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AU2009292931A1 - Multiheteroaryl compounds as inhibitors of H-PGDS and their use for treating prostaglandin D2 mediated diseases - Google Patents

Multiheteroaryl compounds as inhibitors of H-PGDS and their use for treating prostaglandin D2 mediated diseases Download PDF

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AU2009292931A1
AU2009292931A1 AU2009292931A AU2009292931A AU2009292931A1 AU 2009292931 A1 AU2009292931 A1 AU 2009292931A1 AU 2009292931 A AU2009292931 A AU 2009292931A AU 2009292931 A AU2009292931 A AU 2009292931A AU 2009292931 A1 AU2009292931 A1 AU 2009292931A1
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alkyl
cycloalkyl
hydrogen
substituted
trifluoromethyl
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AU2009292931B2 (en
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Stephen Douglas Barrett
Fred Lawrence Ciske
Gregory W. Endres
James Bernard Kramer
Pil Heui Lee
Kirk Lang Olson
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Cayman Chemical Co Inc
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Cayman Chemical Co Inc
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Description

WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 MULTIHETEROARYL COMPOUNDS AS INHIBITORS OF H-PGDS AND THEIR USE FOR TREATING PROSTAGLANDIN D2 MEDIATED DISEASES Cross Reference to Related Applications 5 The present invention claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/098,942 filed September 22, 2008 entitled "Multiheterocyclic Compounds for the Treatment of Allergy, Inflammation, and Immune Disorders." 10 Field of the Invention Multiheteroaryl compounds, their preparation, pharmaceutical compositions comprising these compounds, and their pharmaceutical use in 15 the prevention and treatment of prostaglandin D 2 mediated diseases and conditions that may be modulated by the inhibition of hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase (H-PGDS). Background of the Invention 20 Allergic and inflammatory disorders such as allergic rhinitis, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), allergic conjunctivitis, and atopic dermatitis affect roughly one-fifth of the world population. Symptoms arising from antigenic challenge, including bronchoconstriction, bronchial 25 hyperactivity, sneezing, nasal discharge, and nasal congestion, have been shown to correspond with the release of multiple mediators from inflammatory cells. Current therapies that effectively treat some of these symptoms have arisen out of compound classes including antihistamines, leukotriene antagonists, and corticosteroids. Many existing medicines suffer from side 30 effects such as headache, sleepiness, sedation, dyspepsia, hydrodipsia, pharyngitis, and oral candidiasis. In addition, many of these individual therapies, although treating some symptoms, may fail to address a broader range of symptoms that affect patient quality of life. Antihistamines, for 1 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 example, treat some of the most unpleasant symptoms of allergy, but have little therapeutic benefit against nasal congestion. Immunological challenge results in the release of prostaglandin D 2 5 (PGD 2 ), the primary allergic and inflammatory mediator, from inflammatory cells. PGD 2 , a metabolite of arachidonic acid, activates both the DP 1 (DP) and DP 2 (CRTH2) receptors, which play a central role in airway inflammation (Spik, I., Brenuchon, C., Angeli, V., et al. J. Immunol., 174, 2005, 3703-3708; Urade, Y., Hayaishi, 0. Vitamin and Hormones, 58, 2000, 89-120). 10 Prostaglandin D synthase (PGDS) catalyzes the conversion of the common prostanoid precursor prostaglandin H 2
(PGH
2 ) to PGD 2 . Two distinct forms of PGDS, lipocalin PGDS (L-PGDS) and hematopoietic PGDS (H PGDS) have been identified and characterized (Kapoor, M., Kojima, F., Yang, 15 L., and Crofford, L. J. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids, 76(2), 2007, 103-112; Herlong, J. L., Scott, T. R. Immunology Letters, 102, 2006, 121-131; Urade, Y., Fujimoto, N., and Hayaishi, 0. J. Biol. Chem., 260,1985, 12410-12415; Kanaoka, Y., Ago, H., Inagaki, E., et al. Cell, 90, 1997, 1085 1095). 20 OH HQ OH OH 0 OH 0 OH
PGH
2 PGD 2 L-PGDS is a glutathione-independent 26 kDa secretory protein that is 25 regarded as the major generator of PGD 2 in the central nervous system. L PGDS is involved in the regulation of sleep (Pinzar, E., Kanaoka, Y., Inui, T., Eguchi, N., Urade, Y., and Hayaishi, 0. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 97, 2000, 4903-4907) and pain (Eguchi, N., Minami, T., Shirafuji, N., et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 96, 1999, 726-730). 30 2 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 H-PGDS is a 26 kDa cytosolic protein that catalyzes the conversion of
PGH
2 to PGD 2 in a glutathione-dependent manner. This sigma class glutathione S-transferase (GST) is localized in mast cells, antigen-presenting cells, and Th2 cells, and is involved in allergic and inflammatory response 5 (Urade, Y., Mohri, I., Aritake, K., Inoue, T., Miyano, M. Functional and Structural Biology on the Lipo-network, 2006, 135-164; Kanaoka, Y., Urade, Y. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids, 69, 2003, 163-167). H-PGDS inhibition provides a novel method for preventing and/or 10 treating allergic and respiratory diseases or conditions through the suppression of PGD 2 synthesis. Most current therapies function subsequent to mast cell activation and/or degranulation and the formation and release of
PGD
2 . H-PGDS inhibitors, however, have been found to block the formation of PGD 2 in vitro (Ikai, K., Ujihara, M., Fujii, K., Urade, Y. Biochemical 15 Pharmacology, 38(16), 1989, 2673-2676). In addition, the weak H-PGDS inhibitor HQL-79 has shown antiallergic and antiasthmatic activity in vivo (Matsushita, N., Hizue, M., Aritake, K., et al. Jpn. J. Pharmacol., 78, 1998, 1 10; Matsushita, N., Aritake, K., Takada, A., et al. Jpn. J. Pharmacol., 78, 1998, 11-22). Other PGDS inhibitors have been reported (US Patent 20 Application No. US 2008/0146569 Al; PCT International Application No. WO 2007/041634 Al; PCT International Application No. WO 2005/094805 Al; PCT International Application No. WO 2007/007778). Evidence suggests that the modulation of H-PGDS activity should be of 25 therapeutic benefit in indications related to elevated PGD 2 levels. These indications include, but are not limited to, allergic rhinitis, perennial rhinitis, rhinorrhea, nasal congestion, nasal inflammation, all types of asthma, COPD, allergic conjunctivitis, arthritis, atopic dermatitis and other types of dermal inflammation, ocular inflammation, wound healing, dermal scarring, and 30 muscular necrosis (i.e. Duchenne muscular dystrophy; American Journal of Pathology, 174(5), 2009, 1735-1744). Efficacious doses of H-PGDS inhibitors may provide both therapeutic benefits and improved safety profiles over existing therapies used for these indications. Recent evidence also suggests 3 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 that PGD 2 produced by H-PGDS plays a role in fever induction (Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 60(2), 2009, 145-150). Compounds have now been found that are inhibitors of H-PGDS, and 5 at expected efficacious doses, do not significantly inhibit L-PGDS. Summary of the Invention The exemplary embodiments may be directed to multiheterocyclic 10 (multiheteroaryl) compounds of structural formulas (1) or (II), respectively, that may be used to treat or prevent allergic, inflammatory, and/or immune disorders, including the prevention and treatment of prostaglandin D 2 mediated diseases and conditions that may be modulated by the inhibition of hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase (H-PGDS), wherein R 1 , R 2 , U 1 , U 2 , 15 U 3 , U 4 , Yl, Y 2 , y 3 , y4, and W, are defined herein: R2 N WsR R2 N6 R Y 2
-Y
3
Y
4 R 2 U3-U 4 R 2 U (I) (II) Another aspect of the exemplary embodiments may be a 20 pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically effective amount of a compound according to either of formulas (1) or (II), or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 25 Another aspect of the exemplary embodiments may be directed to a method of treating immunological disorders, particularly allergic and/or inflammatory disorders, and more particularly disorders such as allergic rhinitis, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), arthritis, dermal inflammation, ocular inflammation, wound healing, and dermal 30 scarring in a patient in need thereof by administering to the patient a 4 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 compound according to either formula (1) or (II), or a hydrate, solvate, or N oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Detailed Description of the Invention 5 The exemplary embodiments may be directed bicyclic heteroaryl compounds of formulas (1) or (II), respectively, their preparation, pharmaceutical compositions comprising these compounds, and their pharmaceutical use in the prevention and treatment of prostaglandin D 2 mediated diseases and conditions that may be modulated by the inhibition of 10 hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase (H-PGDS). The compound of formula (1), according to one exemplary embodiment, is shown below: y1N WR1
U
1 ly y y2
R
2 U3-U 4 15 (') wherein:
R
1 is (C 1
-C
6 )-alkyl, (C 3
-C
6 )-cycloalkyl, phenyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, or 20 4-pyridyl; wherein each phenyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, or 4-pyridyl of R 1 may be optionally substituted with no more than two of each or a combination of fluoro, hydroxy, -CH 2 OH, carboxy, carboxymethyl, or carboxyethyl;
R
2 is -(CH 2 )nZ' or -(CH2)nZ2 25 n is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; Z' is hydrogen, OR , C(O)R 3 , C0 2
R
3 , C(O)NR 4
R
5 , SO 2
NR
4
R
5 , S0 2
R
3 , (C1-C 6 )-alkyl, (C 3
-C
6 )-cycloalkyl, (C 3
-C
6 )-alkenyl, (C 3
-C
6 )-alkynyl, (C 6
-C
1 4 )-aryl, 5 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 R7 (C6-C14 aryl)
(CH
2 )pCF 3 , a five- to ten-membered heteroaryl, R7 R7 R7 (3- to 10-membered heterocycle) (5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) R7 , R 7 ,or a three- to ten-membered heterocycle; wherein any one nitrogen atom of any heterocycle containing one or more nitrogen atoms that may be substituted 5 with a non-ring atom are substituted with -(CH2)qQ;
Z
2 is cyano, trifluoromethyl, (CF 2 )pCF 3 , SR 3 , NR 4
R
5 , N(H)C(O)R 3 , N(H)C0 2
R
3 , N(H)C(O)NR 4
R
5 , N(H)S0 2
R
3 , vinyl, or ethynyl when n is 1, 2, 3 or 4; 10 Z2 may also be cyano, trifluoromethyl, (CF 2 )pCF 3 , SR 3 , NR 4
R
5 ,
N(H)C(O)R
3 , N(H)C0 2
R
3 , N(H)C(O)NR 4
R
5 , N(H)S0 2
R
3 , vinyl, or ethynyl when n is 0, except when R 2 is covalently bonded to a U 1 , U 2 , U 3 , or U 4 that is a nitrogen atom; 15
R
3 is hydrogen, (C 1
-C
6 )-alkyl, trifluoromethyl, (C 3
-C
6 )-alkenyl, (C3-C6) alkynyl, (CH 2 )m(C3-C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (CH 2 )mphenyl, (CH 2 )m-(five- to ten membered heteroaryl), or (CH 2 )m(three- to ten-membered heterocycle), wherein any one nitrogen atom of any heterocycle containing one or more 20 nitrogen atoms that may be substituted with a non-ring atom are substituted with -(CH2)qQ; m is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; 25 q is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; Q is hydrogen, (C 1
-C
6 )-alkyl, (CH 2 )pCF 3 , (C3-C6)- alkenyl, (C3-C6) alkynyl, (C 3
-C
6 )-cycloalkyl, (C 6
-C
14 )-aryl, C(O)R 3 , C0 2
R
3 , C(O)NR 4
R
5 , a three to six-membered heterocycle, or a five- to ten-membered heteroaryl when q is 30 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; 6 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 Q may also be cyano, trifluoromethyl, or SO 2
NR
4
R
5 when q is 1, 2, 3, or 4; 5 Q may also be hydroxy, (C 1
-C
6 )-alkoxy, sulfhydryl, -S-(C 1
-C
6 )-alkyl, or
NR
4
R
5 when q is 2, 3, or 4; p is 1, 2, or 3; 10 R3 may also be vinyl or ethynyl when R 3 is not covalently bonded to an N or 0 atom; R3 may also be vinyl or ethynyl when R 3 is not covalently bonded to an S atom possessing a -2 (minus 2) oxidation state; 15
R
4 and R 5 are independently hydrogen, (C 1
-C
6 )-alkyl, (C 3
-C
6 )-alkenyl,
(C
3
-C
6 )-alkynyl, (CH 2 )m(C3-C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (CH 2 )mphenyl, (CH 2 )m-(three- to ten membered heterocycyl), or (CH 2 )m-(five- to ten-membered heteroaryl); 20 the NR 4
R
5 group of any C(O)NR 4
R
5 , SO 2
NR
4
R
5 , NR 4
R
5 , or
N(H)C(O)NR
4
R
5 may also form a pyrrolidine, a piperidine, a morpholine, a thiomorpholine, or a thiomorpholine S-dioxide; the NR 4
R
5 group of any C(O)NR 4
R
5 , SO 2
NR
4
R
5 , NR 4
R
5 , or 25 N(H)C(O)NR 4
R
5 may also form a piperazine ring, wherein the other nitrogen atom of the piperazine ring is substituted with hydrogen, (C 1
-C
6 )-alkyl,
CH
2
CF
3 , (C 3
-C
6 )-cycloalkyl, CH 2
(C
3
-C
6 )-cycloalkyl, phenyl, benzyl, hydroxyethyl, or hydroxypropyl; 30 phenyl or heteroaryl rings of Z' and Z 2 are optionally substituted with one-to-three of any one or combination of the following: halo, hydroxy, sulfhydryl, (C 1
-C
3 )-alkoxy, (C 1
-C
3 )-alkyl, (C1 -C 3 )-alkylthio, trifluoromethyl, 7 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 trifluoromethoxy, cyano, carboxy, carboxy(C 1
-C
3 )-alkyl, carbamoyl, or sulfamoyl; W is a covalent bond, 0, S, SO, SO 2 , CH 2 , CHOH, CO, or NH; 5
U
1 , U 2 , U 3 , U 4 , and a carbon atom form a five-membered heteroaryl ring; wherein one of U 1 , U 2 , U 3 , and U 4 of the five-membered heteroaryl ring is covalently bonded to the R 2 group; wherein the U 1 , U 2 , U 3 , or U 4 that is covalently bonded to the R 2 group is a carbon atom or a nitrogen atom; 10 wherein when the U 1 , U 2 , U 3 , or U 4 that is covalently bonded to the R 2 group is a nitrogen atom, one, two, or all of the other three of the group consisting of
U
1 , U 2 , U 3 , and U 4 is N and each remaining of the group consisting of U 1 , U 2 ,
U
3 , and U 4 that is not N is C-R 6 ; wherein when the U 1 , U 2 , U 3 , or U 4 that is covalently bonded to the R 2 group is a carbon atom, one of the other three of 15 the group consisting of U 1 , U 2 , U 3 , and U 4 is N-R 6 , 0, or S, and each of remaining of the group consisting of U 1 , U 2 , U 3 , and U 4 is C-R 6 or N;
Y
1 , Y 2 , y 3 , a nitrogen atom, and two carbon atoms form a six membered heteroaryl ring; wherein no more than one of the group consisting 20 of Y 1 , Y 2 , and Y 3 is N; and wherein all Y', Y 2 , and Y 3 that are not N are C-R6; each R 6 is independently hydrogen, methyl, trifluoromethyl, or amino; and 25 each R 7 is independently hydrogen or methyl; or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. 30 Another exemplary embodiment may be directed to a compound of formula (II): 8 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813
R
6 N\_ R1
R
2 U3-U 4 (II) wherein: 5 R 1 is (C 1
-C
6 )-alkyl, (C 3 -C)-cycloalkyl, phenyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, or 4 pyridyl; wherein each phenyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, or 4-pyridyl of R 1 may be optionally substituted with no more than two of each or a combination of fluoro, hydroxy, -CH 2 OH, carboxy, carboxymethyl, or carboxyethyl; 10 R 2 is -(CH 2 )nZl or -(CH2) n is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; Z' is hydrogen, OR , C(O)R 3 , C0 2
R
3 , C(O)NR 4
R
5 , SO 2
NR
4
R
5 , S0 2
R
3 , 15 (C1-C 6 )-alkyl, (C 3
-C
6 )-cycloalkyl, (C 3
-C
6 )-alkenyl, (C 3
-C
6 )-alkynyl, (C 6
-C
14 )-aryl, (C6-C14 aryl)
(CH
2 )pCF 3 , a five- to ten-membered heteroaryl, R7 R 7 R 7 (3- to 10-membered heterocycle) (5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) R7 , R7 , or a three- to ten-membered heterocycle; wherein any one nitrogen atom of any heterocycle containing one or more nitrogen atoms that may be substituted 20 with a non-ring atom are substituted with -(CH2)qQ;
Z
2 is cyano, trifluoromethyl, (CF 2 )pCF 3 , SR 3 , NR 4
R
5 , N(H)C(O)R 3 , N(H)C0 2
R
3 , N(H)C(O)NR 4
R
5 , N(H)S0 2
R
3 , vinyl, or ethynyl when n is 1, 2, 3 or 4; 25 Z2 may also be cyano, trifluoromethyl, (CF 2 )pCF 3 , SR 3 , NR 4
R
5 ,
N(H)C(O)R
3 , N(H)C0 2
R
3 , N(H)C(O)NR 4
R
5 , N(H)S0 2
R
3 , vinyl, or ethynyl when 9 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 n is 0, except when R 2 is covalently bonded to a U 1 , U 2 , U 3 , or U 4 that is a nitrogen atom;
R
3 is hydrogen, (C 1 -C)-alkyl, trifluoromethyl, (C 3
-C
6 )-alkenyl, (C3-C6) 5 alkynyl, (CH 2 )m(C3-C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (CH 2 )mphenyl, (CH 2 )m-(five- to ten membered heteroaryl), or (CH 2 )m(three- to ten-membered heterocycle); wherein any one nitrogen atom of any heterocycle containing one or more nitrogen atoms that may be substituted with a non-ring atom are substituted with -(CH2)qQ; 10 m is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; q is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; 15 Q is hydrogen, (C 1
-C
6 )-alkyl, (CH 2 )pCF 3 , (C3-C6)- alkenyl, (C3-C6) alkynyl, (C 3
-C
6 )-cycloalkyl, (C 6
-C
14 )-aryl, C(O)R 3 , C0 2
R
3 , C(O)NR 4
R
5 , a three to six-membered heterocycle, or a five- to ten-membered heteroaryl when q is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; 20 Q may also be cyano, trifluoromethyl, or SO 2
NR
4
R
5 when q is 1, 2, 3, or 4; Q may also be hydroxy, (C 1
-C
6 )-alkoxy, sulfhydryl, -S-(C 1
-C
6 )-alkyl, or
NR
4
R
5 when q is 2, 3, or 4; 25 p is 1, 2, or 3; R3 may also be vinyl or ethynyl when R 3 is not covalently bonded to an N or 0 atom; 30 R3 may also be vinyl or ethynyl when R 3 is not covalently bonded to an S atom possessing a -2 (minus 2) oxidation state; 10 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813
R
4 and R 5 are independently hydrogen, (C 1
-C
6 )-alkyl, (C 3
-C
6 )-alkenyl,
(C
3
-C
6 )-alkynyl, (CH 2 )m(C3-C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (CH 2 )mphenyl, (CH 2 )m-(three- to ten membered heterocycyl), or (CH 2 )m-(five- to ten-membered heteroaryl); 5 the NR 4
R
5 group of any C(O)NR 4
R
5 , SO 2
NR
4
R
5 , NR 4
R
5 , or
N(H)C(O)NR
4
R
5 may also form a pyrrolidine, a piperidine, a morpholine, a thiomorpholine, or a thiomorpholine S-dioxide; the NR 4
R
5 group of any C(O)NR 4
R
5 , SO 2
NR
4
R
5 , NR 4
R
5 , or 10 N(H)C(O)NR 4
R
5 may also form a piperazine ring, wherein the other nitrogen atom of the piperazine ring is substituted with hydrogen, (C 1
-C
6 )-alkyl,
CH
2
CF
3 , (C 3
-C
6 )-cycloalkyl, CH 2
(C
3
-C
6 )-cycloalkyl, phenyl, benzyl, hydroxyethyl, or hydroxypropyl; 15 phenyl or heteroaryl rings of Z' and Z 2 are optionally substituted with one-to-three of any one or combination of the following: halo, hydroxy, sulfhydryl, (C 1
-C
3 )-alkoxy, (C 1
-C
3 )-alkyl, (C1-C 3 )-alkylthio, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, cyano, carboxy, carboxy(C 1
-C
3 )-alkyl, carbamoyl, or sulfamoyl; 20 W is a covalent bond, 0, S, SO, SO 2 , CH 2 , CHOH, CO, or NH;
U
1 , U 2 , U 3 , U 4 , and a carbon atom form a five-membered heteroaryl ring; wherein one of U 1 , U 2 , U 3 , and U 4 of the five-membered heteroaryl ring is 25 covalently bonded to the R 2 group; wherein the U 1 , U 2 , U 3 , or U 4 that is covalently bonded to the R 2 group is a carbon atom or a nitrogen atom; wherein when the U 1 , U 2 , U 3 , or U 4 that is covalently bonded to the R 2 group is a nitrogen atom, one, two, or all of the other three of the group consisting of
U
1 , U 2 , U 3 , and U 4 is N and each remaining of the group consisting of U 1 , U 2 , 30 U 3 , and U 4 that is not N is C-R 6 ; wherein when the U 1 , U 2 , U 3 , or U 4 that is covalently bonded to the R 2 group is a carbon atom, one of the other three of the group consisting of U 1 , U 2 , U 3 , and U 4 is N-R 6 , 0, or S, and each of remaining of the group consisting of U 1 , U 2 , U 3 , and U 4 is C-R 6 or N; 11 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813
Y
4 is 0, S, or N-R ; each R 6 is independently hydrogen, methyl, trifluoromethyl, or amino; 5 and each R 7 is independently hydrogen or methyl; or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically 10 acceptable salt or solvate thereof. A more specific subset of exemplary embodiments derived from formula (1) are shown below individually as formulas (Ill)-(XIX), respectively. 15 One such exemplary embodiment may be directed to a compound of formula (Ill) X4 N, x2 Z --(CH2-Ys x R 6 R 6 N R 6 (Ill) wherein: 20 each X', X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , and X 5 is independently hydrogen or fluoro, with no more than two of X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , and X 5 being fluoro;
Y
3 is CH or N; 25 each R 6 is independently hydrogen, methyl, trifluoromethyl, or amino; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; 12 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 Z' is hydrogen, OR , C(O)R 3 , C0 2
R
3 , C(O)NR 4
R
5 , SO 2
NR
4
R
5 , S0 2
R
3 , (C1-C 6 )-alkyl, (C 3
-C
6 )-cycloalkyl, (C 3
-C
6 )-alkenyl, (C 3
-C
6 )-alkynyl, (C 6
-C
1 4 )-aryl, (C6-C14 aryl)
(CH
2 )pCF 3 , a five- to ten-membered heteroaryl, R7 R 7 R 7 (3- to 10-membered heterocycle) (5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) R7 , R7 , or a 5 three- to ten-membered heterocycle; wherein any one nitrogen atom of any heterocycle containing one or more nitrogen atoms that may be substituted with a non-ring atom are substituted with -(CH2)qQ;
R
3 is hydrogen, (C 1
-C
6 )-alkyl, trifluoromethyl, (C 3
-C
6 )-alkenyl, (C3-C6) 10 alkynyl, (CH 2 )m(C3-C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (CH 2 )mphenyl, (CH 2 )m-(five- to ten membered heteroaryl), or (CH 2 )m-(three- to ten-membered heterocycle); wherein any one nitrogen atom of any heterocycle containing one or more nitrogen atoms that may be substituted with a non-ring atom are substituted with -(CH2)qQ; 15
R
4 and R 5 are independently hydrogen, (C 1
-C
6 )-alkyl, (C 3
-C
6 )-alkenyl,
(C
3
-C
6 )-alkynyl, (CH 2 )m(C3-C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (CH 2 )mphenyl, (CH 2 )m-(three- to ten membered heterocycyl), (CH 2 )m-(five- to ten-membered heteroaryl); 20 the NR 4
R
5 group of any C(O)NR 4
R
5 , SO 2
NR
4
R
5 , NR 4
R
5 , or
N(H)C(O)NR
4
R
5 may also form a pyrrolidine, a piperidine, a morpholine, a thiomorpholine, or a thiomorpholine S-dioxide; the NR 4
R
5 group of any C(O)NR 4
R
5 , SO 2
NR
4
R
5 , NR 4
R
5 , or 25 N(H)C(O)NR 4
R
5 may also form a piperazine ring, wherein the other nitrogen atom of the piperazine ring is substituted with hydrogen, (C 1
-C
6 )-alkyl,
CH
2
CF
3 , (C 3
-C
6 )-cycloalkyl, CH 2
(C
3
-C
6 )-cycloalkyl, phenyl, benzyl, hydroxyethyl, or hydroxypropyl; 30 m is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; 13 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 q is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; Q is hydrogen, (C 1
-C
6 )-alkyl, (CH 2 )pCF 3 , (C 3
-C
6 )-alkenyl, (C3-C6) 5 alkynyl, (C 3
-C
6 )-cycloalkyl, (C 6
-C
14 )-aryl, C(O)R 3 , C0 2
R
3 , C(O)NR 4
R
5 , a three to six-membered heterocycle, or a five- to ten-membered heteroaryl; Q may also be cyano, trifluoromethyl, or SO 2
NR
4
R
5 when q is 1, 2, 3, or 4; 10 Q may also be hydroxy, (C 1
-C
6 )-alkoxy, sulfhydryl, -S-(C 1
-C
6 )-alkyl, or
NR
4
R
5 when q is 2, 3, or 4; p is 1, 2, or 3; 15 phenyl or heteroaryl rings of Z' are optionally substituted with one-to three of any one or combination of the following: halo, hydroxy, sulfhydryl, (Cl
C
3 )-alkoxy, (C1 -C 3 )-alkyl, (C 1
-C
3 )-alkylthio, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, cyano, carboxy, carboxy(C 1
-C
3 )-alkyl, carbamoyl, or sulfamoyl; and 20
R
7 is hydrogen or methyl; or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. 25 Another exemplary embodiment may be directed to a compound of formula (IV): 14 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 x4 N Ny 3
X
1 Zl-(CH2)N R (IV) or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein n, Z 1 , R 6 , Y 3 , X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , and X 5 are as defined above for a compound of Formula (Ill). 5 Another exemplary embodiment may be directed to a compound of formula (V): x4 N~ Zl-(CH2)n N
R
6 (V) or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically 10 acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein n, Z 1 , R 6 , Y 3 , X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , and X 5 are as defined above for a compound of Formula (IV). Another exemplary embodiment may be directed to a compound of formula (VI): N 0 x Zl-(CH2) IN!53 13 R 6 N x
R
6 15 (VI) or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein each X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , and X 5 is 15 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 independently hydrogen or fluoro, with no more than two of X', X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , and
X
5 being fluoro; and wherein n, Z 1 , R 6 , and Y 3 are as defined above for a compound of Formula (1). 5 Another exemplary embodiment may be directed to a compound of formula (VII): N 0 x RI 6o N Xx N X Z1--(CH2)n R (VII) or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein n, Z 1 , R 6 , Y 3 , X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , and X 5 10 are as defined above for a compound of Formula (VI). Another exemplary embodiment may be directed to a compound of formula (Vlll): x5 Zl--(CIH2)n!! C x2 R 6 N R 6 (Vill) 15 or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein n, Z 1 , R 6 , Y 3 , X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , and X 5 are as defined above for a compound of Formula (VI). Another exemplary embodiment may be directed to a compound of 20 formula (IX): 16 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 x5 N X4
Z'(CH
2 )N
R
6 IN X
R
6 (IX) or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein each X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , and X 5 is independently hydrogen or fluoro, with no more than two of X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , and 5 X 5 being fluoro; and wherein n, Z 1 , R 6 , and Y 3 are as defined above for a compound of Formula (1). Another exemplary embodiment may be directed to a compound of formula (X): 10 (X) or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein n, Z 1 , R 6 , Y 3 , X', X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , and X 5 are as defined above for a compound of Formula (IX). 15 Another exemplary embodiment may be directed to a compound of formula (Xl): o x 4
R
6 -< N II x2x N Z 6 R (xI) 17 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein n, Z 1 , R 6 , Y 3 , X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , and X 5 are as defined above for a compound of Formula (IX). 5 Another exemplary embodiment may be directed to a compound of formula (XII): x5 N W X R6
Z'-(CH
2 )n
R
6 (XII) or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein W is a covalent bond, oxygen atom 10 (0), or carbonyl group (CO), and wherein each X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , and X 5 is independently hydrogen or fluoro, with no more than two of X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , and
X
5 being fluoro; and wherein n, Z 1 , R 6 , and Y 3 are as defined above for a compound of Formula (1). 15 Another exemplary embodiment may be directed to a compound of formula (XIll): X5 N W X 4 R6
R
6 X1 x N-N Z1 (CH 2 )n (XIII) or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein n, Z 1 , R 6 , Y 3 , W, X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , and 20 X 5 are as defined above for a compound of Formula (XII). Another exemplary embodiment may be directed to a compound of formula (XIV): 18 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 x5 6 N W
X
4 Z'--(CH2)nX1X R6
R
6 (XIV) or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein n, Z 1 , R 6 , Y 3 , W, X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , and X5 are as defined above for a compound of Formula (XII). 5 Another exemplary embodiment may be directed to a compound of formula (XV): x5 N yW x 4
Z
1
-(CH
2 )n 3 9NxN x 2
R
6 (XV) or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically 10 acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein W is a covalent bond, oxygen atom (0), or carbonyl group (CO); and wherein each X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , and X 5 is independently hydrogen or fluoro, with no more than two of X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , and
X
5 being fluoro; and wherein n, Z 1 , R 6 , and Y 3 are as defined above for a compound of Formula (1). 15 Another exemplary embodiment may be directed to a compound of formula (XVI): x5 R N R 6 N'C
X
1 x N-N x2 Z1-(CH 2 )n (XVI) 19 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein n, Z 1 , R 6 , Y 3 , W, X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , and X5 are as defined above for a compound of Formula (XV). 5 Another exemplary embodiment may be directed to a compound of formula (XVII): x5 N X1 X Z -- (C H2)n-- <W
R
6 (XVII) or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein n, Z 1 , R 6 , Y 3 , W, X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , and 10 X 5 are as defined above for a compound of Formula (XV). Another exemplary embodiment may be directed to a compound of formula (XVIII): x5 N W X4 x1Hx) Zl-(CH2), N--N X (XVIll) 15 or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein W is a covalent bond, oxygen atom (0), or carbonyl group (CO); and wherein each X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , and X 5 is independently hydrogen or fluoro, with no more than two of X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , and
