IVc).

The compound of formula (lb) is represented thus:

(lb) wherein -R5 is independently saturated Ci-6alkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents -R5A, where -R5A is as defined according to the compounds of formula (I).

The compound of formula (IVc) is represented thus:

(IVc) wherein -Ft5 is independently saturated C^alkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents -R5A, where -Ft5A is as defined according to the compounds of formula (I).

The method comprises the steps of (i) reacting a compound of formula (IVc) with acid; and (ii) adding sufficient base to the reaction mixture such that the resulting mixture has a pH of 7 or more; then (iii) subsequently adding hydrochloric acid and sodium nitrite to the reaction mixture,

The acid may be sulfuric acid.

Compound D

In one aspect of the invention there is provided a method of preparing compound D, the method comprising the steps of: (i) reacting 7,7’-propylidinebis(2,3,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[i,j]quinolizine-8,8’-diol) with acid; and (ii) adding sufficient base to the reaction mixture such that the resulting mixture has a pH of 7 or more; then (iii) subsequently adding hydrochloric acid and sodium nitrite to the reaction mixture,

The preferences for the method for the preparation of compounds of formula (lb) described above, also apply to the methods for the preparation of compound D, where appropriate.

Compound (le)

In one aspect of the invention there is provided a method of preparing a compound of formula (le) from a compound of formula (IVe).

The compound of formula (le) is represented thus:

(le) wherein -R5 is as defined according to the compounds of formula (I).

The compound of formula (IVe) is represented thus:

(IVe) wherein -R5 is is as defined according to the compounds of formula (I).

The method comprises the steps of (i) reacting a compound of formula (IVe) with acid; and (ii) subsequently adding an oxidant to the product of step (i).

The acid may be sulfuric acid.

Step (i) may comprise reacting a compound of formula (IVe) with acid at 40°C or above, 50°C or above, or 65°C or above.

Step (i) may comprise reacting a compound of formula (IVe) with acid then neutralising the reaction mixture. Sufficient base may be added to the reaction mixture such that the resulting mixture has a pH of 7 or more, 8 or more, or 9 or more. The step may comprise adding sufficient sodium hydroxide to the reaction mixture such that the resulting mixture has a pH of 7 or more. The sodium hydroxide may be an aqueous solution.

During the addition of the base, the mixture may be maintained at a temperature of 20°C or below, or 18 °C or below.

In step (ii), the oxidant comprises FeCI3.

In step (ii), the oxidant may be added to the product of step (i), and the resulting solid may be isolated from the reaction mixture.

Compound AE

In one aspect of the invention there is provided a method of preparing compound AE, the method comprising the steps of: (i) reacting 1,1,7,7,-tetramethyl-8-hydroxyjulolidine with acid; and (ii) subsequently adding sufficient base to the reaction mixture such that the resulting mixture has a pH of 7 or more.

The preferences for the method for the preparation of compounds of formula (I) described above, also apply to the methods for the preparation of compounds AE, where appropriate.

Compound (lid)

In one aspect of the invention there is provided a method of preparing a compound of formula (lid) from a compound of formula (IVb).

The compound of formula (lid) is represented thus:

(lid) wherein X" is a counter ion selected from Cl , Br" and N03"; -R5, -R9, -R10, -R11 and -R12 are as defined according to the compounds of formula (lla), the method comprising the steps of (i) reacting a compound of formula (III) with acid; and (ii) subsequently adding hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid or nitric acid to the product of step (i); with the proviso that where X" is Cl, -R5 is not -H.

In one embodiment, the method comprises the step of preparing a compound of formula (lid) where the group -R5 is independently saturated Ci_6alkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents -R5A.

In one embodiment X" is a counter ion selected from Br" and N03". Consequently step (ii) comprises subsequently adding hydrobromic acid or nitric acid to the product of step (i).

In step (ii) hydrobromic acid may be used to generate a product where X" is Br". Step (ii) may comprise subsequently adding hydrobromic acid to the product of step (i), and then adding an alkali metal nitrite to the subsequent mixture. The alkali metal nitrite may be sodium nitrite.

In the embodiment above, step (ii) comprises subsequently adding hydrobromic acid to the product of step (i). Alternatively, step (ii) comprises subsequently nitric acid to the product of step (i), and then subsequently treating with product with KBr. In this embodiment, the method comprises the step of (i) reacting a compound of formula (III) with acid, and then subsequently treating the product with FeCI3 and optionally an acid.

Step (i) may comprise reacting a compound of formula (III) with sulfuric acid.

Step (i) may comprise reacting a compound of formula (III) with acid then subsequently adding sufficient base to the reaction mixture such that the resulting mixture has a pH of 7 or more. The base may be sodium hydroxide. During the addition of the base, the mixture may be maintained at a temperature of 20°C or below.

In step (ii) nitric acid may be used to generate a product where X" is N03".

In an alternative embodiment, the method comprises the step of (i) reacting a compound of formula (III) with acid, and then subsequently treating the product with FeCI3 and optionally an acid. The acid may be hydrochloric acid. Step (ii) comprises subsequently adding nitric acid to the product of step (i).

As noted above, It has been found that the addition of nitric acid to the iron tetrachloride product formed in this step (i) provides compound (lid) with low levels of iron and other metals.

In step (ii) hydrochloric acid may be used to generate a product where X" is Cl". Step (ii) may comprise subsequently adding hydrochloric acid to the product of step (i), and then adding an alkali metal nitrite to the subsequent mixture. The alkali metal nitrite may be sodium nitrite.

Compound F, Compound I or Compound J

In one aspect of the invention there is provided a method of preparing compound F or compound I, the method comprising the steps of: (i) reacting 5,5’-bis-diethylamino-2,2’-methandiyl-di-phenol or 5,5’-bis-diethylamino-2,2’-propylidine-di-phenol with acid; and (ii) subsequently adding hydrobromic acid, nitric acid or hydrochloric acid to the product of step (i).

The preferences for the method for the preparation of compounds of formula (lid) described above, also apply to the methods for the preparation of compounds F, I or J, where appropriate.

Compound (lie)

In an alternative aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of preparing a compound of formula (lie) from a compound of formula (IVb), wherein the compound of formula (lie) is as defined according to the compound of formula (lid) except that X is FeCI4".

The method comprising the steps of (i) reacting a compound of formula (III) with acid; and (ii) subsequently adding FeCI3 to the product of step (i).

Step (i) may comprise reacting a compound of formula (III) with sulfuric acid.

Compound (Mb)

The present invention provides methods of preparing compounds of formula (lib) as described herein.

Compound M

In one aspect of the invention there is provided a method of preparing compound M, the method comprising the step of reacting 4,4’-bis(dimethylamino)diphenylmethane with sulfur and acid.

The acid in step (i) may be sulfuric acid.

In step (i), the sulfur may be added to the acid, followed subsequently by addition of 4,4’-bis(dimethylamino)diphenylmethane to the reaction mixture. The reaction mixture may be kept at 5°C prior to addition of bis(dimethylamino)diphenylmethane. The reaction mixture may be maintained at 20°C or below during addition of bis(dimethylamino)diphenylmethane.

The method may comprise the additional step of (ii) subsequently adding zinc chloride to the product of step (i).

Examples

Example 1 - Methods of Synthesis

The following syntheses are provided solely for illustrative purposes and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention, as described herein.

Synthesis 1 2,3,6,7,12,13,16,17-Octahydro-1 H,5H,11 H,15H-diquinolizino[1,9-bc:1 ’,9’-hi]xanthylium chloride

Method A - From US 3,932,415 7,7’-Methylenebis(2,3,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[i,j]quinoiizine-8,8 ’-diol)

Hydrochloric acid (0.8 cm3, 32%) was added drop wise to a solution of 8-hydroxyjulolidine (3.00 g, 15.9 mmol) in methanol (16 cm3) at 5°C. Formalin (0.593 cm3, 40% in water) was then added to the reaction and the resulting mixture was allowed to stand overnight at 5°C. The mixture was then poured into water (50 cm3) before being neutralised with a saturated solution of sodium bicarbonate. The mixture was extracted with chloroform (3 x 40 cm3), the combined extracts were dried over sodium sulphate, filtered and the solvent removed under reduced pressure. Column chromatography (3:7 ethyl acetate/hexane) gave the target material as a colourless solid (2.11 g, 68%). δΗ □ (250 MHz, CDCi): 6.68 (2H, s, CH), 3.64 (2H, s, CH2), 3.00 (8H, t, Ji = 6 Hz, CH2), 2.67 (4H, J, = 6 Hz, CH2), 2.60 (4H, t, J2 = 7 Hz, CH2), 1.97 - 1.90 (8H, m, CH2); Sc3 (100 MHz, CDCI3): 149.3, 142.7, 127.6, 114.6, 114.5, 108.5, 50.2, 49.4, 30.9, 27.0, 22.5, 21.7, 21.2; vmax(KBr)/cm'1: 3431,2927, 2853, 2842, 1618, 1494, 1450, 1350, 1332, 1310, 1281, 1270, 1153, 1132; m/z (ESI): 389.3 (100%, [M-H]+). 2,3,6,7,12,13,16,17-Octahydro- 1H,5H, 11H, 15H-diquinolizino[ 1,9-bc;1 ’,9’-hi]xanthylium chloride 7,7’-Methylenebis(2,3,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[i,j]quinolizine-8,8’-diol) (630 mg, 1.62 mmol) was added to concentrated sulphuric acid (2.5 cm3) at 25°C. The resulting solution was heated to 95°C for 3 hours. The reaction was allowed to cool to room temperature before being poured onto ice (15 cm3). The pH of the solution was adjusted to pH 5 with sodium hydroxide (40%) whilst maintaining the temperature below 15°C. Hydrochloric acid (1 cm3, 32%) was added and the reaction temperature was then allowed to rise to room temperature. A solution of sodium nitrite (222 mg, 3.23 mmol) in water (10 cm3) was added drop wise with stirring and the reaction allowed to stand for 20 hours. The solution was then saturated with sodium chloride before being extracted with chloroform (6 x 30 cm3). The combined extracts were dried over sodium sulphate, filtered and the solvent removed under reduced pressure to give the target material as a green solid (214 mg, 33%).

Method B 7,7’-Methylenebis(2,3,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[i,j]quinolizine-8,8 ’-diol) dihydrochloride

Hydrochloric acid (1 cm3, 32%) was added drop wise to a solution of 8-hydroxyjulolidine (3.51 g, 18.57 mmol) in methanol (17.5 cm3) at 5°C. Formalin (0.72 cm3, 40% in water) was then added to the reaction and the resulting mixture was heated to 60°C for 6 hours. Hydrochloric acid (1 cm3, 32%) was added to the mixture, prior to cooling to room temperature. The product was then collected by filtration, washed with cold methanol (2 x 5 cm3) and dried under vacuum overnight to give the target material as a colourless solid (3.49 g, 81%). □δΗ (250 MHz, D20): 6.76 (2H, s, CH), 3.76 (2H, s, CH2), 3.46 - 3.38 (8H, m, CH2), 2.78 - 2.72 (8H, m, CH2), 2.10 - 2.04 (8H, m, CH2); vmax (KBr)/cm'1: 3463, 2930, 1634, 1477, 1435, 1306, 1224, 1095; m/z (ESI): 391.3 (89%, [M-HCI2]+), 196.7 (100%). 2.3.6.7.12.13.16.17- Octahydro-1H,5H, 11H, 15H-diquinolizino[1,9-bc;1 ’,9’-hi]xanthylium chloride 7,7’-Methylenebis(2,3,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[i,j]quinolizine-8,8’-diol) dihydrochloride (1.00 g, 2.15 mmol) was added to concentrated sulphuric acid (4 cm3) at 25°C. The resulting solution was heated to 90°C for 3 hours. The reaction was allowed to cool before being poured onto ice (5 cm3). The pH of the solution was adjusted to pH 9 with sodium hydroxide (40%) whilst maintaining a temperature below 15°C. Hydrochloric acid (2 cm3, 32%) was added and the reaction temperature was allowed to rise to room temperature. A solution of sodium nitrite (298 mg, 4.32 mmol) in water (5 cm3) was added drop wise with stirring and the reaction stirred at room temperature for 20 hours. The mixture was filtered and solid collected and dried under vacuum overnight. The solid was then extracted with methanol (15 cm3) and solvent removed under reduced pressure to yield the product as a green solid (455 mg, 52%). δΗ □ (250 MHz, CQsOD): 8.18 (1H, s, CH), 7.32 (2H, s, CH), 3.63 (8H, t, Ji = 6 Hz, CH2), 3.00 (4H, Jn = 6 Hz, CH2), 2.87 (4H, t, J2 = 7 Hz, CH2), 2.09 - 2.02 (8H, m, CH2); δ03 □ (100 MHz, CQsOD): 152.4, 151.7, 142.7, 128.0, 124.1, 113.7, 105.3,50.8, 50.2,27.2, 20.6, 19.6, 19.5; vmax (KBr)/cnT1: 3042, 3028, 2921, 1600, 1580, 1517, 1305, 1166, 1147; m/z (ESI): 371.3 (100%, [M-CI]+).

Synthesis 2 2,3,6,7,12,13,16,17-Octahydro-1 H,5H,11 H,15H-diquinolizino[1,9-bc:T,9’-hi]xanthylium nitrate

2.3.6.7.12.13.16.17- Octahydro- 1H,5H, 11H, 15H-diquinolizino[ 1,9-bc:1 ’,9’-hi]xanthylium nitrate 7,7’-Methylenebis(2,3,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[i,j]quinolizine-8,8’-diol) dihydrochloride (1.00 g, 2.15 mmol) was added to concentrated sulphuric acid (3 cm3) at 25°C. The resulting solution was heated to 90°C for 2 hours. The reaction was allowed to cool to room temperature before ice water (6 cm3) was added. The pH of the solution was adjusted to pH 9 with sodium hydroxide (40%) whilst maintaining a temperature below 20°C. Nitric acid (0.5 cm3, 70%) was added and the reaction temperature was allowed to rise to room temperature. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour, prior to filtration. The solid was collected and dissolved in fresh water (50 cm3). Nitric acid (0.5 cm3, 70%) was added and the reaction stirred at room temperature for 24 hours. The crude product was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum overnight. The solid was re-dissolved in water (25 cm3) and nitric acid (70%) added until turbidity point reached. Mixture heated to 50 °C for 1 hour before cooling to room temperature over 1 hour. Precipitate collected and dried under vacuum overnight to give the product as a green solid (323 mg, 34%). δΗ (250 MHz, DMSO-cfe): 8.26 (1 H, s, CH), 7.35 (2H, s, CH), 3.49-3.41 (8H, m, CH2), 2.90 - 2.71 (8H, m, CH2), 2.00 - 1.82 (8H, m, CH2); 5C (100 MHz, DMSO-d6): 152.2, 151.6, 143.1, 128.6, 124.0, 113.5, 105.3, 51.0, 50.4, 27.4, 20.7, 19.8, 19.7; vmax (KBr)/cnT1: 2972, 2853, 1600, 1514, 1436, 1361, 1336, 1299, 1200, 1164, 1093, 1030.