X
5 being fluoro; and wherein n, Z 1 , and Y 3 are as defined above for a 20 compound of Formula (1). Another exemplary embodiment may be directed to a compound of formula (XIX): 20 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 x5 N "'W X 4 Zl--(CH2)n'-N,Nx N N (XIX) or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein n, Z 1 , Y 3 , W, X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , and X 5 are as defined above for a compound of Formula (XVIII). 5 Another exemplary embodiment may be directed to a compound of formula (1) or (II), wherein R 1 is phenyl or 3-fluorophenyl; or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. 10 Another exemplary embodiment may be directed to a compound of formula (1) or (II), wherein R 1 is phenyl; or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. 15 Another exemplary embodiment may be directed to a compound of formula (1) or (II), wherein R 1 is 3-fluorophenyl; or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. Another exemplary embodiment may be directed to a compound of 20 formula (1) or (II), wherein R 2 is 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, or 4-pyridyl; or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. Another exemplary embodiment may be directed to a compound of 25 formula (1) or (II) wherein R 2 is phenyl; or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. 21 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 Another exemplary embodiment may be directed to a compound of formula (1) or (II) wherein R 2 is 3-fluorophenyl; or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. 5 Another exemplary embodiment may be directed to a compound of formula (1) wherein R 2 is benzyl; or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. Another exemplary embodiment may be directed to a compound of 10 formula (1) or (II) wherein R 2 is 2-pyridylmethyl, 3-pyridylmethyl, or 4 pyridylmethyl; or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. Another exemplary embodiment may be directed to a compound of 15 formula (1) or (II), wherein R 2 is attached to a carbon atom of the adjacent R 7 R 7
(C
6
-C
14 aryl) (3- to 1 0-membered heterocycle) aromatic ring and is R 7 , R7 R7 (5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) R 7 ;or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. 20 Another exemplary embodiment may be directed to a compound of formula (1) or (II), wherein R 2 is attached to a carbon atom of the adjacent aromatic ring and is (C 6
-C
14 aryl), (3- to 10-membered heterocycle), or (5- to 1 0-membered heteroaryl), all of E-geometry; or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate 25 thereof. Another exemplary embodiment may be directed to a compound of formula (1) or (II), wherein R 2 is attached to a carbon atom of the adjacent 22 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 aromatic ring and is , , N , N, or N , all of E-geometry, or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. 5 Another exemplary embodiment may be directed to a compound of formula (1) or (II), wherein R 2 is attached to a carbon atom of the adjacent aromatic ring and is (CH 2 )qQ, N N-(CH2)qQ
(CH
2 )q , or
(CH
2 )qQ, all of E geometry; or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a 10 pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. Another exemplary embodiment may be directed to a compound of formula (1) or (II), wherein R 2 is 4-piperidinyl, 3-piperidinyl, (3R)-piperidinyl, (3S)-piperidinyl, 3-pyrrolidinyl, (3R)-pyrrolidinyl, (3S)-pyrrolidinyl, or 3 15 azetidinyl; wherein the nitrogen atom of the piperidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, or azetidinyl ring is substituted with -(CH2)qQ; wherein q is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; wherein Q is hydrogen, (C 1
-C
6 )-alkyl, CH 2
CF
3 , (C 3
-C
6 )-alkenyl, (C 3
-C
6 )-alkynyl,
(C
3
-C
6 )-cycloalkyl, (C 6
-C
14 )-aryl, C(O)R 3 , C0 2
R
3 , C(O)NR 4
R
5 , a three- to six membered heterocycle, or a five- to ten-membered heteroaryl; wherein R 3 is 20 hydrogen, (C 1
-C
6 )-alkyl, trifluoromethyl, (C 3
-C
6 )-alkenyl, (C 3
-C
6 )-alkynyl,
(CH
2 )m(C3-C)-cycloalkyl, (CH 2 )mphenyl, or (CH 2 )m-(five- to ten-membered heteroaryl); wherein m is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; wherein R 3 may further be vinyl or ethyl when not covalently bonded to an N or 0 atom, or an S atom possessing a -2 (minus two) oxidation state; wherein each R 4 and R 5 is independently 25 hydrogen, (C 1
-C
6 )-alkyl, (C 3
-C
6 )-alkenyl, (C 3
-C
6 )-alkynyl, (CH 2 )m(C3-C 6
)
cycloalkyl, (CH 2 )mphenyl, (CH 2 )m-(three- to ten-membered heterocycyl), or 23 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813
(CH
2 )m-(five- to ten-membered heteroaryl); wherein the NR 4
R
5 group of any
C(O)NR
4
R
5 , SO 2
NR
4
R
5 , NR 4
R
5 , or N(H)C(O)NR 4
R
5 may also form a pyrrolidine, a piperidine, a morpholine, a thiomorpholine, or a thiomorpholine S-dioxide; wherein the NR 4
R
5 group of any C(O)NR 4
R
5 , SO 2
NR
4
R
5 , NR 4
R
5 , or 5 N(H)C(O)NR 4
R
5 may also form a piperazine ring, wherein the other nitrogen atom of the piperazine ring is substituted with hydrogen, (C 1
-C
6 )-alkyl,
CH
2
CF
3 , (C 3
-C
6 )-cycloalkyl, CH 2
(C
3
-C
6 )-cycloalkyl, phenyl, benzyl, hydroxyethyl, or hydroxypropyl; or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. 10 Another exemplary embodiment may be directed to a compound of formula (1) or (II), wherein R 2 is 4-piperidinyl, 3-piperidinyl, (3R)-piperidinyl, (3S)-piperidinyl, 3-pyrrolidinyl, (3R)-pyrrolidinyl, (3S)-pyrrolidinyl, or 3 azetidinyl; wherein the nitrogen atom of the piperidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, or 15 azetidinyl ring is substituted with -CH 2 Q; wherein Q is phenyl or naphthyl; wherein the phenyl or naphthyl is optionally substituted with one-to-three of any one or combination of the following: halo, hydroxy, sulfhydryl, (C1-C6) alkoxy, (C 1
-C
6 )-alkyl, (C 1
-C
6 )-alkylthio, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, cyano, carboxy, carboxy(C 1
-C
3 )-alkyl, carbamoyl, or sulfamoyl; or an equivalent 20 thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. Another exemplary embodiment may be directed to a compound of formula (1) or (II), wherein R 2 is 4-piperidinyl, 3-piperidinyl, (3R)-piperidinyl, 25 (3S)-piperidinyl, 3-pyrrolidinyl, (3R)-pyrrolidinyl, (3S)-pyrrolidinyl, or 3 azetidinyl; wherein the nitrogen atom of the piperidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, or azetidinyl ring is substituted with benzyl; wherein the phenyl ring of the benzyl group is optionally substituted with one-to-three of any one or combination of the following: halo, hydroxy, sulfhydryl, (C 1
-C
6 )-alkoxy, (C 1
-C
6 )-alkyl, (C1-C6) 30 alkylthio, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, cyano, carboxy, carboxy(C 1
-C
3
)
alkyl, carbamoyl, or sulfamoyl; or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. 24 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 Another exemplary embodiment may be directed to a compound of formula (1) or (II), wherein R 2 is 4-piperidinyl, 3-piperidinyl, (3R)-piperidinyl, (3S)-piperidinyl, 3-pyrrolidinyl, (3R)-pyrrolidinyl, (3S)-pyrrolidinyl, or 3 azetidinyl; wherein the nitrogen atom of the piperidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, or 5 azetidinyl ring is substituted with benzyl; wherein the phenyl ring of the benzyl group is optionally substituted with one or two of any halo, hydroxy, methoxy, methyl, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, or cyano; or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. 10 Another exemplary embodiment may be directed to a compound of formula (1) or (II), wherein R 2 is 4-piperidinyl; wherein the nitrogen atom of the piperidinyl ring is substituted with benzyl; or an equivalent thereof, or an N oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. 15 Another exemplary embodiment may be directed to a compound of formula (1) or (II), wherein R 2 is 4-piperidinyl, 3-piperidinyl, (3R)-piperidinyl, (3S)-piperidinyl, 3-pyrrolidinyl, (3R)-pyrrolidinyl, (3S)-pyrrolidinyl, or 3 azetidinyl; wherein the nitrogen atom of the piperidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, or azetidinyl ring is substituted with -(CH2)qQ; wherein q is 0 or 1; wherein Q is a 20 five- to ten-membered heteroaryl ring; or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. Another exemplary embodiment may be directed to a compound of formula (1) or (II), wherein R 2 is 4-piperidinyl, 3-piperidinyl, (3R)-piperidinyl, 25 (3S)-piperidinyl, 3-pyrrolidinyl, (3R)-pyrrolidinyl, (3S)-pyrrolidinyl, or 3 azetidinyl; wherein the nitrogen atom of the piperidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, or azetidinyl ring is substituted with -(CH2)qQ; wherein q is 0 or 1; wherein Q is 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, or 4-pyridyl; or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. 30 Another exemplary embodiment may be directed to a compound of formula (1) or (II), wherein R 2 is 4-piperidinyl, 3-piperidinyl, (3R)-piperidinyl, (3S)-piperidinyl, 3-pyrrolidinyl, (3R)-pyrrolidinyl, (3S)-pyrrolidinyl, or 3 25 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 azetidinyl; wherein the nitrogen atom of the piperidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, or azetidinyl ring is substituted with -(CH2)qQ; wherein q is 0 or 1; wherein Q is 3-pyridazyl or 1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl; or an equivalent thereof, or an N oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. 5 Another exemplary embodiment may be directed to a compound of formula (1) or (II), wherein R 2 is 4-piperidinyl, 3-piperidinyl, (3R)-piperidinyl, (3S)-piperidinyl, 3-pyrrolidinyl, (3R)-pyrrolidinyl, (3S)-pyrrolidinyl, or 3 azetidinyl; wherein the nitrogen atom of the piperidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, or 10 azetidinyl ring is substituted with -CH 2
CF
3 ; or an equivalent thereof, or an N oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. Another exemplary embodiment may be directed to a compound of formula (1) or (II), wherein R 2 is 4-piperidinyl; wherein the nitrogen atom of the 15 piperidinyl ring is substituted with -CH 2
CF
3 ; or an equivalent thereof, or an N oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. Another exemplary embodiment may be directed to a compound of formula (1) or (II), wherein R 2 is 4-piperidinyl, 3-piperidinyl, (3R)-piperidinyl, 20 (3S)-piperidinyl, 3-pyrrolidinyl, (3R)-pyrrolidinyl, (3S)-pyrrolidinyl, or 3 azetidinyl; wherein the nitrogen atom of the piperidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, or azetidinyl ring is substituted with (C-C 6 )-alkyl; or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. 25 Another exemplary embodiment may be directed to a compound of formula (1) or (II), wherein R 2 is 4-piperidinyl, 3-piperidinyl, (3R)-piperidinyl, (3S)-piperidinyl, 3-pyrrolidinyl, (3R)-pyrrolidinyl, (3S)-pyrrolidinyl, or 3 azetidinyl; wherein the nitrogen atom of the piperidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, or azetidinyl ring is substituted with -(CH2)qQ; wherein q is 0, 1, or 2; wherein Q 30 is (C 3
-C
6 )-cycloalkyl; or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. 26 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 Another exemplary embodiment may be directed to a compound of formula (1) or (II), wherein R 2 is 4-piperidinyl, 3-piperidinyl, (3R)-piperidinyl, (3S)-piperidinyl, 3-pyrrolidinyl, (3R)-pyrrolidinyl, (3S)-pyrrolidinyl, or 3 azetidinyl; wherein the nitrogen atom of the piperidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, or 5 azetidinyl ring is substituted with C(O)NHR 5 ; wherein R 5 is (C 1
-C
6 )-alkyl or
(C
3
-C
6 )-cycloalkyl; or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. Another exemplary embodiment may be directed to a compound of 10 formula (1) or (II), wherein R 2 is 4-piperidinyl, 3-piperidinyl, (3R)-piperidinyl, (3S)-piperidinyl, 3-pyrrolidinyl, (3R)-pyrrolidinyl, (3S)-pyrrolidinyl, or 3 azetidinyl; wherein the nitrogen atom of the piperidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, or azetidinyl ring is substituted with C(O)NHR 5 ; wherein R 5 is methyl; or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable 15 salt or solvate thereof. Another exemplary embodiment may be directed to a compound of formula (1) or (II), wherein R 2 is 4-piperidinyl, 3-piperidinyl, (3R)-piperidinyl, (3S)-piperidinyl, 3-pyrrolidinyl, (3R)-pyrrolidinyl, (3S)-pyrrolidinyl, or 3 20 azetidinyl; wherein the nitrogen atom of the piperidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, or azetidinyl ring is substituted with C0 2
R
3 ; wherein R 3 is (C 1
-C
6 )-alkyl or (C3
C
6 )-cycloalkyl; or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. 25 Another exemplary embodiment may be directed to a compound of formula (1) or (II), wherein R 2 is 4-piperidinyl, 3-piperidinyl, (3R)-piperidinyl, (3S)-piperidinyl, 3-pyrrolidinyl, (3R)-pyrrolidinyl, (3S)-pyrrolidinyl, or 3 azetidinyl; wherein the nitrogen atom of the piperidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, or azetidinyl ring is substituted with C(O)R 3 ; wherein R 3 is (C 1
-C
6 )-alkyl, 30 (CH 2 )m(C3-C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (CH 2 )mphenyl, (CH 2 )m(five- to ten-membered heteroaryl), (CH 2 )m(three- to ten-membered heterocycyl); or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. 27 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 Another exemplary embodiment may be directed to a compound of formula (1) or (II), wherein R 2 is 4-piperidinyl, 3-piperidinyl, (3R)-piperidinyl, (3S)-piperidinyl, 3-pyrrolidinyl, (3R)-pyrrolidinyl, (3S)-pyrrolidinyl, or 3 5 azetidinyl; wherein the nitrogen atom of the piperidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, or azetidinyl ring is substituted with -(CH2)qQ; wherein q is 1, 2, 3, or 4; wherein Q is cyano, trifluoromethyl, or SO 2
NR
4
R
5 ; wherein each R 4 and R 5 is independently hydrogen, (C1-C 6 )-alkyl, (C 3
-C
6 )-alkenyl, (C 3
-C
6 )-alkynyl,
(CH
2 )m(C3-C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (CH 2 )mphenyl, (CH 2 )m-(three- to ten-membered 10 heterocycyl), or (CH 2 )m-(five- to ten-membered heteroaryl); wherein m is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; wherein the NR 4
R
5 group of any C(O)NR 4
R
5 , SO 2
NR
4
R
5 , NR 4
R
5 , or
N(H)C(O)NR
4
R
5 may also form a pyrrolidine, a piperidine, a morpholine, a thiomorpholine, or a thiomorpholine S-dioxide; wherein the NR 4
R
5 group of any C(O)NR 4
R
5 , SO 2
NR
4
R
5 , NR 4
R
5 , or N(H)C(O)NR 4
R
5 may also form a 15 piperazine ring, wherein the other nitrogen atom of the piperazine ring is substituted with hydrogen, (C 1
-C
6 )-alkyl, CH 2
CF
3 , (C 3
-C
6 )-cycloalkyl, CH 2
(C
3 C 6 )-cycloalkyl, phenyl, benzyl, hydroxyethyl, or hydroxypropyl; or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. 20 Another exemplary embodiment may be directed to a compound of formula (1) or (II), wherein R 2 is 4-piperidinyl, 3-piperidinyl, (3R)-piperidinyl, (3S)-piperidinyl, 3-pyrrolidinyl, (3R)-pyrrolidinyl, (3S)-pyrrolidinyl, or 3 azetidinyl; wherein the nitrogen atom of the piperidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, or 25 azetidinyl ring is substituted with -(CH2)qQ; wherein q is 2, 3, or 4; wherein Q is hydroxy, sulfhydryl, or NR 4
R
5 ; wherein each R 4 and R 5 is independently hydrogen, (C1-C 6 )-alkyl, (C 3
-C
6 )-alkenyl, (C 3
-C
6 )-alkynyl, (CH 2 )m(C3-C 6
)
cycloalkyl, (CH 2 )mphenyl, (CH 2 )m-(three- to ten-membered heterocycyl), or
(CH
2 )m-(five- to ten-membered heteroaryl); wherein m is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; 30 wherein the NR 4
R
5 group of any C(O)NR 4
R
5 , SO 2
NR
4
R
5 , NR 4
R
5 , or
N(H)C(O)NR
4
R
5 may also form a pyrrolidine, a piperidine, a morpholine, a thiomorpholine, or a thiomorpholine S-dioxide; wherein the NR 4
R
5 group of any C(O)NR 4
R
5 , SO 2
NR
4
R
5 , NR 4
R
5 , or N(H)C(O)NR 4
R
5 may also form a 28 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 piperazine ring, wherein the other nitrogen atom of the piperazine ring is substituted with hydrogen, (Cr 1
C
6 )-alkyl, CH 2
CF
3 , (C 3
-C
6 )-cycloalkyl, CH 2
(C
3 C 6 )-cycloalkyl, phenyl, benzyl, hydroxyethyl, or hydroxypropyl; or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable 5 salt or solvate thereof. Another exemplary embodiment may be directed to a compound of formula (1) or (II) wherein W is a covalent bond; or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. 10 Another exemplary embodiment may be directed to a compound of formula (1) or (II) wherein W is 0, S, SO, SO 2 , CH 2 , CHOH, CO, or NH; or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. 15 Another exemplary embodiment may be directed to a compound of formula (1) or (II) wherein W is 0, S, SO, or SO 2 ; or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. 20 Another exemplary embodiment may be directed to a compound of formula (1) or (II) wherein W is 0 or S; or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. Another exemplary embodiment may be directed to a compound of 25 formula (1) or (II) wherein W is 0; or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. Another exemplary embodiment may be directed to a compound of formula (1) or (II) wherein W is CHOH or CO; or an equivalent thereof, or an 30 N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. 29 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 Another exemplary embodiment may be directed to a compound of formula (1) or (II) wherein W is CO; or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. 5 Another exemplary embodiment may be directed to a compound of formula (1) wherein: Ul is N; wherein U 2 is C-R 2 ; wherein U 3 is N-R 6 or S; wherein U 4 is C-R 6 ; wherein each R 6 is independently hydrogen or methyl; and wherein R 2 is as defined above for a compound of Formula (1); or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable 10 salt or solvate thereof. Another exemplary embodiment may be directed to a compound of formula (1) wherein Ul is N; wherein U 2 is C-R 2 ; wherein U 3 is N-H; wherein U 4 is C-R , wherein R 6 is hydrogen or methyl; and wherein R 2 is as defined 15 above for a compound of Formula (1); or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. Another exemplary embodiment may be directed to a compound of formula (1) wherein U 1 is N; wherein U 2 is C-R 2 ; wherein U 3 is N-H; wherein U 4 20 is C-H; wherein R 2 is as defined above for a compound of Formula (1); or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. Another exemplary embodiment may be directed to a compound of 25 formula (1) wherein U 1 is N; wherein U 2 is C-R 2 ; wherein U 3 is N-H; wherein U 4 is C-CH 3 ; wherein R 2 is as defined above for a compound of Formula (1); or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. 30 Another exemplary embodiment may be directed to a compound of formula (1) wherein U 1 is N; wherein U 2 is N-R 6 ; wherein U 3 is C-R 2 ; wherein
U
4 is C-R 6 , wherein each R 6 is independently hydrogen or methyl; and wherein R 2 is as defined above for a compound of Formula (1); or an 30 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. Another exemplary embodiment may be directed to a compound of 5 formula (1) wherein U 1 is N; wherein U 2 is N-H; wherein U 3 is C-R 2 ; wherein U 4 is C-R , wherein R 6 is hydrogen or methyl; and wherein R 2 is as defined above for a compound of Formula (1);or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. 10 Another exemplary embodiment may be directed to a compound of formula (1) wherein U 1 is N; wherein U 2 is N-H; wherein U 3 is C- R 2 ; wherein
U
4 is C-H; wherein R 2 is as defined above for a compound of Formula (1); or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. 15 Another exemplary embodiment may be directed to a compound of formula (1) wherein U 1 is N; wherein U 2 is N-H; wherein U 3 is C-R 2 ; wherein U 4 is C-CH 3 ; wherein R 2 is as defined above for a compound of Formula (1); or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable 20 salt or solvate thereof. Another exemplary embodiment may be directed to a compound of formula (1) wherein each of Y', Y 2 , and Y 3 is C-H; or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. 25 Another exemplary embodiment may be directed to a compound of formula (1) wherein each of Y' and Y 2 is C-H and Y 3 is N; or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. 30 Another exemplary embodiment may be a compound selected from the group consisting of: 2-phenyl-5-(2-phenyl-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyrimidine; 5-(2 (2-fluorophenyl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2-phenylpyrimidine; 5-(2-(3-fluorophenyl) 31 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2-phenylpyrimidine; 5-(2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl) 2-phenylpyrimidine; 2-phenyl-5-(2-(pyridin-2-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyrimidine; 2-phenyl-5-(2-(pyridin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyrimidine; 2-phenyl-5-(2 (pyridin-4-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyrimidine; 5-(2-benzyl-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2 5 phenylpyrimidine; 5-(2-(2-fluorobenzyl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2-phenylpyrimidine; 5-(2-(3-fluorobenzyl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2-phenylpyrimidine; 5-(2-(4 fluorobenzyl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2-phenylpyrimidine; 2-phenyl-5-(2-(pyridin-2 ylmethyl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyrimidine; 2-phenyl-5-(2-(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)-1 H imidazol-4-yl)pyrimidine; 2-phenyl-5-(2-(pyridin-4-ylmethyl)-1 H-imidazol-4 10 yl)pyrimidine; 5-(5-methyl-2-phenyl-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2-phenylpyrimidine; 5 (1 -methyl-2-phenyl-1 H-imidazol-5-yl)-2-phenylpyrimidine; 5-(1 -methyl-2 phenyl-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2-phenylpyrimidine; 5-(5-methyl-2-(pyridin-3-yl)-1 H imidazol-4-yl)-2-phenylpyrimidine; 5-(1 -methyl-2-(pyridin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-5 yl)-2-phenylpyrimidine; and 5-(1 -methyl-2-(pyridin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2 15 phenylpyrimidine; or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. Another exemplary embodiment may be a compound selected from the group consisting of: 2-phenyl-5-(2-(1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)piperidin-4-yl)-1 H 20 imidazol-4-yl)pyrimidine; 5-(2-(1 -benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2 phenylpyrimidine; 5-(2-(1 -benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-5-methyl-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2 phenylpyrimidine; 5-(2-(1 -benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-1 -methyl-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2 phenylpyrimidine; 5-(2-(1 -benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-1 -methyl-1 H-imidazol-5-yl)-2 phenylpyrimidine; 5-(2-(1 -(cyclopropylmethyl)piperidin-4-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl) 25 2-phenylpyrimidine; 3-(4-(4-(2-phenylpyrimidin-5-yl)-1 H-imidazol-2 yl)piperidin-1 -yl)pyridazine; 5-(2-(1 -(1 -methyl-1 H-tetrazol-5-yl)piperidin-4-yl) 1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2-phenylpyrimidine; N-methyl-4-(4-(2-phenylpyrimidin-5-yl) 1 H-imidazol-2-yl)piperidine-1 -carboxamide; ethyl 4-(4-(2-phenylpyrimidin-5 yl)-1 H-imidazol-2-yl)piperidine-1 -carboxylate; tert-butyl 4-(4-(2 30 phenylpyrimidin-5-yl)-1 H-imidazol-2-yl)piperidine-1 -carboxylate; 1-(4-(4-(2 phenylpyrimidin-5-yl)-1 H-imidazol-2-yl)piperidin-1 -yl)butan-1 -one; 2-phenyl-5 (2-((1 -(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) piperidin-4-yl)methyl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyrimidine; 2-phenyl-5-(2-(1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)piperidin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4 32 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 yl)pyrimidine; (R)-2-phenyl-5-(2-(1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)piperidin-3-yl)-1 H imidazol-4-yl)pyrimidine; (S)-2-phenyl-5-(2-(1 -(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)piperidin-3 yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyrimidine; 5-(5-methyl-2-(1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)piperidin 3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2-phenylpyrimidine; (R)-5-(5-methyl-2-(1 -(2,2,2 5 trifluoroethyl)piperidin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2-phenylpyrimidine; (R)-5-(5 methyl-2-(1 -(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)piperidin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2 phenylpyrimidine; 5-(2-(1 -benzylpiperidin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2 phenylpyrimidine; (R)-5-(2-(1 -benzylpiperidin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2 phenylpyrimidine; (S)-5-(2-(1 -benzylpiperidin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2 10 phenylpyrimidine; N-methyl-3-(4-(2-phenylpyrimidin-5-yl)-1 H-imidazol-2 yl)piperidine-1 -carboxamide; (R)-N-methyl-3-(4-(2-phenylpyrimidin-5-yl)-1 H imidazol-2-yl)piperidine-1-carboxamide; (S)-N-methyl-3-(4-(2-phenylpyrimidin 5-yl)-1 H-imidazol-2-yl)piperidine-1 -carboxamide; N-cyclopropyl-3-(4-(2 phenylpyrimidin-5-yl)- 1 H-imidazol-2-yl)piperidine-1 -carboxamide; (R)-N 15 cyclopropyl-3-(4-(2-phenylpyrimidin-5-yl)-1 H-imidazol-2-yl)piperidine-1 carboxamide; (S)-N-cyclopropyl-3-(4-(2-phenylpyrimidin-5-yl)-1 H-imidazol-2 yl)piperidine-1 -carboxamide; cyclopropyl(3-(4-(2-phenylpyrimidin-5-yl)-1 H imidazol-2-yl)piperidin-1-yl)methanone; (R)-cyclopropyl(3-(4-(2 phenylpyrimidin-5-yl)-1 H-imidazol-2-yl)piperidin-1 -yl)methanone; (S) 20 cyclopropyl(3-(4-(2-phenylpyrimidin-5-yl)-1 H-imidazol-2-yl)piperidin-1 yl)methanone; 5-(2-(1 -(cyclopropylmethyl)piperidin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2 phenylpyrimidine; (R)-5-(2-(1 -(cyclopropylmethyl)piperidin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4 yl)-2-phenylpyrimidine; (S)-5-(2-(1 -(cyclopropylmethyl)piperidin-3-yl)-1 H imidazol-4-yl)-2-phenylpyrimidine; 2-phenyl-5-(2-(1-(2,2,2 25 trifluoroethyl)piperidin-2-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyrimidine; (S)-2-phenyl-5-(2-(1 (2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)piperidin-2-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyrimidine; and (R)-2 phenyl-5-(2-(1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)piperidin-2-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyrimidine; or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. 30 Another exemplary embodiment may be a compound selected from the group consisting of: 2-phenyl-5-(2-(1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)-1 H imidazol-4-yl)pyrimidine; (R)-2-phenyl-5-(2-(1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)pyrrolidin-3 33 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyrimidine; (S)-2-phenyl-5-(2-(1-(2,2,2 trifluoroethyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyrimidine; 5-(2-(1 benzylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2-phenylpyrimidine; (R)-5-(2-(1 benzylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2-phenylpyrimidine; (S)-5-(2-(1 5 benzylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2-phenylpyrimidine; ethyl 3-(4-(2 phenylpyrimidin-5-yl)-1 H-imidazol-2-yl)pyrrolidine-1 -carboxylate; (R)-ethyl 3 (4-(2-phenylpyrimidin-5-yl)-1 H-imidazol-2-yl)pyrrolidine-1 -carboxylate; (S) ethyl 3-(4-(2-phenylpyrimidin-5-yl)-1 H-imidazol-2-yl)pyrrolidine-1 -carboxylate; tert-butyl 3-(4-(2-phenylpyrimidin-5-yl)-1 H-imidazol-2-yl)pyrrolidine-1 10 carboxylate; (R)- tert-butyl 3-(4-(2-phenylpyrimidin-5-yl)-1 H-imidazol-2 yl)pyrrolidine-1 -carboxylate; (S)- tert-butyl 3-(4-(2-phenylpyrimidin-5-yl)-1 H imidazol-2-yl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate; N-methyl-3-(4-(2-phenylpyrimidin-5 yl)-1 H-imidazol-2-yl)pyrrolidine-1 -carboxamide; (R)-N-methyl-3-(4-(2 phenylpyrimidin-5-yl)-1 H-imidazol-2-yl)pyrrolidine-1 -carboxamide; (S)-N 15 methyl-3-(4-(2-phenylpyrimidin-5-yl)-1 H-imidazol-2-yl)pyrrolidine-1 carboxamide; 2-phenyl-5-(2-(1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)pyrrolidin-2-yl)-1 H imidazol-4-yl)pyrimidine; (S)-2-phenyl-5-(2-(1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)pyrrolidin-2 yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyrimidine; (R)-2-phenyl-5-(2-(1-(2,2,2 trifluoroethyl)pyrrolidin-2-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyrimidine; 2-phenyl-5-(2-(1 20 (2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)azetidin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyrimidine; 5-(2-(1 benzylazetidin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2-phenylpyrimidine; 1-(3-(4-(2 phenylpyrimidin-5-yl)-1 H-imidazol-2-yl)azetidin-1 -yl)butan-1 -one; 5-(5-methyl 2-(1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2-phenylpyrimidine; (R)-5-(5-methyl-2-(1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2 25 phenylpyrimidine; (S)-5-(5-methyl-2-(1 -(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)-1 H imidazol-4-yl)-2-phenylpyrimidine; 5-(2-(1 -benzylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-5-methyl-1 H imidazol-4-yl)-2-phenylpyrimidine; (R)-5-(2-(1-benzylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-5-methyl 1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2-phenylpyrimidine; and (S)-5-(2-(1 -benzylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-5 methyl-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2-phenylpyrimidine; or an equivalent thereof, or an 30 N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. Another exemplary embodiment may be a compound selected from the group consisting of: (E)-2-phenyl-5-(2-styryl-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyrimidine; (E) 34 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 5-(2-(2-fluorostyryl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2-phenylpyrimidine; (E)-5-(2-(3 fluorostyryl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2-phenylpyrimidine; (E)-5-(2-(4-fluorostyryl)-1 H imidazol-4-yl)-2-phenylpyrimidine; (E)-2-phenyl-5-(2-(2-(pyridin-2-yl)vinyl)-1 H imidazol-4-yl)pyrimidine; (E)-2-phenyl-5-(2-(2-(pyridin-3-yl)vinyl)-1 H-imidazol 5 4-yl)pyrimidine; (E)-2-phenyl-5-(2-(2-(pyridin-4-yl)vinyl)-1 H-imidazol-4 yl)pyrimidine; (E)-2-(3-fluorophenyl)-5-(5-methyl-2-(2-(pyridin-3-yl)vinyl)-1 H imidazol-4-yl)pyrimidine; and (E)-2-(3-fluorophenyl)-5-(1-methyl-2-(2-(pyridin 3-yl)vinyl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyrimidine; or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. 