Synthesis 3 8-(Trifluoromethyl)-2,3,5,6,11,12,14,15-octahydro-1 H,4H,10H,13H-diquinolizino[9,9a,1- bc;9’,9a’1 ’-hijxanthylium perchlorate

Method described in N. F. Haley, Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry 1977, 14, 683. 8-(Trifluoromethyl)-2,3,5,6,11,12,14,15-octahydro-1 H,4H, 10H, 13H-diquinolizino[9,9a,1 -bc;9’,9a’1 ’-hi]xanthylium perchlorate

Trifluoroacetic acid (0.25 cm3), 8-hydroxyjulolidine (1.00 g, 5.29 mmol) and trifluoroacetic anhydride (3.94 g, 21.1 mmol) were stirred together in dichloromethane (8 cm3) under nitrogen at room temperature for 4 days. The solvent was removed under vacuum and remaining solid added to water (100 cm3). The resulting mixture was filtered and the solid washed with water (2x10 cm3). Perchloric acid (3 cm3) was added to the filtrate and the mixture left to stand at room temperature overnight. The precipitate was collected by filtration and dried. Column chromatography (1:9 methanol/dichloromethane) gave the target material as a purple solid (67 mg, 5%). δΗ (250 MHz, CDCI3): 7.52 (2Η, s, CH), 3.60 (8H, t, J, = 6 Hz, CH2), 2.97 (4H, J, = 6 Hz, CH2), 2.88 (4H, t, J2 = 7 Hz, CH2), 2.07 - 2.03 (8H, m, CH2); 5C (100 MHz, CD3OD): 152.2, 151.4, 125.9, 124.0, 123.9, 110.0, 106.2,51.0,50.4,27.7,20.6, 19.7, 19.5; vmax (KBr)/crrT1:2926, 1598, 1500, 1317, 1297, 1265, 1150, 1109; m/z (ESI): 439.3 (100%, [M-CI04]+).

Synthesis 4 8-Ethyl-2,3,6,7,12,13,16,17-Octahydro-1 H,5H,11 H,15H-diquinolizino[1,9-bc;1 ’,9’-hi] xanthylium chloride

7,7’-Propylidine-bis-(2,3,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[i,j]quinolizine-8,8 ’-diol) 8-Hydroxyjulolidine (5.00 g, 26.45 mmol) was dissolved in a solution of ethanol (50 cm3) and hydrochloric acid (1.3 cm3, 32%). Propionaldehyde (767 mg, 13.23 mmol) was added to the mixture and the reaction heated to 40°C for 18 hours. An additional quantity of propionaldehyde (767 mg, 13.23 mmol) was added and the reaction heated for a further 24 hours. The resulting solution was cooled and poured into water (75 cm3). The mixture was neutralised with sodium bicarbonate (saturated solution) and extracted with dichloromethane (3 x 40 cm3). The combined extracts were dried over sodium sulphate and the solvent removed under reduced pressure. Column chromatography (3:7 ethyl acetate/hexane) gave the target material as a low melting colourless solid (2.76 g, 50%). δΗ (250 MHz, CDCI3): 6.69 (2H, s, CH), 5.57 (2H, s, OH), 3.83 (1H, t, J, = 6.5 Hz, CH), 3.02 - 3.00 (8H, m, CH2), 2.68-2.65 (4H, m, CH2), 2.60 - 2.55 (4H, m, CH2), 2.02 -1.91 (6H, m, CH2), 0.88 (3H, t, J2 = 7 Hz, CH3); vmax (KBr)/cnT1: 3411,2930, 1626, 1493, 1353, 1197. 8-Ethyl-2,3,6,7,12,13,16,17-Octahydro- 1H,5H, 11H, 15H-diquinolizino[1,9-bc;1’,9’-hi] xanthylium chloride 7,7’-Propylidine-bis-(2,3,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[i,j]quinolizine-8,8’-diol) (1.00 g, 2.39 mmol) was dissolved in concentrated sulphuric acid (4 cm3) and the resulting solution heated to 90°C for 3 hours. The reaction was allowed to cool to room temperature prior to quenching with ice water (20 cm3). The mixture was neutralised with sodium hydroxide (40%) whilst maintaining a reaction temperature of 15°C or below. Hydrochloric acid (2 cm3, 32%) was added and the mixture allowed to warm to room temperature. Sodium nitrite (330 mg, 4.78 mmol) in water (15 cm3) was added drop wise and the reaction stirred at room temperature for 16 hours. The resulting precipitate was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum overnight. Column chromatography (1:9 methanol/dichloromethane) gave the target material as a green solid (94 mg, 9%). δΗ □ (250 MHz, CQOD): 7.64 (2H, s, CH), 3.53 (8H, t, J, = 5 Hz, CH2), 3.00-2.89 (8H, m, CH2), 2.03 - 2.01 (1 OH, m, CH2), 1.34 (3H, t, J2 = 7 Hz, CH3); m/z (ESI): 399.3 (100%, [M-CI]+).

Synthesis 5 3,6-Bis-diethylamino xanthylium chloride

5,5 ’-Bis-diethylamino -2,2’-methandiyl-di-phenol

Adapted from J. Biehringer, Journal Fur Praktische Chemie 1896, 54, 235. A suspension of 3-diethylaminophenol (200 g, 1.21 mmol) and isopropanol (600 cm3) was stirred in a 2L jacketed reactor vessel. The jacket was maintained at 20°C whilst concentrated hydrochloric acid (67 cm3, 32%) was added. The reaction was allowed to cool to 20°C before formalin (47 cm3, 39% in water) was added drop wise over a 10 minute period. The resulting solution was stirred at 20°C for 3.5 hour after which the reaction was judged complete by TLC [Rf= 0.4 (product) vs. 0.7 (starting material) (3:7 Ethyl acetate/Pet. Ether 40/60)]. A solution of ammonium bicarbonate (90.0 g) in water (800 cm3) was prepared, and then added drop wise to the reaction over 35 minutes. The reaction was stirred for an additional 1 hours after which the resulting solid was filtered and washed with water (2 x 200 cm3). The solid was dried at 60°C overnight and then dissolved in isopropanol (250 cm3) under reflux for 1 hour. The solution was cool to 5 °C over 90 minutes, and stirred at 5 °C for an additional 1 hour. The product was collected by filtration, washed with pre-chilled isopropanol (2 χ 100 cm3), and dried at 50 °C for 2 hours to give the target material as a light brown crystalline solid (141 g, 68%). δΗ □ (250 MHz, CDCi): 7.03 (2H, d, J, = 8 Hz, CH), 6.20 (2H, dd, J, = 8 Hz, J2 = 3 Hz, CH), 6.14 (2H, d, J2 = 3 Hz, CH), 3.71 (2H, s, CH2), 3.22 (8H, q, J3 = 7 Hz, CH2), 1.07 (12H, t, J3 = 7 Hz, CH3); 5c □ (63 MHz, CDCi): 153.6, 147.7, 131.0,116.2, 106.3, 100.9, 44.7, 29.8, 12.3; vmax (KBr)/cnT1: 3446, 3383, 2975, 2925, 1596, 1519, 1396, 1374, 1262, 1169, 1152; m/z (ESI): 343.3 (100%, [M+H]+). 3,6-Bis-diethylamino xanthylium chloride

Adapted from J. Biehringer, Journal Fur Praktische Chemie 1896, 54, 217; J. Biehringer, Chemische Berichte 1894, 27, 3299; and US Patent 3,932,415. 5,5’-Bis-diethylamino-2,2’-methandiyl-di-phenol (2.00 g, 5.85 mmol) was added portion-wise to a mixture of concentrated sulphuric acid (7.2 cm3) and water (0.8 cm3). The solution was heated to 140°C for 2 hours under nitrogen. The solution was allowed to cool to 5°C prior to the addition of ice water (10 cm3). The pH of the solution was adjusted to pH 9 by the slow addition of sodium hydroxide (40%) whilst maintaining a temperature of 20°C or below. Hydrochloric acid (3.5 cm3, 32%) was added and the solution allowed to warm to room temperature. Sodium nitrite (807 mg, 11.7 mmol) dissolved in water (10 cm3) was added drop wise. Once the addition was complete the reaction was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. The mixture was filtered and the solid dried under vacuum for 20 hours. The solid was extracted with methanol and the solvent removed under reduced pressure to give the product as a green solid (1.18g, 56%).

Scaled-up procedure: 5,5’-Bis-diethylamino-2,2’-methandiyl-di-phenol (10.00 g, 29.24 mmol) was added portion-wise to a mixture of concentrated sulphuric acid (28.5 cm3) and water (9.5 cm3) precooled to 5 °C. The solution was heated to 140 °C for 2 hours under nitrogen. The solution was allowed to cool to 5°C prior to the addition of ice water (50 cm3). The pH of the solution was adjusted to pH 9 by the slow addition of sodium hydroxide (40%) whilst maintaining a temperature of 20°C or below. Hydrochloric acid (17.5 cm3, 32%) was added and the solution allowed to warm to room temperature. Sodium nitrite (4.03 mg, 58.48 mmol) dissolved in water (25 cm3) was added dropwise. Once the addition was complete the reaction was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The mixture was filtered and the solid dried under vacuum. The solid was extracted with methanol (60 cm3) and the solvent removed under reduced pressure to give the product as a green solid (5.78 g, 55%). δΗ (250 MHz, CD3OD): 8.51 (1H, s, CH), 7.76 (2H, d, J, = 9 Hz, CH), 7.13 (2H, dd, J, = 9 Hz, J2 = 3 Hz, CH), 6.88 (2H, d, J2 = 3 Hz, CH), 3.68 (8H, q, J3 = 7 Hz, CH2), 1.31 (12H, t, J3 = 7 Hz, CH3); 6c □ (100 MHz, DMSOcfe): 158.2, 156.2, 146.3, 134.2, 114.9, 114.3, 96.4, 46.0, 13.1; vmax (KBr)/cm'1: 2975, 2925, 1596, 1579, 1519, 1347, 1169, 1132, 1076; m/z (ESI): 323.3 (100%, [M-CI]+).

Synthesis 6 3,6-Bis-diethylamino xanthylium bromide

3,6-Bis-diethylamino xanthylium bromide Method A

5,5’-Bis-diethylamino-2,2’-methandiyl-di-phenol (5.00 g, 14.62 mmol) was added portion-wise to a mixture of concentrated sulphuric acid (15 cm3) and water (5 cm3). The solution was heated to 160°C for 2 hours under nitrogen. The solution was allowed to cool to 5°C prior to the addition of ice water (25 cm3). The pH of the solution was adjusted to pH 9 by the slow addition of sodium hydroxide (40%) whilst maintaining a temperature of 20°C or below. Hydrobromic acid (8 cm3, 48%) was added drop wise and the solution allowed to warm to room temperature. Sodium nitrite (2.02 mg, 29.24 mmol) dissolved in water (25 cm3) was added drop wise. Once the addition was complete the reaction was stirred at room temperature for 18 hours. The resulting precipitate was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum to give the product as a green/brown solid (2.51 g, 43%).

Method B

Concentrated sulphuric acid (10.8 cm3) was added to water (1.2 cm3) and the mixture cooled to 5°C in ice. 5,5’-Bis-diethylamino-2,2’-methandiyl-di-phenol (4.00 g, 11.70 mmol) was added portion wise with stirring. The mixture was then heated at 110°C for 22 hours under nitrogen. The resulting dark orange solution was cooled in ice to 5°C before the addition of ice water (20 cm3). The mixture was neutralised by the slow addition of sodium hydroxide (40% in water) whilst maintaining a temperature of 20°C or below. Hydrochloric acid (12 cm3, 32%) was added drop wise and the mixture stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. Iron (III) chloride (12.64 g, 46.78 mmol) in water (12 cm3) was added and the mixture heated to 90°C for 4 hours. The solution was allowed to cool to room temperature over 3 hours. The resulting green precipitate was collected by filtration. The solid was dissolved in water (60 cm3). Nitric acid (3 cm3, 70%) was added and the mixture stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. The resulting solid was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum overnight. The solid was dissolved in water (40 cm3) and KBr (4.00 g, 33.61 mmol) was added and the mixture heated to 60°C for 30 minutes. The mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature over 3 hours. The resulting solid was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum overnight to give the product as a green crystalline solid (3.52 g, 74%).

Method C

Concentrated sulphuric acid (162 cm3) was added to water (18 cm3) and the mixture cooled to 5°C in ice. 5,5’-Bis-diethylamino-2,2’-methandiyl-di-phenol (60.00 g, 0.175 mol) was added portion wise with stirring. The mixture was then heated at 110°C for 22 hours under argon. The resulting dark orange solution was cooled in ice to 5°C before the addition of ice water (300 cm3). Iron (III) chloride (94.74 g, 0.351 mol) in water (240 cm3) was added and the mixture heated to 90°C for 22 hours in air. The solution was allowed to cool to room temperature over 3 hours. The resulting green precipitate was collected by filtration. The solid was dissolved in water (90 cm3). Nitric acid (50 cm3, 70%) was added and the mixture stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. The resulting solid was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum overnight. The solid was dissolved in water (170 cm3) and KBr (38.00 g, 0.319 mol) was added and the mixture heated to 60°C for 30 minutes. The mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature over 3 hours. The resulting solid was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum overnight to give the product as a green crystalline solid (34.34 g, 48%). δΗ □ (□ 250 MHz, DMSQde): 8.74 (1H, s, CH), 7.85 (2H, d, Ji = 9 Hz, CH), 7.19 (2H, d, Ji = 9 Hz, CH), 6.88 (2H, s, CH), 3.65 (8H, q, J2 = 6 Hz, CH), 1.20 (12H, t, J2 = 6 Hz, CH3); 5C (100 MHz, DMSO-d6): 158.1, 156.2, 146.2, 134.2, 114.9, 114.3, 96.4, 46.0, 19.1; vmax (KBr)/cm1: 2970, 1650, 1594, 1520, 1489, 1428, 1396, 1346, 1265, 1168, 1073, 1006, 968; m/z (ESI): 323.2 (100%, [M-Br]+).

Synthesis 7 3,6-Bis-diethylamino xanthylium iron tetrachloride

3.6- Bis-diethylamino xanthylium iron tetrachloride Method A

3.6- Bis-diethylamino xanthylium chloride (40 mg, 0.111 mmol), was dissolved in water (5 cm3). Iron (III) chloride (30 mg, 0.111 mmol) was added and the solution was allowed to stand at room temperature for 2 hours. Sodium chloride was added until a green precipitate was observed. This was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum overnight (53 mg, 91%).