10 Another exemplary embodiment may be a compound selected from the group consisting of: 5-(2-phenethyl-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2-phenylpyrimidine; 5 (2-(2-fluorophenethyl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2-phenylpyrimidine; 5-(2-(3 fluorophenethyl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2-phenylpyrimidine; 5-(2-(4 15 fluorophenethyl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2-phenylpyrimidine; 2-phenyl-5-(2-(2 (pyridin-2-yl)ethyl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyrimidine; 2-phenyl-5-(2-(2-(pyridin-3 yl)ethyl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyrimidine; 2-phenyl-5-(2-(2-(pyridin-4-yl)ethyl)-1 H imidazol-4-yl)pyrimidine; 2-(3-fluorophenyl)-5-(5-methyl-2-(2-(pyridin-3 yl)ethyl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyridine; and 5-(1 -methyl-2-(2-(pyridin-3-yl)ethyl) 20 1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2-phenylpyrimidine; or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. Another exemplary embodiment may be a compound selected from the group consisting of (E)-5-(2-(2-(1 -benzylpiperidin-4-yl)vinyl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl) 25 2-phenylpyrimidine; (E)-2-phenyl-5-(2-(2-(1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)piperidin-3 yl)vinyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl)pyrimidine; (S,E)-2-phenyl-5-(2-(2-(1-(2,2,2 trifluoroethyl)piperidin-3-yl)vinyl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyrimidine; (R,E)-2-phenyl 5-(2-(2-(1 -(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)piperidin-3-yl)vinyl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyrimidine; (E)-2-phenyl-5-(2-(2-(1 -propylpiperidin-2-yl)vinyl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyrimidine; 30 (S, E)-2-phenyl-5-(2-(2-(1 -propylpiperidin-2-yl)vinyl)-1 H-imidazol-4 yl)pyrimidine; (R,E)-2-phenyl-5-(2-(2-(1 -propylpiperidin-2-yl)vinyl)-1 H-imidazol 4-yl)pyrimidine; (E)-3-(2-(4-(2-(3-fluorophenyl)pyrimidin-5-yl)-5-methyl-1 H imidazol-2-yl)vinyl)-N-methylpyrrolidine-1-carboxamide; and (E)-5-(2-(2-(1 35 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 (cyclopropylmethyl)pyrrolidin-2-yl)vinyl)-1 -methyl-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2-(3 fluorophenyl)pyridine; or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. 5 Another exemplary embodiment may be a compound selected from the group consisting of: 5-(2-(2-(1 -benzylpiperidin-4-yl)ethyl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2 phenylpyrimidine; 2-phenyl-5-(2-(2-(1 -(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)piperidin-3-yl)ethyl) 1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyrimidine; (S)-2-phenyl-5-(2-(2-(1-(2,2,2 trifluoroethyl)piperidin-3-yl)ethyl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyrimidine; (R)-2-phenyl-5 10 (2-(2-(1 -(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)piperidin-3-yl)ethyl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyrimidine; 5-(2-(2-(1 -isobutylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2-phenylpyrimidine; (S)-5-(2-(2-(1 -isobutylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2 phenylpyrimidine; (R)-5-(2-(2-(1 -isobutylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl) 2-phenylpyrimidine; ethyl 3-(2-(4-(2-(3-fluorophenyl)pyrimidin-5-yl)-5-methyl 15 1 H-imidazol-2-yl)ethyl)pyrrolidine-1 -carboxylate; and 1-(2-(2-(4-(6-(3 fluorophenyl)pyridin-3-yl)-1 -methyl-1 H-imidazol-2-yl)ethyl)pyrrolidin-1 yl)butan-1-one; or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. 20 Another exemplary embodiment may be a compound selected from the group consisting of: 2-phenyl-5-(2-phenyl-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyridine; 5-(2-(2 fluorophenyl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2-phenylpyridine; 5-(2-(3-fluorophenyl)-1 H imidazol-4-yl)-2-phenylpyridine; 5-(2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2 phenylpyridine; 2-phenyl-5-(2-(pyridin-2-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyridine; 2 25 phenyl-5-(2-(pyridin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyridine; 2-phenyl-5-(2-(pyridin-4 yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyridine; 5-(2-benzyl-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2-phenylpyridin; 5 (2-(2-fluorobenzyl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2-phenylpyridine; 5-(2-(3-fluorobenzyl) 1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2-phenylpyridine; 5-(2-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2 phenylpyridine; 2-phenyl-5-(2-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyridine; 30 2-phenyl-5-(2-(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyridine; 2-phenyl-5-(2 (pyridin-4-ylmethyl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyridine; 5-(5-methyl-2-phenyl-1 H imidazol-4-yl)-2-phenylpyridine; 5-(1 -methyl-2-phenyl-1 H-imidazol-5-yl)-2 phenylpyridine; 5-(1 -methyl-2-phenyl-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2-phenylpyridine; 5-(5 36 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 methyl-2-(pyridin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2-phenylpyridine; 5-(1 -methyl-2 (pyridin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-5-yl)-2-phenylpyridine; and 5-(1 -methyl-2-(pyridin-3 yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2-phenylpyridine; or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. 5 Another exemplary embodiment may be a compound selected from the group consisting of: 2-phenyl-5-(2-(1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)piperidin-4-yl)-1 H imidazol-4-yl)pyridine; 5-(5-methyl-2-(1 -(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)piperidin-4-yl)-1 H imidazol-4-yl)-2-phenylpyridine; 5-(2-(1 -benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4 10 yl)-2-phenylpyridine; 5-(2-(1 -benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-5-methyl-1 H-imidazol-4-yl) 2-phenylpyridine; 5-(2-(1 -benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-1 -methyl-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2 phenylpyridine; 5-(2-(1 -benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-1 -methyl-1 H-imidazol-5-yl)-2 phenylpyridine; 5-(2-(1 -(cyclopropylmethyl)piperidin-4-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2 phenylpyridine; 3-(4-(4-(6-phenylpyridin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-2-yl)piperidin-1 15 yl)pyridazine; 5-(2-(1 -(1 -methyl-1 H-tetrazol-5-yl)piperidin-4-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4 yl)-2-phenylpyridine; N-methyl-4-(4-(6-phenylpyridin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-2 yl)piperidine-1 -carboxamide; ethyl 4-(4-(6-phenylpyridin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-2 yl)piperidine-1 -carboxylate; 1-(4-(4-(6-phenylpyridin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-2 yl)piperidin-1-yl)butan-1 -one; 2-phenyl-5-(2-((1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)piperidin-4 20 yl)methyl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyridine; 2-phenyl-5-(2-(1-(2,2,2 trifluoroethyl)piperidin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyridine; 5-(5-methyl-2-(1-(2,2,2 trifluoroethyl)piperidin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2-phenylpyridine; (R)-5-(5 methyl-2-(1 -(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)piperidin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2 phenylpyridine; (S)-5-(5-methyl-2-(1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)piperidin-3-yl)-1 H 25 imidazol-4-yl)-2-phenylpyridine; (R)-2-phenyl-5-(2-(1-(2,2,2 trifluoroethyl)piperidin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyridine; (S)-2-phenyl-5-(2-(1 (2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)piperidin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyridine; 5-(2-(1 benzylpiperidin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2-phenylpyridine; (R)-5-(2-(1 benzylpiperidin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2-phenylpyridine; (S)-5-(2-(1 30 benzylpiperidin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2-phenylpyridine; N-cyclopropyl-3-(4 (6-phenylpyridin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-2-yl)piperidine-1 -carboxamide; (R)-N cyclopropyl-3-(4-(6-phenylpyridin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-2-yl)piperidine-1 carboxamide; (S)-N-cyclopropyl-3-(4-(6-phenylpyridin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-2 37 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 yl)piperidine-1-carboxamide; 2-phenyl-5-(2-(1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)piperidin-2 yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyridine; (S)-2-phenyl-5-(2-(1-(2,2,2 trifluoroethyl)piperidin-2-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyridine; and (R)-2-phenyl-5-(2 (1 -(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)piperidin-2-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyridine; or an 5 equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. Another exemplary embodiment may be a compound selected from the group consisting of: 2-phenyl-5-(2-(1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)-1 H 10 imidazol-4-yl)pyridine; (R)-2-phenyl-5-(2-(1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl) 1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyridine; (S)-2-phenyl-5-(2-(1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)pyrrolidin 3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyridine; 5-(5-methyl-2-(1 -(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)pyrrolidin 3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2-phenylpyridine; (R)-5-(5-methyl-2-(1-(2,2,2 trifluoroethyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2-phenylpyridine; (S)-5-(5 15 methyl-2-(1 -(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2 phenylpyridine; 5-(2-(1 -benzylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-5-methyl-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2 phenylpyridine; 5-(2-(1-benzylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-1-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)-2 phenylpyridine; 5-(2-(1 -benzylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-1 -methyl-1 H-imidazol-5-yl)-2 phenylpyridine; (R)-5-(2-(1 -benzylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-5-methyl-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2 20 phenylpyridine; (R)-5-(2-(1 -benzylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-1 -methyl-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2 phenylpyridine; (R)-5-(2-(1 -benzylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-1 -methyl-1 H-imidazol-5-yl)-2 phenylpyridine; (S)-5-(2-(i -benzylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-5-methyl-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2 phenylpyridine; (S)-5-(2-(i -benzylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-1 -methyl-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2 phenylpyridine; (S)-5-(2-(i -benzylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-1 -methyl-1 H-imidazol-5-yl)-2 25 phenylpyridine; ethyl 3-(4-(6-phenylpyridin-3-yl)-i H-imidazol-2-yl)pyrrolidine 1 -carboxylate; (R)-ethyl 3-(4-(6-phenylpyridin-3-yl)-i H-imidazol-2 yl)pyrrolidine-1 -carboxylate; (S)-ethyl 3-(4-(6-phenylpyridin-3-yl)-i H-imidazol 2-yl)pyrrolidine-1 -carboxylate; N-methyl-3-(4-(6-phenylpyridin-3-yl)-1 H imidazol-2-yl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxamide; (R) -N-methyl-3-(4-(6-phenylpyridin-3 30 yl)-1 H-imidazol-2-yl)pyrrolidine-1 -carboxamide; (S)-N-methyl-3-(4-(6 phenylpyridin-3-yl)-i H-imidazol-2-yl)pyrrolidine-1 -carboxamide; 2-phenyl-5-(2 (1 -(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)pyrrolidin-2-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyridine; (S)-2-phenyl 5-(2-(1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)pyrrolidin-2-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyridine; (R)-2 38 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 phenyl-5-(2-(1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)pyrrolidin-2-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyridine; 2 phenyl-5-(2-(1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)azetidin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyridine; 5 (2-(1 -benzylazetidin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2-phenylpyridine; and 1-(3-(4-(6 phenylpyridin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-2-yl)azetidin-1 -yl)butan-1 -one; or an 5 equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. Another exemplary embodiment may be a compound selected from the group consisting of: 2-(3-fluorophenyl)-5-(2-phenyl-1H-imidazol-4 10 yl)pyrimidine; 2-(3-fluorophenyl)-5-(2-(2-fluorophenyl)-1 H-imidazol-4 yl)pyrimidine; 2-(3-fluorophenyl)-5-(2-(3-fluorophenyl)-1 H-imidazol-4 yl)pyrimidine; 2-(3-fluorophenyl)-5-(2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1 H-imidazol-4 yl)pyrimidine; 2-(3-fluorophenyl)-5-(2-(pyridin-2-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4 yl)pyrimidine; 2-(3-fluorophenyl)-5-(2-(pyridin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4 15 yl)pyrimidine; 2-(3-fluorophenyl)-5-(2-(pyridin-4-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4 yl)pyrimidine; 5-(2-benzyl-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2-(3-fluorophenyl)pyrimidine; 5-(2 (2-fluorobenzyl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2-(3-fluorophenyl)pyrimidine; 5-(2-(3 fluorobenzyl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2-(3-fluorophenyl)pyrimidine; 5-(2-(4 fluorobenzyl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2-(3-fluorophenyl)pyrimidine; 2-(3 20 fluorophenyl)-5-(2-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyrimidine; 2-(3 fluorophenyl)-5-(2-(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyrimidine; 2-(3 fluorophenyl)-5-(2-(pyridin-4-ylmethyl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyrimidine; 2-(3 fluorophenyl)-5-(5-methyl-2-phenyl-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyrimidine; 2-(3 fluorophenyl)-5-(1 -methyl-2-phenyl-1 H-imidazol-5-yl)pyrimidine; 2-(3 25 fluorophenyl)-5-(1 -methyl-2-phenyl-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyrimidine; 2-(3 fluorophenyl)-5-(5-methyl-2-(pyridin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyrimidine; 2-(3 fluorophenyl)-5-(1 -methyl-2-(pyridin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-5-yl)pyrimidine; and 2 (3-fluorophenyl)-5-(1 -methyl-2-(pyridin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyrimidine; or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable 30 salt or solvate thereof. Another exemplary embodiment may be a compound selected from the group consisting of: 2-(3-fluorophenyl)-5-(2-(1 -(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)piperidin-4 39 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyrimidine; 2-(3-fluorophenyl)-5-(5-methyl-2-(1-(2,2,2 trifluoroethyl)piperidin-4-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyridine; 5-(2-(1 -benzylpiperidin 4-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2-(3-fluorophenyl)pyrimidine; 5-(2-(1 -benzylpiperidin-4 yl)-5-methyl-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2-(3-fluorophenyl)pyridine; 5-(2-(1 5 benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-1 -methyl-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2-(3-fluorophenyl)pyridine; 5 (2-(1 -benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-1 -methyl-1 H-imidazol-5-yl)-2-(3 fluorophenyl)pyridine; 5-(2-(1 -(cyclopropylmethyl)piperidin-4-yl)-1 H-imidazol 4-yl)-2-(3-fluorophenyl)pyrimidine; 3-(4-(4-(2-(3-fluorophenyl)pyrimidin-5-yl) 1 H-imidazol-2-yl)piperidin-1 -yl)pyridazine; 2-(3-fluorophenyl)-5-(2-(1 -(1 10 methyl-1 H-tetrazol-5-yl)piperidin-4-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyrimidine; 4-(4-(2-(3 fluorophenyl)pyrimidin-5-yl)-1 H-imidazol-2-yl)-N-methylpiperidine-1 carboxamide; ethyl 4-(4-(6-(3-fluorophenyl)pyridin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-2 yl)piperidine-1 -carboxylate; 1-(4-(4-(6-(3-fluorophenyl)pyridin-3-yl)-1 H imidazol-2-yl)piperidin-1-yl)butan-1 -one; 2-(3-fluorophenyl)-5-(2-((1-(2,2,2 15 trifluoroethyl)piperidin-4-yl)methyl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyrimidine; 2-(3 fluorophenyl)-5-(2-(1 -(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)piperidin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4 yl)pyridine; (R)-2-(3-fluorophenyl)-5-(2-(1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)piperidin-3-yl) 1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyridine; (S)-2-(3-fluorophenyl)-5-(2-(1-(2,2,2 trifluoroethyl)piperidin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyridine; 5-(2-(1 -benzylpiperidin 20 3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2-(3-fluorophenyl)pyridine; (R)-5-(2-(1 -benzylpiperidin 3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2-(3-fluorophenyl)pyridine; (S)-5-(2-(1 -benzylpiperidin 3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2-(3-fluorophenyl)pyridine; N-cyclopropyl-3-(4-(6-(3 fluorophenyl)pyridin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-2-yl)piperidine-1 -carboxamide; (R)-N cyclopropyl-3-(4-(6-(3-fluorophenyl)pyridin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-2-yl)piperidine-1 25 carboxamide; (S)-N-cyclopropyl-3-(4-(6-(3-fluorophenyl)pyridin-3-yl)-1 H imidazol-2-yl)piperidine-1-carboxamide; 2-(3-fluorophenyl)-5-(2-(1-(2,2,2 trifluoroethyl)piperidin-2-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyridine; (S)-2-(3-fluorophenyl)-5 (2-(1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)piperidin-2-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyridine; and (R)-2-(3-fluorophenyl)-5-(2-(1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)piperidin-2-yl)-1 H-imidazol 30 4-yl)pyridine; or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. 40 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 Another exemplary embodiment may be a compound selected from the group consisting of: 2-(3-fluorophenyl)-5-(2-(1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)pyrrolidin-3 yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyridine; (R)-2-(3-fluorophenyl)-5-(2-(1-(2,2,2 trifluoroethyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyridine; (S)-2-(3-fluorophenyl) 5 5-(2-(1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyridine; 5-(2-(1 benzylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2-(3-fluorophenyl)pyridine; (R)-5-(2-(1 benzylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2-(3-fluorophenyl)pyridine; (S)-5-(2-(1 benzylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2-(3-fluorophenyl)pyridine; 5-(2-(1 benzylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-5-methyl-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2-(3-fluorophenyl)pyridine; 10 (R)-5-(2-(1 -benzylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-5-methyl-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2-(3 fluorophenyl)pyridine; (S)-5-(2-(1 -benzylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-5-methyl-1 H-imidazol 4-yl)-2-(3-fluorophenyl)pyridine; 5-(2-(1 -benzylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-1 -methyl-1 H imidazol-4-yl)-2-(3-fluorophenyl)pyridine; (R)-5-(2-(1-benzylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-1 methyl-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2-(3-fluorophenyl)pyridine; (S)-5-(2-(1 15 benzylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-1-methyl-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2-(3-fluorophenyl)pyridine; 5 (2-(1 -benzylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-1 -methyl-1 H-imidazol-5-yl)-2-(3 fluorophenyl)pyridine; (R)-5-(2-(1 -benzylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-1 -methyl-1 H-imidazol 5-yl)-2-(3-fluorophenyl)pyridine; (S)-5-(2-(1 -benzylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-1 -methyl-1 H imidazol-5-yl)-2-(3-fluorophenyl)pyridine; ethyl 3-(4-(2-(3 20 fluorophenyl)pyrimidin-5-yl)-1 H-imidazol-2-yl)pyrrolidine-1 -carboxylate; (R) ethyl 3-(4-(2-(3-fluorophenyl)pyrimidin-5-yl)-1 H-imidazol-2-yl)pyrrolidine-1 carboxylate; (S)-ethyl 3-(4-(2-(3-fluorophenyl)pyrimidin-5-yl)-1 H-imidazol-2 yl)pyrrolidine-1 -carboxylate; 3-(4-(6-(3-fluorophenyl)pyridin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol 2-yl)-N-methylpyrrolidine-1-carboxamide; (R)-3-(4-(6-(3-fluorophenyl)pyridin-3 25 yl)-1 H-imidazol-2-yl)-N-methylpyrrolidine-1 -carboxamide; (S)-3-(4-(6-(3 fluorophenyl)pyridin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-2-yl)-N-methylpyrrolidine-1 carboxamide; 2-(3-fluorophenyl)-5-(2-(1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)pyrrolidin-2-yl) 1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyridine; (S)-2-(3-fluorophenyl)-5-(2-(1-(2,2,2 trifluoroethyl)pyrrolidin-2-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyridine; (R)-2-(3-fluorophenyl) 30 5-(2-(1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)pyrrolidin-2-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyridine; 2-(3 fluorophenyl)-5-(2-(1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)azetidin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4 yl)pyridine; 5-(2-(1 -benzylazetidin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2-(3 fluorophenyl)pyridine; 5-(2-(1 -benzylazetidin-3-yl)-5-methyl-1 H-imidazol-4-yl) 41 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 2-(3-fluorophenyl)pyridine; and 1-(3-(4-(6-(3-fluorophenyl)pyridin-3-yl)-1 H imidazol-2-yl)azetidin-1 -yl)butan-1 -one; or an equivalent thereof, or an N oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. 5 Another exemplary embodiment may be a compound selected from the group consisting of: 2-phenoxy-5-(2-phenyl-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyrimidine; 5-(2 (3-fluorophenyl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2-phenoxypyrimidine; 2-phenoxy-5-(2 (pyridin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyrimidine; 5-(5-methyl-2-(pyridin-3-yl)-1 H imidazol-4-yl)-2-phenoxypyrimidine; 5-(1 -methyl-2-(pyridin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol 10 4-yl)-2-phenoxypyrimidine; 5-(1 -methyl-2-(pyridin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-5-yl)-2 phenoxypyrimidine; 5-(2-(1 -benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-5-methyl-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2 phenoxypyrimidine; 5-(2-(1 -benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-1 -methyl-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2 phenoxypyrimidine; 5-(2-(1 -benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-1 -methyl-1 H-imidazol-5-yl)-2 phenoxypyrimidine; 5-(5-methyl-2-(pyridin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2 15 phenoxypyridine; 5-(1 -methyl-2-(pyridin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2 phenoxypyridine; 5-(1 -methyl-2-(pyridin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-5-yl)-2 phenoxypyridine; 5-(2-(1 -benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-5-methyl-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2 phenoxypyridine; 5-(2-(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-1-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)-2 phenoxypyridine; 5-(2-(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-1-methyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)-2 20 phenoxypyridine; 5-(2-benzyl-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2-phenoxypyrimidine; 2 phenoxy-5-(2-(1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)piperidin-4-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4 yl)pyrimidine; 5-(2-(1 -benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2 phenoxypyrimidine; 5-(2-(1 -(cyclopropylmethyl)piperidin-4-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4 yl)-2-phenoxypyrimidine; 3-(4-(4-(2-phenoxypyrimidin-5-yl)-1 H-imidazol-2 25 yl)piperidin-1 -yl)pyridazine; 5-(2-(1 -(1 -methyl-1 H-tetrazol-5-yl)piperidin-4-yl) 1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2-phenoxypyrimidine; N-methyl-4-(4-(2-phenoxypyrimidin-5 yl)-1 H-imidazol-2-yl)piperidine-1 -carboxamide; 2-phenoxy-5-(2-((1-(2,2,2 trifluoroethyl)piperidin-4-yl)methyl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyrimidine; ethyl 3-(4-(2 phenoxypyrimidin-5-yl)-1 H-imidazol-2-yl)pyrrolidine-1 -carboxylate; (R)-ethyl 3 30 (4-(2-phenoxypyrimidin-5-yl)-1 H-imidazol-2-yl)pyrrolidine-1 -carboxylate; (S) ethyl 3-(4-(2-phenoxypyrimidin-5-yl)-1 H-imidazol-2-yl)pyrrolidine-1 carboxylate; 5-(5-methyl-2-phenyl-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2-phenoxypyrimidine; 5 (5-methyl-2-(1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)piperidin-4-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2 42 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 phenoxypyrimidine; and 5-(5-methyl-2-(1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)piperidin-4-yl) 1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2-phenoxypyridine; or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. 5 Another exemplary embodiment may be a compound selected from the group consisting of: 2-phenyl-5-(5-phenyl-1 H-pyrazol-3-yl)pyrimidine; 5-(5-(3 fluorophenyl)-1 H-pyrazol-3-yl)-2-phenylpyrimidine; 2-phenyl-5-(5-(pyridin-3 yl)-1 H-pyrazol-3-yl)pyrimidine; 5-(5-benzyl-1 H-pyrazol-3-yl)-2 phenylpyrimidine; 2-phenyl-5-(5-(1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)piperidin-4-yl)-1 H 10 pyrazol-3-yl)pyrimidine; 5-(5-(1 -benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-1 H-pyrazol-3-yl)-2 phenylpyrimidine; 5-(5-(1 -(cyclopropylmethyl)piperidin-4-yl)-1 H-pyrazol-3-yl) 2-phenylpyrimidine; 3-(4-(3-(2-phenylpyrimidin-5-yl)-1 H-pyrazol-5-yl)piperidin 1 -yl)pyridazine; 5-(5-(1 -(1 -methyl-1 H-tetrazol-5-yl)piperidin-4-yl)-1 H-pyrazol-3 yl)-2-phenylpyrimidine; N-methyl-4-(3-(2-phenylpyrimidin-5-yl)-1 H-pyrazol-5 15 yl)piperidine-1-carboxamide; 2-phenyl-5-(5-((1 -(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)piperidin-4 yl)methyl)-1 H-pyrazol-3-yl)pyrimidine; ethyl 3-(3-(2-phenylpyrimidin-5-yl)-1 H pyrazol-5-yl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate; (R)-ethyl 3-(3-(2-phenylpyrimidin-5-yl) 1 H-pyrazol-5-yl)pyrrolidine-1 -carboxylate; (S)-ethyl 3-(3-(2-phenylpyrimidin-5 yl)-1 H-pyrazol-5-yl)pyrrolidine-1 -carboxylate; and 5-(4-methyl-5-phenyl-1 H 20 pyrazol-3-yl)-2-phenylpyrimidine; or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. Another exemplary embodiment may be a compound selected from the group consisting of: 3-(2-phenylpyrimidin-5-yl)-1 H-pyrazole-5-carboxylic acid; 25 methyl 3-(2-phenylpyrimidin-5-yl)-1 H-pyrazole-5-carboxylate; ethyl 3-(2 phenylpyrimidin-5-yl)-1 H-pyrazole-5-carboxylate; (4-methylpiperazin-1 -yl)(3 (2-phenylpyrimidin-5-yl)-1 H-pyrazol-5-yl)methanone; ethyl 3-(6-phenylpyridin 3-yl)-l H-pyrazole-5-carboxylate; (4-methylpiperazin-1 -yl)(3-(6-phenylpyridin 3-yl)-1 H-pyrazol-5-yl)methanone; ethyl 3-(2-(3-fluorophenyl)pyrimidin-5-yl) 30 1 H-pyrazole-5-carboxylate; (3-(2-(3-fluorophenyl)pyrimidin-5-yl)-1 H-pyrazol-5 yl)(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methanone; ethyl 3-(6-(3-fluorophenyl)pyridin-3-yl) 1 H-pyrazole-5-carboxylate; (3-(6-(3-fluorophenyl)pyridin-3-yl)-1 H-pyrazol-5 yl)(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methanone; ethyl 4-methyl-3-(2-phenylpyrimidin-5 43 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 yl)-1 H-pyrazole-5-carboxylate; (4-methyl-3-(2-phenylpyrimidin-5-yl)-1 H pyrazol-5-yl)(4-methylpiperazin-1 -yl)methanone; ethyl 1 -methyl-3-(2 phenylpyrimidin-5-yl)-1 H-pyrazole-5-carboxylate; (1 -methyl-3-(2 phenylpyrimidin-5-yl)-1 H-pyrazol-5-yl)(4-methylpiperazin-1 -yl)methanone; 5 ethyl 1 -methyl-5-(2-phenylpyrimidin-5-yl)-1 H-pyrazole-3-carboxylate; (1 methyl-5-(2-phenylpyrimidin-5-yl)-1 H-pyrazol-3-yl)(4-methylpiperazin-1 yl)methanone; methyl 3-(2-phenoxypyrimidin-5-yl)-1 H-pyrazole-5-carboxylate; ethyl 3-(2-phenoxypyrimidin-5-yl)-1 H-pyrazole-5-carboxylate; (3-(2 benzoylpyrimidin-5-yl)-1 H-pyrazol-5-yl)(4-methylpiperazin-1 -yl)methanone; (3 10 (6-benzoylpyridin-3-yl)-1 H-pyrazol-5-yl)(4-methylpiperazin-1 -yl)methanone; and (4-methylpiperazin-1 -yl)(3-(2-phenoxypyrimidin-5-yl)-1 H-pyrazol-5 yl)methanone; or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. 