Modified method: 3.6- Bis-diethylamino xanthylium chloride (100 mg, 0.279 mmol), was dissolved in water (15 cm3). Iron (III) chloride (75 mg, 0.279 mmol) was added and the solution was allowed to stand at room temperature for 30 minuntes. Sodium chloride was added until a green precipitate was observed. This was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum overnight (141 mg, 97%).

Method B

Concentrated sulphuric acid (27 cm3) was added to water (3 cm3) and the mixture cooled to 5°C in ice. 5,5’-Bis-diethylamino-2,2’-methandiyl-di-phenol (10.00 g, 29.24 mmol) was added portion wise with stirring. The mixture was then heated at 140°C for 90 minutes under nitrogen. The resulting dark orange solution was cooled in ice to 5°C before the addition of ice water (60 cm3). The mixture was neutralised by the slow addition of sodium hydroxide (40% in water) whilst maintaining a temperature of 20°C or below. Hydrochloric acid (10 cm3, 32%) was added drop wise and the mixture stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. The mixture was filtered and the solid sodium sulphate washed with water (3 x 50 cm3). Iron (III) chloride (15.79 g, 58.47 mmol) in water (50 cm3) was added to the filtrate and the mixture heated to 90°C for 2 hours. The solution was allowed to cool to room temperature and concentrated hydrochloric acid was added slowly until precipitation of the product occurred (pH ~ 1). The mixture was filtered and the solid dried under vacuum overnight to give the product as a green solid (11.43 g, 75%). δΗ (250 MHz, DMSO-cfe): 8.76 (1H, s, CH), 7.85 (2H, d, J, = 9 Hz, CH), 7.16 (2H, dd, ^ = 9 Hz, J2 = 3 Hz, CH), 6.86 (2H, d, J2 = 3 Hz, CH), 3.64 (8H, q, J3 = 7 Hz, CH2), 1.27 (12H, t, J3 = 7 Hz, CH3); vmax (KBr)/cm'1: 2970, 2926, 1585, 1495, 1396, 1343, 1252, 1074; m/z (ESI): 323.2 (100%, [M-FeCI4]+).

Synthesis 8 3,6-Bis-diethylamino xanthene dihydrochloride

3.6- Bis-diethylamino xanthene dihydrochloride

Concentrated sulphuric acid (6 cm3) was added to water (2 cm3) and the mixture cooled to 5°C in ice. 5,5’-Bis-diethylamino-2,2’-methandiyl-di-phenol (2.00 g, 5.85 mmol) was added portion wise with stirring. The mixture was then heated at 160°C for 2 hours under nitrogen. The resulting dark orange solution was cooled in ice to 5°C before the addition of ice water (10 cm3). The mixture was neutralised by the slow addition of sodium hydroxide (40% in water) keeping the temperature below 20°C. The resulting precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with water (2x10 cm3) and dried under vacuum overnight. The intermediate was added to a solution of methanol (20 cm3) and hydrochloric acid (1.3 cm3, 32%) and stirred for 1 hour until homogeneous. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the solid dried under vacuum overnight to give the product as a purple solid (1.03 g, 44%). δΗ □ (250 MHz, Q>0): 7.49 (2H, d, Ji = 8 Hz, CH), 7.26 - 7.21 (4H, m, CH), 4.16 (2H, s, CH2), 3.63 (8H, q, J3 = 7 Hz, CH2), 1.12 (12H, t, J3 = 7 Hz, CH3); vmax (KBr)/cm1: 2980, 2614, 1612, 1479, 1414, 1344, 1290, 1153, 1106, 1015; m/z (ESI): 325.3 (41%, [M-HCI2]+).

Synthesis 9 3,6-Bis-diethylamino xanthylium nitrate

3.6- Bis-diethylamino xanthylium nitrate Method A

Concentrated sulphuric acid (5.4 cm3) was added to water (0.6 cm3) and the mixture cooled to 5°C in ice. 5,5’-Bis-diethylamino-2,2’-methandiyl-di-phenol (2.00 g, 5.85 mmol) was added portion wise with stirring. The mixture was then heated to 140°C for 90 minutes under nitrogen. The resulting dark orange solution was cooled in ice to 5°C before the addition of ice water (12 cm3). The mixture was neutralised by the slow addition of sodium hydroxide (40% in water) whilst maintaining a temperature of 20°C or below. Nitric acid (1 cm3, 70%) was added drop wise and the mixture stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. The mixture was filtered and the solid sodium sulphate washed with water (3x10 cm3). Nitric acid (1 cm3, 70%) was added to the filtrate followed by the drop wise addition of sodium nitrite (807 mg, 11.70 mmol) in water (10 cm3). The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 15 minutes, whereupon the resulting solid was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum overnight to give the product as a purple/green solid (643 mg, 29%). δΗ (250 MHz, DMSO-cfe): 8.55 (1H, s, CH), 7.79 (2H, d, Ji = 9 Hz, CH), 7.17 (2H, dd, Ji = 9 Hz, J2 = 2 Hz, CH), 6.93 (2H, d, J2 = 2 Hz, CH), 3.69 (8H, q, J3 = 7 Hz, CH2), 1.32 (12H, t, J3 = 7 Hz, CH3); 5c (100 MHz, DMSO-d6): 158.2, 156.2, 146.3, 134.2, 114.9, 96.4, 45.0, 13.1; vmax (KBr)/cnT1:2978, 1596, 1522, 1493, 1387, 1347, 1264, 1168, 1074, 1007; m/z (ESI): 323.2 (100%, [M-N03]+). 3,6-Bis-diethylamino xanthylium nitrate HN03

Method B

Concentrated sulphuric acid (5.4 cm3) was added to water (0.6 cm3) and the mixture cooled to 5°C in ice. 5,5’-Bis-diethylamino-2,2’-methandiyl-di-phenol (2.00 g, 5.85 mmol) was added portion wise with stirring. The mixture was then heated at 140°C for 90 minutes under nitrogen. The resulting dark orange solution was cooled in ice to 5°C before the addition of ice water (12 cm3). The mixture was neutralised by the slow addition of sodium hydroxide (40% in water) whilst maintaining a temperature of 20°C or below. Nitric acid (6 cm3, 70%) was added drop wise and the mixture stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes until the precipitate completely dissolved. The reaction was heated to 100°C for 24 hours and then cooled to room temperature. Nitric acid (0.5 cm3, 70%) was added and the resulting solid collected by filtration.

The crude product was dissolved in fresh water (20 cm3) and nitric acid (few drops, 70%) added until product began to precipitate. The mixture was then heated to 60°C for 30 minutes before cooling to room temperature over 4 hours. The mixture was then filtered and the precipitate dried under vacuum overnight to give the product as a green/purple solid (467 mg, 21%).

Alternatively, the crude product was dissolved in fresh water (20 cm3) and nitric acid (few drops, 70%) added until the product precipitated. The mixture was then filtered and the precipitate dried under vacuum overnight. Material was dissolved in the minimum volume of hot IPA, cooled to 5 °C overnight, and the solid collected by filtration and dried under vacuum to give the product as a green/purple solid (401 mg, 18%).

3.6- Bis-diethylamino xanthylium nitrate HN03 Method C

3.6- Bis-diethylamino xanthylium iron tetrachloride (11.00 g, 21.11 mmol) was dissolved in water (40 cm3). Nitric acid (2 cm3, 70%) was added and the mixture stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. The resulting solid was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum overnight to give the product as a purple solid (7.11 g, 54%). δΗ (250 MHz, DMSO-d6): 8,73 (1H, s, CH), 7.86 (2H, d, J = 9 Hz, CH), 7.21 (2H, d, J = 9 Hz, CH), 6.90 (2H, s, CH), 3.72 - 3.55 (8H, m, CH2), 1.21 (12H, t, J = 7 Hz, CH3).

Method C described above involves the preparation of an intermediate having an iron tetrachloride counter ion. Nitric acid may be used to replace that counter ion. Excessive levels of iron are generally unacceptable in pharmaceutical products. Table 1 below shows the metal levels within a product obtained by Method C (Pyronin B N03'.HN03) in comparison with the intermediate iron tetrachloride salt (Pyronin FeCI4').

Table 1: Metal levels in the product of Method C

* indicates an inhomogeneity between samples.

Synthesis 10 9-Ethyl-3,6-bis-diethylamino xanthylium chloride

5,5’-Bis-diethylamino-2,2’-propylidine-di-phenol 3-Diethylaminophenol (10.00 g, 60.61 mmol) was dissolved in methanol (15 cm3). The solution was cooled to 5°C before hydrochloric acid (3 cm3, 32%) was added. Propionaldehyde (1.76 g, 30.30 mmol) was then added drop wise and the resulting solution was heated to 40°C overnight. A second portion of propionaldehyde (1.76 g, 30.30 mmol) was added and the mixture heated for a further 24 hours. The mixture was poured into water (30 cm3) before the pH was adjusted to pH 8 with a saturated solution of ammonium bicarbonate. The mixture was extracted with dichloromethane (3 x 20 cm3). The combined organic extracts were dried (sodium sulphate), filtered and the solvent removed under reduced pressure. Column chromatography (3:7 ethyl acetate/hexane) gave the target material as a pink solid (2.11 g, 19%). δΗ □ (250 MHz, CDCi): 7.05 (2H, d, Ji = 8.5 Hz, CH), 6.23 (2H, dd, J, = 8.5 Hz, J2 = 2.5 Hz, CH), 6.09 (2H, d, J2 = 2.5 Hz, CH), 3.96 (1H, t, J3 = 7 Hz, CH), 3.23 (8H, q, J4 = 7 Hz, CH2), 2.06-2.00 (2H, m, CH2), 1.08 (12H, t, J4 = 7 Hz, CH3), 0.90 (3H, t, J3 = 7 Hz, CH3); 5C (62.5 MHz, CDCI3): 153.8, 147.4, 127.5, 118.5, 105.8, 99.9, 44.3, 36.6, 26.3, 12.8, 12.5; vmax (KBr)/cm1: 2967, 2899, 1620, 1517, 1354, 1210, 1091, 1076; m/z (ESI+): 371.3 (100%, [M+H]+). 9-Ethyl-3,6-Bis-diethylamino xanthylium chloride Adapted from US 3,932,415 5,5’-Bis-diethylamino-2,2’-propylidine-di-phenol (500 mg, 1.35 mmol) was added portion-wise to concentrated sulphuric acid (2 cm3). The solution was heated to 90°C for 3 hours. The solution was allowed to cool to room temperature and then poured into ice water (20 cm3). The pH of the solution was adjusted to pH 6 by the slow addition of sodium hydroxide (40% in water). Hydrochloric acid (1 cm3, 32%) was added and the solution allowed to warm to room temperature. Sodium nitrite (186 mg, 2.70 mmol) dissolved in water (10 cm3) was added drop wise. Once the addition was complete the reaction was stirred at room temperature for 16 hours. The resulting precipitate was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum. The solid was extracted with methanol/dichloromethane (1:20, 3x10 cm3). The solvent was removed under vacuum to give a green solid. This was then dissolved in water (10 cm3), filtered and the solid residue washed with water (2x5 cm3). The aqueous solution was saturated with sodium chloride before it was extracted with chloroform (7 x 30 cm3). The combined organic extracts were dried (sodium sulphate), filtered and the solvent removed under reduced pressure to give the product as a green solid (59 mg, 11%). δΗ (250 MHz, CD3OD): 8.11 (2H, d, J, = 8 Hz, CH), 7.17 (2H, dd, J, = 8 Hz, J2 = 3 Hz, CH), 6.89 (2H, d, J2 = 3 Hz, CH), 3.65 (8H, J3 = 7 Hz, CH2), 3.45 - 3.38 (2H, m, CH2), 1.40- 1.20 (15H, m, CH3); vmax (KBr)/cnT1: 2972, 1592, 1469, 1398, 1343, 1248, 1185, 1132, 1073; m/z (ESI): 351.2 (100%, [M-CI]+).

Synthesis 11 3,6-Bis(diethylamino))thioxanthylium iodide

4,4’-Bis(diethylamino)diphenylmethane

Acetic acid (8.05 g, 0.134 mol) was added drop wise to Ν,Ν-diethylaniline (10.0 g, 67.1 mmol). Formalin (3.00 cm3, 37% in water) was added with stirring and the mixture heated to reflux for 90 minutes. The reaction was allowed to cool, before dilution with ice water (50 cm3). The reaction was basified with saturated sodium bicarbonate (pH 9). The resulting mixture was extracted with DCM (3 x 50 cm3), the combined extracts were dried over sodium sulphate, filtered and the solvent removed under reduced pressure. Column chromatography (1:9 ethyl acetate/hexane, Rf 0.3) gave the target material as a colourless oil (10.01 g, 96%). δΗ (250 MHz, CDCI3): 7.02 (4H, d, J= 8.5 Hz, CH), 6.61 (4H, d, J= 8.5 Hz, CH), 3.77 (2H, s, CH2), 3.30 (8H, q, J= 7 Hz, CH2), 1.21 (12H, t, J= 7 Hz, CH3); 5C (63 MHz, CDCI3): 146.1, 129.9, 129.6, 129.2, 112.2,44.5,39.8, 12.7; vmax (neat)/cm'1: 2969, 2928, 1614, 1564, 1517, 1465, 1354, 1264, 1195, 1151, 1075, 1012; m/z (ESI): 311.3 (100%, [M+H]+). 3,6-Bis(diethylamino)thioxanthylium iodide

Adapted from R. H. Nealey, J. S. Driscoll, J. Hetero. Chem. 1966, 3, 228.

Sulphur (1.65 g, 51.6 mmol) was added in small portions with vigorous stirring to fuming sulphuric acid (8.00 g) over a 15 minute period. The reaction was cooled to 5°C and 4,4’-bis(diethylamino)diphenylmethane (2.00 g, 6.45 mmol) was added at such a rate to maintain the temperature below 20°C. The reaction was then stirred at ambient temperature for 90 minutes and then poured into 40 cm3 of ice. The resulting red mixture was boiled for 1 hour and then allowed to cool to ambient temperature before filtration.

Potassium iodide was added to the filtrate until a precipitate was observed. The mixture was cooled in ice before the green solid was collected by filtration and dried under reduced pressure (253 mg, 8%). δΗ (250 MHz, DMSO-cfe): 8.62 (1H, s, CH), 7.98 (2H, d, J= 9 Hz, CH), 7.36 (2H, d, J= 3 Hz, CH), 7.23 (2H, dd, J= 9 Hz, 3 Hz, CH), 3.68, (8H, q, J= 7 Hz, CH2), 1.23 (12H, t, J = 7 Hz, CH3); vmax (KBr)/cm'1: 3456, 3393, 1593, 1560, 1509, 1392, 1343, 1191, 1152, 1071; m/z (ESI): 339.4 (100%, [M-l]+).