15 Another exemplary embodiment may be a compound selected from the group consisting of: 2-phenyl-5-(1-(1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)piperidin-4-yl)-1 H imidazol-4-yl)pyrimidine; 5-(1 -(1 -benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2 phenylpyrimidine; 5-(1-(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl)-2 phenylpyridine; 5-(1 -(1 -benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2 20 phenoxypyrimidine; 5-(1 -(1 -benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2 phenoxypyridine; 2-phenyl-5-(1 -(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)-1 H-imidazol-4 yl)pyrimidine; 5-(1 -benzyl-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2-phenylpyrimidine; tert-butyl 4-(2 methyl-4-(2-phenylpyrimidin-5-yl)-1 H-imidazol-1 -yl)piperidine-1 -carboxylate; 5-(1 -benzyl-2-methyl-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2-phenylpyrimidine; 2-phenyl-5-(1 25 (pyridin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyrimidine; 2-(3-fluorophenyl)-5-(1 -(pyridin-3 ylmethyl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyrimidine; and N-cyclopropyl-3-(4-(2-(3 fluorophenyl)pyrimidin-5-yl)-1 H-imidazol-1 -yl)pyrrolidine-1 -carboxamide; or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. 30 Another exemplary embodiment may be a compound selected from the group consisting of: 2-phenyl-5-(5-(pyridin-3-yl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3 yl)pyrimidine; 2-phenyl-5-(5-(pyridin-3-yl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)pyridine; 5-(1 44 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 methyl-5-(pyridin-3-yl)-1 H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-2-phenylpyrimidine; 5-(1 -methyl 5-(pyridin-3-yl)-l H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-2-phenylpyridine; 2-phenoxy-5-(5 (pyridin-3-yl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)pyrimidine; 2-phenoxy-5-(5-(pyridin-3-yl) 4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)pyridine; 2-phenyl-5-(5-(1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)piperidin-4 5 yl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)pyrimidine; and 2-phenyl-5-(5-(1-(2,2,2 trifluoroethyl)piperidin-4-yl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)pyridine; or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. 10 Another exemplary embodiment may be a compound selected from the group consisting of: (5-(2-(3-fluorophenyl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyrimidin-2 yl)(phenyl)methanone; phenyl(5-(2-(pyridin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyrimidin-2 yl)methanone; (5-(2-(1 -benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyrimidin-2 yl)(phenyl)methanone; (5-(2-(3-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1 H-imidazol-4 15 yl)pyrimidin-2-yl)(phenyl)methanone; (5-(5-methyl-2-(pyridin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol 4-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl)(phenyl)methanone; (5-(2-(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-5-methyl 1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl)(phenyl)methanone; (5-(2-(3-fluorophenyl)-1 methyl-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl)(phenyl)methanone; (5-(1 -methyl-2 (pyridin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl)(phenyl)methanone; and (5-(2-(1 20 benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-1 -methyl-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyrimidin-2 yl)(phenyl)methanone; or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. Another exemplary embodiment may be a compound selected from the 25 group consisting of: 4-methyl-2-phenyl-5-(2-(pyridin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-5 yl)thiazole; 2-(3-fluorophenyl)-4-methyl-5-(2-(pyridin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-5 yl)thiazole; 4-methyl-2-phenyl-5-(2-(1 -(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)piperidin-4-yl)-1 H imidazol-5-yl)thiazole; 4-methyl-2-phenyl-5-(2-(1 -(pyridazin-3-yl)piperidin-4-yl) 1 H-imidazol-5-yl)thiazole; 4-methyl-2-phenyl-5-(2-(1-(2,2,2 30 trifluoroethyl)piperidin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-5-yl)thiazole; and 5-(2-(1 benzylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-5-yl)-4-methyl-2-phenylthiazole; or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. 45 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 The exemplary embodiments may also be directed to a method of preventing or treating a disease or condition mediated at least in part by prostaglandin D 2 produced by H-PGDS, in a subject in need of such 5 treatment, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (1) or (II), or an equivalent thereof, or an N oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof; the use of a compound of formula (1) or (II), or an equivalent thereof, or an N oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, for the 10 manufacture of a medicament for preventing or treating a disease or condition mediated at least in part by prostaglandin D 2 produced by H-PGDS; a compound of formula (1) or (II), or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, for use as a medicament; a compound of formula (1) or (II), or an equivalent thereof, or an 15 N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, for use in the prevention or treatment of a disease or condition mediated at least in part by prostaglandin D 2 produced by H-PGDS; a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula (1) or (II), or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or 20 solvate thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient; a pharmaceutical composition for the prevention and treatment of a disease or condition mediated at least in part by prostaglandin D 2 produced by H-PGDS comprising a compound of formula (1) or (II), or an equivalent thereof, or an N oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. 25 The diseases and conditions mediated at least in part by prostaglandin
D
2 produced by H-PGDS may include allergy and allergic inflammation. Diseases and conditions of this kind may be allergic respiratory conditions such as allergic rhinitis, nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, perennial rhinitis, nasal 30 inflammation, asthma of all types, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic or acute bronchoconstriction, chronic bronchitis, small airways obstruction, emphysema, chronic eosinophilic pneumonia, adult respiratory distress syndrome, exacerbation of airways hyper-reactivity 46 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 consequent to other drug therapy, airways disease that may be associated with pulmonary hypertension, acute lung injury, bronchiectasis, sinusitis, allergic conjunctivitis, or atopic dermatitis, particularly asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 5 Types of asthma may include atopic asthma, non-atopic asthma, allergic asthma, atopic bronchial IgE-mediated asthma, bronchial asthma, essential asthma, true asthma, intrinsic asthma caused by pathophysiologic disturbances, extrinsic asthma caused by environmental factors, essential 10 asthma of unknown or inapparent cause, bronchitic asthma, emphysematous asthma, exercise-induced asthma, exertion asthma, allergen-induced asthma, cold air induced asthma, occupational asthma, infective asthma caused by bacterial, fungal, protozoal, or viral infection, non-allergic asthma, incipient asthma, wheezy infant syndrome, and bronchiolytis. 15 Included in the use of the compounds of formula (1) and (II) for the treatment of asthma, may be palliative treatment for the symptoms and conditions of asthma such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, tightness in the chest, shallow or fast breathing, nasal flaring (nostril size 20 increases with breathing), retractions (neck area and between or below the ribs moves inward with breathing), cyanosis (gray or bluish tint to skin, beginning around the mouth), runny or stuffy nose, and headache. Other diseases and conditions that may be mediated, at least in part, 25 by prostaglandin D2 produced by H-PGDS are arthritis (especially rheumatoid arthritis), irritable bowel diseases (such as Crohns disease and ulcerative colitis), irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory pain, chronic pain, muscular necrosis (such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy), skin inflammation and irritation (such as eczema), niacin-induced skin flushing, cealic type disease 30 (e.g. as a result of lactose intolerance), wound healing, and dermal scarring (Kapoor, M., Kojima, F., Yang, L., and Crofford, L. J. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids, 76(2), 2007, 103-112). Chronic pain conditions may include neuropathic pain conditions (such as painful diabetic neuropathy and 47 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 postherpetic neuralgia), carpel tunnel syndrome, back pain, headache, cancer pain, arthritic pain and chronic post-surgical pain. The exemplary embodiments may also be directed to any of the uses, 5 methods, or compositions as defined above wherein the compound of formula (1) or (II), or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, that is used in combination with another pharmacologically active compound. Specific combinations useful according to the exemplary embodiments may include 10 combinations comprising a compound of formula (1) or (II), or an equivalent thereof, or an N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof., and (i) a glucocorticosteroid or DAGR (dissociated agonist of the corticoid receptor); (ii) a p2 agonist, an example of which is a long-acting P2 agonist; (iii) a muscarinic M3 receptor antagonist or anticholinergic agent; 15 (iv) a histamine receptor antagonist or inverse agonist, which may be an H1 or an H3 antagonist or inverse agonist; (v) a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor; (vi) a thromboxane inhibitor; (vii) an LTD 4 inhibitor; (viii) a kinase inhibitor; or (ix) a vaccine. Generally, the compounds of the combination may be administered together as a formulation in association with one or more pharmaceutically 20 acceptable excipients. Besides being useful for human treatment, compounds of formula (1) or (II) may also be useful for veterinary treatment of companion animals, exotic animals, and farm animals. 25 When used in the present application, the following abbreviations have the meaning set out below: Ac is acetyl; ACN is acetonitrile; BBr 3 is boron tribromide; Bn is benzyl; BnNH 2 is benzylamine; BSA is bovine serum albumin; CH 2 Cl 2 is dichloromethane; CHC1 3 is chloroform; CDCI 3 is 30 deuterochloroform; dba is dibenzylideneacetone; DCC is NN dicyclohexylcarbodiimide; DCM is dichloromethane; DME is 1,2 dimethoxyethane; DMF is NN-dimethylformamide; DMSO is dimethyl sulfoxide; DBU is 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene; EDC/EDAC is N-(3 48 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 dimethylaminopropyl)-N'-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride; EDTA is ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; EIA is enzyme immunoassay; Et is ethyl; Et 3 N is triethylamine; HCI is hydrogen chloride; HOBt is 1 hydroxybenzotriazole; Me is methyl; MTBE is methyl tert-butyl ether; NaOMe 5 is sodium methoxide; NMP is 1-rnethyl-2-pyrrolidinone; PG represents a chemical protecting group; Ph is phenyl; Pd(PPh 3
)
4 is tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium; PhB(OH) 2 is benzeneboronic acid, also known as phenylboronic acid; PhMe is toluene; rt is room temperature; TBAB is tetrabutylammonium bromide; t-Bu is tert-butyl; THF is tetrahydrofuran; TLC 10 is thin layer chromatography; and Tris-HCI is 2-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3 propanediol hydrochloride. Unless otherwise defined herein, scientific and technical terms used in connection with the exemplary embodiments shall have the meanings that are 15 commonly understood by those of ordinary skill in the art. Further, unless otherwise required by context, singular terms shall include pluralities and plural terms shall include the singular. Generally, nomenclature used in connection with, and techniques of chemistry and 20 molecular biology described herein are those well known and commonly used in the art. The phrase "therapeutically effective" is intended to qualify the amount of compound or pharmaceutical composition, or the combined amount of 25 active ingredients in the case of combination therapy. This amount or combined amount may achieve the goal of treating the relevant condition. The term "treatment," as used herein to describe the exemplary embodiments and unless otherwise qualified, means administration of the 30 compound, pharmaceutical composition, or combination to effect preventative, palliative, supportive, restorative, or curative treatment. The term treatment encompasses any objective or subjective improvement in a subject with respect to a relevant condition or disease. 49 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 The term "preventative treatment," as used herein to describe the exemplary embodiments, means that the compound, pharmaceutical composition, or combination may be administered to a subject to inhibit or 5 stop the relevant condition from occurring in a subject, particularly in a subject or member of a population that may be significantly predisposed to the relevant condition. The term "palliative treatment," as used herein to describe the 10 exemplary embodiments, means that the compound, pharmaceutical composition, or combination may be administered to a subject to remedy signs and/or symptoms of a condition, without necessarily modifying the progression of, or underlying etiology of, the relevant condition. 15 The term "supportive treatment," as used herein to describe the exemplary embodiments, means that the compound, pharmaceutical composition, or combination may be administered to a subject as part of a regimen of therapy, but that such therapy is not limited to administration of the compound, pharmaceutical composition, or combination. Unless otherwise 20 expressly stated, supportive treatment may embrace preventative, palliative, restorative, or curative treatment, particularly when the compounds or pharmaceutical compositions are combined with another component of supportive therapy. 25 The term "restorative treatment," as used herein to describe the exemplary embodiments, means that the compound, pharmaceutical composition, or combination may be administered to a subject to modify the underlying progression or etiology of a condition. Non-limiting examples include an increase in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV 1) for 30 lung disorders, inhibition of progressive nerve destruction, reduction of biomarkers associated and correlated with diseases or disorders, a reduction in relapses, improvement in quality of life, and the like. 50 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 The term "curative treatment," as used herein to describe the exemplary embodiments, means that the compound, pharmaceutical composition, or combination may be administered to a subject for the purpose of bringing the disease or disorder into complete remission, or that the 5 disease or disorder in undetectable after such treatment. The term "alkyl," alone or in combination, means an acyclic radical, linear or branched, preferably containing from 1 to about 6 carbon atoms. Examples of such radicals include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, 10 isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, iso-amyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, and the like. Where no specific substitution is specified, alkyl radicals may be optionally substituted with groups consisting of hydroxy, sulfhydryl, methoxy, ethoxy, amino, cyano, chloro, and fluoro. Examples of such substituted alkyl radicals include chloroethyl, hydroxyethyl, cyanobutyl, aminopentyl and the like. 15 The carbon atom content of various hydrocarbon-containing moieties is indicated by a prefix designating a lower and upper number of carbon atoms in the moiety, that is, the prefix CrC; indicates a moiety of the integer "i" to the integer "j" carbon atoms, inclusive. Thus, for example, '(Cr 1
C
6 )-alkyl' refers to 20 alkyl of one to six carbon atoms, inclusive. The terms "hydroxy" and "hydroxyl," as used herein, mean an OH radical. 25 The term "sulfhydryl," as used herein, means an SH radical. The term "oxo" means a doubly bonded oxygen. The term "alkoxy" means a radical comprising an alkyl radical that is 30 bonded to an oxygen atom, such as a methoxy radical. Preferred alkoxy radicals have one to about six carbon atoms. Examples of such radicals include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, butoxy, and tert-butoxy. 51 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 The term "aryl" means a fully unsaturated mono-or multi-ring cycloalkyl having a cyclic array of p-orbitals containing 4n+2 electrons, including, but not limited to, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, naphthyl, or anthracenyl optionally fused to a carbocyclic radical wherein aryl may be optionally 5 substituted with one or more substituents from the group consisting of halo, methoxy, ethoxy, (C 1
-C
6 )-alkyl, phenyl, O-phenyl, cyano, nitro, hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, or trifluoromethyl. The term "halo," as used herein, means one of the following group 10 consisting of fluoro, chloro, bromo, or iodo. The terms "heterocycle", "heterocyclic ring system," and "heterocyclyl" refer to a saturated or unsaturated mono- or multi-ring cycloalkyl wherein one or more carbon atoms is replaced by N, S, or 0. The terms "heterocycle", 15 "heterocyclic ring system," and "heterocyclyl" include fully saturated ring structures such as azetidinyl, piperazinyl, dioxanyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, oxiranyl, aziridinyl, morpholinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, thiazolidinyl, and others. The terms "heterocycle", "heterocyclic ring system," and "heterocyclyl" also include partially unsaturated ring structures such as dihydrofuranyl, pyrazolinyl, 20 imidazolinyl, pyrrolinyl, chromanyl, dihydrothiphenyl, and others. A preferred non-aromatic heterocyclic group is a five- or six-membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic group containing one or two nitrogen or oxygen groups, optionally substituted by one or more of (C1-C6) 25 alkyl, (C1-C 6 )-fluoroalkyl, (C 3
-C
6 )-cycloalkyl, hydroxy(C 3
-C
6 )-cycloalkyl, (C2
C
6 )-alkenyl, (C 2
-C
6 )-alkynyl, halo, oxo, hydroxyl, -(CH 2 )pOH, -OR 8 , (CH 2 )pOR 8 , sulfhydryl, -(CH 2 )pSH, -SR 8 , -(CH 2 )pSR 8 , -NR 8
R
9 , -(CH 2 )pNR 8
R
9 , C0 2
R
8 , -(CH 2 )pCO 2
R
8 , -CONR 8
R
9 , -(CH 2 )pCONR 8
R
9 ,cyano, or -(CH 2 )pCN, wherein p is 1, 2, or 3 and each R 8 and R 9 is independently hydrogen or (C1 30 C 6 )-alkyl optionally substituted with -OH or -O-((C 1
-C
6 )-alkyl). Preferred examples of non-aromatic heterocyclic groups include azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl and morpholinyl (optionally substituted as specified above). 52 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 The term "heteroaryl" refers to an aromatic heterocyclic group. Heteroaryl is preferably: (a) a five-membered aromatic heterocyclic group containing either (i) 1-4 nitrogen atoms or (ii) 0-3 nitrogen atoms and 1 oxygen 5 or 1 sulfur atom; (b) a six-membered aromatic heterocyclic group containing 1-3 nitrogen atoms; (c) a nine-membered bicyclic heterocyclic group containing either (i) 1-5 nitrogen atoms or (ii) 0-4 nitrogen atoms and 1 oxygen or 1 sulfur atom; or (d) a ten-membered bicyclic aromatic heterocyclic group containing 1-6 nitrogen atoms; each of said groups (a)-(d) being optionally 10 substituted by one or more of (C 1
-C
6 )-alkyl, (C 1
-C
6 )-fluoroalkyl, (C3-C6) cycloalkyl, hydroxy(C 3
-C
6 )-cycloalkyl, (C 2
-C
6 )-alkenyl, (C 2
-C
6 )-alkynyl, halo, oxo, hydroxyl, -(CH 2 )pOH, -OR 8 , -(CH 2 )pOR 8 , sulfhydryl, -(CH 2 )pSH, -SR 8 , (CH 2 )pSR 8 , -NR 8
R
9 , -(CH 2 )pNR 8
R
9 , -C0 2
R
8 , -(CH 2 )pCO 2
R
8 , -CONR 8
R
9 , (CH 2 )pCONR 8
R
9 ,cyano, or -(CH 2 )pCN; wherein p is 1, 2, or 3 and each R 8 and 15 R 9 is independently hydrogen or (C 1
-C
6 )-alkyl optionally substituted with -OH or -O-((C 1
-C
6 )-alkyl). Examples of "heteroaryl" include pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, thionyl, furanyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, and tetrazolyl, optionally substituted as specified above. 20 In "heterocycle" or "heteroaryl," the point of attachment to the molecule of interest may be at a heteroatom or elsewhere within the ring. The term "cycloalkyl" means a mono- or multi-ringed cycloalkyl wherein 25 each ring contains three to ten carbon atoms, preferably three to six carbon atoms. "Cycloalkyl" is preferably a monocyclic cycloalkyl containing from three to six carbon atoms. Examples include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl. 30 The symbols and .r denote the point of attachment of a substituent. The wavy line attached to a double bond, as denoted here: 53 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 Group 1 Group 2 represents undefined double bond geometry, in that the symbol allows for either cis (Z) or trans (E) geometry. 5 As used herein, the terms "co-administration," "co-administered," and "in combination with," referring to a combination of a compound of formula (1) or (II) and one or more other therapeutic agents, is intended to mean, and does refer to and include the following: 10 (i) simultaneous administration of such combination of a compound of formula (1) or (II) and a further therapeutic agent to a patient in need of treatment, when such components are formulated together into a single dosage form which releases said components at substantially the same 15 time to said patient; (ii) substantially simultaneous administration of such a combination of a compound of formula (1) or (II) and a further therapeutic agent to a patient in need of treatment, when such components are 20 formulated apart from each other into separate dosage forms which are taken at substantially the same time by said patient, whereupon said components are released at substantially the same time to said patient; (iii) sequential administration of such a combination of a 25 compound of formula (1) or (II) and a further therapeutic agent to a patient in need of treatment, when such components are formulated apart from each other into separate dosage forms which are taken at consecutive times by said patient with a significant time interval between each administration, whereupon said components are released at substantially different times to 30 said patient; and 54 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 (iv) sequential administration of such a combination of a compound of formula (1) or (II) and a further therapeutic agent to a patient in need of treatment, when such components are formulated together into a single dosage form which releases said components in a controlled manner 5 whereupon they are concurrently, consecutively, and/or overlappingly administered at the same and/or different times by said patient, where each part may be administered by either the same or different route. The term "excipient" is used herein to describe any ingredient other 10 than a compound of formula (1) or (II). The choice of excipient will to a large extent depend on factors such as the particular mode of administration, the effect of the excipient on solubility and stability, and the nature of the dosage form. The term "excipient" encompasses diluents, carrier, or adjuvant. 15 Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of formula (1) or (II) include the acid addition and base salts thereof. Suitable acid addition salts are formed by acids which form non-toxic salts. Examples include the acetate, adipate, aspartate, benzoate, besylate, 20 bicarbonate/carbonate, bisulfate/sulfate, borate, camsylate, citrate, cyclamate, edisylate, esylate, formate, fumarate, gluceptate, gluconate, glucuronate, hexafluorophosphate, hibenzate, hydrochloride/chloride, hydrobromide/bromide, hydroiodide/iodide, isethionate, lactate, malate, maleate, malonate, mesylate, methylsulfate, naphthylate, 2-napsylate, 25 nicotinate, nitrate, orotate, oxalate, palmitate, pamoate, phosphate/hydrogen phosphate/dihydrogen phosphate, propionate, pyroglutamate, saccharate, stearate, succinate, tannate, tartrate, tosylate, trifluoroacetate, naphthalene 1,5-disulfonic acid, and xinofoate salts. 30 Suitable base salts are formed from bases which form non-toxic salts. Examples include the aluminum, arginine, benzathine, calcium, choline, diethylamine, diolamine, glycine, lysine, magnesium, meglumine, olamine, potassium, sodium, tromethamine, and zinc salts. 55 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 Hemisalts of acids and bases may also be formed, for example, hemisulfate and hemicalcium salts. For a review on suitable salts, see Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts: Properties, Selection, and Use, by Stahl 5 and Wermuth (Wiley-VCH, 2002). Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of formulas (1) or (II) may be prepared by one or more of three methods: 10 (i) by reacting the compound of formula (1) or (II) with the desired acid or base; (ii) by removing an acid- or base-labile protecting group from a suitable precursor of the compound of formula (1) or (II) or by a ring-opening a 15 suitable cyclic precursor, for example, a lactone or lactam, using the desired acid or base; or (iii) by converting one salt of the compound of formula (1) or (II) to another by reaction with an appropriate acid or base or by means of a 20 suitable ion exchange column. All three reactions are typically carried out in solution. The resulting salt may precipitate out and be collected by filtration or may be recovered by evaporation of the solvent. The degree of ionization in the resulting salt may 25 vary from completely ionized to almost non-ionized. The compounds of formula (1) or (II) may also exist in unsolvated and solvated forms. The term "solvate" is used herein to describe a molecular complex comprising the compound of formula (1) or (II), or a pharmaceutically 30 acceptable salt thereof, and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable solvent molecules, for example, ethanol or water. The term "hydrate" is employed when said solvent is water. 56 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 Also included herein are multi-component complexes other than salts and solvates wherein the compound of formula (1) or (II) and at least one other component are present in stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric amounts. 5 The compounds of formula (1) or (II) may exist in a continuum of solid states ranging from fully amorphous to fully crystalline. The compounds of formula (1) or (II) may also exist in a mesomorphic state (mesophase or liquid crystal) when subjected to suitable conditions. 10 The mesomorphic state is intermediate between the true crystalline state and the true liquid state (either melt or solution). Hereinafter all references to compounds of formula (1) or (II) (also referred to as compounds of the invention) include references to salts, 15 solvates, multi-component complexes, and liquid crystals thereof and to solvates, multi-component complexes, and liquid crystals of salts thereof. Also included herein are all polymorphs and crystal habits of compounds of formula (1) or (II), prodrugs, and isomers thereof (including 20 optical, geometric, and tautomeric isomers) and isotopically-labeled forms thereof. As indicated, so-called 'prodrugs' of the compounds of formulas (1) and (II) are also within the scope of the invention. Thus certain derivatives of a 25 compound of formula (1) or (II) which may have little or no pharmacological activity themselves can, when administered into or onto the body, be converted into a compound of formula (1) or (II) having the desired activity, for example, by hydrolytic cleavage. Such derivatives are referred to as 'prodrugs.' Further information on the use of prodrugs may be found in 30 Prodruqs as Novel Delivery Systems, Vol. 14, ACS Symposium Series (T. Higuchi and W, Stella) and Bioreversible Carriers in Drug Design, Pergamon Press, 1987 (Ed. E. B. Roche, American Pharmaceutical Association). 57 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 Prodrugs in accordance with the invention can, for example, be produced by replacing appropriate functionalities present in the compounds of formulas (1) and (II) with certain moieties known to those skilled in the art as 'pro-moieties' as described, for example, in Design of Prodruqs, by H. 5 Bundgaard (Elsevier, 1985). Some examples of prodrugs in accordance with the exemplary embodiments include: 10 (i) where a compound of formulas (1) or (II) contains a carboxylic acid functionality (-CO 2 H), an ester thereof; for example, a compound wherein the hydrogen of the carboxylic acid functionality of the compound of formula (1) or (II) is replaced by (C1-C 8 )-alkyl; 15 (ii) where a compound of formulas (1) or (II) contains an alcohol functionality (-OH), an ether thereof; for example, a compound wherein the hydrogen of the alcohol functionality of the compound of formula (1) or (II) is replaced by (C 1
-C
6 )-alkanoyloxymethyl; and 20 (iii) where a compound of formulas (1) or (II) contains a primary or secondary amino functionality (-NH 2 or -NHR where R is not H), an amide thereof; for example, a compound wherein, as the case may be, one or both hydrogens of the amino functionality of the compound of formula (1) or (II) is/are replaced by (C 1
-C
1 o)-alkanoyl. 25 Further examples of replacement groups in accordance with the foregoing examples and examples of other prodrug types may be found in the aforementioned references. 30 Moreover, certain compounds of formulas (1) and (II) may themselves act as prodrugs of other compounds of formulas (1) and (II), respectively. 58 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 Also included within the scope of the invention are metabolites of compounds of formulas (1) and (II), that is, compounds formed in vivo upon administration of the drug. 5 Also included within the scope of the invention are compounds of formulas (1) and (II) that are all pharmaceutically acceptable isotopically labeled compounds of formulas (1) and (II) wherein one or more atoms are replaced by atoms having the same atomic number, but an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number which 10 predominates in nature; for example, a compound of formula (1) or (II) for which one of the hydrogen atoms ( 1 H) is replaced with a deuterium (D, or 2 H) or tritium (T, or 3 H) isotope. Another example includes a compound of formula (1) or (II) for which one of the carbon-12 atoms (12C) is replaced with a carbon 14 (14C) isotope. Isotopically labeled compounds of formulas (1) and (II) can 15 generally be prepared by conventional techniques known to those ordinarily skilled in the art or by processes analogous to those described in the accompanying Examples using an appropriately isotopically labeled reagent in place of the non-labeled reagent previously employed. 20 Also included within the scope of the invention are all stereoisomers, geometric isomers and tautomeric forms of the compounds of formulas (1) and (II), including compounds that exhibit more than one type of isomerism, and mixtures of one or more thereof. 25 Cis/trans isomers may be separated by conventional techniques well known to those ordinarily skilled in the art; for example, chromatography and fractional crystallization. Conventional techniques for preparation and isolation of individual 30 enantiomers include chiral synthesis from a suitable optically pure precursor or resolution of the racemate (or the racemate salt or derivative) using, for example, chiral high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Alternatively, the racemate (or racemic precursor) may be reacted with a suitable optically 59 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 active compound, for example, an alcohol, or, in the case where the compound of formula (1) or (II) contains an acidic or basic moiety, a base or an acid such as 1-phenethylamine or tartaric acid. The resulting diastereomeric mixture may be separated by chromatography and/or 5 fractional crystallization and one or both of the diastereomers converted into the corresponding pure enantiomer(s) by means well known to those ordinarily skilled in the art. Compounds of the exemplary embodiments of formulas (1) and (II) may 10 be administered orally, topically, transdermally, intranasally, by inhalation, directly into the bloodstream, into muscle, into an internal organ, into the eye, into the ear, into the rectum, or by other means. The compounds herein, their methods of preparation and their 15 biological activity will appear more clearly from the examination of the following examples that are presented as an illustration only and are not to be considered as limiting the invention in its scope. Compounds herein are identified, for example, by the following analytical methods. 20 Mass spectra (MS) methods include positive electrospray ionization (ESl*), negative electrospray ionization (ESI-), positive atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI*), or negative atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI-). 25 400 MHz proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectra ( 1 H NMR) are recorded at ambient temperature using either a Bruker (300 MHz) or a Varian INOVA (400 MHz) nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer. In the 1 H NMR chemical shifts (6) are indicated in parts per million (ppm) with reference to tetramethylsilane (TMS) as the internal standard. 30 60 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 EXAMPLES Examples 1-13, 32-33, and 44 are imidazole compounds that may be prepared according to the general synthetic route illustrated in Scheme 1. 5 Palladium-assisted coupling of 5-bromo-2-iodopyridine or 5-bromo-2 iodopyrimidine (1) with the appropriate arylboronic acid (2) provided the corresponding 2-aryl-5-bromopyridine or 2-aryl-5-bromopyrimidine intermediate (3). A subsequent palladium-assisted coupling of an intermediate (3) with a 1-benzyl-2-R 2 -substituted imidazole intermediate (4), 10 which was prepared as illustrated in Scheme 2, provides the corresponding intermediate generally illustrated as structure (5). Debenzylation catalyzed with palladium on carbon affords the corresponding 5-(imidazol-4-yl)-pyridine or 5-(imidazol-4-yl)-pyrimidine (6). 15 For each of the examples and schemes below, temperatures, measurements, and time references are approximations and are not intended to be limited to the actual values listed. Scheme 1: General synthesis of 5-(imidazol-4-vI)-pvridines and 5 20 (imidazol-4-yl)-pyrimidines
R
1 I ~ RI HO' bOH N 2 N Y Pd(PPh 3
)
4 , Na 2
CO
3 , Br toluene, 110 C Br 1 R1 is phenyl 3 substituted phenyl, Y = CH or NJ or pyridyl 61 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813
R
6 N N' R6 or Bn R1 R1 R2 N*~*~ R3 For Bn removal N R 'l3 N 3 4 10 % Pd/C, HCOONH 4 Pd(OAc) 2 , P(2-furyl) 3 , R 6 /- N'R or Bn MeOH, reflux
R
6 / NH K2CO 3 , DMF, 140 cC N N 2R26R2 R2 and R are as defined in the detailed description 5 6 5 Scheme 2: General synthesis of 1-benzyl-2-R 2 -substituted imidazole intermediates H 2 N OCH QN NaOMe,MeOH NH
OCH
3 , R2 R 2 -, Acetic Acid 7 8
R
2 N OCH 3 6 I N[ NH Ph Br N N Ph H OCH 3 reflux R2 NaH, DMF R2 10 9 10 4 15 N y-. R7 NY3 R6 62 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 H-PGDS H-PGDS Ex. R 6
R
7
Y
3 FPBA IC,, Inhibitor EIA (iaM) IC 50 (iaM) 1 H H N 0.25 0.012 2 H H CH 0.48 0.097 3 H Me N 0.625 0.25 4 Me H N 0.45 0.082 Example 1 5 Preparation of 2-phenvl-5-(2-phenvl-1H-imidazol-5-vl)pvrimidine H N N N N 10 Step A: Preparation of 5-bromo-2-phenylpyrimidine Br 15 A mixture consisting of 5-bromo-2-iodopyrimidine (Bridge Organics, 10.0 g, 35.1 mmol), benzene boronic acid (Alfa Aesar, 4.25 g, 35.1 mmol), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (Strem, 0.405 g, 0.351 mmol), toluene (150 mL), and a 2 M aqueous sodium carbonate solution (35 mL) was stirred 20 at 115 0C (degrees Celsius) under a nitrogen atmosphere for 16 hours. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was partitioned between chloroform (250 mL) and brine (200 mL). The phases were separated and the organic phase was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and concentrated under 63 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 reduced pressure to give an orange oil (9.1 g). The crude product was purified by flash silica column chromatography. Elution through a 500-g Analogix@ flash silica cartridge with 100% hexanes afforded the title intermediate as a white solid (3.15 g, 38% yield). Rf 0.69 with 9:1 v/v hexanes 5 ethyl acetate; 1 H-NMR (400 MHz; CDC1 3 ) 8 8.83 (s, 2H), 8.44-8.38 (m, 2H), 7.52-7.46 (m, 3H); MS (APCI*) m/z 236.9 (M+1). Step B: Preparation of 1 -benzyl-2-phenyl-1 H-imidazole N 10 N To a mixture consisting of 2-phenylimidazole (Tl America, 3.0 g, 21 mmol) and NN-dimethylformamide (40 mL) was added 60% sodium hydride in mineral oil (0.92 g, 23 mmol). After stirring for one hour at room 15 temperature, a solution consisting of benzyl bromide (Aldrich, 2.73 mL, 22.9 mmol) in NN-dimethylformamide (5 mL) was added dropwise while stirring. After stirring at room temperatures for 12 hours the reaction was complete as observed by TLC. The reaction mixture was partitioned between ethyl acetate (150 mL) and water (100 mL). The phases were separated and the organic 20 layer was washed with brine (150 mL), and was subsequently dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. Concentration under reduced pressure afforded the crude product as an orange oil (4.2 g). The product was purified by flash silica column chromatography. Elution through a 80-g Silicycle@ flash silica cartridge with gradient of 5% to 30% ethyl acetate in hexanes 25 afforded the title intermediate as a colorless oil (3.21 g, 66% yield). Rf 0.65 with 9:1 v/v dichloromethane-methanol; 1 H-NMR (400 MHz; CDC1 3 ) 6 7.57 7.53 (m, 2H), 7.42-7.28 (m, 6H), 7.19 (d, 1H), 7.11-7.07 (m, 2H), 6.97 (d, 1H), 5.22 (s, 2H). 30 64 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 Step C: Preparation of 5-(1-benzvl-2-phenvl-1H-imidazol-5-yI)-2 phenylpyrimidine N, N N N 5 To a mixture consisting of 5-bromo-2-phenylpyrimidine (1.2 g, 5.1 mmol), palladium (II) acetate (Strem, 0.048 g, 0.21 mmol), tris(2 furyl)phosphine (TCI America, 0.098 g, 0.43 mmol) and potassium carbonate (1.17 g, 8.52 mmol) was added a solution consisting of 1-benzyl-2-phenyl-1H 10 imidazole (1.0 g, 4.3 mmol) in NN-dimethylformamide (10 mL). The reaction mixture was brought to reflux at 140 0C (degrees Celsius) while under a N 2 atmosphere. After stirring for 16 hours at reflux the solution was cooled to room temperature. The reaction mixture was partitioned between ethyl acetate (250 mL) and saturated aqueous ammonium chloride (100 mL). The 15 phases were separated and the organic layer was washed with brine (150 mL), and was subsequently dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. Concentration under reduced pressure affords the crude product as an orange oil (0.658 g). The product was purified by flash silica column chromatography. Elution through a 80-g Silicycle@ flash silica cartridge with 20 gradient of 5% to 30% ethyl acetate in hexanes afforded the title intermediate (0.495 g, 30% yield); Rf 0.38 with 1:1 v/v ethyl acetate-hexane; 1 H-NMR (400 MHz; CDCI 3 ) 8 8.7 (s, 2H), 8.4 (m, 2H), 7.6 (m, 2H), 7.5-7.25 (m, 1OH), 6.9 (m, 2H), 5.32 (s, 2H); MS (ESl*) m/z 389.2 (M+1); H-PGDS FPBA IC 50 : 15 iM. 25 Step D: Preparation of 2-phenvl-5-(2-phenvl-1H-imidazol-5-vl)pvrimidine H N N ~ N N 65 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 To a solution consisting of 5-(1-benzyl-2-phenyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)-2 phenylpyrimidine (0.495 g, 1.27 mmol) in methanol (100 mL) was added ammonium formate (Aldrich, 0.804 g, 12.7 mmol) and 10% palladium on 5 carbon (Alfa Aesar, 0.500 g). The reaction mixture was brought to reflux at 70 0C for 16 hours. After cooling the solution to room temperature, the crude reaction mixture was filtered over a bed of Celite, which was rinsed with additional methanol (300 mL). Concentration of the filtrate afforded an off white solid. The product was purified by flash silica column chromatography. 10 Elution through a 40-g Silicycle@ flash silica cartridge with gradient of 100% dichloromethane to 5% methanol in dichloromethane afforded the title compound as a white solid (0.218 g, 57% yield); Rf 0.56 with 95:5 v/v dichloromethane-methanol; melting point 253 0C; 1 H-NMR (400 MHz; DMSO d 6 ) 8 9.3 (s, 2H), 8.4 (m, 2H), 8.05 (m, 3H), 7.55-7.35 (m, 6H); MS (ESl*) m/z 15 299.1 (M+1); H-PGDS FPBA IC50: 0.25 rM; H-PGDS inhibitor EIA IC50: 0.012 riM. Examples 2-12 were generally prepared according to the procedures described in Example 1. Exceptions are noted in each Example. 20 Example 2 Preparation of 2-phenvl-5-(2-phenvl-1H-imidazol-5-vl)pvridine N/ H | N N 25 The title compound was prepared by the method described in Example 1, except that commercially available 2-iodo-5-bromopyridine was used instead of 2-iodo-5-bromopyrimidine in Step A; Rf 0.53 with 95:5 v/v dichloromethane-methanol; melting point 206 0C; 1 H-NMR (400 MHz; DMSO 30 d 6 ) 8 9.15 (s, 2H), 8.26 (dd, 2H), 8.14-7.94 (m, 5H), 7.52-7.34 (m, 5H); MS 66 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 (ESIl) m/z 298.1 (M+1); H-PGDS FPBA IC50: 0.48 rM; H-PGDS inhibitor EIA IC50: 0.097 iM. Example 3 5 Preparation of 5-(1 -methyl-2-phenvl-1 H-imidazol-5-yl)-2 Phenvlpyrimidine N N N N 10 The title compound was prepared by the method described in Example 1, Steps A-C, except that iodomethane was used instead of benzyl bromide in Step B; Rf 0.36 with 1:1 v/v ethyl acetate-hexane; melting point 211 0C; 'H NMR (400 MHz; DMSO-d 6 ) 8 9.17 (s, 2H), 8.41 (m, 2H), 7.75 (dd, 2H), 7.6 7.27 (m, 7H); MS (ESl*) m/z 313.2 (M+1); H-PGDS FPBA IC50: 0.625 rM; H 15 PGDS inhibitor EIA IC50: 0.25 iM. Example 4 Preparation of 5-(4-methyl-2-phenvl-1H-imidazol-5-yi)-2 Phenvlpyrimidine 20 H N N '-N NN The title compound was prepared by the method described in Example 1, except that commercially available 4-methyl-2-phenyl-1 H-imidazole (TCl 25 America) was used instead of 2-phenylimidazole in Step B; Rf 0.73 with 95:5 v/v dichloromethane-methanol; melting point 138 0C; 1 H-NMR (400 MHz; DMSO-d 6 ) 8 9.28 (s, 2H), 8.52-8.46 (m, 2H), 8.05 (d, 2H), 7.64-7.52 (m, 5H), 67 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 7.44 (m, 1 H), 2.64 (s, 3H); MS (ESI) m/z 313.0 (M+1); H-PGDS FPBA IC50: 0.45 rM; H-PGDS inhibitor EIA IC50: 0.082 rM. H I
R
2 N 5 N H-PGDS H-PGDS Ex. R2 R FPBA IC 50 Inhibitor EIA (gM) IC 50 (gM) 5 H Ph 5 6 Ph 3-F-Ph 0.28 0.047 7 Ph 3,4-diOMe-Ph 3.5 8 3-F-Ph Ph 0.188 0.004 9 2-pyridyl Ph 0.125 0.053 10 3-pyridyl Ph 0.079 0.021 11 3-pyridyl 3-F-Ph 0.156 0.041 12 3-pyridyl 3-pyridyl 1.3 13 4-pyridyl Ph 0.125 0.075 14 Bn Ph 0.625 0.059 15 Ph 0.15 0.023 16 Ph 0.3 N 0 17 )Lo Ph 0.15 18 H Ph 1.0 19 Ph 0.08 0.006 68 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 20 Ph 0.45 21 N Ph 0.20 S0 22 H Ph 1.25 23 N Ph 0.6 24 N Ph 10 F3C OH 25 HN Ph 0.3
HN
26 N Ph 0 27 N Ph 0.09
F
3 C 28 .. , NOY Ph 0.15 29 N Ph 30 Ph 2 31 HN Ph 0 Example 5 Preparation of 5-(1H-imidazol-5-yi)-2-phenylpyrimidine 5 69 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 H I N N N N The title compound was prepared by the method described in Example 1, except that imidazole (Aldrich) was used instead of 2-phenylimidazole in 5 Step B; Rf 0.13 with 95:5 v/v dichloromethane-methanol; melting point 216 0C; 'H-NMR (400 MHz; DMSO-d 6 ) 8 9.32 (s, 2H), 8.50-8.43 (m, 2H), 7.99 (s, 1H), 7.91 (s, 1H), 7.62-7.55 (m, 3H); MS (ESl*) m/z 223.0 (M+1); H-PGDS FPBA IC50: 5 iM. 10 Example 6 Preparation of 2-(3-fluorophenvl)-5-(2-phenvl-1H-imidazol-5-VI)pvrimidine N N F N 15 The title compound was prepared by the method described in Example 1, except that commercially available 3-flourobenzene boronic acid was used instead of benzeneboronic acid in Step A; Rf 0.61 with 95:5 v/v dichloromethane-methanol; melting point 240 0C; 1 H-NMR (400 MHz; CDC1 3 ) 6 8.97 (s, 2H), 7.99 (d, 1H), 7.90-7.85 (m, 1H), 7.80-7.75 (m, 2H), 7.31 (s, 1H), 20 7.22-7.07 (m, 4H), 6.89 (dt, 1H); MS (ESl*) m/z 317.1 (M+1); H-PGDS FPBA IC50: 0.28 rM; H-PGDS inhibitor EIA IC50: 0.047 iM. Example 7 Preparation of 2-(3,4-dimethoxvphenvl)-5-(2-phenvl-1H-imidazol-5 25 vl)Dyrimidine 70 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 H Io N N / N NI N The title compound was prepared by the method described in Example 1, except that commercially available 3,4-dimethoxybenzene boronic acid was 5 used instead of benzeneboronic acid in Step A; Rf 0.45 with 95:5 v/v dichloromethane-methanol; melting point 231 0C; 1 H-NMR (400 MHz; DMSO d) 8 9.23 (s, 2H), 8.06-7.94 (m, 5H), 7.48 (m, 2H), 7.38 (m, 1 H), 7.08 (d, 1 H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 3.82 (s, 3H); MS (ESl*) m/z 359.1 (M+1); H-PGDS FPBA IC50: 3.5 iM. 10 Example 8 Preparation of 5-(2-(3-fluorophenvl)-1H-imidazol-5-yI)-2-phenylpyrimidine H N N N F 15 Step A: Preparation of 2-(3-fluorophenyl)-1H-imidazole N F 20 In a flask containing 3-flourobenzonitrile (Matrix Scientific, 3.0 g, 25 mmol) was added methanol (30 mL) and sodium methoxide (Aldrich, 25% by wt. in methanol, 2.83 mL, 12.4 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred for 1.5 hours and aminoacetaldehyde dimethyl acetal (Alfa Aesar, 2.60 g, 24.8 71 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 mmol) and acetic acid (2.83 mL, 49.5 mmol) were subsequently added and the solution was heated at reflux for one hour. After cooling to room temperature, methanol (25 mL) and 6 N HCI (8 mL) was added and the solution was heated at reflux for 16 hours. After cooling the solution to room 5 temperature the residue was taken up in a 1:1 mixture (v/v) of water and ethyl acetate (50 mL). The aqueous layer was separated and the pH of this solution was adjusted to pH 9 with 2 N NaOH, upon which a white precipitate formed in solution. The solid was collected by filtration and dried under high vacuum to provide 2-(3-fluorophenyl)-1 H-imidazole as an off-white solid (1.67 10 g, 41% yield, MS (ESl*) m/z 163.1 (M+1). Step B: Preparation of 1-benzvl-2-(3-fluorophenvl)-1H-imidazole N F 15 To a mixture consisting of 2-(3-fluorophenyl)-1 H-imidazole (0.80 g, 4.9 mmol) and NN-dimethylformamide (10 mL) was added 60% sodium hydride in mineral oil (0.22 g, 5.4 mmol). After stirring for one hour at room temperature, a solution consisting of benzyl bromide (Aldrich, 0.65 mL, 5.4 20 mmol) in NN-dimethylformamide (5 mL) was added dropwise while stirring. After stirring at room temperatures for 12 hours the reaction was complete as observed by TLC. The reaction mixture was partitioned between ethyl acetate (150 mL) and water (100 mL). The phases were separated and the organic layer was washed with brine (100 mL), and was subsequently dried over 25 anhydrous magnesium sulfate. Concentration under reduced pressure afforded the crude product as a yellow oil. The product was purified by flash silica column chromatography. Elution through a 40-g Silicycle@ flash silica cartridge with gradient of 10% to 30% ethyl acetate in hexane, and subsequently 5% methanol in dichloromethane afforded the title intermediate 72 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 as a colorless oil (0.408 g, 32% yield); Rf 0.45 with 95:5 v/v dichloromethane methanol; (ESl*) m/z 253.1 (M+1). Step C: Preparation of 5-(2-(3-fluorophenvl)-1H-imidazol-5-yI)-2 5 phenvlpyrimidine N, H N N N F The title compound was prepared by the method described in Example 10 1, except that 1 -benzyl-2-(3-fluorophenyl)-1 H-imidazole was used instead of 1-benzyl-2-phenyl-1H-imidazole in Step C; Rf 0.55 with 95:5 v/v dichloromethane-methanol; melting point 221 0C; 1 H-NMR (400 MHz; DMSO d) 8 9.31 (s, 2H), 8.44-8.37 (m, 2H), 8.14-8.06 (m, 1H), 7.88-7.77 (m, 2H), 7.58-7.48 (m, 4H), 7.23 (dt, 1H); MS (ESl*) m/z 317.1 (M+1); H-PGDS FPBA 15 IC50: 0.188 rM; H-PGDS inhibitor EIA IC50: 0.004 iM. Example 9 Preparation of 2-phenvl-5-(2-(pvridin-2-yI)-1H-imidazol-5-VI)pvrimidine H N N N 20 N N The title compound was prepared by the method described in Example 1, except that 2-(1-benzyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)pyridine (prepared according to Example 8, Step A, except that commercially available 2-cyanopyridine was 25 used instead of 3-fluorobenzonitrile) was used instead of 1-benzyl-2-phenyl 1H-imidazole in Step C; Rf 0.43 with 95:5 v/v dichloromethane-methanol; melting point 262 0C; 1 H-NMR (400 MHz; DMSO-d 6 ) 8 9.33 (s, 2H), 8.63 (d, 73 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 1H), 8.43-8.37 (m, 2H), 8.16 (d, 1H), 8.06 (d, 1H), 7.94 (dt, 1H), 7.54-7.49 (m, 3H), 7.43-7.39 (m, 1H); MS (ESl*) m/z 300.1 (M+1); H-PGDS FPBA IC50: 0.125 rM; H-PGDS inhibitor EIA IC50: 0.053 rM. 5 Example 10 Preparation of 2-phenvl-5-(2-(Dvridin-3-yi)-1H-imidazol-5-vl)pvrimidine H N N N N N 10 The title compound was prepared by the method described in Example 1, except that 3-(1-benzyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)pyridine was used instead of 1 benzyl-2-phenyl-1 H-imidazole in Step C. 3-(1 -Benzyl-1 H-imidazol-2 yl)pyridine was prepared by the method described in Example 8, Steps A and B except the commercially available 3-cyanopyridine was used instead of 3 15 fluorobenzonitrile; Rf 0.25 with 95:5 v/v dichloromethane-methanol; melting point 308 0C; 1 H-NMR (400 MHz; DMSO-d) 8 9.32 (s, 2H), 9.20 (d, 1H), 8.58 (dd, 1H), 8.44-8.31 (m, 3H), 8.12 (m, 1H), 7.57-7.46 (m, 4H); MS (ESl*) m/z 300.1 (M+1); H-PGDS FPBA IC50: 0.079 rM; H-PGDS inhibitor EIA IC50: 0.021 rM. 20 Example 11 Preparation of 2-(3-fluorophenvl)-5-(2-(pvridin-3-yI)-1H-imidazol-5 VI)pyrimidine N -F N N 25 N N The title compound was prepared by the method described in Example 1, except that (i) commercially available 3-flourobenzene boronic acid was 74 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 used instead of benzeneboronic acid in Step A, and (ii) 3-(1-benzyl-1H imidazol-2-yl)pyridine (prepared according to the method described in Example 8, Step A, except that commercially available 3-cyanopyridine was used instead of 3-fluorobenzonitrile) was used in place of the 1-benzyl-2 5 phenyl-1 H-imidazole in Step C; Rf 0.35 with 95:5 v/v dichloromethane methanol; melting point 309 0C; 1 H-NMR (400 MHz; DMSO-d 6 ) 8 9.40 (s, 2H), 9.27 (d,1H), 8.64 (dd, 1H), 8.40 (dt, 1H), 8.31 (dd, 1H), 8.23 (bs, 1H), 8.18 8.13 (m, 1H), 7.66-7.55 (m, 3H), 7.42 (dt, 1 H); MS (ESl*) m/z 318.0 (M+1); H-PGDS FPBA IC50: 0.156 rM; H-PGDS inhibitor EIA IC50: 0.041 iM. 10 Example 12 Preparation of 2-(pyridin-3-yI)-5-(2-(pyridin-3-y)-1H-imidazol-5 VI)pyrimidine H N I N N N 15 N N The title compound was prepared by the method described in Example 1, except that (i) commercially available 3-pyridyl boronic acid was used instead of benzene boronic acid in Step A, and (ii) 3-(1 -benzyl-1 H-imidazol-2 20 yl)pyridine was used instead of 1-benzyl-2-phenyl-1H-imidazole in Step C. 3 (1 -Benzyl-1 H-imidazol-2-yl)pyridine was prepared by the method described in Example 8, Steps A and B except the commercially available 3-cyanopyridine was used instead of 3-fluorobenzonitrile; Rf 0.35 with 92.5:7.5 v/v dichloromethane-methanol; melting point 299 0C; 1 H-NMR (400 MHz; DMSO 25 d 6 ) 8 9.52 (s, 1 H), 9.35 (s, 2H), 9.21 (s, 1 H), 8.72-8.65 (m, 2H), 8.60-8.56 (m, 1H), 8.37-8.32 (m, 1H), 8.15 (s, 1H), 7.58-7.50 (m, 2H); LC/MS (ESl*) m/z 301.1 (M+1); H-PGDS FPBA IC50: 1.3 iM. Example 13 30 Preparation of 2-phenvl-5-(2-(pvridin-4-yI)-1H-imidazol-5-VI)pvrimidine 75 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 H N N N N The title compound was prepared by the method described in Example 5 1, except that 4-(1-benzyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)pyridine (prepared according to Example 8, Step A, except that commercially available 4-cyanopyridine was used instead of 3-fluorobenzonitrile) was used in place of the 1-benzyl-2 phenyl-1H-imidazole in Step C; Rf 0.26 with 95:5 v/v dichloromethane methanol; melting point 300 0C; 1 H-NMR (400 MHz; DMSO-d 6 ) 8 9.40 (s, 2H), 10 8.73 (d, 2H), 8.50-8.45 (m, 2H), 8.25 (bs, 1H), 8.00 (d, 2H), 7.62-7.55 (m, 4H); MS (ESl*) m/z 300.0 (M+1); H-PGDS FPBA IC50: 0.125 rM; H-PGDS inhibitor EIA IC50: 0.075 iM. Imidazole compounds of the exemplary embodiments may also be 15 prepared using the general alternative synthetic route illustrated in Scheme 3. Examples 14-31 are imidazole compounds of the exemplary embodiments that were prepared at least in part according to the route illustrated in Scheme 3. Bromopyridines and bromopyrimidines of general structure 3 may be heated with tributyl(1-ethoxyvinyl)stannane in the presence of a palladium 20 catalyst, such as palladium(II) acetate and a ligand, such as triphenylphosphine, in an organic solvent, such as 1,4-dioxane, to form the corresponding ketones of general structure 11, as shown in Scheme 3. Bromination of ketone 11 with a bromination reagent such as tetrabutylammonium tribromide provides the corresponding a-bromoketone of 25 general structure 12. Reaction of an a-bromoketone 12 with a carboxylic acid bearing a desired R 2 group or R 2 group precursor in the presence of a base, such as cesium carbonate in a solvent, such as tetrahydrofuran (THF) or NN dimethylformamide (DMF), provides the corresponding ester-ketone intermediate with the general structure 13. Reaction of an ester-ketone 13 76 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 with ammonium acetate in a solvent, such as toluene, with heating, affords the corresponding imidazole compound of general structure 14. Scheme 3: Alternative general synthesis of 5-(imidazol-4-yl)-pyridines 5 and 5-(imidazol-4-yl)-pyrimidines EtO N W tetrabutylammonium N W R SnBu tribromide R Br /y3 Pd(OAc) 2 , PPh 3 , CH 2 Cl 2 , A Br 1,4-dioxane, A 0 0 3 11 12
R
2 OH O I Nj W R NH 4 0Ac H | N W'R1 YK N /Y Cs 2
CO