Synthesis 12 3,6-Bis(dimethylamino)thioxanthylium zinc trichloride

4,4’-Bis(dimethylamino)diphenylmethane

Acetic acid (9.91 g, 0.165 mol) was added drop wise to /S/,A/-dimethylaniline (10.00 g, 82.6 mmol). Paraformaldehyde (1.23 g, 41.3 mmol) was added with stirring and the mixture heated to reflux for 90 minutes. The reaction was allowed to cool, before dilution with ice water (50 cm3). The reaction was basified with 10 % sodium hydroxide (pH 9) and the resulting solid collected by filtration. The solid was washed with water (2x5 cm3), and dried. Recrystallisation from ethanol gave the target material as a colourless solid (6.54 g, 63%). δΗ (250 MHz, CDCI3): 7.05 (4H, d, J= 8.5 Hz, CH), 6.68 (4H, d, J= 8.5 Hz, CH), 3.80 (2H, s, CH2), 2.62 (12H, s, CH3); δ0 (62.5 MHz, CDCI3): 149.1, 130.4, 129.5, 113.1,41.0, 39.9; vmax (KBr)/cm 1: 2886, 2797, 1615, 1499, 1361, 1230, 1070, 828, 796; m/z (ESI): 253.2 (100%, [M-H]+). 3,6-Bis(dimethylamino)thioxanthylium zinc trichloride

From R. H. Nealey, J. S. Driscoll, J. Hetero. Chem. 1966, 3, 228.

Sulphur (10.0 g, 0.33 mol) was added in small portions with vigorous stirring to fuming sulphuric acid (50 g) over a 15 minute period. The reaction was cooled to 5 °C and 4,4’-bis(dimethylamino)diphenylmethane (10.00 g, 39.4 mmol) was added at such a rate to maintain the temperature below 20 °C. The reaction was then stirred at ambient temperature for 90 minutes and then poured into 250 cm3 of ice. The resulting red mixture was boiled for 1 hour and then allowed to cool to ambient temperature before filtration. A 40% aqueous solution of zinc chloride was added to the filtrate until a green colour was observed. The mixture was cooled in an ice bath and the solid collected by filtration. The solid was dried overnight under reduced pressure to give the target material as a green solid (1.81 g, 10%). δΗ (250 MHz, DMSO-c(6): 8.68 (1H, s, CH), 8.01 (2H, d, J= 9 Hz, CH), 7.37 (2H, d, J= 3 Hz, CH), 7.25 (2H, dd, J= 9 Hz, 3 Hz, CH), 3.28(12H, s, CH3); 5C (62.5 MHz, DMSO-cfe): 154.5, 149.3, 143.6, 138.1, 119.0, 116.2, 106.4,41.0; vmax (KBr)/cm'1: 3755, 3381, 1614, 1599, 1527, 1395, 1179, 1073; m/z (ESI): 283.2 (100%, [M-ZnCI3]+).

Synthesis 13 3,6-Bis(dimethylamino)-1,9-dimethylthioxanthylium zinc trichloride

4,4’-Bis(dimethylamino)-2,2-dimethyldiphenylmethane

Hydrochloric acid (1.5 cm3, 10 M) was added drop wise to a solution of 3-N,N-trimethylaniline (5.00 g, 37.0 mmol) in methanol (10 cm3) cooled to 5°C. Formalin (1.50 cm3, 40% in water) was added and the reaction allowed to stand at 6°C for 48 hours. The resulting colourless crystals were collected by filtration, washed with cold methanol (5 cm3) and dried under reduced pressure (4.13 g, 79%). δΗ (250 MHz, CDCI3): 6.77 (2H, d, J= 8.5 Hz, CH), 6.64 (2H, d, J= 3 Hz, CH), 6.54 (2H, dd, J= 8.5, 3 Hz, CH), 3.75 (2H, s, CH2), 2.91 (12 H, s, CH3), 2.24 (6H, s CH3); 5C (62.5 MHz, CDCI3): 149.2, 137.1, 129.9, 127.7, 114.9, 110.7,41.0,34.9,20.2; vmax (KBr)/cnT1: 3341,3328, 1613, 1507, 1344, 1330, 1226, 1059, 1010,841,799; m/z (ESI): 283.2 (100%, [M+H]+). 3,6-Bis(dimethylamino)-1,9-dimethylthioxanthylium zinc trichloride

Adapted from R. H. Nealey, J. S. Driscoll, J. Hetero. Chem. 1966, 3, 228.

Sulphur (907 mg, 28.4 mmol) was added in small portions with vigorous stirring to fuming sulphuric acid (5.0 cm3) over a 15 minute period. The reaction was cooled to 5°C and 4,4’-bis(dimethylamino)-2,2-dimethyldiphenylmethane (1.00 g, 3.55 mmol) was added at such a rate to maintain the temperature below 20 °C. The reaction was then stirred at ambient temperature for 90 minutes and then poured into 30 cm3 of ice. The resulting red mixture was boiled for 1 hour and then allowed to cool to ambient temperature before filtration. A 40% aqueous solution of zinc chloride was added to the filtrate until a green colour was observed. The mixture was cooled in an ice bath and the solid collected by filtration. This precipitation was repeated and the resulting solid was dried overnight under reduced pressure to give the target material as a green solid (98 mg, 6%). δΗ (250 MHz, DMSO-d6)\ 8.58 (1H, s, CH), 7.19 (2H, s, CH), 7.17 (2H, s, CH), 3.24 (12H, s, CH3), 2.84 (6H, s, CH3); δ0 (62.5 MHz, DMSO-d6): 154.1, 145.7, 144.2, 141.6, 118.1, 116.7, 104.6,40.9,20.2; m/z (ESI): 311.2 (100%, [M-ZnCI3]+).

Synthesis 14 3,7-Bis(dimethylamino)phenazinium chloride

N, N-dimethyl-1,3-phenylenediamine A/,A/-dimethyl-3-nitroaniline (3.00 g, 18.1 mmol) was dissolved in ethanol (40 cm3). Tin dichloride (16.3 g, 72.0 mmol) was added and the reaction heated under reflux for 16 h. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool before the bulk of the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The remaining residue was poured in to water (100 cm3), and basified with sodium hydroxide (3M). The mixture was extracted with chloroform (3 x 30 cm3). The combined extracts were dried over sodium sulphate, filtered and the solvent removed under reduced pressure to give the product as a brown oil (2.01 g, 82%). δΗ (250 MHz, CDCI3): 7.02 (1 H, t, J= 8 Hz, CH), 6.23 (1 H, dd, J= 6 Hz, J= 3 Hz, CH), 6.12 (1 H, t, J = 3 Hz, CH), 6.09 (1H, s, CH), 2.94 (6H, s, CH3); 5C (62.5 MHz, CDCI3): 151.8, 147.4, 129.9, 104.3, 103.8,99.6,40.7; vmax (neat)/cnT1: 2879, 2800, 1611, 1504, 1443, 1354, 1260, 1174, 994. N-[3-(dimethylamino)phenyl]methanesulphonamide

Methanesulphonyl chloride (838 mg, 7.35 mmol) was added slowly to a cooled solution (5 °C) of A/,/V-dimethyl-1,3-phenylenediamine (1.00 g, 7.35 mmol) and sodium hydroxide (5M, 1.5 cm3) in water (10 cm3). The reaction was allowed to warm to room temperature overnight. The mixture was extracted with chloroform (3 x 15 cm3). The combined extracts were dried over sodium sulphate, filtered and the solvent removed under reduced pressure. Column chromatography (1:20 methanol/dichloromethane) gave the target material as a brown oil (1.24 g, 79%). δΗ (250 MHz, CDCIs): 7.20 (1H, t, J= 8 Hz, CH), 6.55 - 6.47 (3H, m, CH), 3.00 (3H, s, CH3), 2.95(6H, s, CH3); 5C (62.5 MHz, CDCI3): 151.6, 137.8, 130.1, 109.5, 108.5, 104.6, 40.8, 38.7; vmax (neat)/cm1: 2929, 2806, 1607, 1511, 1394, 1321, 1231, 1148, 1004, 940; 3,7-Bis(dimethylamino)phenazinium chloride

Adapted from D. F. Gloster, L. Cincotta, J. W. Foley, J. Heterocyclic Chem. 1999, 36, 25. A/,A/-dimethyl-1,4-phenylenediamine hydrochloride (402 mg, 2.34 mmol) in water (40 cm3) was added slowly to A/-[3-(dimethylamino)phenyl]methanesulphonamide (500 mg, 2.34 mmol) in methanol (20 cm3). A saturated solution of potassium dichromate (1 cm3) was added and the mixture refluxed for 15 min. The mixture was cooled and diluted with water (80 cm3), acidified with hydrochloric acid (1M) and then extracted with chloroform (3 x 30 cm3). The combined extracts were dried over sodium sulphate, filtered and the solvent removed under reduced pressure. Column chromatography (1:9 methanol/dichloromethane) gave the target material as a green solid (153 mg, 22%). δΗ (250 MHz, CDCI3): 7.90 (2H, d, J= 10 Hz, CH), 7.35 (2H, dd J= 10 Hz, J= 3 Hz, CH), 7.02 (2H, d, J= 3 Hz, CH), 3.18 (12H, s, CH3); vmax (KBr)/cm“1: 2854, 1596, 1506, 1475, 1428, 1338, 1167, 1142, 807.

Synthesis 15 3,7-Bis(dimethylamino)oxazinium chloride

3,7-Bis(dimethylamino)oxazinium chloride

Adapted from A. Kanitz, H, Hartmann, Eur, J, Org, Chem. 1999, 923. 3-Dimethylaminophenol (910 mg, 6.67 mmol), /V,/V-dimethyl-4-nitrosoaniline (1.00 g, 6.67 mmol) and perchloric acid (1 cm3) were heated together in ethanol (20 cm3) for 5 min.

The reaction was left to stand at room temperature overnight. The resulting solid was collected by filtration and washed with EtOAc (2x5 cm3). Column chromatography (1:9 methanol/dichloromethane) gave the product as a green/blue solid (13 mg, 1%). δΗ (250 MHz, CD3OD): 7.80 (2H, d, J= 10 Hz , CH), 7.41 (2H, dd, J= 10 Hz, 3 Hz, CH), 6.96 (2H, d, J= 3 Hz, CH), 3.31 (12H, s, CH3); vmax (KBr)/cm 1:1607, 1526, 1490, 1397, 1346, 1179, 1094, 772.

Synthesis 16 3,6-Bis-(dimethylamino)xanthylium nitrate

5,5’-Bis-(dimethylamino)-2,2’-methandiyl-di-phenol 3-(Dimethylamino)phenol (3.00 g, 21.87 mmol) was added to MeOH (30 cm3). The mixture was cooled to 6 °C in ice before HCI (1.24 cm3, 10.93 mmol, 32 %) was added. Formalin (842 μΙ, 10.93 mmol, 39 %) was added to the reaction mixture. The reaction was stirred at ~6 °C for 22 h after which TLC analysis [2:3 EtOAc/Hexane (Rf: 0.3)] showed the reaction to be complete. The reaction mixture was poured into H20 (40 cm3) and the resulting mixture neutralised by the addition of an aqueous solution of NaHC03 (sat.). The mixture was extracted with DCM (3 x 30 cm3) and the combined extracts dried (Na2S04). The solvent was removed under reduced pressure to yield a purple solid. Column chromatography (2:3 EtOAc/Hexane) gave the product as a purple solid (1.74 g, 56 %). δΗ (250 MHz, CDCI3): 7.05 (2Η, d, J= 8 Hz, 2ArH), 6.27 (2H, d, J= 8 Hz, 2ArH), 6.13 (2H, s, 2ArH), 3.73 (2H, s, CH2), 2.75 (12H, s, 4CH3); 5C (62.5 MHz, CDCI3): 153.5, 150.9, 130.8, 116.5, 106.5, 101.2, 41.0, 29.8; vmax (KBr)/crn 1: 3366, 2975, 2929, 1626, 1561, 1519, 1438, 1362, 1241, 1142, 1112, 980; m/z (ESI): 287.17 (100%, [M+H]+). 3,6-Bis-(dimethylamino)xanthylium nitrate H2S04 (1.6 cm3, 98 %) was added to H20 (160 □ I) and cooled to 6 °C in ice. δ,δ^ίβ-(dimethylamino)-2,2’-methandiyl-di-phenol (440 mg, 1.40 mmol) was added and the mixture heated to 90 °C under N2 for 17 h. The resulting solution was cooled to 6 °C in ice and H20 (4 cm3) added. The mixture was neutralised by the addition of NaOH (40 %) whilst maintaining a reaction temperature of less than 15 °C. HCI (800 μΙ, 32 %) was added and the reaction stirred at 20 °C for 30 min. under N2. FeCI3.6H20 (755 mg, 2.80 mmol) in H20 (4 cm3) was added and the mixture heated to 90 °C for 2 h in air. The reaction was allowed to cool to room temperature overnight whereupon a green oil precipitated. The bulk pinkish solution was decanted and the remaining oil taken up in MeOH (20 cm3). The mixture was filtered and the solvent removed under vacuum. The oil was dissolved in H20 (8 cm3) and HN03 (few drops, 70 %) was added slowly until a purple/green solid precipitated. This was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum overnight to give the product as a green solid (190 mg, 41 %). δΗ (250 MHz, DMSO-d6): 8.72, (1H, s ArH), 7.83 (2H, d, J= 7 Hz, 2ArH), 7.17 (2H, d, J = 7 Hz, 2ArH), 6.83 (2H, s, 2ArH), 3.27 (12H, s, 4CH3); δ0 (62.5 MHz, CDCI3): 157.8, 157.7, 145.9, 132.8, 114.1, 114.0, 95.9,39.6; vmax (KBrycnV1: 2921, 1653, 1604, 1528, 1497, 1384, 1168, 918; m/z (ESI): 267.15 (100%, [M-N03]+).

Synthesis 17 3,6-Bis-diethylamino-9-(4-diethylanilino)xanthylium nitrate

5,5’-Bis-dimethylamino-2,2’-(4-diethylaminobenzilidine)-di-phenol 3-Dimethylamino-phenol (5.00 g, 30.30 mmol) was added to MeOH (20 cm3). HCI (1.73 cm3, 15.15 mmol, 32 %) was then added to the mixture. 4-diethylamino-benzaldehyde (2.68 g, 15.15 mmol) was added to the reaction mixture. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 20 h after which TLC analysis [2:3 EtOAc/Hexane (Rf: 0.25)] showed the reaction to be complete. The reaction mixture was poured into H20 (40 cm3) and the resulting mixture neutralised by the addition of an aqueous solution of NaHC03 (sat.).