3 , THF R 2 0 PhMe, A R 2 -\ I 0 N 10 13 14 An alternative method, described in Scheme 4, may also be used to prepare ketone intermediates with the general structure 11. Aspects of this methodology may be found in patent application publication WO 2009/080523 15 (Scheme 2, Steps I and J) and in Han, Ki-Jong; Kim, Misoo; Letters in Organic Chemistry, 2007, 4(1), 20-22. Starting from a prepared or commercially available carboxylic acid 15, reaction with triphosgene in the presence of excess amine base forms an activated carbonyl intermediate, which is subsequently reacted with N,O-dimtheylhydroxylamine hydrochloride to 20 provide the Weinreb amide intermediate 16. Reaction of the Weinreb amide with methylmagnesium chloride in THF provides the corresponding acetophenone 11 with good overall yield. Other methods for preparing ketones of this general type are known to those ordinarily skilled in the art. 25 Scheme 4: General Weinreb amide route to prepare intermediate 11 77 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 N R 1 1.1) Triphosgene, Et 3 N, DCM N R 1 MeMgCI, 3.0 M /THF Nr R1 HO -N3 HO1.2) Me T THF, - 60 C O MeO-NH - HCI 0 0 15 16 11 5 Example 14 Preparation of 5-(2-benzvl-1H-imidazol-5-yi)-2-phenylpyrimidine H N N N N 10 Step A: Preparation of 1-(2-phenylpyrimidin-5-VI)ethanone N N O 0 15 A stirring mixture consisting of palladium(II) acetate (215 mg, 0.32 mmol) and triphenylphosphine (335 mg, 1.28 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (25 mL) was heated at 80 0C for 30 minutes. The dark reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and to this reaction mixture was added a solution 20 consisting of 5-bromo-2-phenylpyrimidine (Example 1A, 3.0 g, 13 mmol) and tributyl(1-ethoxyvinyl)tin (4.74 mL, 14.0 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (63 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred and heated at 75 0C overnight and was subsequently cooled to room temperature. The reaction progress was monitored by thin layer chromatography (95:5 v/v hexanes-ethyl acetate) until 78 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 completion. The reaction mixture was treated with 1 N hydrochloric acid (19 mL) for one hour at room temperature and poured into a saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution. The organic material was extracted two times with a mixture of ethyl acetate and hexanes, and the combined organic phase 5 was washed sequentially with water and brine, and was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered through a well packed pad of magnesium sulfate, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in dichloromethane (30 mL) and diluted with hexanes (30 mL). The resulting precipitate was filtered to give the title intermediate (872 mg). The filtrate was 10 applied to a 80-g silica column eluted with 1:1:9 v/v/v ethyl acetate dichloromethane-hexanes to afford 1.01 g of additional title intermediate (1.88 g total, 74 %); Rf 0.23 with 9:1 v/v hexanes-ethyl acetate solvent system; 'H NMR (400 MHz; DMSO-d) 8 9.4 (s, 2H), 8.45-8.50 (m, 2H), 7.5-7.7 (m, 3H), 2.68 (s, 3H); MS (ESl*) m/z 199 (M+1). 15 Alternative preparation of 1-(2-phenylpyrimidin-5-vl)ethanone Step i: Preparation of N-methoxy-N-methyl-2-phenylpyrimidine-5 carboxamide N N 0 20 10 To an ice-cooled solution (0 2C) consisting of 2-phenylpyrimidine-5 carboxylic acid (prepared according to WO 2007/041634 Al Example 1, 2.10 g, 10.5 mmol) in dichloromethane (40 mL) was added triphosgene (1.55 g, 5.25 mmol) and triethylamine (7.3 mL, 52.45 mmol). Upon addition of 25 triethylamine a yellow precipitate formed in solution. After stirring for five minutes in the ice bath, NO-dimtheylhydroxylamine hydrochloride (1.02 g, 10.5 mmol) was added and the solution was allowed to slowly warm to room temperature over 30 minutes. The reaction was complete after stirring for three hours at room temperature. The crude solution was filtered and washed 30 with excess dichloromethane. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced 79 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 pressure to afford an orange solid. The crude product was purified by flash silica column chromatography. Elution through a 40-g Silicylce@ flash silica cartridge with 10-30% ethyl acetate in hexanes afforded the title intermediate as a colorless oil (1.85 g, 72% yield); Rf 0.48 with 1:1 v/v hexanes-ethyl 5 acetate; 1 H-NMR (400 MHz; CDC1 3 ) 8 9.20 (s, 2H), 8.50 (dd, 2H), 7.55 (m, 3H), 3.62 (s, 3H), 3.42 (s, 3H); MS (APCI*) m/z 244.0 (M+1). Step ii: Preparation of 1-(2-phenylpyrimidin-5-yl)ethanone N, N 0 10 A solution consisting of N-methoxy-N-methyl-2-phenylpyrimidine-5 carboxamide (Step I, 1.80 g, 7.39 mmol) in anhydrous THF (20 mL) was cooled in a -60 2C bath (ethanol, C0 2 (s)). Methylmagnesium chloride (Aldrich, 3.0 M in THF, 2.75 mL, 8.14 mmol) was subsequently added 15 dropwise to the reaction mixture. The reaction mixture was stirred for 30 minutes in the -60 2C bath and was subsequently allowed to warm to room temperature over one hour. The crude reaction mixture was then poured into a separatory funnel that contained diethyl ether (200 mL) and saturated ammonium chloride (150 mL). The organic layer was separated and the 20 aqueous layer was washed again with diethyl ether (100 mL). The combined organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford a white solid as the crude product. The crude solid was triturated with a hexane-ethyl acetate (9:1 v/v) mixture (20 mL). The precipitate in solution was filtered to afford the title 25 compound as a white solid (1.15 g, 78% yield); Rf 0.72 with 1:1 v/v hexanes ethyl acetate; 1 H-NMR (400 MHz; CDC1 3 ) 8 9.25 (s, 2H), 8.53 (dd, 2H), 7.58 (m, 3H), 2.63 (s, 3H); MS (APCI*) m/z 199.0 (M+1). 30 Step B: Preparation of 2-bromo-1 -(2-phenyllpyrimidin-5-yl)ethanone 80 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 N_ Br N 0 To a solution consisting of 1-(2-phenylpyrimidin-5-yl)ethanone (Step A, 5 700 mg, 3.5 mmol) in dichloromethane (25 mL) was added tetrabutylammonium tribromide (1.87 g, 3.90 mmol). The reaction mixture was sealed with a screw top and warmed at 40 0C for 5 hours and allowed to cool to room temperature over a weekend. The pale yellow precipitate formed was collected on a filter and washed with 1:1 dichloromethane-hexane to 10 afford the title intermediate (770 mg, 79 %); Rf 0.31 with 9:1 v/v hexanes-ethyl acetate; MS (ESl*) m/z 279, 277 (M+1, Br isotopes). Step C: Preparation of 5-(2-benzyl-1 H-imidazol-5-yI)-2-phenylpyrimidine H N N N N 15 To a solution consisting of phenylacetic acid (27 mg, 0.20 mmol) and cesium carbonate (117 mg, 0.360 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (1.5 mL) at room temperature was added 2-bromo-1 -(2-phenylpyrimidin-5-yl)ethanone (Step B, 20 50 mg, 0.18 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated at 40 0C for one hour and cooled to room temperature. To the mixture was added water (10 mL) with vigorous stirring and the precipitate was filtered, washed with water, and dried on the suction filter to provide 2-oxo-2-(2-phenylpyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl 2 phenylacetate as a tan solid (34.5 mg, 57% yield) as an isolated intermediate. 25 The tan solid was dissolved in toluene (4 mL) and freshly prepared ammonium acetate under toluene (300 mg wet with toluene) was added and the mixture was stirred vigorously and heated in a capped vial at 112 0C 81 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 overnight. The brown reaction mixture was poured into aqueous sodium bicarbonate and extracted twice with ethyl acetate. The combined organic phase was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to dryness. The brown solid was 5 dissolved in dichloromethane and chromatographed on a 4 g silica column eluted with 1:4:5 to 1:6:3 dichloromethane-ethyl acetate-hexane to afford the title compound as a tan solid; Rf 0.08 with 6:4 v/v hexanes-ethyl acetate and Rf 0.61 with 3:7 v/v hexanes-ethyl acetate; melting point 235 0C; 1 H-NMR (400 MHz; DMSO-d 6 ) 8 9.21 (s, 2H), 8.3-8.5 (m, 2H), 7.82 (d, 1 H), 7.5-7.6 (m, 3H), 10 7.2-7.4 (m, 5H), 4.08 (s, 2H); MS (ESl*) m/z 313 (M+1); H-PGDS FPBA IC50: 0.625 rM; H-PGDS inhibitor EIA IC50: 0.059 iM. Example 15 Preparation of (E)-2-phenyl-5-(2-(2-(Dvridin-3-yl)vinyl)-1H-imidazol-5 15 vOI)vrimidine H N N N N To a solution consisting of trans-3-(3-pyridyl)acrylic acid (30 mg, 0.20 20 mmol) and cesium carbonate (117 mg, 0.360 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (1.5 mL) was added 2-bromo-1-(2-phenylpyrimidin-5-yl)ethanone (Example 14, Step B, 50 mg, 0.18 mmol). The reaction mixture was warmed at 40 0C for 1.5 hours, cooled to room temperature, and stirred vigorously while water (15 mL) was added quickly. The precipitate was filtered, washed with water, and dried 25 in high vacuum to give crude material (32.5 mg) that was dissolved in of toluene (4 mL). To this solution was added freshly prepared ammonium acetate under toluene (400 mg wet with toluene and acetic acid). The reaction mixture was heated at 112 0C overnight and subsequently cooled to room temperature. The brown precipitate was filtered and the mother liquor was 30 concentrated under reduced pressure and chromatographed on silica (4 g) 82 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 eluted with ethyl acetate. The product was purified by crystallization from methanol and water to afford the title compound (5.4 mg, 18% yield) as a tan crystalline-like solid; Rf 0.35 with 3:97 v/v ethanol-ethyl acetate; melting point 258 0C; 1 H-NMR (400 MHz; DMSO-d 6 ) 8 9.29 (s, 2H), 8.78 (d, 1 H), 8.45-8.55 5 (m, 1H), 8.40-8.45 (m, 2H), 8.07-8.12 (m, 1H), 8.03-8.07 (m, 1H), 7.5-7.6 (m, 3H), 7.38-7.44 (m, 2H), 7.29 (d, 1H); MS (ESl*) m/z 326 (M+1); H-PGDS FPBA IC50: 0.15 rM; H-PGDS inhibitor EIA IC50: 0.023 iM. Example 16 10 Preparation of 2-phenvl-5-(2-(2-(Dvridin-3-vl)ethyl)-1H-imidazol-5 VI)Dyrimidine H I N N N 15 The title compound was prepared by subjecting (E)-2-phenyl-5-(2-(2-(pyridin 3-yl)vinyl)-1H-imidazol-5-yl)pyrimidine (Example 15, 7 mg, 0.02 mmol) to hydrogenation using 10% palladium on carbon (dry, 1 mg) in ethanol (3 mL). After five days, the reaction mixture was filtered through Celite using ethanol to rinse. Evaporation provided the title compound as a brown solid (7 mg, 20 quantitative yield); melting point 113 0C; 1 H-NMR (400 MHz; CD 3 OD) 6 9.16 (s, 2H), 8.39-8.44 (m, 4H), 7.64 (s, 1H), 7.52-7.53 (m, 5H) ), 3.12-3.19 (m, 4H); LC/MS (ESl*) m/z 328; H-PGDS FPBA IC50: 0.3 iM. Piperidine-, pyrrolidine-, and azetidine-containing compounds of the 25 exemplary embodiments (20a-c) may be prepared according to the general synthetic route illustrated in Scheme 3, wherein R 2 is a carbon-bound piperidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, or azetidinyl group as shown in Scheme 5. An a bromoketone intermediate 12 is reacted with a regioisomer of N-Boc piperidine-carboxylic acid 17a, N-Boc-pyrrolidine-carboxylic acid 17b, or with 30 N-Boc-azetidin-3-carboxylic acid 17c in the presence of a base, such as 83 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 cesium carbonate, in a solvent, such as DMF to provide the corresponding ester-ketone intermediates 18a-c. Each intermediate 18a-c may be converted to its corresponding imidazole 19a-c in the presence of ammonium acetate in a solvent, such as toluene, with heating. Removal of the Boc group 5 takes place in the presence of trifluoroacetic acid to afford amine compounds of general structure 20a-c. Examples 17-19, 21-22, 28, and 30 may be prepared according to this general route. Scheme 5: General preparation of DiDeridine- pyrrolidine- and 10 azetidine-imidazole-pyr(im)idines N ~ NWR1 (oCN H 2
)
4 -r (CH) 4-T Bc-OH /__ 0 17a Base, Boc N_ O
(CH
2 )r o solvent (CH 2 )r 18a r=0, 1, 2, 3,or4 or Br OH NC 2 3 B 17b Base, Boc'N O 0
(CH
2 )t 0 solvent (CH 2 )t 18b 12 t=0,1,2,or3 or Boc,. 0 N Y W, R 17c Base, N 0 solvent Boc' O 18c 15 84 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 NCH 40 BNY W,R1 T HN W,R1
(CH
2
)
4 r H
(CH
2
)
4 r H 2N 0 / Y /N N Y N H 4 Ac, Boc-N WR TFA HN W'R Ph Me, A N N
(CH
2 )t 19a (CH 2 )t 20a
NH
4 0Ac, BocN WR TFA HN W, R (C H 2 )t N NCH)- , R N 19c N 20c Example 17 5 Preparation of tert-butyl 4-(5-(2-phenylpyri midin-5-yl)-1 H-imidazol-2 yl)piperidine-1 -carboxylate N N NF 10 To a solution consisting of 1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)piperidine-4 carboxylic acid (170 mg, 0.74 mmol) in dimethylformamide (7 mL) was added cesium carbonate (459 mg, 1 .44 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred for 15 minutes. To the reaction mixture was added 2-bromo-1-(2 phenylpyrimidin-5-yl)ethanone (Example 14, Step B, 200 mg, 0.72 mmol) and 15 the mixture was stirred for two hours. Water was added to the reaction mixture and the organic material was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic phase was dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide a yellow semi-solid (240 mg). The solid was dissolved in toluene, anhydrous ammonium acetate (1.1 g, 14 mmol) was 20 added and the reaction mixture was heated at 112 00 for four hours. The 85 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with water and the organic material was extracted two times with ethyl acetate. The combined organic phase was washed with 1:9 v/v brine-water, then brine, and dried over magnesium sulfate, filter, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The 5 residue was chromatographed on silica (25 g) eluted with 1:1 v/v to 4:1 ethyl acetate-hexane to afford the title compound (139 mg) as a yellow solid; Rf 0.49 with 1:4 v/v hexanes-ethyl acetate; 1 H-NMR (400 MHz; DMSO-d 6 ) 6 9.2 (s, 2H), 8.35-8.45 (m, 2H), 7.8 (s, 1H), 7.4-7.6 (m, 3H), 3.9-4.1 (m, 2H), 2.8 3.0 (m, 3H), 2.8-2.95 (m, 2H), 1.5-1.7 (M, 2H), 1.4 (m, 9H); MS (ESl*) m/z 406 10 (M+1); H-PGDS FPBA IC50: 0.15 iM. Example 18 Preparation of 2-phenvl-5-(2-(piperidin-4-yI)-1H-imidazol-5-VI)pvrimidine H N N N 15 N Solid tert-butyl 4-(4-(2-phenylpyrimidin-5-yl)-1 H-imidazol-2 yl)piperidine-1 -carboxylate (Example 17, 122 mg, 0.30 mmol) was treated with trifluoroacetic acid 2.0 mL) at room temperature for 15 minutes. Three times 20 the reaction mixture was diluted with toluene and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide a dark semi-solid. The crude material was chromatographed on silica (12 g) eluted with 1:5:85 v/v acetic acid-methanol dichloromethane. Some clean fractions were collected, concentrated, and the purified material was three times diluted with toluene and concentrated then 25 promoted to solidify under hexane with scratching to afford the title compound (19 mg) as a light-pink acetate salt. The remaining fractions were collected, concentrated, three times diluted with toluene and concentrated to afford a semi-solid; Rf 0.17 with 1/10/90 v/v acetic acid/methanol/dichloromethane; 1
H
NMR (400 MHz; DMSO-d 6 ) 8 9.20 (s, 2H), 8.6-8.8 (br d, 1 H), 8.3-8.5 (m, 3H), 86 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 7.83 (s, 1H), 7.45-7.55 (m, 3H), 3.2-3.5 (m, 2H), 2.95-3.2 (m, 3H), 2.1-2.2 (m, 2H), 1.8-2.0 (m, 5H); MS (ESI) m/z 306 (M+1); H-PGDS FPBA IC50: 1 LM. Example 19 5 Preparation of 5-(2-(1-benzvlpiperidin-4-yi)-1H-imidazol-5-yI)-2 Phenvlpyrimidine H N N N 'N N 10 Step A: Preparation of sodium 1-benzvlpiperidine-4-carboxylate 0 N " 0- NaN To a solution consisting of ethyl 1-benzylpiperidine-4-carboxylate (500 15 mg, 2.02 mmol) in ethanol (10 mL) was added 1 N sodium hydroxide (2.02 mL, 2.02 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Most of the ethanol was removed under reduced pressure and stirring was continued for six hours. Toluene was added to remove most of the water by azeotrope and the material was dried under high vacuum 20 overnight to provide the title intermediate as a white solid. Step B: Preparation of 5-(2-(1-benzvlpiperidin-4-yI)-1H-imidazol-4-Vi)-2 phenylpyrimidine 87 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 N N N \ / HN To a solution consisting of 2-bromo-1-(2-phenylpyrimidin-5-yl)ethanone (Example 14, Step B, 50 mg, 0.18 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (1.5 mL) at room 5 temperature was added sodium 1-benzylpiperidine-4-carboxylate (Step A, 48 mg, 0.20 mmol). The reaction mixture was warmed to 40 0C for one hour, and more sodium 1-benzylpiperidine-4-carboxylate (67 mg, 0.29 mmol) was added and warmed at 40 0C for two hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, stirred vigorously while water (15 mL) was added quickly. The 10 precipitate was filtered, washed with water and dried under high vacuum overnight to provide crude material (43.3 mg) that was dissolved in toluene (4 mL). To this solution was added freshly prepared ammonium acetate under toluene (400 mg wet with toluene and acetic acid). The reaction mixture was heated at 112 0C for 3.5 hours, cooled to room temperature, separated from 15 the solidified ammonium acetate, concentrated under reduced pressure and chromatographed on silica (4 g) eluted with ethyl acetate and 1:9 v/v ethanol ethyl acetate. The product was triturated under ethyl acetate/hexane/dichloromethane (0.3 mL) and filtered to the title compound (10 mg) as a tan crystalline-like solid; Rf 0.17 with 1:9 v/v ethanol-ethyl 20 acetate; melting point 223 0C; 1 H-NMR (400 MHz; DMSO-d 6 ) 8 9.20 (s, 2H), 8.35-8.45 (m, 2H), 7.80-7.82 (m, 1 H), 7.5-7.6 (m, 4H), 7.3-7.4 (m, 4H), 7.2-7.3 (m, 1H), 3.5 (s, 2H), 2.7-2.9 (m, 2H), 2.65-2.8 (m, 1H), 2.0-2.2 (m, 2H), 1.85 1.95 (m, 2H), 1.7-1.85 (m, 2H); MS (ESl*) m/z 396 (M+1); H-PGDS FPBA IC50: 0.08 rM; H-PGDS inhibitor EIA IC50: 0.006 iM. 25 The compounds of general structure 20a-c shown in Scheme 5 may be further derivatized to compounds of general structure 21a-c as illustrated in Scheme 6. A compound 20a, 20b, or 20c may be alkylated, acylated, or arylated by a number of methods known to those ordinarily skilled in the art to 30 provide compounds 21a, 21b, and 21c, respectively, of the exemplary 88 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 embodiments. In general, an amine intermediate 20a-c is reacted with an electrophile Q-(CH 2 )q-LG, wherein Q and q are as defined above and LG is a leaving group, such as chloro, bromo, iodo, O-tosyl, 0-methanesulfonyl, or 0 trifluoromethanesulfonyl in the presence of a base, such as triethylamine, 5 cesium carbonate, or sodium tert-butoxide, in a solvent such as THF, DMF, dichloromethane, or toluene. Groups with the general structure Q-(CH2)q may further be derivatized or manipulated in order to convert the compound to another compound of the exemplary embodiment. Such conversions include, but are not limited to, oxidation, reduction, deprotection, homologation, 10 alkylation, acylation, or arylation and may be carried out by methods known to those ordinarily skilled in the art. The preparations of Examples 20, 23, 24, 25B, 26, 27, 29, and 31 employ this general method. Scheme 6: General derivatization of amine compounds 20a-c 15
(CH
2
)
4 -r H N R / N 3
Q-(H
2 C)q-N
(CH
2 )r 21a or N W
(CH
2
)
3 -t H R
Q-(H
2 C)q-LG /N Y 20a-c Q-(H 2 C)'.\ Base, solvent Q-HCN
(OH
2 )t 21b or NW
Q-(H
2 C)g N2RY N 21c 20 89 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 Example 20 Preparation of (4-(4-(2-phenylpyrimidin-5-yi)-1H-imidazol-2-vl)piperidin-1 yl)(pyridin-3-yl)methanone N N 5 HN To a 0 00 solution of 2-phenyl-5-(2-(piperidin-4-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyrimidine (76 mg, 0.25 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (4 mL) was added triethylamine (51 mg, 0.50 mmol) followed by nicotinoyl chloride (49 mg, 0.27 mmol) and the 10 reaction mixture was stirred for 1 hour at 0 00 then allowed to warm to room temperature. The reaction was diluted with water and the organic material extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The combined organic phase was dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude solid was chromatographed on silica (4 g) and eluted 15 with ethanol-ethyl acetate to give the title compound as a solid; melting point 234 00; Rf 0.31 with 0.5/10/40/50 acetic acid-isopropanol-hexane dichloromethane; MS (ESl*) m/z 41 1 (M+1); H-PGDS FPBA I050: 0.45 rM. Example 21 20 Preparation of (±)-tert-butyl 3-(5-(2-phenylpyrimidin-5-yl)-1 H-i midazol-2 yl)piperidine-1 -carboxylate H N \N N 5 HN 25 To a solution consisting of (±)-1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)piperidine-3 carboxylic acid (42 mg, 0.18 mmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (1.5 mL) was 90 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 added cesium carbonate (117 mg, 0.36 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred for 15 minutes. To the reaction mixture was added 2-bromo-1-(2 phenylpyrimidin-5-yl)ethanone (Example 14, Step B, 50 mg, 0.18 mmol) and the mixture was stirred for 1.5 hours. Water was added to the vigorously 5 stirred reaction mixture and the precipitate was filtered, washed with water and dried under high vacuum to provide a light green solid (42 mg). The solid (26 mg, 0.06 mmol) was dissolved in toluene, anhydrous ammonium acetate (146 mg, 1.9 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was heated at 112 0C for four hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and 10 the liquid was separated from the solid and concentrated. The residue was chromatographed on silica (4 g) eluted with 1:4:5 v/v dichloromethane-ethyl acetate-hexane. Crystallization from methanol and water afforded the title compound (6.5 mg) as brown solid; Rf 0.29 with 1:1 v/v hexanes-ethyl acetate; melting point 130 0C; 1 H-NMR (400 MHz; DMSO-d 6 ) 8 9.20 (s, 2H), 15 8.35-8,45 (m, 2H), 7.85 (d, 1 H), 7.5-7.6 (m, 3H), 4.0-4.4 (br d, 1 H), 3.85-4.0 (m, 1H), 2.9-3.2 (br s, 1H), 2.7-2.9 (m, 2H), 2.0-2.2 (m, 1H), 1.65-1.75 (m, 2H), 1.3-1.5 (m, 1H), 1.41 (s, 9H); MS (ESl*) m/z 406 (M+1); H-PGDS FPBA IC50: 0.2 iM. 20 Example 22 Preparation of (±)-2-phenvl-5-(2-(Diperidin-3-yI)-1 H-imidazol-5 VI)pyrimidine H I N N HN N N 25 Solid (±)-tert-butyl 3-(4-(2-phenylpyrimidin-5-yl)-1 H-imidazol-2 yl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (Example 21) was treated with 0.5 mL of trifluoroacetic acid at room temperature for 0.5 hour. Three times the reaction mixture was diluted with toluene and concentrated to give a dark semi-solid. 30 The crude material was chromatographed on silica (4 g) eluted with 1:10:90 91 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 v/v acetic acid-methanol-dichloromethane. The clean fractions were collected, concentrated under reduced pressure, and the material was three times diluted with toluene and concentrated, then dried under high vacuum to afford the title compound as a pale yellow solid; Rf 0.17 with 1:10:90 v/v acetic 5 acid-methanol-dichloromethane; melting point 140 0C; 1 H-NMR (400 MHz; DMSO-d 6 ) 8 9.22 (s, 2H), 8.5-9.2 (br s, 2H), 8.35-8,45 (m, 2H), 7.9 (d, 1H), 7.4-7.5 (m, 3H), 3.4-3.6 (m, 2H), 3.2-3.4 (m, 2H), 2.9-3.1 (m, 1H), 2.0-2.2 (m, 1 H), 1.6-1.9 (m, 3H); MS (ESl*) m/z 306 (M+1); H-PGDS FPBA IC50: 1.25 iM. 10 Example 23 Preparation of (±)-5-(2-(1-benzvlpiperidin-3-yi)-1H-imidazol-5-yi)-2 phenylpyrimidine N H N N N N 15 To a solution consisting of (±)-2-phenyl-5-(2-(piperidin-3-yl)-1 H imidazol-4-yl)pyrimidine (Example 22, 40 mg, 0.13 mmol) in dimethylformamide (2 mL) was added cesium carbonate (85 mg, 0.26 mmol) followed by benzyl bromide (27 mg, 0.16 mmol). The reaction mixture was 20 stirred at room temperature for one hour and diluted with water and the organic material was extracted twice with ethyl acetate. The combined organic phase was dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in dichloromethane/ethyl acetate and chromatographed on silica (4 g) eluted with 1:9 v/v ethanol-ethyl 25 acetate. The purified material was diluted with toluene and concentrated. Solidification of the product was promoted with scratching under dichloromethane and hexane to afford the title compound (20 mg) as a colorless solid; melting point 179 0C; Rf 0.19 with 1:9 v/v ethanol-ethyl acetate; 1 H-NMR (400 MHz; DMSO-d 6 ) 8 12.1 (s, 1H), 9.18 (s, 2H), 8.2-8.4 30 (m, 2H), 7.8 (s, 1H), 7.4-7.6 (m, 4H), 7.22-7.35 (m, 4H), 7.18-7.22 (m, 4H), 92 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 3.4-3.6 (m, 2H), 2.9-3.0 (m, 2H), 2.7-2.9 (m, 1 H), 2.02-2.1 (M, 1 H), 1.9-2.1 (m, 2H), 1.62-1.8 (m, 1H), 1.5-1.62 (m, 2H); MS (ESIl) m/z 396 (M+1); H-PGDS FPBA IC50: 0.6 M. 5 Example 24 Preparation of 2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(3-(4-(2-phenylpyrimidin-5-yi)-1H imidazol-2-ypiperidin-1 -VI)ethanol H N N N F3CS N OH 10 To a room temperature solution of (±)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(3-(4-(2 phenylpyrimidin-5-yl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl)piperidin-1-yl)ethanone (18 mg, 0.04 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (1 mL) was added borane-tetrahydrofuran (1 M, 0.13 mL, 0.13 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated at 65 0C for four hours, cooled, treated carefully with 6 mL of 6N HCI and 2 mL of ethanol and heated 15 at 65 00 for one hour. The cooled reaction mixture was extracted four times with ethyl acetate and the organic phase was dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and rotovapped. The residue was chromatographed on silica (4 g) and eluted with 1: 20:80 to 5:30:70 triethylamine-isopropanol-hexanes to give the title compound as a bright yellow solid. white solid; Rf 0.15 with 1:20:80 20 v/v triethylamine-isopropanol-hexanes; MS (ESl*) m/z 404 (M+1); H-PGDS FPBA IC50: 10 M. Examples 25A and 25B Preparation of (±)-N-methyl-3-(1-(methvlcarbamovl)-4-(2 25 phenylpyrimidin-5-yl)-1 H-imidazol-2-yl)piperidine-1 -carboxamide (Example 25A) and (±)-N-methyl-3-(5-(2-phenylpyrimidin-5-yi)-1 H imidazol-2-vl)piperidine-1-carboxamide (Example 25B) 93 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 N N INH Y1 N N HN HN- N 0 / 0 and 0 To a suspension consisting of 2-phenyl-5-(2-(piperidin-3-yl)-1 H imidazol-4-yl)pyrimidine (Example 22, 40 mg, 0.13 mmol) in dichloromethane 5 (2 mL) was added methyl isocyanate (9 mg, 0.16 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred for one hour. TLC (1:10:90 v/v acetic acid-methanol dichloromethane) indicated no reaction. The mixture was diluted with tetrahydrofuran (2 mL) to provide a homogeneous solution, and methyl isocyanate (9 mg, 0.16 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred 10 overnight and the precipitate was filtered to provide (±)-N-methyl-3-(1 (methylcarbamoyl)-4-(2-phenylpyrimidin-5-yl)-1 H-imidazol-2-yl)piperidine-1 carboxamide (Example 25A, 10 mg) as a white solid; Rf 0.31 with 1:9 v/v ethanol-ethyl acetate; 1 H-NMR (400 MHz; DMSO-d 6 ) 8 9.20 (s, 2H), 8.59 (br qt, 1H), 8.35-8.45 (m, 2H), 8.18 (s, 1H), 7.45-7.55 (m, 3H), 6.40 (br qt, 1H), 15 4.1-4.2 (m, 1H), 3.9-4.0 (m, 1H), 3.2-3.4 (m, 1H), 2.9-3.1 (m, 1H), 2.81 (d, 3H), 2.65-2.75 (m, 1H), 2.55 (d, 3H), 2.0-2.1 (m, 1H), 1.6-1.7 (m, 2H), 1.3 1.45 (m, 1H); MS (ESl*) m/z 420 (M+1); H-PGDS FPBA IC50: 0.62 iM. The filtrate was diluted with water. The organic material was extracted 20 twice with ethyl acetate and the combined organic phase was washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude material was purified on a silica column to afford (±)-N methyl-3-(4-(2-phenylpyrimidin-5-yl)-1 H-imidazol-2-yl)piperidine-1 carboxamide (Example 25B, 5.5 mg) as a solid; Rf 0.17 with 1:9 v/v ethanol 25 ethyl acetate; 1 H-NMR (400 MHz; DMSO-d 6 ) 8 12.2 (s, 1H), 9.21 (s, 2H), 8.35 8.45 (m, 2H), 7.84-7.85 (m, 1H), 7.50-7.55 (m, 3H), 6.45 (br qt, 1H), 4.15-4.22 (m, 1 H), 3.85-3.95 (m, 1 H), 2.85-2.95 (m, 1 H), 2.65-2.85 (m, 2H), 2.55 (d, 3H), 2.51 (d, 3H), 2.0-2.1 (m, 1H), 1.6-1.8 (m, 2H), 1.35-1.5 (m, 1H); MS (ESl*) m/z 363 (M+1); H-PGDS FPBA IC50: 0.3 iM. 94 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 Example 26 Preparation of (±)-cyclopropvl(3-(5-(2-phenylpyrimidin-5-yi)-1 H-imidazol 2-yl)piperidin-1-yl)methanone 5 N H 0 N N >~NN 0 The title compound is prepared in the same manner as Example 27 except that cyclopropanecarbonyl chloride is used instead of trifluoroacetic 10 anhydride. The reaction is carried out at 0 0C and allowed to warm to room temperature. The reaction mixture is diluted with water, extracted with ethyl acetate and the organic phase is dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and evaporated. The crude is purified on a silica column. 15 Example 27 Preparation of (±)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(3-(4-(2-phenylpyrimidin-5-y)-1H imidazol-2-vl)piperidin-1-vl)ethanone
F
3 N N N HN 20 To a 0 0C solution of 2-phenyl-5-(2-(piperidin-3-yl)-1H-imidazol-4 yl)pyrimidine (40 mg, 0.13 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (2 mL) was added triethylamine (26 mg, 0.26 mmol) followed by trifluoroacetic anhydride (30 mg, 0.14 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 hour at 0 0C then 25 allowed to warm to room temperature. To -78 0C solution of 2-phenyl-5-(2 (piperidin-3-yl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl)pyrimidine (40 mg, 0.13 mmol) in 95 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 tetrahydrofuran (2 mL) was added triethylamine (26 mg, 0.26 mmol) followed by trifluoroacetic anhydride (30 mg, 0.14 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred and allowed to slowly warm to room temperature. The two reaction mixtures were combined, the volatile materials were removed, and the crude 5 reaction mixture was treated with 0.5 mL of N-methylpiperazine at 50 0C for 1 hour. The addition of 30 mL of water caused a precipitate that was filtered and washed with water and dried in high vacuum. The crude solid was chromatographed on 4 g of silica eluted with ethyl acetate/hexane to give 30 mg of the title compound as a white solid. Rf 0.20 with 1:1 v/v hexanes-ethyl 10 acetate; 1 H-NMR (400 MHz; DMSO-d 6 ) 8 9.21 (s, 2H), 8.35-8.45 (m, 2H), 7.85-7.90 (m, 1H), 7.5-7.6 (m, 3H), 4.20-4.55 (m, 1H), 3.80-4.15 (m, 1H), 2.0 3.7 (m, 3H), 2.1-2.2 (m, 1H), 1.75-2.0 (m, 2H), 1.5-1.7 (m, 1H); MS (ESl*) m/z 402 (M+1); H-PGDS FPBA IC50: 0.09 iM. 15 Additional elution of the column with 1/9 ethanol/ethyl acetate provided 6 mg of a white solid identified as 1-(3-(4-(2-phenylpyrimidin-5-yl)-1H imidazol-2-yl)piperidin-1-yl)ethanone. Rf 0.17 with 1:9 v/v ethanol-ethyl acetate; MS (ESl*) m/z 348 (M+1); H-PGDS FPBA IC50: 0.09 iM. 20 Example 28 Preparation of (W)-tert-butyl 3-(5-(2-phenylpyrimidin-5-yI)-1H-imidazol-2 yl)pyrrolidine-1 -carboxylate H N N N Y N 0 25 To a solution consisting of 1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)pyrrolidine-3 carboxylic acid (159 mg, 0.74 mmol) in dimethylformamide (7 mL) was added cesium carbonate (459 mg, 1.44 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred for 15 minutes. To the reaction mixture was added 2-bromo-1-(2 30 phenylpyrimidin-5-yl)ethanone (Example 14, Step B, 200 mg, 0.72 mmol) and 96 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 the mixture was stirred for two hours. Water was added to the reaction mixture and the organic material was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic phase was dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated to afford a yellow semi-solid (250 mg). The solid was dissolved in toluene, anhydrous 5 ammonium acetate (1.2 g, 15 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was heated at 112 0C for four hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with water and the organic material was extracted twice with ethyl acetate. The combined organic phase was washed with 1:9 v/v brine-water, then brine, and dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and 10 concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was chromatographed on silica (25 g). Elution with 1:1 v/v to 4:1 ethyl acetate-hexane afforded the title compound (83 mg) as a yellow solid; Rf 0.43 with 1:4 v/v hexanes-ethyl acetate; melting point 219 0C; 1 H-NMR (400 MHz; DMSO-d 6 ) 8 9.18 (s, 2H), 8.3-8.4 (m, 2H), 7.24 (d, 1 H), 7.45-7.55 (m, 3H), 3.6-3.7 (m, 1 H), 3.4-3.6 (m, 15 3H), 3.2-3.4 (m, 3H, under water peak), 2.0-2.35 (m, 2H), 1.4 (m, 9H); MS (ESl*) m/z 392 (M+1); H-PGDS FPBA IC50: 0.15 M. Example 29 Preparation of (±)-5-(2-(1-benzvlpyrrolidin-3-y)-1H-imidazol-5-yI)-2 20 Phenvlpyrimidine N N \N N N The title compound is prepared in the same manner as example 23 25 except that (±)-2-phenyl-5-(2-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-5-yl)pyrimidine is used instead of (±)-2-phenyl-5-(2-(piperidin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyrimidine. Example 30 Preparation of (±)-2-phenvl-5-(2-(Dvrrolidin-3-yi)-1H-imidazol-5 30 vl)Dyrimidine 97 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 H N N NN HN N The title compound was prepared according to the method described in 5 Example 22, except that (±)-tert-butyl 3-(4-(2-phenylpyrimidin-5-yl)-1 H imidazol-2-yl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (Example 28) was used instead of (±) tert-butyl 3-(4-(2-phenylpyrimidin-5-yl)-1 H-imidazol-2-yl)piperidine-1 carboxylate. MS (ESl*) m/z 292 (M+1); H-PGDS FPBA IC50: 2 rM. 10 Example 31 Preparation of (±)-N-methyl-3-(4-(2-phenylpyrimidin-5-y)-1H-imidazol-2 v)pyrrolidine-1 -carboxamide H NI H N N -N N,/ y N 0 15 The title compound is prepared in the same manner as Example 25B except that (±)-2-phenyl-5-(2-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-5-yl)pyrimidine is used instead of (±)-2-phenyl-5-(2-(piperidin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyrimidine and the reaction is done in tetrahydrofuran instead of a combination of 20 dichloromethane and tetrahydrofuran.