The mixture was extracted with DCM (3 x 40 cm3) and the combined extracts dried (Na2S04). The solvent was removed under reduced pressure to yield a red oil. Column chromatography (2:3 EtOAc/Hexane) gave the product as a red solid (4.15 g, 57 %). δΗ (250 MHz, CDCI3): 7.03 (2H, d, J= 8 Hz, 2ArH), 6.71 (2H, d, J= 8 Hz, 2ArH), 6.57 (2H, d, J= 8 Hz, 2ArH), 6.23 - 6.18 (2H, m, 2ArH), 6.21 (2H, s, 2ArH), 5.33 (1H, s, CH), 4.98 (2H, bs, OH), 3.33 - 3.24 (12H, m, 6CH2), 1.12 (18H, t, J= 7 Hz, 6CH3); 5C (100 MHz, CDCI3): 155.1, 148.3, 146.7, 130.5, 130.2, 130.1, 128.1, 116.1, 112.1, 104.7, 100.0, 44.3, 44.0, 12.7, 12.6; vmax (KBr)/cnT1: 2969, 2929, 2869, 1618, 1516, 1465, 1399, 1374, 1355, 1266, 1228, 1199, 1094; m/z (ESI): 490.34 (100%, [M+H]+). 3,6-Bis-diethylamino-9-(4-diethylanilino)xanthylium nitrate H2S04 (5.4 cm3, 98 %) was added to H20 (600 μΙ) and cooled to 5 °C in ice. 5,5’-Bis-dimethylamino-2,2’-(4-diethylaminobenzilidine)-di-phenol (2.00 g, 4.19 mmol) was added and the mixture heated to 150 °C under N2 for 3 h. The resulting solution was cooled to 5 °C in ice and H20 (20 cm3) added. The mixture was neutralised by the addition of NaOH (40 %) whilst maintaining a reaction temperature of less than 20 °C. HCI (4 cm3, 32 %) was added and the reaction stirred at 5 °C for 2 h under N2. FeCI3.6H20 (2.26 g, 8.39 mmol) in H20 (20 cm3) was added and the mixture heated to 90 °C for 2 h in air. The reaction was allowed to cool to room temperature overnight. NaCI was added until a precipitate appeared. The solid was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum. The solid was extracted with MeOH (40 cm3). The solvent was removed under vacuum to yield a green solid. This material was dissolved in H20 (12 cm3) and HN03 (1 cm3, 70 %) was added slowly until a purple/green solid precipitated. After 10 min the solid was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum to give the product as a green solid (1.11 g, 50 %). δΗ (250 MHz, CD3OD): 7.50 - 7.40 (4H, m, 4ArH), 7.20 - 7.03 (4H, m, 4ArH), 6.93 (2H, s, 2ArH), 3.72 - 3.45 (12H, m, 6CH2), 1.30 - 1.15 (18H, t, J = 7 Hz, 6CH3); 5C(100 MHz, CDCI3): 159.6, 157.3, 156.5, 141.3, 133.4, 123.5, 115.9,97.7, 54.5, 47.1, 13.0, 11.2; vmax (KBr)/cm'1: 1646, 1594, 1473, 1419, 1384, 1349, 1186, 1073; m/z (ESI): 470.32 (100%, [M-N03]+).

Synthesis 18 3,6-Bis-diethylamino-9-(4-nitrophenyl)xanthylium nitrate

5,5’-Bis-dimethylamino-2,2’-(4-nitrobenzilidine)-di-phenol 3-Dimethylamino-phenol (3.00 g, 18.18 mmol) was added to MeOH (30 cm3). HCI (1.04 cm3, 9.09 mmol, 32 %) was then added to the mixture. 4-nitro-benzaldehyde (1.37 g, 9.09 mmol) was added to the reaction mixture. The reaction was heated to 40 °C for 18 h and the 50 °C for 24 h after which TLC analysis [1:1 EtOAc/Hexane (Rf: 0.3)] showed the reaction to be almost complete. The reaction mixture was poured into H20 (40 cm3) and the pH of resulting mixture basified by the addition of an aqueous solution of NaHC03 (sat.). The mixture was extracted with DCM (3 x 30 cm3) and the combined extracts dried (Na2S04). The solvent was removed under reduced pressure to yield a red oil. Column chromatography (1:1 EtOAc/Hexane) gave the product as an orange red solid (2.84 g, 69 %). δΗ (250 MHz, CDCI3): 8.11 (2H, d, J= 8 Hz, 2ArH), 7.34 (2H, d, J= 8 Hz, 2ArH), 6.65 (2H, d, J= 8 Hz, 2ArH), 6.20 - 6.15 (4H, m, 4ArH), 5.71 (1H, s, CH), 3.27 (8H, q, J= 7 Hz, 4CH2), 1.11 (12H, t, J=7Hz, 4CH3); 5C (100 MHz, CDCI3): 154.5, 151.8, 148.4, 146.2, 130.6, 130.0, 123.4, 115.1, 104.9, 99.8, 44.4, 43.9, 12.6; vmax (KBr)/cnV1: 2971, 1618, 1559, 1540, 1522, 1457, 1343, 1375, 1228, 1094; m/z (ESI): 464.25 (100%, [M+H]+). 3,6-Bis-diethylamino-9-(4-nitrophenyl)xanthylium nitrate H2S04 (1.2 cm3, 98 %) was added to H20 (120 μΙ) and cooled to 5 °C in ice. 5,5’-Bis-dimethylamino-2,2’-(4-nitrobenzilidine)-di-phenol (400 mg, 0.863 mmol) was added and the mixture heated to 70 °C under N2 for 20 h and then at 90 °C for 29 h. The resulting solution was cooled to 6 °C in ice and H20 (4 cm3) added. The mixture was neutralised by the addition of NaOH (20 %) whilst maintaining a reaction temperature of less than 16 °C. HCI (1.2 cm3, 32 %) was added and the reaction stirred at 19 °C for 30 min under N2. FeCI3.6H20 (467 mg, 1.73 mmol) in H20 (4 cm3) was added and the mixture heated to 88 °C for 3 h in air. The reaction was allowed to cool to 20 °C overnight. The resulting green precipitate was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum overnight. This material was dissolved in H20 (4 cm3) and HN03 (few drops, 70 %) was added slowly until a purple/green solid precipitated. After 10 min the solid was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum. Column chromatography (1:9 MeOH/DCM) gave the product as a green solid (243 mg, 56 %). δΗ (250 MHz, CD3OD): 8.53 (2H, d, J= 7 Hz, 2ArH), 7.76 (2H, d, J= 7 Hz, 2ArH), 7.30 (2H, d, J= 7 Hz, 2ArH), 7.10 (2H, d, J= 7 Hz, 2ArH), 7.02 (2H, s, 2ArH), 3.83 - 3.57 (8H, m, 4CH2), 1.44- 1.18(12H, m, 4CH3);6c(100 MHz, CD3OD): 158.0, 155.9, 154.5, 148.9, 138.7, 131.1, 130.8, 123.6, 114.4, 112.8, 96.2,45.5, 11.4;vmax (KBr)/cm1: 2977, 1647, 1593, 1467, 1384, 1347, 1184, 1074; m/z (ESI): 444.23 (100%, [M-N03]+).

Synthesis 19 1,1,7,7,11,11,17,17-Octamethyl-2,3,6,7,12,13,16,17-octahydro-1 H,5H,11 H,15H-diquinolizino[1,9-bc;1 ’,9’-hi]xanthylium nitrate

3-Methoxy-N,N-Bis(3-methylbut-2-ene)aniline

Uddin, M. J., Marnett L., J., Organic Letters, 10, 2008, 4799.

To a solution of anisidine (5.00 g, 40 65 mmol) in CH3CN (20 cm3), K2C03 (11.22 g, 80.13 mmol) and 1-chloror-3-methylbut-2-ene (8.49 g, 80.13 mmol) were added. Molecular sieves (4 A, 10 g) were added and the reaction stirred at room temperature for 48 h. The resulting mixture was filtered and the solid washed with CH3CN (2x15 cm3). The solvent was removed from the filtrate under reduced pressure. Column chromatography [1:1 40:60 petrol/DCM (Rf\ 0.4)] gave the product as a colourless oil (8.54 g, 81 %). δΗ (250 MHz, CDCI3): 7.14 - 7.07 (1H, m, ArH), 6.32 (1H, d, J = 8 Hz, ArH), 6.30 - 6.25 (2H, m, 2ArH), 5.23 - 5.19 (2H, m, 2CH), 3.84 (4H, d, J = 6 Hz, 2CH2), 3.77 (3H, s, OCH3), 1.72 (6H, s, 2CH3), 1.70 (6H, s, 2CH3); 5C (62.5 MHz, CDCI3): 160.8, 150.5, 134.1, 129.8, 121.8, 105.9, 101.0,99.1,55.1,48.4, 25.8, 18.0; vmax (neat)/cm1: 2967, 2927, 1671, 1610, 1498, 1452, 1376, 1327, 1263, 1214, 1164, 1060, 1043, 986, 941; m/z (ESI): 260.20 (100%, [M+H]+). 3-Methoxy-N,N-Bis(3-methylbut-2-ene)aniline hydrochloride

Based on Uddin, M. J., Marnett L., J., Organic Letters, 10, 2008, 4799. 3-Methoxy-A/,/V-Bis(3-methylbut-2-ene)aniline (7.50 g, 28.96 mmol) was dissolved in EtOH (20 cm3). HCI (9.65 cm3, 32 %) was added and the reaction mixture stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The solvent was removed under vacuum overnight to yield the product as a colourless sticky solid (8.33 g, 97 %). h □ (250 MHz, DMSOck): 7.55 - 7.35 (3H, m, 3ArH), 7.04 - 6.95 (1H, m, ArH), 5.30 -5.02 (2H, m, 2CH), 4.30 - 4.01 (4H, m, 2CH2), 3.78 (3H, s, OCH3), 1.56 (6H, s, 2CH3), 1.52 (6H, s, 2CH3); 1.1.7.7- tetramethyl-8-hydroxyjulolidine 3-Methoxy-A/,A/-Bis(3-methylbut-2-ene)aniline hydrochloride (7.00 g, 17.68 mmol) was added to methanesulphonic acid (70 cm3). The resulting solution was heated to 95 °C for 24 h. It was then cooled to room temperature and ice water (140 cm3) added. The mixture was neutralised by the addition of NH4OH (sat.) and then extracted with CHCI3 (3 x 60 cm3). The extracts were dried (Na2S04) and the solvent removed under reduced pressure. Column chromatography [3:2 40:60 petrol/DCM (Rf: 0.25)]gave the product as a pink solid (3.04 g, 52 %). δΗ (250 MHz, CDCI3): 6.89 (1H, d, J= 8 Hz, ArH), 6.00 (1H, d, J= 8 Hz, ArH), 4.50 (1H, s, OH), 3.09 - 2.99 (4H, m, 2CH2), 1.80 - 1.72 (4H, m, 2CH2), 1.42 (6H, s, 2CH3), 1.24 (6H, s, 2CH3);5c (62.5 MHz, CDCI3): 153.2, 143.6, 125.0, 124.3, 116.8, 105.3, 47.8, 47.4, 40.6, 37.4, 32.4, 32.3, 29.2; vmax (KBr)/cm 1: 2953, 2928, 2859, 2826, 1586, 1424, 1385, 1272, 1165, 1133, 1102, 952, 800; m/z (ESI): 246.19 (100%, [M+H]+). 7.7- Methylene-bis( 1,1,7,7-tetramethyl-8-hydroxyjulolidine) dihydrochloride 1.1.7.7- tetramethyl-8-hydroxyjulolidine (800 mg, 3.27 mmol) was added to MeOH (10 cm3). HCI (186 μΙ, 1.63 mmol, 32 %) was then added to the mixture. Formalin (122 μΙ, 1.63 mmol, 39 %) was added to the reaction mixture. The reaction was heated to 60 °C for 16 h and the after which TLC analysis [3:7 EtOAc/Hexane {Rf. 0.6)] showed the reaction to be complete. The reaction volume was reduced by half under reduced pressure and the remainder cooled to ~ 6 °C overnight. The resulting precipitate was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum to give the product as a green solid (494 mg, 60 %). δΗ (250 MHz, DMSO-Cfe): 8.95 (2H, bs, 20H), 7.08 (2H, s, 2ArH), 3.90 (2H, s, CH2), 3.39 -3.25 (4H, m, 2CH2), 2.19-1.86 (4H, m, 2CH2), 1.41 (6H, s, 2CH3), 1.17 (6H, s, 2CH3); vmax (KBr)/cm'1: 3390, 2960, 2928, 2619, 2531, 1472, 1428, 1386, 1361, 1265, 1177; m/z (ESI): 503.36 (100%, [M-HCI2]+). 1,1,7,7,11,11,17,17-Octamethyl-2,3,6,712,13,16,17-octahydro- 1H,5H, 11H, 15H-diquinolizino[1,9-bc;1 ’,9’-hi]xanthylium nitrate H2S04 (600 μΙ, 98 %) was added to H20 (60 μΙ) and cooled to 5 °C in ice. 7,7-Methylene-bis(1,1,7,7-tetramethyl-8-hydroxyjulolidine) dihydrochloride (200 mg, 0.348 mmol) was added and the mixture heated to 50 °C under N2 for 4 h and then 65 °C for 2 h. The resulting solution was cooled to 6 °C in ice and H20 (2 cm3) added. The mixture was neutralised by the addition of NaOH (20 %) whilst maintaining a reaction temperature of less than 18 °C. HCI (400 μΙ, 32 %) was added and the reaction stirred at 20 °C for 30 min under N2. FeCI3.6H20 (188 mg, 0.696 mmol) in H20 (1 cm3) was added and the mixture heated to 89 °C for 3 h in air. The reaction was allowed to cool to room temperature overnight. The resulting solid was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum overnight. This material was dissolved in H20 (20 cm3) and HN03 (70 %) was added slowly until a green solid precipitated. After 10 min the solid was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum to give the product as a green solid (126 mg, 66 %). δΗ (250 MHz, CD3OD): 8.29 (1H, s, ArH), 7.58 (2H, d, J= 8 Hz, 2ArH), 3.66 (4H, t, J= 6 Hz, 2CH2), 3.57 (4H, t, J= 5 Hz, 2CH2), 1.87 (4H, t, J= 5 Hz, 2CH2), 1.82 (4H, t, J= 6 Hz, 2CH2), 1.71 (13H, s, 4CH2), 1.37 (12H, s, 4CH3); 5C (100 MHz, CD3OD): 154.3, 151.8, 144.3, 132.9, 126.7, 114.3, 114.2, 38.8, 33.8, 31.9, 31.6, 27.8, 27.6; vmax (KBr)/cm'1: 2957, 1596, 1507, 1384, 1309, 1202, 1038; m/z (ESI): 483.34 (100%, [M-N03]+).

Synthesis 20 3,6-Bis-morpholino-xanthylium nitrate

N-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)morpholine

Pd(OAc)2 (78 mg, 0.347 mmol) was added to morpholine (1.81 g, 20.81 mmol) and 3-bromophenol (3.00 g, 17.34 mmol) under N2. 2,8,9-triisobutyl-2,5,8,9-tetraaza-1-phosphabicyclo[3,3,3]undecane (238 mg, 0.694 mmol), LiHMDS (39.88 cm3, 1 M in THF) and dry toluene (80 cm3) were added sequentially. The mixture was heated to 80 °C for 18 h, before being cooled to room temperature. The solvent was removed under vacuum and the residue extracted with hot EtOAc/DCM (1:1,200 cm3). The mixture was filtered and the solvent removed. Column chromatography [1:1 EtOAc/DCM (Rf: 0.25)] gave the product as an off-white solid (2.38 g, 77 %). δΗ (250 MHz, CDCI3): 7.14 - 7.08 (1H, m, ArH), 6.48 (1H, d, J= 8 Hz, ArH), 6.36 - 6.32 (2H, m, 2ArH), 5.82 (1H, bs, OH), 3.85 (4H, t, J= 5 Hz, 2CH2), 3.11 (4H, t, J= 5 Hz, 2CH2); 5c (62.5 MHz, CDCI3): 156.9, 152.6, 130.2, 108.2, 107.6, 103.2, 66.8, 49.4; vmax (KBr)/cm1: 3242, 2974, 2816, 1610, 1582, 1491, 1448, 1267, 1191, 1104, 1064, 975, 773; m/z (ESI): 180.10 (100%, [M+H]+). 5,5’-Bis-morpholino-2,2’-methandiyl-di-phenol N-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)morpholine (2.00 g, 11.17 mmol) was added to MeOH (25 cm3). The mixture was cooled to 5 °C in ice before HCI (637 μΙ, 5.89 mmol, 32 %) was added. Formalin (419 μΙ, 5.89 mmol, 39 %) was added to the reaction mixture. The reaction was stirred at 5 °C for 18 h, and then at room temperature for 24 h. The reaction mixture was poured into H20 (40 cm3) and the resulting mixture neutralised by the addition of an aqueous solution of NaHC03 (sat.). The mixture was extracted with DCM (3 x 30 cm3) and the combined extracts dried (Na2S04). The solvent was removed under reduced pressure. Column chromatography [4:1 EtOAc/Hexane (Rf\ 0.3)] gave the product as a purple solid (684 mg, 33 %). δΗ (250 MHz, DMSO-Cfe): 9.08 (2H, s, OH), 6.76 (2H, d, J= 8 Hz, 2ArH), 6.35 (2H, s, 2ArH), 6.29 (2H, d, J= 8 Hz, 2ArH), 3.72 - 3.68 (8H, m, 4CH2), 3.59 (2H, s, CH2), 2.98 -2.94 (8H, m, 4CH2); 5C (62.5 MHz, DMSO-cfe): 155.3, 150.5, 130.4, 118.7, 106.5, 102.2, 66.2,49.0, 28.0; vmax(KBr)/cm'1:3246, 2965, 2825, 1618, 1584, 1527, 1451, 1261, 1191, 1112, 981,882; m/z (ESI): 371.19 (100%, [M+H]+). 3,6-Bis-(morpholino)xanthylium nitrate H2S04 (900 μΙ, 98 %) was added to H20 (100 μΙ) and cooled to room temperature. 5,5’-bis-morpholino-2,2’-methandiyl-di-phenol (300 mg, 0.811 mmol) was added and the mixture heated to 140 °C under N2 for 3 h. The resulting solution was cooled to room temperature and H20 (2 cm3) added. The mixture was neutralised by the addition of NaOH (40 %) whilst maintaining a reaction temperature of less than 15 °C. HCI (600 μΙ, 32 %) was added and the reaction stirred at room temperature for 30 min. under N2. FeCI3.6H20 (438 mg, 1.62 mmol) in H20 (2 cm3) was added and the mixture heated to 90 °C for 2 h in air. The reaction was allowed to cool to room temperature. The resulting solid was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum. This material was dissolved in H20 (10 cm3) and HN03 (300 μΙ, 70 %) was added slowly until a green solid precipitated. After 10 min the solid was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum to give the product as a green solid (198 mg, 67 %). δΗ (250 MHz, CD3OD): 8.70 (1H, s, ArH), 7.87 (2H, d, J= 7 Hz, 2ArH), 7.37 (2H, d, J= 7 Hz, 2ArH), 7.15 (2H, s, 2ArH), 3.86 - 3.85 (8H, m, 4CH2), 3.79 - 3.67 (8H, m, 4CH2); δ0 (100 MHz, CD3OD): 158.4, 157.9, 146.5, 133.3, 115.2, 114.6, 96.9, 66.0, 46.9; vmax (KBr)/cm'1: 2865, 1598, 1489, 1384, 1244, 1170, 1109, 1034, 903; m/z (ESI): 351.17 (100%, [M-N03]+).

Synthesis 21 3,6-Bis-piperidino-xanthylium nitrate

N-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)piperidine

Pd(OAc)2 (129 mg, 0.578 mmol) was added to piperidine (2.95 g, 34.68 mmol) and 3-bromophenol (5.00 g, 28.90 mmol) under N2. 2,8,9-triisobutyl-2,5,8,9-tetraaza-1-phosphabicyclo[3,3,3]undecane (397 mg, 1.16 mmol), LiHMDS (66.50 cm3,1 M in THF) and dry toluene (110 cm3) were added sequentially. The mixture was heated to 80 °C for 18 h, before being cooled to room temperature. H20 (50 cm3) was added and the layers separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with toluene (3 x 30 cm3). The combined organics were dried (Na2S04) and the solvent removed under reduced pressure. Column chromatography [3:7 EtOAc/Hexane (Rf\ 0.4)] gave the product as an off-white solid (2.56 g, 50 %). δΗ (250 MHz, CDCI3): 7.11 - 7.04 (1H, m, ArH), 6.52 (1H, d, J= 8 Hz, ArH), 6.35 (1H, s, ArH), 6.29 (1H, d, J= 8 Hz, ArH), 5.84 (1H, bs, OH), 3.08 (4H, t, J= 5 Hz, 2CH2), 1.75 -1.62 (4H, m, 2CH2), 1.60 - 1.50 (2H, m, CH2); 5C (62.5 MHz, CDCI3): 156.7, 153.4, 130.0, 109.3, 107.4, 104.6, 51.0, 25.5, 24.2; vmax (KBr)/cnT1: 3064, 2959, 2937, 2921,2856, 1597, 1503, 1454, 1276, 1201, 1133, 1104, 971,877; m/z (ESI): 178.12(100%, [M+H]+). 5,5’-Bis-piperidino-2,2’-methandiyl-di-phenol N-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)piperidine (1.50 g, 8.52 mmol) was added to MeOH (20 cm3). The mixture was cooled to 5 °C in ice before HCI (486 μΙ, 4.26 mmol, 32 %) was added. Formalin (327 μΙ, 4.26 mmol, 39 %) was added to the reaction mixture. The reaction was stirred at 5 °C for 18 h, and then at 30 °C for 18 h. The reaction mixture was poured into H20 (30 cm3) and the resulting mixture neutralised by the addition of an aqueous solution of NaHC03 (sat.)· The mixture was extracted with DCM (3 x 30 cm3) and the combined extracts dried (Na2S04). The solvent was removed under reduced pressure. Column chromatography (3:7 EtOAc/Hexane (Rf: 0.4)] gave the product as a purple/pink solid (886 mg, 57 %). δΗ (250 MHz, CDCI3): 7.06 (2H, d, J= 8 Hz, ArH), 6.44 (2H, d, J= 8 Hz, ArH), 6.23 (2H, s, ArH), 3.72 (2H, s, CH2), 2.96 - 2.83 (8H, m, 4CH2), 1.70 - 1.56 (8H, m, 4CH2), 1.56 - 1.40 (4H, m, 2CH2);5c (62.5 MHz, CDCI3): 153.4, 151.7, 130.8, 119.9, 110.1, 105.4, 51.3, 30.2, 25.4, 24.2; vmax (KBr)/cnT1: 3268, 2928, 2854, 2798, 1618, 1577, 1522, 1497, 1447, 1383, 1253, 1177, 1115, 969; m/z (ESI): 367.24 (100%, [M+H]+). 3,6-Bis-(piperidino)xanthylium nitrate H2S04 (900 μΙ, 98 %) was added to H20 (100 μΙ) and cooled to room temperature. 5,5’-bis-piperidino-2,2’-methandiyl-di-phenol (350 mg, 0.956 mmol) was added and the mixture heated to 140 °C under N2 for 3 h. The resulting solution was cooled to room temperature and H20 (5 cm3) added. The mixture was neutralised by the addition of NaOH (40 %) whilst maintaining a reaction temperature of less than 20 °C. HCI (700 μΙ, 32 %) was added and the reaction stirred at room temperature for 30 min. under N2. FeCI3.6H20 (516 mg, 1.91 mmol) in H20 (3 cm3) was added and the mixture heated to 80 °C for 2 h in air. The reaction was allowed to cool to room temperature overnight whereupon a green oil precipitated. The bulk pinkish solution was decanted and the remaining oil taken up in fresh H20 (8 cm3). HN03 (few drops, 70 %) was added slowly until a green solid precipitated. This was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum. Column chromatography (1:9 MeOH/DCM (Rf\ 0.2)] gave the product as a green solid (117 mg, 30 %). δΗ (250 MHz, CD3OD): 8.51 (1H, s, ArH), 7.77 (2H, d, J= 9 Hz, ArH), 7.30 (2H, d, J= 9 Hz, ArH), 7.07 (2H, s, ArH), 3.86 - 3.72 (8H, m, 4CH2), 1.90 - 1.66 (12H, m, 6CH2); δ0 (100 MHz, CD3OD): 158.5, 157.1, 144.9, 133.1, 114.5, 96.6, 46.9,25.7, 23.9; vmax (KBr)/cm‘1: 2928, 1653, 1577, 1560, 1490, 1384, 1244, 1169, 1017; m/z (ESI): 347.21 (100%, [M-N03]+).

Synthesis 22 3,6-Bis-pyrolidino-xanthylium nitrate

N-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)pyrolidine

Pd(OAc)2 (129 mg, 0.578 mmol) was added to pyrolidine (2.46 g, 34.68 mmol) and 3-bromophenol (5.00 g, 28.90 mmol) under N2. 2,8,9-triisobutyl-2,5,8,9-tetraaza-1-phosphabicyclo[3,3,3]undecane (397 mg, 1.16 mmol), LiHMDS (66.50 cm3,1 M in THF) and dry toluene (110 cm3) were added sequentially. The mixture was heated to 80 °C for 18 h, before being cooled to room temperature. H20 (50 cm3) was added and the layers separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with toluene (3 x 40 cm3). The combined organics were dried (Na2S04) and the solvent removed under reduced pressure. Column chromatography [3:7 EtOAc/Hexane (Rf: 0.5)] gave the product as an off-white solid (1.92 g, 51 %). δΗ (250 MHz, CDCI3): 7.10 - 7.04 (1H, m, ArH), 6.18 - 6.11 (2H, m, 2ArH), 6.05 (1H, s, ArH), 4.70 (1 H, bs, OH), 3.30 - 3.20 (4H, m, 2CH2), 2.01 - 1.96 (4H, m, 2CH2); 5C (62.5 MHz, CDCI3): 156.5, 149.5, 130.1, 104.8, 102.5, 98.7,47.7, 25.5; vmax (KBr)/cm'1: 3315, 2979, 2891,2852, 1618, 1578, 1518, 1491, 1459, 1217, 1202, 1170, 817; m/z (ESI): 164.11 (100%, [M+H]+). 5,5’-Bis-pyrolidino-2,2’-methandiyl-di-phenol N-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)pyrolidine (1.00 g, 6.13 mmol) was added to MeOH (15 cm3). HCI (350 μΙ, 3.07 mmol, 32 %) was then added. Formalin (236 μΙ, 3.07 mmol, 39 %) was added to the reaction mixture. The reaction was stirred at room temperature overnight, and then at 30 °C for 24 h. The reaction mixture was poured into H20 (30 cm3) and the resulting mixture neutralised by the addition of an aqueous solution of NaHC03 (sat.).

The mixture was extracted with DCM (3 x 30 cm3) and the combined extracts dried (Na2S04). The solvent was removed under reduced pressure. Column chromatography [3:7 EtOAc/Hexane (Rf\ 0.3)] gave the product as an off-white solid (384 mg, 37 %). δΗ (250 MHz, CDCI3): 7.01 (2H, d, J= 8 Hz, ArH), 6.92 (2H, bs, OH), 6.05 (2H, d, J= 8 Hz, 2ArH), 5.93 (2H, s, ArH), 3.72 (2H, s, CH2), 3.13 - 3.00 (8H, m, 4CH2), 1.96 - 1.85 (8H, m, 4CH2); 5c (62.5 MHz, CDCI3): 153.2, 148.2, 130.8, 114.9, 105.3, 99.5, 47.7, 29.7, 25.4; vmax (KBr)/cnT1: 3389, 2967, 2834, 1624, 1560, 1515, 1483, 1431, 1371, 1204, 1176, 1126; m/z (ESI): 339.21 (100%, [M+H]+). 3,6-Bis-(pyrolidino)xanthylium nitrate H2S04 (500 μΙ, 98 %) was added to H20 (50 μΙ) and cooled to room temperature. 5,5’-bis-pyrollidino-2,2’-methandiyl-di-phenol (150 mg, 0.419 mmol) was added and the mixture heated to 140 °C under N2 for 3 h. The resulting solution was cooled to room temperature and ice H20 (1 cm3) added. The mixture was neutralised by the addition of NaOH (40 %) whilst maintaining a reaction temperature of less than 20 °C. HCI (300 μΙ, 32 %) was added and the reaction stirred at room temperature for 30 min. under N2. FeCI3.6H20 (226 mg, 0.838 mmol) in H20 (1 cm3) was added and the mixture heated to 90 °C for 2 h in air. The reaction was allowed to cool to room temperature overnight. The resulting solid was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum. This material was dissolved in H20 (5 cm3) and HN03 (few drops, 70 %) was added slowly until a green solid precipitated. After 10 min the solid was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum to give the product as a green solid (121 mg, 71 %). δΗ (250 MHz, CD3OD): 8.51 (1H, s, ArH), 7.74 (2H, d, J= 9 Hz, ArH), 7.00 (2H, d, J= 9 Hz, 2ArH), 6.72 (2H, s, ArH), 3.69 - 3.52 (8H, m, 4CH2), 2.23 - 2.10 (8H, m, 4CH2); δ0 (100 MHz, CDCI3): 157.4, 155.0, 145.6, 132.8, 114.7, 114.0, 96.2,47.0, 24.7; vmax (KBr)/cm1: 2961,2865, 1652, 1601, 1518, 1384, 1345, 1165, 820; m/z (ESI): 319.18 (100%, [Μ-ΝΟ3Γ).