R
7 N N N N NN 98 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 Ex. R H-PGDS H-PGDS Inhibitor FPBA IC 50 (iaM) EIA IC 50 (9M) 5 H 5 32 Me 7.6 33 Bn 2 Example 32 5 Preparation of 5-(1 -methyl-1 H-imidazol-5-yl)-2-phenylpyrimidine \ N \N NN N The title compound was prepared by the method described in Example 10 1, Steps A-C, except that commercially available 1-methylimidazole (Aldrich) was used instead of 2-phenylimidazole in Step B; Rf 0.31 with 95:5 v/v dichloromethane-methanol; 1 H-NMR (400 MHz; CDC1 3 ) 8 8.87 (s, 2H), 8.48 (m, 2H), 7.63 (s, 1H), 7.54 (m, 3H), 7.28 (s, 1H); MS (ESl*) m/z 237.1 (M+1); melting point 144 0C; H-PGDS FPBA IC50: 7.6 iM. 15 Example 33 Preparation of 5-(1 -benzyl-1 H-imidazol-5-yl)-2-phenylpyrimidine N N N 20 The title compound was prepared by the method described in Example 1, Steps A-C, except that imidazole was used instead of 2-phenylimidazole in Step B; Rf 0.18 with 100 % ethyl acetate; melting point 140 0C; 1 H-NMR (400 99 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 MHz; DMSO-d) 8 8.85 (s, 2H), 8.39 (m, 2H), 8.05 (s, 1 H), 7.55 (m, 3H), 7.45 7.20 (m, 5H) 6.98 (dd, 2H), 5.43 (s, 2H); MS (ESIl) m/z 313.0 (M+1); H-PGDS FPBA IC50: 2 iM. 5 N, N N N Z'--(CH2)n Ex. Z'-(CH2)n H-PGDS H-PGDS Inhibitor FPBA IC 50 (gM) EIA IC 50 (gM) 5 H (Z'=H, n=0) 5 34 Bn (Z'=Ph, n=1) 4 35 Me (Z'=H, n=1) 36 (3-pyridyl)-CH 2 37
F
3 C_ N 10 Example 34 Preparation of 5-(1-benzvl-1H-imidazol-4-yi)-2-phenylpyrimidine N N N 15 Step A: Preparation of 2-phenvl-5-(1-trityl-1H-imidazol-4-vl)pvrimidine 100 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 N N N Ph
N
Ph Ph To a solution of 4-lodo-1-trityl-1H-imidazole (Synthonix, 2.0g, 4.58 mmol) in THF (50 mL) at room temperature was added ethylmagnesium 5 bromide (Aldrich, 1.0 M solution in THF, 5.5 mL, 5.50 mmol) under dry conditions. After stirring for 90 minutes, zinc chloride (Aldrich, 0.749. g, 5.50 mmol) was added to the reaction mixture. After stirring for an additional 90 minutes, tetrakis(triphenyl)phosphine)palladium (Strem, 0.529 g, 0.46 mmol) and 5-bromo-2-phenylpyrimidine (as prepared in Example 1, step A, 1.29 g, 10 5.50 mmol) were added to the reaction mixture. The reaction mixture was heated in a 7 0C oil bath overnight. Upon cooling, the reaction was diluted with dichloromethane and washed with 0.5 M EDTA buffer (at pH -9) (2 x 250 mL) followed by brine (150 mL). The organics were dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated. The crude product was purified by flash silica 15 column chromatography using an 80g Silicycle* column (elution with 10-30% ethyl acetate in hexane) which afforded the desired intermediate, 2-phenyl-5 (1-trityl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)pyrimidine, as a white solid (1.38 g, 65%). Rf 0.87 with 95:5 v/v dichloromethane-methanol; 1 H-NMR (400 MHz; DMSO-d) 6 9.29 (s, 2H), 8.42 (m, 2H), 7.92 (d, 1H), 7.62 (d, 1H), 7.56-7.43 (m, 13H), 7.24-7.22 20 (m, 6H); MS (ESI-) m/z 463.0 (M-1); H-PGDS FPBA IC50: >20 rM. Step B: Preparation of 5-(1H-imidazol-4-yI)-2-phenvlvrimidine N N N HN 25 The title intermediate is chemically equivalent to Example 5, 5-(1 H imidazol-5-yl)-2-phenylpyrimidine. An alternative preparation of this 101 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 compound is presented in this step. To a solution consisting of 2-phenyl-5-(1 trityl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)pyrimidine (Step A, 0.786 g, 1.69 mmol) in ethanol (50 mL) was added concentrated aqueous hydrochloric acid (5 mL) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was heated in a 50 2C oil bath for 90 5 minutes. Upon cooling, the reaction was concentrated under vacuum to about half the original amount of solvent. Ethyl ether (30 mL) was added to the mixture and the product precipitate was collected by filtration. The solid was washed with excess ethyl ether and then dried under vacuum to afford the intermediate, 5-(1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2-phenylpyrimidine, as a white solid (0.336 10 g, 76%). Rf 0.14 with 95:5 v/v dichloromethane-methanol; 1 H-NMR (400 MHz; DMSO-d 6 ) 8 9.49 (s, 2H), 9.41 (d, 1H), 8.49-8.44 (m, 3H), 7.61-7.58 (m, 3H); MS (ESl*) m/z 223.1 (M+1); H-PGDS FPBA IC50: 5 M. Step C: Preparation of 5-(1-benzvl-1H-imidazol-4-yI)-2-phenylpyrimidine 15 N, <N N To a solution consisting of 5-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)-2-phenylpyrimidine (Step B, 0.050 g, 0.193 mmol) in NN-dimethylformamide (10 mL) was added 20 potassium carbonate (0.133 g, 0.965 mmol) at room temperature under dry conditions. After heating the reaction mixture in an 80 2C oil bath for one hour, benzyl bromide (Aldrich, 0.039 g, .231 mmol) was added to the mixture. The solution was left stirring in an 80 2C oil bath for 24 hours. Upon cooling, the reaction was diluted with dichloromethane (100 mL) and washed with 25 saturated aqueous ammonium chloride (50 mL), water (50 mL) and brine (50 mL). The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated. The residue was chromatographed on silica. Elution through an 8-g Silicycle@ flash silica cartridge with gradient of 100% dichloromethane to 5% methanol in dichloromethane afforded the title compound as a white 102 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 solid (22 mg, 36%). Rf 0.56 with 95:5 v/v dichloromethane-methanol; melting point 195 0C; 1 H-NMR (400 MHz; DMSO-d) 8 9.25 (s, 2H), 8.44-8.42 (m, 2H), 8.03 (s, 2H), 7.56-7.54 (m, 3H), 7.45-7.36 (m, 5H), 5.38 (s, 2H); MS (ESl*) m/z 313.1 (M+1); H-PGDS FPBA IC50:4 iM. 5 Example 35 Preparation of 5-( -methyl-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)-2-phenylpyrimidine N N N /N 10 The title compound is prepared by the method described in Example 34, Steps A-C, except that iodomethane is used instead of benzyl bromide in Step C. 15 Example 36 Preparation of 5-(1-benzvl-1H-imidazol-4-yi)-2-phenylpyrimidine < N ~N NN 20 The title compound is prepared by the method described in Example 34, Steps A-C, except that 3-bromomethypyridine hydrobromide is used instead of benzyl bromide in Step C. Example 37 103 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 Preparation of 2-phenvl-5-(1-(1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethvl)piperidin-4-yI)-1H imidazol-4-VI)pyrimidine N N N N
F
3 CN 5 The title compound was prepared by the method described in Example 34, Steps A-C, except that tert-butyl 4-(tosyloxy)piperidine-1-carboxylate is used instead of benzyl bromide in Step C. The nitrogen of the piperidine is deprotected and derivatized in the manner described in Examples 22 and 24, 10 respectively. \ I I N 'NNO N Ex. R2 H-PGDS FPBA IC,, H-PGDS Inhibitor EIA IC 50 (iaM) (iaM) 38 Ph 4 39 Bn 10 40 3-pyridyl 0.625 0.37 15 Example 38 Preparation of 2-phenoxy-5-(2-phenvl-1H-imidazol-5-vl)pvrimidine 104 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 N N Step A: Preparation of 5-bromo-2-phenoxypyrimidine 5 Br N A mixture consisting of 5-bromo-2-iodopyrimidine (Bridge Organics, 1.01 g, 3.57 mmol), phenol (Aldrich, 3.35 g, 35.7 mmol), and potassium carbonate (Aldrich, 4.93 g, 35.7 mmol) was stirred neat at 165 0C under a 10 nitrogen atmosphere for four hours. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was partitioned between ethyl acetate (250 mL) and 1 N hydrochloric acid (4 x 200 mL). The organic layer was washed with 1 N hydrochloric acid until disappearance of color in the aqueous layer. The phases were separated and the organic phase was washed with water (100 mL) and brine 15 (100 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to provide an orange oil (1.1 g). The product was purified by flash silica column chromatography. Elution through an 80-g Silicycle@ flash silica cartridge with 10% ethyl acetate in hexanes afforded the title compound as a white solid (0.82 g, 92% yield); Rf 20 0.51 with 8:2 v/v hexanes-ethyl acetate; 1 H-NMR (400 MHz; CDC1 3 ) 6 8.56 (s, 2H), 7.46-7.41 (m, 2H), 7.30-7.24 (m, 1H), 7.20-7.16 (m, 2H); MS (APCI*) m/z 252.9 (M+1). Step B: Preparation of 1-(2-phenoxvpvrimidin-5-VI)ethanone 25 0 105 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 The title intermediate was prepared by the method described in Example 14, Step B, except that 5-bromo-2-phenoxypyrimidine was used instead of 5-bromo-2-phenylpyrimidine. The residue from the work up was dissolved in dichloromethane and diluted with hexane, was applied to an 80-g 5 silica column eluted with 1:4 ethyl acetate-hexane to afford the title intermediate (690 mg, 65% yield); Rf 0.29 with 3:1 v/v hexanes-ethyl acetate solvent system; 1 H-NMR (400 MHz; DMSO-d) 8 9.17 (s, 2H), 7.4-7.6 (m, 2H), 7.2-7.4 (m, 3H), 2.60 (s, 3H); MS (ESl*) m/z 215 (M+1). 10 Step C: Preparation of 2-bromo-1-(2-phenoxvpvrimidin-5-vl)ethanone Br 0 To a solution consisting of 1-(2-phenoxypyrimidin-5-yl)ethanone (Step 15 B, 400 mg, 1.87 mmol) in dichloromethane (14 mL) was added tetrabutylammonium tribromide (990 mg, 2.05 mmol). The reaction mixture was sealed with a screw top and warmed at 40 0C overnight and allowed to cool to room temperature. Hexane (4 mL) was subsequently added. After three hours and little precipitation, additional (150 mg) tetrabutylammonium 20 tribromide was added and the reaction mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. The pale yellow precipitate that formed was collected on a filter and washed with 1:1 dichloromethane-hexane to afford the title intermediate (375 mg, 68%); Rf 0.43 with 3:1 v/v hexanes-ethyl acetate; MS (ESl*) m/z 295, 293 (M+1, Br isotopes). 25 Step D: Preparation of 2-oxo-2-(2-phenoxypyrimidin-5-yI)ethyl benzoate I 1 106 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 To a mixture consisting of benzoic acid (21 mg, 0.17 mmol) and cesium carbonate (112 mg, 0.34 mmol) in DMF (2.5 mL) was added 2-bromo-1-(2 phenoxypyrimidin-5-yl)ethanone (50 mg, 0.17 mmol). Upon stirring at room temperature (30 minutes), the solution became dark amber. The reaction 5 mixture was combined with ethyl acetate and washed sequentially with water and brine. The organic layer was dried with sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure followed by concentration with toluene. The title intermediate was isolated as a dark yellow solid (40 mg, 70% yield); TLC (silica) Rf 0.44, 3:1 v/v hexanes-ethyl acetate. 10 Step E: Preparation of 2-phenoxy-5-(2-phenvl-1H-imidazol-5 VI)pyrimidine HN N Z N 15 A mixture consisting of 2-oxo-2-(2-phenoxypyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl benzoate (Step A, 40 mg), freshly prepared ammonium acetate (315 mg wet with toluene), and toluene (4 mL) was heated in a capped vial to 112 0C overnight. The reaction mixture was poured into a 0.1 M aqueous sodium 20 bicarbonate solution and extracted twice with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried with magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude brown solid was purified by flash chromatography using a 4:1 to 1:1 hexanes-ethyl acetate gradient affording the title compound (11.2 mg, 29% yield) as a light tan solid; melting 25 point 254 0C; 1 H-NMR (400 MHz; DMSO-d 6 ) 8 9.05 (s, 2H), 7.96-8.02 (m, 2H), 7.85-7.92 (m, 2H), 7.42-7.54 (m, 4H), 7.35-7.41 (m, 1H), 7.20-7.29 (m, 2H); LC/MS (ESl*) m/z 315; H-PGDS FPBA IC50: 4 iM. Example 39 30 Preparation of 5-(2-benzvl-1H-imidazol-4-yi)-2-phenoxvpvrimidine 107 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 HN 5 Step A: Preparation of 2-oxo-2-(2-phenoxvpvrimidin-5-VI)ethVl 2 phenvlacetate I 0 N> 0 10 The title intermediate was prepared according to the method described in Example 38, Step D except that phenylacetic acid was used instead of benzoic acid. The title intermediate was isolated as a dark yellow solid (47 mg); TLC (silica) Rf 0.64, 3:1 v/v hexanes-ethyl acetate. 15 Step B: Preparation of 5-(2-benzvl-1H-imidazol-4-yI)-2 phenoxypyrimidine H N N 20 The title compound was prepared according to the procedure described in Example 27, Step E except that 2-oxo-2-(2-phenoxypyrimidin-5 yl)ethyl 2-phenylacetate was used instead of 2-oxo-2-(2-phenoxypyrimidin-5 yl)ethyl benzoate. The crude brown solid was purified by flash 25 chromatography using a 4:1 to 1:1 hexanes-ethyl acetate gradient affording 108 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 the title compound (9.9 mg, 23% yield) as a yellow solid; melting point 60 0C; 1 H-NMR (400 MHz; DMSO-d 6 ) 8 8.97 (s, 2H), 7.71 (s, 1 H), 7.48-7.52 (m, 2H), 7.25-7.37 (m, 8H), 4.09 (s, 2H); LC/MS (ESl*) m/z 329; H-PGDS FPBA IC50: 10 riM. 5 Example 40 Preparation of 2-phenoxy-5-(2-(Dvridin-3-yI)-1H-imidazol-4-vl)pvrimidine N, O N- N 10 Step A: Preparation of 2-oxo-2-(2-phenoxvpvrimidin-5-vl)ethyl nicotinate i 0 0 N N 15 To a mixture consisting of nicotinic acid (23 mg, 0.19 mmol) and cesium carbonate (115 mg, 0.35 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (1.5 mL) was added 2-bromo-1-(2-phenoxypyrimidin-5-yl)ethanone (Example 38, Step C, 50 mg, 0.17 mmol). The stirring mixture was heated to 40 0C for one hour, after which time some starting material had not completely dissolved and the 20 reaction was not completed as indicated by TLC. NN-dimethylformamide (1.5 mL) was added and the reaction was stirred an additional two hours at room temperature. The work up of Example 38, Step D was followed. The title intermediate was isolated as a dark yellow solid (31 mg, 54% yield); TLC (silica) Rf 0.17, 1:1 hexanes-ethyl acetate. 25 Step B: Preparation of 2-phenoxy-5-(2-(pvridin-3-yI)-1H-imidazol-4 VI)pyrimidine 109 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 N N O N- N The title compound was prepared according to the procedure in Example 38, Step E, except that 2-oxo-2-(2-phenoxypyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl 5 nicotinate, prepared in Step A of this example, was used instead of 2-oxo-2 (2-phenoxypyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl benzoate. The crude brown solid was purified by flash chromatography using a 1:9 to 0:1 hexanes-ethyl acetate gradient affording the title compound (7.1 mg, 24% yield) as a tan solid; melting point 236 0C; 1 H-NMR (400 MHz; DMSO-d 6 ) 8 9.19 (S, 1H), 9.05 (s, 2H), 8.58-8.59 10 (m, 1 H), 8.30-8.33 (m, 1 H), 7.99 (s, 1 H), 7.51-7.54 (m, 1 H), 7.44-7.48 (m, 2H), 7.23-7.29 (m, 3H); LC/MS (ESl*) m/z 316; H-PGDS FPBA IC50: 0.625 rM; H PGDS inhibitor EIA IC50: 0.37 iM. N
U
1 N 15 U3-U 4 H-PGDS H-PGDS Ex. Ul U 2 U U 4 FPBA IC,, Inhibitor EIA (iaM) IC 50 (9M) 5 NH CH N CH 5 41 NH N CH CH 2.4 42 0 CH CH N 7.8 43 NH N N N 2.5 Example 41 20 Preparation of 2-phenvl-5-(1 H-pyrazol-3-VI)pyrimidine hydrochloride 110 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 N HN N HCI Step A: Preparation of 2-phenyI-5-(1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-y)-1H Dvrazol-5-viDPyrimidine 5 qON ,N N N\ I Diisopropyl 1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-ylboronate (595 mg, 1.46 mmol) prepared according to the procedure described in the Journal 10 of Organic Chemistry, 2008, 73, 1241-1243) was combined with Pd 2 (dba) 3 (13 mg, 0.013 mmol) and 4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)-9,9-dimethylxanthene (19 mg, 0.033 mmol). 1,4-Dioxane (10 mL) and 5-bromo-2-phenylpyrimidine (343 mg, 1.46 mmol) were added followed by 1.27 M aqueous K 3
PO
4 (958 mg dissolved in 3.5 mL of water) and the mixture heated at 100 0C for 18 hours 15 with stirring. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and filtered through Celite washing with ethyl acetate. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the concentrate partitioned between water and ethyl acetate. The organic phase was retained and dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate. The solution was filtered and the solvent removed under reduced 20 pressure. Purification by silica gel flash chromatography (9:1 to 3:2 v/v hexane-ethyl acetate gradient) through a 12-g Silicycle@ flash silica cartridge gave title intermediate as a white solid (51mg, 11% yield); Rf 0.70 with 40% ethyl acetate in hexane; MS (ESl*) m/z 307 (M+1). 25 Step B: Preparation of 2-phenyl-5-(1 H-pyrazol-3-yl)pyrimidine hydrochloride 111 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 N HN N HCI 2-Phenyl-5-(1 -(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)-1 H-pyrazol-5-yl)pyrimidine (Step A, 51 mg) was added to a 1 N hydrochloric acid solution in methanol (5 5 mL). The solution was stirred at room temperature for two hours. MTBE (40mL) was added to precipitate a white solid which was filtered and rinsed with MTBE and dried under high vacuum. The title compound was obtained as a white powder (11.4 mg, 27% yield); melting point 264-273 C; 1 H-NMR (300 MHz; CD 3 OD) 8 10.0 (s, 1H), 9.29 (s, 2H), 8.44 (dd, 2H), 7.86 (d, 1H), 10 7.54 (m, 3H), 6.95 (d, 1H); MS (ESl*) m/z 223 (M+1); H-PGDS FPBA IC50: 2.4 riM. Example 42 Preparation of 2-(2-phenylpyrimidin-5-vl)oxazole 15 / N N Oxazole (124 mg, 1.8 mmol) was dissolved in stirring tetrahydrofuran 20 (20 mL) under nitrogen at -78 0C and treated with n-butyllithium (2.0 M in cyclohexane, 1.1 mL, 2.2 mmol) maintaining internal temperature below -60 C. After stirring ten minutes, ZnCl 2 (0.48 g, 3.5 mmol) was added portionwise. The cooling bath was removed and the solution was allowed to reach room temperature. 25 Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (30 mg, 5 mole %) and 5 bromo-2-phenylpyrimidine (309 mg, 1.30 mmol) were added and the mixture heated at 60 0C for four hours. Solvent was removed under reduced pressure 112 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 and the mixture partitioned between saturated aqueous ammonium chloride and ethyl acetate. The organic phase was retained and additional ethyl acetate extractions of the aqueous phase performed. The combined extracts were dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, the solution filtered, and solvent 5 removed under reduced pressure. Purification by silica gel flash chromatography (9:1 to 7:3 v/v hexane-ethyl acetate) through a 12-g Silicycle@ flash silica cartridge afforded the title compound as an off-white solid (17 mg, 6% yield); Rf 0.66 with 3:1 v/v hexane-ethyl acetate; melting point 175-177 C; 1 H-NMR (300 MHz; DMSO-d 6 ) 8 9.42 (s, 2H), 8.48 (dd, 2H), 10 8.41 (s, 1H), 7.56-7.62 (m, 3H), 7.54 (s, 1H); MS (ESl*) m/z 224 (M+1), (ESI-) m/z 222 (M-1); H-PGDS FPBA IC50: 7.8 iM. Example 43 Preparation of 2-phenvl-5-(1H-tetrazol-5-vl)pvrimidine 15 N N NZ N N-NH A mixture consisting of 2-phenylpyrimidine-5-carbonitrile (200 mg, 1.10 20 mmol), sodium azide (80 mg, 1.2 mmol) and ammonium chloride (66 mg, 1.2 mmol) in DMF (3 mL) was stirred at 100 0C for 24 hours. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature. Upon addition of 1N hydrochloric acid (3 mL), a white solid precipitated. The precipitate was isolated by filtration and recrystallized from ethanol to afford the title compound as a white 25 solid (123 mg, 50% yield); melting point 237 0C; 1 H-NMR (400 MHz; DMSO d 6 ) 8 9.51 (s, 2H), 8.51-8.53 (m, 2H), 7.61-7.65 (m, 3H); LC/MS (ESl*) m/z 225; H PGDS FPBA IC50: 2.5 iM. 30 113 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 N
U
1 N 0 C- <U3U 4 H-PGDS H-PGDS Ex. U' U 3
U
4 FPBA IC 50 Inhibitor EIA (gM) IC 50 (gM) 1 NH N CH 0.25 0.012 4 4 (Step B) NBn CH N 15 44 NH CH N 2.8 45 CH N NH 1.5 46 0 N CH 125 47 0 CH N >20 48 N S CH >20 49 NH N N 1.0 0.084 5 Example 44 Preparation of 2-phenvl-5-(5-phenvl-1H-imidazol-2-vl)pvrimidine H N N 10 Step A: Preparation of 1-benzyl-5-phenyl-1H-imidazole The title intermediate was prepared by the method described in 15 Example 1, Step C, except that (i) commercially available bromobenzene was 114 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 used instead of 5-bromo-2-phenylpyrimidine, and (ii) 1 -benzyl-1 H-imidazole was used instead of 1 -benzyl-2-phenyl-1 H-imidazole. The product was purified by flash silica column chromatography. Elution through a 25-g Silicycle@ flash silica cartridge with gradient of 0% to 5% methanol in 5 dichloromethane afforded the title intermediate as a yellow solid (0.140 g, 60% yield); Rf 0.53 with 9:1 v/v dichloromethane-methanol; 1 H-NMR (400 MHz; CDC1 3 ) 8 7.59 (s, 1H), 7.4-7.25 (m, 8H), 7.17 (s, 1H), 7.05 (d, 2H), 5.18 (s, 2H); MS (ESl*) m/z 235.1 (M+1). 10 Step B: Preparation of 5-(1 -benzyl-5-phenyl-1 H-imidazol-2-yl)-2 phenylpyrimidine N N ~N N 15 The title intermediate was prepared by the method described in Example 1, Step C, except that (i) 1 -benzyl-5-phenyl-1 H-imidazole was used instead of 1 -benzyl-2-phenyl-1 H-imidazole, (ii) copper iodide (2.0 molar equivalents) and NN-dimethylacetamide (15 mL) was used instead of tris(2 furyl)phosphine, potassium carbonate, and NN-dimethylformamide. The 20 reaction mixture was brought to reflux (160 0C) under a nitrogen atmosphere overnight and then worked up in the same manner as described in Example 1, Step C to afford the title intermediate as a white solid (0.110 g, 35% yield); Rf 0.66 with 95:5 v/v dichloromethane-methanol; 1 H-NMR (400 MHz; CDC1 3 ) 6 9.00 (s, 2H), 8.43 (m, 2H), 7.58-7.23 (m, 12H), 5.35 (s, 2H); MS (ESl*) m/z 25 389.1 (M+1); -PGDS FPBA IC50: 15 M. Step C: Preparation of 2-phenyl-5-(5-phenyl-1 H-imidazol-2 VI)pyrimidine 115 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 H N N The title compound was prepared by the method described in Example 1, Step D, except that 5-(1 -benzyl-5-phenyl-1 H-imidazol-2-yl)-2 5 phenylpyrimidine (this Example, Step B) was used instead of 5-(1-benzyl-2 phenyl-1 H-imidazol-5-yl)-2-phenylpyrimidine. The title compound was isolated as a white solid (0.044 g, 62% yield); Rf 0.26 with 95:5 v/v dichloromethane methanol; melting point 238 0C; 1 H-NMR (400 MHz; DMSO-d 6 ) 8 9.40 (s, 2H), 8.43 (m, 2H), 7.99-7.84 (m, 2H), 7.58-7.20 (m, 8H); MS (ESl*) m/z 299.1 10 (M+1); H-PGDS FPBA IC50: 2.8 iM. Example 45 Preparation of 2-phenvl-5-(3-phenvl-1H-pyrazol-5-vl)pvrimidine N 15 N-NH A mixture consisting of methyl 2-phenylpyrimidine-5-carboxylate (214 mg, 1.00 mmol) and acetophenone (0.115 mL, 120 mg, 1.00 mmol) in diethyl 20 ether (10 mL) under a nitrogen atmosphere at room temperature was stirred for ten minutes. Sodium methoxide (65 mg, 1.2 mmol) was subsequently added followed by methanol (1.0 mL). The solution was stirred overnight at room temperature. The off-white precipitate which had formed was collected by filtration and was washed with diethyl ether. The solid was dissolved in 25 water and the pH adjusted to 3 using acetic acid. A solid precipitated and was collected by filtration and washed with water. The solid was dried under high vacuum and was subsequently dissolved in acetic acid (10 mL). To this solution was added hydrazine (0.4 mL) and the mixture was stirred at room 116 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 temperature overnight. The mixture was filtered and solids washed with hexane. The crude solid was purified by silica gel flash chromatography (9:1 to 1:1 v/v hexane-ethyl acetate gradient) through a 25-g Silicycle@ flash silica cartridge which gave the title compound as light yellow solid (8 mg, 3% yield); 5 Rf 0.40 with 7:3 v/v hexane-ethyl acetate; 1 H-NMR (300 MHz; CDC1 3 ) 6 9.38 (s, 2H), 8.45 (dd, 2H), 7.84 (br, 2H), 7.36-7.60 (m, 7H); MS (ESl*) m/z 299 (M+1); H-PGDS FPBA IC50: 1.5 iM. Example 46 10 Preparation of 2-phenvl-5-(2-phenylpyrimidin-5-vl)oxazole N, so N N Silver carbonate (317mg, 1.15 mmol), triphenylphosphine (16 mg, 0.06 15 mmol) and Pd(dppf)C12-CH 2
CI
2 (24 mg, 5 mole %) were stirred together at room temperature under nitrogen. 5-Bromo-2-phenylpyrimidine (163 mg, 0.69 mmol) was added followed by 2-phenyl-oxazole (84 mg, 0.58 mmol; prepared according to Ohnmacht, S. A. et al., Chemical Communications, 2008,1241 1243). Finally water (6 mL) was added and the mixture heated for 18 hours at 20 60 OC. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and filtered through Elite washing with DCM and acetone. Purification by silica gel flash chromatography (100 % DCM) through a 12-g Silicycle@ flash silica cartridge gave title compound as light yellow solid (19 mg, 11% yield); Rf 0.68 with DCM; melting point 228-231 0C; 1 H-NMR (300 MHz; DMSO-d 6 ) 8 9.39 (s, 2H), 25 8.45 (dd, 2H), 8.17 (dd, 2H), 8.11 (s, 1H), 7.54-7.65 (m, 6H); MS (ESl*) m/z 300 (M+1), (ESI-) m/z298 (M-1); H-PGDS FPBA IC50: 125 iM. Example 47 Preparation of 5-phenvl-2-(2-phenylpyrimidin-5-vl)oxazole 30 117 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 N, N Step A: Preparation of N-(2-oxo-2-phenvlethyl)-2-phenylpyrimidine-5 5 carboxamide o N 0H N NN 0 To a solution consisting of 2-phenylpyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid (200 10 mg, 1.0 mmol) in thionyl chloride (10 mL) was added one drop of dry DMF. The solution was heated to reflux for four hours and was subsequently allowed to reach room temperature. Thionyl chloride was evaporated away under reduced pressure and to the residue was added toluene (2 x 30 mL), which was evaporated and the residue subjected to high vacuum to remove 15 residual thionyl chloride. The residue and 2-amino-1-phenylethanone hydrochloride (172 mg, 1.0 mmol) were dissolved in dichloromethane (10 mL) followed by triethylamine (0.28 mL). The solution was stirred at room temperature for 18 hours. The mixture was diluted with dichloromethane and was washed with water. The organic phase was dried with anhydrous sodium 20 sulfate, filtered, and concentrated. The residue was recrystallized from ethyl acetate to afford title intermediate as a white solid (183 mg, 57% yield); Rf 0.60 with 5% methanol in dichloromethane; 1 H-NMR (300 MHz; DMSO-d 6 ) 6 9.33 (s, 2H), 8.48 (d, 2H), 8.07 (d, 2H), 7.70 (brt, 1 H) , 7.59 (m, 6H) , 4.89 (d, 2H); MS (ESI-) m/z 316 (M-1). 25 Step B: Preparation of 5-Phenvl-2-(2-phenylpyrimidin-5-vl)oxazole 118 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 N To a solution consisting of N-(2-oxo-2-phenylethyl)-2-phenylpyrimidine 5-carboxamide (Step A, 80 mg, 0.25 mmol) in POC 3 (1.0 mL) was added 5 pyridine (2.0 mL). The solution was heated at 70 0C for six hours and was subsequently allowed to cool to room temperature. The solution was diluted with ethyl acetate (10 mL) and poured into a chilled saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (40 mL). After stirring for 15 minutes, the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 25 mL) and the combined organics were 10 dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography (0-5% methanol in dichloromethane gradient) through a 40-g Silicycle@ flash silica cartridge to afford the title compound as an off-white solid (49 mg, 65% yield); Rf 0.80 with 2% methanol in dichloromethane; 1 H-NMR (300 MHz; DMSO-d 6 ) 8 9.52 (s, 15 2H), 8.48 (dd, 2H), 7.99 (s, 1H), 7.94 (dd, 2H), 7.43-7.60 (m, 6H); MS (ESl*) m/z 300 (M+1); H-PGDS FPBA IC50: > 20 iM. Example 48 Preparation of 2-phenvl-4-(2-phenylpyrimidin-5-yl)thiazole 20 N NN A mixture consisting of 2-bromo-1-(2-phenylpyrimidin-5-yl)ethanone (Example 14, Step B, 50 mg, 0.18 mmol), thiobenzamide (Tl America, 25 25 mg, 0.18 mmol) and absolute ethanol (4 mL) in a capped scintillation vial was heated to near boiling for several minutes and was subsequently allowed to cool to room temperature. A white solid precipitated within minutes. The precipitate was collected by vacuum filtration. Light ethanol rinse, suction, 119 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 and drying under high vacuum at room temperature afforded the title compound (26 mg, 46 % yield) as an off-white solid; melting point 214.4-216.1 0C; 1 H-NMR (400 MHz; DMSO-d) 8 9.54 (s, 2H), 8.54 (s, 1H), 8.47 (m, 2H), 8.08 (m, 2H), 7.62-7.54 (m, 6H); LC/MS (ESl*) m/z 316.1, (ES-) m/z 337.2 5 (M-1 + Na*); H-PGDS FPBA IC50: > 20 iM. Triazole compounds of general structure 25 of the exemplary embodiments may be prepared according to the general synthetic route illustrated in Scheme 7. Examples 49 and 50 may be prepared using this 10 general route. Scheme 7: General synthesis of 5-(triazol-4-yl)-pyridines and 5-(triazol-4 VI)-pyrimidines 0
R
2 N NH 2 N W, N W H ' WsR1 xylenes, 200 HN,Ns Y R NC 22 >N 25 (or) NaOMe, R2 MeOH 200 C MeO R1 R 2 H R N N NW R1 NH 26 NH - 27
R
1 , R 2 , y 3 and W are defined in the detailed description 15 Example 49 Preparation of 2-phenvl-5-(5-phenvl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-vl)pvri midine 20 120 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 HN, HI N N-N 2-Phenyl-pyrimidine-5-carbonitrile (Biofine International, 0.10 g, 0.55 mmol) and benzoic hydrazide (Aldrich, 0.075 g, 0.55 mmol) were dissolved in 5 o-xylene (5 mL) and heated to 200 0C in a sealed pressure tube while stirring for 24 hours. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture was heated to 200 0C in an open vessel under a stream of nitrogen for six hours. The remaining crude solid was dissolved in a minimal amount of 98:2 v/v dichloromethane-methanol and purified by flash silica column 10 chromatography. Elution through a 40-g Analogix@ flash silica cartridge with 100% dichloromethane to 2% methanol in dichloromethane afforded the title compound as a pale yellow solid (10 mg, 6% yield); Rf 0.1 with 98:2 v/v dichloromethane-methanol; melting point 280-282 0C; 1 H-NMR (400 MHz; CDC1 3 ) 8 8.48-8.42 (m, 2H), 8.12-8.06 (m, 2H), 7.60-7.48 (m, 6H); MS (ESl*) 15 m/z 300.1 (M+1); H-PGDS FPBA IC50: 1.0 rM; H-PGDS inhibitor EIA IC50: 0.084 iM. Example 50 Preparation of 2-phenvl-5-(5-(pvridin-3-yI)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-vl)pvrimidine 20 N N N N-N 2-Phenyl-pyrimidine-5-carbonitrile (Biofine International, 0.20 g, 1.10 mmol) and nicotinic hydrazide (Aldrich, 0.151 g, 1.10 mmol) were dissolved in 25 o-xylene (5 mL) and heated to 200 0C under nitrogen atmosphere for seven hours as the o-xylene slowly boiled off. The remaining crude solid was dissolved in a minimal amount of 98:2 v/v dichloromethane-methanol and 121 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 purified by flash silica column chromatography. Elution through a 40-g Analogix@ flash silica cartridge with 100% dichloromethane to 5% methanol in dichloromethane afforded the title compound as a yellow solid (32 mg, 10% yield); Rf 0.27 with 95:5 v/v dichloromethane-methanol; melting point 322-333 5 0C; 1 H-NMR (400 MHz; CDC1 3 ) 8 9.53 (s, 2H), 9.32 (d, 1 H), 8.76-8.75 (m, 1 H), 8.53-8.46 (m, 3H), 7.64-7.60 (m, 4H); MS (ESl*) m/z 301.1 (M+1); H-PGDS FPBA IC50: 1 iM. Example 51 10 Preparation of 5-(1 -methyl-5-(pyridin-3-l)-1 H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-2 Phenvlpyrimidine N N N / \ N N-N 15 2-Phenyl-5-(5-(pyridin-3-yl)-1 H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)pyrimidine (25 mg, 0.08 mmol) was dissolved in DMF (2 mL). An excess of sodium hydride (150 mg, 60% dispersion in mineral oil) and an excess of iodomethane (1 mL) were added and the solution was stirred at room temperature for 2.5hours. The reaction was quenched by the addition of water, diluted with ethyl acetate, 20 and washed sequentially with water and brine. The crude residue was dissolved in a minimal amount of dichloromethane and purified by flash silica column chromatography. Elution through a 12-g Analogix@ flash silica cartridge with 100% dichloromethane to 4% methanol in dichloromethane afforded the title compounds (2 mg, 8% yield); Rf 0.33 with 95:5 v/v 25 dichloromethane-methanol; MS (ESl*) m/z 315.1 (M+1). Example 52 Preparation of tert-butyl 4-(5-(2-phenylpyrimidin-5-yI)-2H-tetrazol-2 ypiperidine-1 -carboxylate 122 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 >0JN N-N To a solution consisting of 2-phenyl-5-(2H-tetrazol-5-yl)pyrimidine (25 mg, 0.111 mmol) in DMF (2.0 mL) was added tert-butyl 4-(tosyloxy)piperidine 5 1-carboxylate (40 mg, 0.111 mmol), synthesized from tert-butyl 4 hydroxypiperidine-1-carboxylate (PCT International Application No. WO 2007/060026), and sodium carbonate (85 mg, 0.45 mmol). The suspension was vigorously stirred for 24 hours and an additional molar equivalent of tert butyl 4-(tosyloxy)piperidine-1 -carboxylate was added and the reaction was 10 heated for another 24 hours at 70 C. After cooling to room temperature, the crude reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate, washed sequentially with 1 M sodium carbonate, 5% citric acid, and brine. After solvent evaporation, the remaining crude solid was dissolved in a minimal amount of dichloromethane and purified by flash silica column chromatography. Elution 15 through a 40-g Analogix@ flash silica cartridge with 100% dichloromethane to 2% methanol in dichloromethane provided the title compound as an off-white solid. The solid was further purified by triturating with methanol to afford the title compound as a white solid (15 mg, 33% yield); Rf 0.37 with 95:2 v/v dichloromethane-methanol; melting point 178-180 0C; 1 H-NMR (400 MHz; 20 CDC1 3 ) 8 9.47 (s, 2H), 8.52-8.49 (m, 2H), 7.52-7.50 (m, 3H), 4.96-4.95 (m, 2H), 4.23 (bs, 2H), 3.10-2.97 (m, 2H), 2.30-2.21 (m, 4H), 1.48 (s, 9H); MS (ESl*) m/z 408.2 (M+1).