Synthesis 23 3.6- Bis-morpholino xanthene dihydrochloride

3.6- Bis-morpholino xanthene dihydrochloride H2S04 (1 cm3, 98 %) was added to water (100 μΙ) and the mixture cooled to room temperature. 5,5’-Bis-morpholino-2,2’-methandiyl-di-phenol (300 mg, 0.811 mmol) was added portion wise with stirring. The mixture was then heated at 140 °C for 3 h under nitrogen. The resulting solution was cooled to room temperature before the addition of ice water (5 cm3). The mixture was neutralised by the slow addition of sodium hydroxide (40% in water) keeping the temperature below 20 °C. The resulting pink precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with water (2x3 cm3). The intermediate was added to a solution of methanol (5 cm3) and HCI (600 μΙ, 32%) and stirred for 30 min until homogeneous. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the solid dried under vacuum overnight to give the product as a purple solid (276 mg, 80 %). δΗ (250 MHz, DMSO-d6): 7.24 (2H, d, J= 8 Hz, 2ArH), 7.10 - 7.00 (2H, m, 2ArH), 7.05 (2H, s, 2ArH), 3.94 (2H, s, CH2), 3.92 - 3.81 (8H, m, 4CH2), 3.35 - 3.27 (8H, m, 4CH2); vmax (KBr)/cm1: 2916, 2866, 2637, 2581, 1649, 1597, 1487, 1459, 1384, 1246, 1167, 1118, 1058; m/z (ESI): 353.19 (100%, [M-HCI2]+).

Synthesis 24 3.6- Bis-pyrrolidino xanthene dihydrochloride

3.6- Bis-pyrolidino xanthene dihydrochloride H2S04 (900 μΙ, 98 %) was added to water (100 μΙ) and the mixture cooled to room temperature. 5,5’-Bis-pyrolidino-2,2’-methandiyl-di-phenol (100 mg, 0.296 mmol) was added portion wise with stirring. The mixture was then heated at 140 °C for 3 h under nitrogen. The resulting solution was cooled to room temperature before the addition of ice water (5 cm3). The mixture was neutralised by the slow addition of sodium hydroxide (40 %) keeping the temperature below 20 °C. The resulting precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with water (5 cm3). The intermediate was added to a solution of methanol (5 cm3) and HCI (400 μΙ, 32%) and stirred for 30 min until homogeneous. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the solid dried under vacuum overnight to give the product as a purple solid (84 mg, 72 %). δΗ (250 MHz, DMSO-cfe): 7.13 (2H, d, J= 8 Hz, ArH), 6.70 - 6.58 (6H, m, 6ArH), 3.87 (2H, s, CH2), 3.40 - 3.29 (4H, m, 4CH2), 2.10 -1.94 (4H, m, 4CH2); vmax (KBr)/cm'1: 2984, 2658, 1604, 1508, 1492, 1384, 1345, 1221, 1164, 1117, 1059, 1000; m/z (ESI): 321.20 (100%, [M-HCI2]+).

Synthesis 25 3,6-Bis-piperidino xanthene dihydrochloride

3,6-Bis-piperidino xanthene dihydrochloride H2S04 (900 μΙ, 98 %) was added to water (100 μΙ) and the mixture cooled to room temperature. 5,5’-Bis-piperidino-2,2’-methandiyl-di-phenol (350 mg, 0.956 mmol) was added portion wise with stirring. The mixture was then heated at 140 °C for 3 h under nitrogen. The resulting solution was cooled to room temperature before the addition of ice water (5 cm3). The mixture was neutralised by the slow addition of sodium hydroxide (40 %) keeping the temperature below 20 °C. The resulting pink precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with water (2x5 cm3). The intermediate was added to a solution of methanol (5 cm3) and HCI (600 μΙ, 32%) and stirred for 30 min until homogeneous. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the solid dried under vacuum overnight to give the product as a purple solid (298 mg, 74 %). δΗ (250 MHz, DMSO-d6)\ 7.73 (2H, s, ArH), 7.65 (2H, d, J= 8 Hz, ArH), 6.47 (2H, d, J= 8 Hz, ArH), 4.12 (2H, s, CH2), 3.64 - 3.47 (8H, m, 4CH2), 2.20 - 1.89 (8H, m, 4CH2), 1.77 -1.57 (4H, m, 2CH2); vmax (KBr)/cnT1: 2951,2522, 1613, 1504, 1479, 1447, 1412, 1300, 1272, 1225, 1198, 1154, 1119; m/z (ESI): 349.23 (100%, [M-HCI2]+).

Synthesis 26 2,6,10-tris-diethylamino-4,8,12-trioxatrianguleum hexafluorophosphate

Laursen, B. W., Krebs, F. C., Nielsen, M. F., Bechgaard, K., Christensen, J. B., Harrit, N., Journal of the American Chemical Society, 120, 1998, 12255.

Tris-(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)carbenium tetrafluoroborate

PhLi (20 cm3, 35.71 mmol, 1.8 M dibutyl ether) was added to trimethoxybenzene (5.00 g, 29.76 mmol) in dry benzene (20 cm3) under N2. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 5 days. Diethyl carbonate (1.17 g, 9.22 mmol) in benzene (30 cm3) was added and the reaction heated to reflux for 3 days, before being cooled to room temperature. The reaction mixture was poured into NaOFI (60 cm3, 1 M). the mixture was extracted with diethyl ether (3 x 40 cm3) and the combined extracts dried (MgS04). FIBF4 (2.3 cm3, 48 %) was added to the solution and the resulting precipitate collected by filtration and dried under vacuum. The solid was dissolved in CFI3CN (30 cm3) and Fl20 was added until precipitation of the product occurred. The bulk solution was decanted and the residue dried under vacuum. Column chromatography [1:9 MeOFI/DCM {Rf\ 0.2)] gave the product as a green solid (1.68 g, 28 %). δΗ (250 MHz, CDCI3): 6.04 (6H, s, 6ArH), 3.97 (9H, s, 30CH3), 3.57 (18H, s, 6OCH3); vmax (KBr)/cm'1: 2941,1594, 1560, 1474, 1420, 1260, 1229, 1166, 1118, 1084, 1060, 1022; m/z (ESI): 513.21 (100%, [M-HBF4]+).

Tris(4-diethylamino-2,6-dimethoxyphenyl) carbenium hexafluorophosphate

Tris-(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)carbenium tetrafluoroborate (270 mg, 0.450 mmol) was dissolved in NMP (3 cm3). Diethylamine (7.56 g, 0.103 mol) was added and the reaction stirred at room temperature for 9 days. The mixture was then poured into an aqueous solution of KPF6 (20 cm3, 0.2 M). The mixture was then stirred at room temperature for 1 h, collected by filtration and dried under vacuum to give the product as a green/blue solid (295 mg, 84 %) δΗ (250 MHz, CDCI3): 5.71 (6H, s, 6ArH), 3.60 - 3.21 (30H, m, 6OCH3 and 6CH2), 1.24 (18H, t, J=7 Hz, 6CH3); 5c (100 MHz, CDCI3): 163.3, 153.9, 114.9,88.4, 56.0, 45.2, 13.0 (1 carbon missing); vmax (KBr)/cm1: 2974, 1595, 1507, 1458, 1386, 1340, 1269, 1124, 1076, 843; m/z (ESI): 636.40 (100%, [M-HPF6]+). 2,6,10-Tris-diethylamino-4,8,12-trioxatrianguleum hexafluorophosphate

Tris(4-diethylamino-2,6-dimethoxyphenyl) carbenium hexafluorophosphate (250 mg, 0.32 mmol) and Li I (428 mg, 3.20 mmol) were added to NMP (25 cm3). The mixture was heated to 170 °C for 4 h under N2. The reaction was allowed to cool to room temperature overnight before being poured into an aqueous solution of KPF6 (125 cm3, 0.2 M). The resulting orange precipitate was collected by filtration, and then dissolved in DCM (100 cm3). The solution was washed with an aqueous solution of KPF6 (2 x 30 cm3, 0.2 M), dried (Na2S04) and the solvent removed. Column chromatography [1:2 EtOAc/DCM (Rf: 0.35)] gave the product as an orange solid (96 mg, 47 %). δΗ (250 MHz, CDCI3): 6.45 (6H, s, 6ArH), 3.53 (12H, q, J= 7 Hz, 6CH2), 1.24 (18H, t, J = 7 Hz, 6CH3); δ0 (100 MHz, CDCI3): 155.8, 150.3, 94.3, 94.2, 46.0, 12.3; vmax (KBr)/cm'1: 2977, 1647, 1605, 1509, 1446, 1349, 1281, 1139, 843; m/z (ESI): 498.27 (100%, [M-HPF6]+).

Synthesis 27 3-Diethylamino-7-dimethylaminophenazinium chloride

3-Diethylamino-7-dimethylaminophenazinium chloride

Adapted from D. F. Gloster, L. Cincotta, J. W. Foley, J. Heterocyclic Chem., 36,1999, 25. A/,A/-diethyl-1,4-phenylenediamine (1.00 g, 6.17 mmol) was added slowly to dilute HCI (700 μΙ, 32%) in H20 (100 cm3). The mixture was stirred until it was homogeneous. A/-[3-(dimethylamino)phenyl]methanesulphonamide (1.32 g, 6.17 mmol) in methanol (60 cm3) was added, followed by a saturated aqueous solution of potassium dichromate (2 cm3). The mixture refluxed for 15 min. The mixture was cooled and diluted with water (200 cm3), acidified with hydrochloric acid (1M) and then extracted with chloroform (6 x 30 cm3). The combined extracts were dried over sodium sulphate, filtered and the solvent removed under reduced pressure. Column chromatography (1:9 methanol/dichloromethane) gave the target material as a green solid (451 mg, 22%). h □ (250 MHz, CDCi): 7.85 (2H, d, J= 10 Hz, 2ArH), 7.30 - 7.25 (2H, m, 2ArH), 6.97 (2H, s, 2ArH), 3.51 (4H, q, J= 7 Hz, 2CH2), 3.13 (6H, s, 2CH3), 1.26 (6H, J= 7 Hz, 2CH3); m/z (ESI): 295 (26%, [M-CI]+), 324 (100%).

Synthesis 28 3-Diethylamino-7-dimethylaminooxazinium perchlorate

3-Diethylamino-7-dimethylaminooxazinium perchlorate

Adapted from a procedure by: A. Kanitz, H, Hartmann, Eur, J, Org, Chem., 1999, 923. 3-Diethylaminophenol (1.10 g, 6.67 mmol), A/,A/-dimethyl-4-nitrosoaniline (1.00 g, 6.67 mmol) and perchloric acid (1 cm3) were heated together in ethanol (30 cm3) for 5 min.

The reaction was allowed to cool to room temperature. The resulting solid was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum overnight. Column chromatography (1:9 methanol/dichloromethane) gave the product as a green solid (184 mg, 7%). h □ (250 MHz, CDCt): 7.76 - 7.71 (2H, m , 2ArH), 7.19 - 7.14 (2H, m, 2ArH), 6.98 - 6.95 (2H, m, 2ArH), 3.75 (4H, q, J= 7 Hz, 2CH2), 3.43 (6H, s, 2CH3), 1.39 (6H, J= 7 Hz, 2CH3); m/z (ESI): 296 (100%, [M-CI]+).

Example 2 - Activity and Therapeutic Index

In vitro assay for establishing B50

This is described in detail in WO 96/30766. Briefly, a fragment of tau corresponding to the core repeat domain, which has been adsorbed to a solid phase substrate, is able to capture soluble full-length tau and bind tau with high affinity. This association confers stability against proteolytic digestion of the aggregated tau molecules. The process is self-propagating, and can be blocked selectively by prototype pharmaceutical agents.

More specifically, truncated tau (residues 297-390; dGA) diluted in carbonate buffer (pH 9.6) was bound to the assay plate, and full-length tau (T40) was added in the aqueous phase. The aqueous phase binding buffer contained 0.05% Tween-20 and 1% gelatine in phosphate-buffered saline (pH7.4). Bound tau was detected using mAb 499 that recognises an N-terminal epitope within the aqueous phase full-length tau but that fails to recognise the solid phase-bound truncated tau fragment.

The concentration of compound required to inhibit the tau-tau binding by 50% is referred to as the B50 value.

Cell-based assay for establishing EC50

The process is described in more detail in WO 02/055720. In essence, fibroblast cells (3T6) express full-length tau (“T40”) under control of an inducible promotor, and low constitutive levels of the PHF-core tau fragment (12 kD fragment). When T40 expression is induced, it undergoes aggregation-dependent truncation within the cell, N-terminally at ~ αα 295 and C-terminally at ~ αα 390, thereby producing higher levels of the 12 kD PHF-core domain fragment. Production of the 12 kD fragment can be blocked in a dose-dependent manner by tau-aggregation inhibitors. Indeed the quantitation of inhibitory activity of compounds with respect to proteolytic generation of the 12 kD fragment within cells can be described entirely in terms of the same parameters which describe inhibition of tau-tau binding in vitro. That is, the extent of proteolytic generation of the 12 kD fragment within cells is determined entirely by the extent to tau-tau binding through the repeat domain. The availability of the relevant proteases within the cell is non-limiting.

Results are expressed as the concentration at which there is a 50% inhibition of generation of the 12 kD fragment. This is referred to as the EC50 value.

Toxicity in cells - LD50 and therapeutic index (Rxi)

Toxicity of the compounds described herein was assessed in the cell based assay used to assess EC50. Toxicity was measured by cell numbers after 24 hrs exposure to the compound using a lactate dehydrogenase assay kit TOX-7(Sigma Biosciences) according to the manufacturer’s instructions after lysis of remaining cells. Alternatively a kit from Promega UK (CytoTox 96) was used, again according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

The therapeutic index (Rxl) was calculated as follows: Rxl = LD50 / EC50.

Table 2: Activity and Therapeutic Index of Compounds AtoO

NE = no effect when tested to 500 μΜ. NT = not tested B50, EC50, LD50 values are expressed as mean values (in μΜ) ± SE, with number of replications in parentheses.

Rxl = LD50/EC50.

* results from two different synthetic batches of compound E

References:

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Claims

Claims:

1. Use of a compound of formula (II) or (III):

wherein: X" is a counter ion; where Z is present: Y is O, and Z is N or C-R5; or Y is NH, and Z is N; or Y is S, and Z is C-R5; where Z is absent: Y is 0 or S; -R\ and -R2 are each independently saturated Ci.6alkyl, or R1 and R2, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound, form a saturated C3-7 heterocycle; -R3 and -R4 are each independently saturated Ci_6alkyl, or R3 and R4, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound, form a saturated C3.7 heterocycle; -R9, and -R10 are each independently saturated Ci_6alkyl; or-R9 and -R10, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound, form a saturated C3.7 heterocycle; -R11 and -R12 are each independently saturated Ci-6alkyl, or-R11 and -R12, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound, form a saturated C3.7 heterocycle; -R5 is independently -H, or saturated Ci-6alkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents -R5A, or phenyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents -R5A; each -R5A is independently selected from -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -OH, -OR6, -SH, -SR6, -CN, -NO2, -NH2, -NHR6, -NR62, -NHC(=0)R6, -NR6C(=0)R6, -C(=0)0R6, -0C(=0)R6, -C(=0)NH2, -C(=0)NHR6, and -C(=0)NR62, -C(=0)R6, -C(=0)0H, -S(=0)R6, -S(=0)2R6, and -S(=0)20H; each -R6 is independently saturated aliphatic C^alkyl, phenyl, or benzyl; -R7 and -R8 are each independently selected from: -H, saturated Ci_4alkyl, C2.4alkenyl, and halogenated Ci_4alkyl; and additionally, when Z is C-R5 and R5 is phenyl, -R7 and -R8 may each independently be a bridging group, W, which is bonded to said R5; W is O, NR17, S, or C(R17)2 wherein each R17 is independently selected from H, saturated aliphatic 014 alkyl, and R5A; with the proviso that the compound is not 3,6-bis-dimethylamino xanthylium chloride (DMAXC); in a method of treatment or prophylaxis of a tauopathy condition in a patient, or a disease of tau protein aggregation in a patient, or Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Pick’s disease, Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP), fronto-temporal dementia (FTD), fronto-temporal dementia with parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17), disinhibition-dementia-parkinsonism-amyotrophy complex (DDPAC), pallido-ponto-nigral degeneration (PPND), Guam-ALS syndrome, pallido-nigro-luysian degeneration (PNLD), cortico-basal degeneration (CBD), Dementia with Argyrophilic grains (AgD), Dementia pugilistica (DP), Down’s Syndrome (DS), Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), MCI, Niemann Pick disease, type C (NPC), Sanfilippo syndrome type B, mucopolysaccharidosis III B (MPS III B), myotonic dystrophies (DM), DM1 or DM2, or chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) in a patient.
2. The use according to claim 1, wherein X is selected from the group consisting of: NO3-, CI04, F, Cl', Br", Γ, ZnCI3", FeCI4" and PF6\
3. The use according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein -Ft5 is -FI.
4. The use according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein -Ft5 is saturated aliphatic C1.4alkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents -R5A.
5. The use according to claim 4, wherein each -Ft5A is independently selected from -F, -Cl, -Br, or-I.
6. The use according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the compound is a compound of formula (II).
7. The use according to claim 6, wherein -Ft1. -Ft2, -R3 and -R4 are each independently saturated aliphatic C1.6alkyl.
8. The use according to claim 6 or claim 7, wherein -R7 and -R8 are each independently selected from: -FI, saturated Ci.4alkyl, C2-4alkenyl, and halogenated C1.4alkyl.
9. The use according to any one of claims 6 to 8, wherein the compound is a compound of formula (lla):

wherein: X" is a counter ion; -R9, and -R10 are each independently saturated Ci-6alkyl; or-R9 and -R10, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound, form a saturated C3-7 heterocycle; -R11 and -R12 are each independently saturated C1.6alkyl, or-R11 and -R12, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound, form a saturated C3.7 heterocycle; and -R5 is as defined according to the compounds of formula (II).
10. The use according to claim 9, wherein -R9, -R10, -R11 and -R12 are each -Et.
11. The use according to claim 9, wherein R9 and R10, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound, form a saturated C3-7 heterocycle and R11 and R12, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound, independently form a saturated C3.7 heterocycle.
12. The use according to claim 11, wherein the saturated C3.7 heterocycle formed by R9 and R10 and the saturated C3.7 heterocycle formed by R11 and R12 are independently selected from: morpholine, piperidine, and pyrrolidine.
13. The use according to claim 9 wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of:
14. The use according to any one of claims 6 to 8 wherein the compound is a compound of formula (lib):

wherein: Y is 0 or NH, and Z is N; or Y is S, and Z is C-R5; and X", -R1, -R2, -R3, -R4, -R5, -R7 and -R8 are defined according to the compound of formula (II).
15. The use according to claim 14, wherein -R1, -R2, -R3, and -R4 are each -Me.
16. The use according to claim 14 or claim 15 wherein Y is S and Z is C-R5.
17. The use according to claim 14 or claim 15, wherein Y is O or NH, and Z is N.
18. The use according to claim 14 wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of: Compound Structure and Name
19. The use according to any one of claims 6 to 8 wherein the compound is a compound of formula (VI):

(VI ) wherein X, Y, W, -R1,-R2, -R3, -R4 and -R5A are as defined according to the compounds of formula (II).
20. The use according to claim 19, wherein each W is independently O.
21. The use according to claim 20 which is a compound of formula (Via): (Via

) wherein X", -R1,-R2, -R3, -R4, -R5 and -R5A are as defined according to the compounds of formula (VI).
22. The use according to claim 21 wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of: AL

2,6,10-Tris-diethvlamino-4,8,12-trioxotrianquleum hexafluorophosphate
23. The use according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the compound is a compound of formula (III).
24. The use according to claim 23, wherein -R9, -R10, -R11 and -R12 are each -Et.
25. The use according to claim 23 wherein the compound is selected from:
26. Use of a compound as defined in any one of claims 1 to 25 in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prophylaxis of a tauopathy condition in a patient, or in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prophylaxis of a disease of tau protein aggregation in a patient, or in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prophylaxis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Pick’s disease, Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP), fronto-temporal dementia (FTD), fronto-temporal dementia with parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17), disinhibition-dementia-parkinsonism-amyotrophy complex (DDPAC), pallido-ponto-nigral degeneration (PPND), Guam-ALS syndrome, pallido-nigro-luysian degeneration (PNLD), cortico-basal degeneration (CBD), Dementia with Argyrophilic grains (AgD), Dementia pugilistica (DP), Down’s Syndrome (DS), Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), MCI, Niemann Pick disease, type C (NPC), Sanfilippo syndrome type B, mucopolysaccharidosis III B (MPS III B), myotonic dystrophies (DM), DM1 or DM2, or chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) in a patient.
27. Use of a compound as defined in any one of claims 1 to 25 in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prophylaxis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in a patient.
28. The use according to any one of claims 1 to 27, wherein the compound is provided in the form of a dosage unit comprising the compound in an amount of from 20 to 300 mg and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient.
29. The use according to any one of claims 1 to 28, wherein the treatment or prophylaxis comprises administration of the compound according to the following dosage regime: about 50 or about 75 mg, 3 or 4 times daily, or wherein the treatment or prophylaxis comprises administration of the compound according to the following dosage regime: about 100 or about 125 mg, 2 times daily.
30. The use according to any one of claims 1 to 29, wherein the treatment or prophylaxis comprises oral administration of the compound.
31. The use according to any one of claims 1 to 30, wherein the treatment or prophylaxis further comprises treatment with: a cholinesterase inhibitor; donepezil, rivastigmine or galantamine; an NMDA receptor antagonist; memantine; a muscarinic receptor agonist; an inhibitor of amyloid precursor protein processing to beta-amyloid.
32. A method of reversing or inhibiting the aggregation of tau protein comprising contacting the aggregate or protein with a compound as defined in any one of claims 1 to 25.
33. A method of regulating the aggregation of a tau protein in the brain of a mammal, which aggregation is associated with a disease of tau protein aggregation, comprising the step of administering to said mammal a prophylactically or therapeutically effective amount of a compound as defined in any one of claims 1 to 25.
34. A method of treatment or prophylaxis of: a tauopathy condition; a disease of tau protein aggregation; Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Pick’s disease, Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP), fronto-temporal dementia (FTD), fronto-temporal dementia with parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17), disinhibition-dementia-parkinsonism-amyotrophy complex (DDPAC), pallido-ponto-nigral degeneration (PPND), Guam-ALS syndrome, pallido-nigro-luysian degeneration (PNLD), cortico-basal degeneration (CBD), Dementia with Argyrophilic grains (AgD), Dementia pugilistica (DP), Down’s Syndrome (DS), Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), MCI, Neumann Pick disease, type C (NPC), Sanfilippo syndrome type B, mucopolysaccharidosis III B (MPS III B), myotonic dystrophies (DM), DM1 or DM2, or chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) in a patient comprising administering to said patient a compound as defined in any one of claims 1 to 25.
35. A method of treatment or prophylaxis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in a patient, comprising administering to said patient a compound as defined in any one of claims 1 to 25.
36. Use of a compound as defined in any one of claims 1 to 25; wherein the compound incorporates, is conjugated to, is chelated with, or is otherwise associated with, one or more detectable labels in a method of diagnosis or prognosis of a tau proteinopathy.
37. Use of a compound in the manufacture of a diagnostic or prognostic reagent for use in the diagnosis or prognosis of a tau proteinopathy of patient, wherein the compound is a compound as defined in any one of claims 1 to 25; and wherein the compound incorporates, is conjugated to, is chelated with, or is otherwise associated with, one or more detectable labels.
38. A method of labelling tau protein or aggregated tau protein comprising the step of: contacting the tau protein or aggregated tau protein with a compound as defined in any one of claims 1 to 25; wherein the compound incorporates, is conjugated to, is chelated with, or is otherwise associated with, one or more detectable labels.
39. A method of detecting tau protein or aggregated tau protein comprising the steps of: contacting the tau protein or aggregated tau protein with a compound as defined in any one of claims 1 to 25; wherein the compound incorporates, is conjugated to, is chelated with, or is otherwise associated with, one or more detectable labels; and detecting the presence and/or amount of said compound bound to tau protein (or aggregated tau protein).
40. A method of diagnosis or prognosis of a tau proteinopathy in a subject believed to suffer from the disease, comprising the steps of: (i) introducing into the subject a compound as defined in any one of claims 1 to 25; wherein the compound incorporates, is conjugated to, is chelated with, or is otherwise associated with, one or more detectable labels, (ii) determining the presence and/or amount of said compound bound to tau protein or aggregated tau protein in the brain of the subject, (iii) correlating the result of the determination made in (ii) with the disease state of the subject.
41. A compound of formula (II):

wherein X is a counter ion Y is NH, and Z is N; -R1, and -R2 are each independently saturated Ci-6alkyl, or R1 and R2, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound, form a saturated C3.7 heterocycle; -R3 and -R4 are each independently saturated C1.6alkyl, or R3 and R4, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound, form a saturated C3.7 heterocycle; -R5 is independently -H, or saturated C^alkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents -R5A or phenyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents -R5A; each -R5A is independently selected from -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -OH, -OR6, -SH, -SR6, -CN, -NO2, -NH2j -NHR6, -NR62j -NHC(=0)R6, -NR6C(=0)R6, -C(=0)0R6, -0C(=0)R6, -C(=0)NH2, -C(=0)NHR6, and -C(=0)NR62, -C(=0)R6, -S(=0)R6, -S(=0)2R6, and -S(=0)20H; each -R6 is independently saturated aliphatic Ci_4alkyl, phenylor benzyl; -R7 and -R8 are each independently selected from: -H, saturated Ci_4alkyl, C24alkenyl, and halogenated Ci.4alkyl; with the proviso that the compound is not: 3.7- bis(dimethylamino)phenazinium chloride (“compound MC“); or 3.7- Bis(dimethylamino)phenazinium perchlorate (“compound MP“).
42. A compound of formula (Ila):

wherein X is a counter ion selected from N03, F", Cl, Br, Γ, ZnCI3', FeCI4" and PF6" -R9, and -R10 are each independently ethyl; or-R9 and -R10, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound, form a saturated C3.7 heterocycle; -R11 and -R12 are each independently ethyl, or-R11 and -R12, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound, form a saturated C3.7 heterocycle; and -R5 is independently -H, or saturated C2-6alkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents -R5A; each -R5A is independently selected from -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -OH, -OR6, -SH, -SR6, -ON, -NO2, -NH2j -NHR6, -NR62i -NHC(=0)R6, -NR6C(=0)R6, -C(=0)0R6, -0C(=0)R6, -C(=0)NH2, -C(=0)NHR6, and -C(=0)NR62, -C(=0)R6, -S(=0)R6, -S(=0)2R6, and -S(=0)20H; each -R6 is independently saturated aliphatic C^alkyl, or benzyl; with the proviso that the compound is not: 3.6- bis-diethylamino xanthylium chloride (“compound E”); 3.6- bis-diethylamino xanthylium iron tetrachloride (“compound G”); 3.6- bis-diethylamino xanthylium zinc trichloride (“compound Y”) 9-(2-carboxyethyl)-3,6-Bis-dimethylamino xanthylium chloride (“compound AA”) ; or 3.6- bis-dimethylamino xanthylium chloride (“DMAXC”).
43. A compound of formula (VI):

(VI ) wherein: X' is a counter ion selected from N03', CI04', F', Cl', Br', Γ, ZnCI3', FeCI4' and PF6"; Y is O or S; W is O, NR17, S, or C(R17)2 wherein each R17 is independently selected from H, saturated aliphatic Ci_4 alkyl, and R5A; -R1, and -R2 are each independently saturated C^alkyl; -R3 and -R4 are each independently saturated Ci_6alkyl; each -R5A is independently selected from -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -OH, -OR6, -SH, -SR6, -CN, -N02, -NH2, -NHR6, -NR6,, -NHC(=0)R6, -NR6C(=0)R6, -C(=0)0R6, -0C(=0)R6, -C(=0)NH2, -C(=0)NHR6, and -C(=0)NR62, -C(=0)R6, -C(=0)0H, -S(=0)R6, -S(=0)2R6, and -S(=0)20H; each -R6 is independently saturated aliphatic Ci_4alkyl, phenyl, or benzyl; with the proviso that the compound is not 2,6,10-tris-diethylamino-4,8,12-trioxotrianguleum hexafluorophosphate (“compound AL”).
44. A compound according to claim 43, of formula (Via):

(Via ) wherein: X is a counter-ion selected from N03‘, CI04", F", Cl , Br', Γ, ZnCI3', FeCI4' and PF6'; -R1, and -R2 are each independently saturated Ci_6alkyl; -R3 and -R4 are each independently saturated C^alkyl; -R5A is independently selected from -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -OH, -OR6, -SH, -SR6, -CN, -N02, -NH2, -NHR6, -NR62, -NHC(=0)R6, -NR6C(=0)R6, -C(=0)0R6, -0C(=0)R6, -C(=0)NH2, -C(=0)NHR6, and -C(=0)NR62, -C(=0)R6, -C(=0)0H, -S(=0)R6, -S(=0)2R6, and -S(=0)20H; each -R6 is independently saturated aliphatic Ci_4alkyl, phenyl, or benzyl; with the proviso that the compound is not 2,6,10-tris-diethylamino-4,8,12-trioxotrianguleum hexafluorophosphate (“compound AL”).
45. A compound of formula (III):

(III) wherein Y, X, R5, R9, R10, R11 and R12 are as defined in any one of claims 23 to 25, with the proviso that the compound is not 3,6-bis-diethylamino xanthene dihydrochloride (“compound H”).