R
2 W 25 HN-N Ex. R2 W H-PGDS FPBA H-PGDS
IC
50 Inhibitor 123 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 (gM) EIA IC 50 (gM) 41 H bond 2.4 45 Ph bond 1.5 53 3-pyridyl bond 1.3 54 CO 2 Et 0 1.3 0.13 55 CO 2 Me 0 2 56 CO 2 H 0 5 57 N 0.65 0.42 N, Example 53 Preparation of 2-phenv-5-(3-(pvridin-3-vi)-1H-pyrazol-5-vI)pvrimidine 5 N~ N-NH To a solution consisting of 1-(2-phenylpyrimidin-5-yl)ethanone (Example 14, Step A, 46 mg, 0.23 mmol) and methyl nicotinate (35 mg, 0.25 10 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (1 mL) was added a solution consisting of potassium tert-butoxide in tetrahydrofuran (0.28 mL, 0.28 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred overnight. Analysis of the reaction mixture by TLC (1:3 ethyl acetate-hexanes) showed the 1-(2-phenylpyrimidin-5-yl)ethanone was not consumed. To the reaction mixture was added methyl nicotinate (118 mg, 15 0.86 mmol) and sodium hydride (10 mg, 0.23 mmol, 60% dispersion), and the reaction mixture was heated at 50 0C for one hour. The reaction mixture was diluted with a saturated aqueous solution of ammonium chloride and sodium chloride and the organic material was extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The combined organic phase was dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and 20 concentrated to dryness to provide a crude material. To a solution consisting 124 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 of this crude material in acetic acid was added excess hydrazine hydrate and the reaction mixture was heated at 50 0C for two hours followed by 80 0C overnight. The reaction mixture was diluted with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate and the organic material was extracted three times with ethyl 5 acetate. The combined organic phase was dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated to dryness. The crude material was chromatographed on silica (4 g) eluted with 1:4:5 v/v dichloromethane-ethyl acetate-hexane to 1:6:4 to afford the title compound (10 mg) as a tan solid; H PGDS FPBA IC50: 1.3 rM. 10 Example 54 Preparation of ethyl 5-(2-phenoxvpvrimidin-5-yI)-1H-pyrazole-3 carboxylate 0 1 15 /_O N-NH Step A: Preparation of ethyl 3-oxo-3-(2-phenoxypyrimidin-5 yI)propanoate 20 0 0 A mixture consisting of 1-(2-phenoxypyrimidin-5-yl)ethanone (Example 38, Step B, 214 mg, 1.00 mmol) and diethyl oxalate (0.14 mL,150 mg, 1.0 mmol) in diethyl ether (10 mL) under a nitrogen atmosphere at room 25 temperature was stirred for ten minutes. Sodium methoxide (65 mg, 1.2 mmol) was subsequently added followed by methanol (1.0 mL). The solution was stirred overnight at room temperature. The off-white precipitate which had formed was collected by filtration and washed with diethyl ether. The solid was dissolved in water and the pH adjusted to 3 using acetic acid. The 125 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 solid precipitate which formed was filtered and washed with water. The solid was air dried to afford a mixture comprising both the ethyl and methyl esters. Step B: Preparation of ethyl 5-(2-phenoxypyrimidin-5-yl)-1 H-pyrazole-3 5 carboxylate 0 1 o/ N-NH To a mixture consisting of the solid comprising ethyl 3-oxo-3-(2 10 phenoxypyrimidin-5-yl)propanoate (Step A, 1.00 mmol theory) in acetic acid (10 mL) was added hydrazine (0.40 mL, 410 mg, 13 mmol). The stirring mixture was heated to 60 0C for one hour and was subsequently cooled to room temperature and stirred overnight. The off-white solid which had precipitated was collected by filtration and washed with hexane. The solid 15 was purified by silica gel flash chromatography using a 9:1 to 1:1 v/v hexane ethyl acetate gradient through a 40-g Silicycle@ flash silica cartridge to afford the title compound as a white solid (100 mg, 32% yield); Rf 0.50 with 1:1 v/v hexane-ethyl acetate; 1 H-NMR (300 MHz; DMSO-d 6 ) 8 9.12 (s, 2H), 7.50 (s, 1 H), 7.43 (dd, 2H), 7.20-7.28 (m, 3H), 4.26 (q, 2H), 1.25 (t, 3H); MS (ESI-) m/z 20 309 (M-1); H-PGDS FPBA IC50: 1.3 rM; H-PGDS inhibitor EIA IC50: 0.13 iM. Example 55 Preparation of methyl 5-(2-phenoxypyrimidin-5-y)-1H-pyrazole-3 carboxylate 25 ~-O N-NH 126 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 The title compound was isolated from the chromatography of Example 54, Step B as white solid (52 mg, 17% yield); Rf 0.40 with 1:1 v/v hexane-ethyl acetate; 1 H-NMR (300 MHz; DMSO-d 6 ) 8 9.08 (s, 2H), 7.50 (s, 1H), 7.46 (dd, 2H), 7.20-7.30 (m, 3H), 3.90 (s, 3H); MS (ESI-) m/z 309 (M-1); H-PGDS FPBA 5 IC50: 2 iM. Example 56 Preparation of 5-(2-phenoxypyrimidin-5-yl)-1 H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid 0N 10 HO N-NH To a solution consisting of lithium hydroxide monohydrate (0.13 g, 3.0 mmol) dissolved in ethanol (10 mL) / water (5 mL) was added ethyl 5-(2 phenoxypyrimidin-5-yl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylate (Example 54, 90 mg, 0.29 15 mmol) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 18 hours. Ethanol was removed under reduced pressure and the solution diluted with water and subsequently was acidified with acetic acid to precipitate product. The solid precipitate was filtered, washed with water, and dried under high vacuum to afford the title compound as a white solid (64 mg, 79% yield); Rf 0.15 with 2% 20 methanol in dichloromethane; 1 H-NMR (300 MHz; DMSO-d 6 ) 8 9.12 (s, 2H), 7.49 (dd, 2H), 7.25-7.43 (m, 4H); MS (ES-) m/z 281 (M-1); H-PGDS FPBA IC50: 5 iM. Example 57 25 Preparation of (4-methylpiperazin-1 -vil)(5-(2-phenoxvpvrimidin-5-yi)-1 H pyrazol-3-yl)methanone 127 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 N N-NH N To a solution consisting of 5-(2-phenoxypyrimidin-5-yl)-1 H-pyrazole-3 carboxylic acid (Example 56, 60 mg, 0.21 mmol) in thionyl chloride (10 mL) 5 was added one drop of dry DMF. The solution was heated to reflux for four hours and was subsequently allowed to cool to room temperature. Thionyl chloride was evaporated under reduced pressure and to the residue was added toluene (2 x 30 mL), which was evaporated and the residue subjected to high vacuum to remove residual thionyl chloride. The residue and 1 10 methylpiperazine (25 mg, 0.028 mL, 0.25 mmol) were dissolved in dichloromethane (10 mL) followed by the addition of triethylamine (0.14 mL). The solution was stirred at room temperature for 18 hours. The solvent was evaporated and the residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography using 0-10% methanol in dichloromethane gradient through a 25-g Silicycle@ 15 flash silica cartridge to afford the title compound as a white solid (46 mg, 60% yield); Rf 0.30 with 6% methanol in dichloromethane; 1 H-NMR (300 MHz;
CD
3 OD) 8 8.96 (s, 2H), 7.43 (m, 2H), 7.25 (m, 1H), 7.19 (d, 2H), 7.02 (s, 1H), 3.74-3.99 (br, 4H), 2.51 (br, 4H), 2.33 (s, 3H); MS (ES-) m/z 363 (M-1); H PGDS FPBA IC50: 0.65 rM; H-PGDS inhibitor EIA IC50: 0.42 iM. 20 N N N
R
2 -- / S r H-PGDS FPBA IC 50 H-PGDS Ex. R2M) Inhibitor EIA
IC
50 ( M) 128 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 48 Ph >20 58 3-F-Ph > 20 59 3-pyridyl 1 0.15 60 PhCH 2 - > 20 61 HN 5 - CF 3
CO
2 H Example 58 Preparation of 2-(3-fluorophenvl)-4-(2-phenylpyrimidin-5-vl)thiazole 5 N N N F The title compound was prepared according to the procedure described in Example 48 except that 3-fluorothiobenzamide was used instead 10 of thiobenzamide. The title compound was isolated (35.4 mg, 59% yield) as a white solid; melting point 228 0C; 1 H-NMR (400 MHz; DMSO-d 6 ) 6 8.62 (s, 2H), 8.48-8.53 (m, 3H), 7.94-8.01 (m, 2H), 7.58-7.70 (m, 4H), 7.42-7.48 (m, 1 H); LC/MS (ESl*) m/z 334; H-PGDS FPBA IC50: > 20 iM. 15 Example 59 Preparation of 4-(2-phenylpyrimidin-5-yi)-2-(Dvridin-3-vl)thiazole N N N s 20 129 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 The title compound was prepared according to the procedure described in Example 48 except that thionicotinamide was used instead of thiobenzamide. The title compound was isolated (30.2 mg, 53% yield) as an off-white solid; melting point 319 0C; 1 H-NMR (400 MHz; DMSO-d 6 ) 69.39 (s, 5 2H), 9.38 (s, 1H), 8.81-8.84 (m, 1H), 8.69 (s, 1H), 8.59-8.64 (m, 1H), 8.48 8.54 (m, 2H), 7.72-7.77 (m, 1H), 7.59-7.64 (m, 3H); LC/MS (ESl*) m/z 317; H PGDS FPBA IC50: 1 rM; H-PGDS inhibitor EIA IC50: 0.15 iM. Example 60 10 Preparation of 2-benzvl-4-(2-phenylpyrimidin-5-vl)thiazole N N N The title compound was prepared according to the procedure 15 described in Example 48 except that 2-phenylthioacetamide was used instead of thiobenzamide. The title compound was isolated (26 mg, 51% yield) as a pale yellow solid; melting point170 '0; 1 H-NMR (400 MHz; DMSO-d 6 ) 8 9.45 (s, 2H), 8.45-8.50 (m, 2H), 8.36 (s, 1H), 7.57-7.62 (m, 3H), 7.31-7.48 (m, 5H), 4.50 (s, 2H); LC/MS (ESl*) m/z 330; H-PGDS FPBA IC50: > 20 iM. 20 Example 61 Preparation of 4-(4-(2-phenylpyrimidin-5-vl)thiazol-2-vl)piperidinium 2,2,2-trifluoroacetate 25 130 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 N, HN N N S HO CF 3 Step A: Preparation of tert-butyl 4-(4-(2-phenylpyrimidin-5-vl)thiazol-2 5 ypiperidine-1 -carboxylate 0 N, Y N N N The title intermediate was prepared according to the procedure 10 described in Example 48 except that tert-butyl 4 (aminocarbothioyl)tetrahydropyridine-1 (2H)-carboxylate was used instead of thiobenzamide. The product was isolated (27 mg) as an off-white solid; LC/MS shows a mixture of title intermediate ((ESl*) m/z 423) and title (deprotected) compound ((ESl*) m/z 323). 15 Step B: Preparation of 4-(4-(2-phenylpyrimidin-5-vl)thiazol-2 v)piperidinium 2,2,2-trifluoroacetate N, HN N N S HO CF 3 20 131 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 A mixture consisting of title intermediate (23 mg) and trifluoroacetic acid (500 pL) was stirred at room temperature for 20 minutes. The trifluoroacetic acid was removed yielding an off-white oil. Trituration with ethanol produced an off-white solid which was subsequently filtered and 5 washed with ethanol to afford the title compound (23.5 mg, 85% yield) as a white solid; melting point 290 0C; 1 H-NMR (400 MHz; DMSO-d 6 ) 6 9.50 (s, 2H), 8.50-8.58 (m, 2H), 8.45 (s, 1H), 7.60-7.65 (m, 3H), 3.32-3.59 (m, 4H), 3.08-3.20 (m, 2H), 2.30-2.39 (m, 2H), 1.94-2.07 (m, 2H); LC/MS (ESl*) m/z 323; H-PGDS FPBA IC50: 5 M. 10 N/ NN N
R
2 N N H-PGDS FPBA IC 50 H-PGDS Ex. R2 M) Inhibitor EIA
IC
50 ( M) 62 CO 2 'Bu 5.9 63 CO 2 H 1.1 64 \ N Oe3.4 H 65 \ N 2.5 H Example 62 15 Preparation of 2 tert-butyl 2-(2-phenylpyrimidin-5-VI)thiazole-4 carboxylate 132 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 N 0 N "-N In a sealed tube, cesium carbonate (1.95 g, 6.00 mmol), tert-butyl-4 5 thiazolecarboxylate (556 mg, 3.00 mmol; prepared according to the procedure described in Organic Letters, 2008, 10(13), 2909), palladium(II) acetate (47 mg, 0.21 mmol) and 4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)-9,9-dimethylxanthene (240 mg, 0.42 mmol) were combined with 5-bromo-2-phenylpyrimidine (705 mg, 3.00 mmol) in dry DMF (11 mL) and the mixture heated at 110 0C for 18 10 hours with stirring. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and filtered through Celite washing with hot ethyl acetate. Solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue purified by silica gel flash chromatography (9:1 to 3:2 v/v hexane-ethyl acetate gradient) through a 40-g Silicycle@ flash silica cartridge. The title compound was obtained as a white solid (646 mg, 15 63% yield); Rf 0.75 with 1:1 v/v hexane-ethyl acetate; 1 H-NMR (300 MHz; CDC1 3 ) 8 9.37 (s, 2H), 8.52 (dd, 2H), 8.15 (s, 1H), 7.54 (m, 3H), 1.64 (s, 9H); MS (ESl*) m/z 340 (M+1); H-PGDS FPBA IC50: 5.9 iM. Example 63 20 Preparation of 2-(2-Phenylpyrimidin-5-yl)thiazole-4-carboxylic acid N 0 N N HO S 25 To a solution consisting of lithium hydroxide monohydrate (0.38 g, 9.0 mmol) dissolved in ethanol (20 mL) / water (10 mL) was added tert-butyl 2-(2 phenylpyrimidin-5-yl)thiazole-4-carboxylate (Example 62, 705 mg, 3.0 mmol) 133 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 in dry DMF (11 mL) and the mixture stirred at room temperature for 18 hours. Ethanol was removed under reduced pressure and the solution diluted with water and subsequently extracted with diethyl ether (2 x 30 mL). The aqueous phase was acidified with 2 N hydrochloric acid to pH2. The solid 5 precipitate was filtered, washed with water and dried under high vacuum to give the title compound as an off-white solid (371 mg, 87% yield); Rf 0.15 with 9:1 v/v dichloromethane-methanol; 1 H-NMR (300 MHz; DMSO-d 6 ) 6 9.39 (s, 2H), 8.63 (s, 1H), 8.44 (dd, 2H), 7.55 (m, 3H); MS (ESl*) m/z 284 (M+1); H PGDS FPBA IC50: 1.1 LM. 10 Example 64 Preparation of N-(3-methoxvpropyl)-2-(2-phenylpyrimidin-5-VI)thiazole-4 carboxamide N 0 N N NH S 15 To a solution consisting of 2-(2-phenylpyrimidin-5-yl)thiazole-4 carboxylic acid (Example 63, 80 mg, 0.28 mmol) in dichloromethane (10 mL) was added EDAC (75 mg, 0.39 mmol) and HOBt (53 mg, 0.39 mmol) at 00 C. 20 To this mixture was added 3-methoxypropylamine (25 mg, 0.28 mmol) dissolved in dichloromethane (2mL) and diisopropylethylamine (0.52 mL, 390 mg, 3.0 mmol). The solution was allowed to reach room temperature and stirred for 18 hours. The solvent was evaporated away under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography (1:1 25 v/v hexane-ethyl acetate to 100 % ethyl acetate gradient) through a 25-g Silicycle@ flash silica cartridge. The title compound was obtained as an off white solid (21 mg, 21% yield); Rf 0.70 with 4:1 v/v ethyl acetate-hexane; melting point 134-136 C; 1 H-NMR (300 MHz; CDC1 3 ) 8 9.31 (s, 2H), 8.52 (dd, 134 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 2H), 8.20 (s, 1 H), 7.88 (br t, 1 H) , 7.53 (m, 3H) , 3.62 (t, 2H); 3.59 (t, 2H); 3.41 (s, 3H), 1.96 (m, 2H); MS (ESI) m/z 355 (M+1); H-PGDS FPBA IC50: 3.4 iM. Example 65 5 Preparation of N-(2-morpholinoethyl)-2-(2-phenylpyrimidin-5-vl)thiazole 4-carboxamide N 0 N 0 N_/NH S 10 To a solution consisting of 2-(2-phenylpyrimidin-5-yl)thiazole-4 carboxylic acid (Example 63, 172 mg, 0.61 mmol) in thionyl chloride (10 mL) was added one drop of dry DMF. The solution was heated at reflux for four hours and was subsequently allowed to reach room temperature and stirred 15 for 18 hours. The thionyl chloride was evaporated away under reduced pressure and to the residue was added toluene (2 x 30 mL), which was evaporated and the residue subjected to high vacuum to remove residual thionyl chloride. The residue was dissolved in dichloromethane (10 mL) and 4-(2-aminoethyl)morpholine (51 mg, 0.051 mL, 0.40 mmol) was added 20 followed by diisopropylethylamine (0.10 mL). The solution was stirred at room temperature for 18 hours. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue partitioned between water and diethyl ether. The organics were dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography (100 % 25 dichloromethane to 9:1 v/v dichloromethane-methanol gradient) through a 40 g Silicycle@ flash silica cartridge. The title compound was obtained as an off white solid (63 mg, 61% yield); Rf 0.70 with 9:1 v/v dichloromethane methanol; 1 H-NMR (300 MHz; CDC1 3 ) 8 9.30 (s, 2H), 8.51 (m, 2H), 8.20 (s, 1H), 7.88 (br t, 1H) , 7.53 (m, 3H) , 3.77 (t, 4H); 3.61 (dt, 2H), 2.64 (t, 2H), 30 2.54 (t, 4H); MS (ESl*) m/z 396 (M+1); H-PGDS FPBA IC50: 2.5 iM. 135 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 Example 66 Preparation of 2-methyl-5-(2-(pvridin-3-yi)-1H-imidazol-5-vl)pvridine N
CH
3 H N, 5 N N Step A: Preparation of 5-(1 -benzyl-2-(pyridin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-5-yl)-2 methylpyridine NCH3 N 10 N To a mixture consisting of 5-bromo-2-methylpyridine (Chem-Impex, 0.132 g, 0.770 mmol), palladium (II) acetate (Strem, 0.022 g, 0.032 mmol), tris(2-furyl)phosphine (TCl America, 0.015 g, 0.064 mmol) and potassium 15 carbonate (0.177 g, 1.283 mmol) was added a solution consisting of 3-(1 benzyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)pyridine (0.151 g, 0.642 mmol) in N,N dimethylformamide (2 mL). The reaction mixture was brought to reflux at 140 0C while under a nitrogen atmosphere. After stirring for 16 hours at reflux the solution was cooled to room temperature. The reaction mixture was 20 partitioned between ethyl acetate (120 mL) and saturated aqueous ammonium chloride (50 mL). The phases were separated and the organic layer was washed with brine (75 mL), and was subsequently dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. Concentration under reduced pressure afforded the crude product as an orange oil. The product was purified by 25 flash silica column chromatography. Elution through a 80-g Silicycle@ flash silica cartridge with gradient of 2% to 5% methanol in dichloromethane afforded the title intermediate (0.112 g, 53% yield); Rf 0.2 with 5:95 v/v methanol- dichloromethane; MS (APCI*) m/z 327.3 (M+1); H-PGDS FPBA IC50: >10 rM. 136 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 Step B: Preparation of 2-methyl-5-(2-(pvridin-3-yI)-1H-imidazol-5 VI)pyridine 5 N
CH
3 H XN N N To a solution consisting of 5-(1-benzyl-2-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-imidazol-5 yl)-2-methylpyridine (0.112 g, 0.343 mmol) in methanol (27 mL) was added 10 ammonium formate (Aldrich, 0.216 g, 12.7 mmol) and 10% palladium on carbon (Alfa Aesar, 0.135 g). The reaction mixture was brought to ref lux at 70 0C for 16 hours. After cooling the solution to room temperature, the crude reaction mixture was filtered through a 45 iM syringe filter and was rinsed with additional methanol. Concentration of the filtrate afforded a yellow oil. 15 The product was purified by flash silica column chromatography and eluted through a 25-g Silicycle@ flash silica cartridge with 10:90 v/v methanol dichloromethane. After combining all fractions containing product and removing the solvents, the title compound precipitated from dichloromethane as a white solid (0.013 g, 16% yield); Rf 0.50 with 90:10 v/v dichloromethane 20 methanol; melting point 237-239 0C; 1 H-NMR (400 MHz; MeOH-d 4 ) 6 9.11 (d, 1H), 8.85 (d, 2H), 8.56 (dd, 1H), 8.36 (m, 1H) 8.13 (dd, 1H), 7.69 (s, 1H), 7.56 (m, 1H), 7.33 (d, 1H), 2.54 (s, 3H); MS (ESl*); H-PGDS FPBA IC50: >10 iM. Example 67 25 Preparation of phenvl(5-(2-(pvridin-3-yI)-1H-imidazol-5-vl)pvrimidin-2 yl)methanone 0 N HI N -N N- N 137 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 The title compound is prepared by the method described in Example 1, except that (5-bromopyrimidin-2-yl)(phenyl)methanone (prepared according to the procedure described in WO 2008/121670 p. 94) is used instead of 5 bromo-2-phenylpyrimidine and 3-(1-benzyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)pyridine is used 5 instead of 1 -benzyl-2-phenyl-1 H-imidazole in Step C. Example 68 Preparation of phenvl(5-(2-(pvridin-3-yi)-1H-imidazol-5-vl)pvrimidin-2 yl)methanol 10 OH N HNIN N N- N To a solution consisting of phenyl(5-(2-(pyridin-3-y)-1 H-imidazol-5 yl)pyrimidin-2-yl)methanone (Example 67) dissolved in methanol is added 15 sodium borohydride (1 molar equivalent) at 0 0C. The mixture is allowed to reach room temperature and is stirred one hour. The mixture is partitioned between ethyl acetate and water and the organics washed with brine, dried (Na 2
SO
4 ), filtered and concentrated to afford the title compound. 20 Example 69 Preparation of 2-phenvl-5-(2-(1-(pyridin-3-yl)piperidin-4-yI)-1H-imidazol 4-vl)pyrimidine N ~N N N N HN 25 The title compound is prepared in a similar manner as described in Tetrahedron Letters, 2007, 48(14), 2519-2525. In this case, to a degassed solution of sodium tert-butoxide, palladium acetate, and 2 138 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 dicyclohexylphosphino-2',4',6'-triisopropylbiphenyl (X-phos) in tert-butanol and toluene is added 3-bromopyridine and 2-phenyl-5-(2-(piperidin-4-yl)-1 H imidazol-4-yl)pyrimidine. The reaction is stirred and heated at 120 0C under nitrogen for 18 hours. The reaction mixture is cooled, diluted with water and 5 the organic material is extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic phase is washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue is chromatographed on silica to give the title compound. 10 Example 70 Preparation of 3-(4-(4-(2-phenylpyrimidin-5-yI)-1H-imidazol-2-VI)piperidin 1-v)pyridazine N NI N N N HN 15 The title compound is prepared in a similar manner described above using Buchwald-Hartwig amination conditions or as described in PCT International Application 2006/058338, 01 Jun 2006. In this case, a solution consisting of 2-phenyl-5-(2-(piperidin-4-yl)-1 H-imidazol-4-yl)pyrimidine and 6 chloropyridazine 1-oxide (preparation of this reagent can be found in PCT 20 International Application 2007/106670, 20 Sept 2007 and Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 1963, 11, 261-263) in dimethylsulfoxide is heated at 80 0C for 18 hours. The reaction mixture is cooled, diluted with water and the organic material is extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic phase is washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under 25 reduced pressure. The residue is chromatographed on silica to afford the title compound. Example 71 Preparation of 5-(1 -benzyl-2-(pyridin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-5-yl)-4-methyl-2 30 phenvlthiazole 139 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 N N: S N The title compound was prepared by the method described in Example 5 1, except that (i) commercially available 5-bromo-4-methyl-2-phenylthiazole (Apollo Scientific) was used instead of 5-bromo-2-phenylpyrimidine in Step C, and (ii) 3-(1 -benzyl-1 H-imidazol-2-yl)pyridine was used instead of 1 -benzyl-2 phenyl-1H-imidazole in Step C. 3-(1-Benzyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)pyridine was prepared by the procedure described in Example 8, Steps A and B except the 10 commercially available 3-cyanopyridine was used instead of 3 fluorobenzonitrile; Rf 0.34 with 95:5 v/v dichloromethane-methanol; 1 H-NMR (400 MHz; DMSO-d 6 ) 8 8.87 (dd, 1 H), 8.64-8.63 (dd, 1 H), 7.94-7.91 (m, 1 H), 7.86-7.84 (m, 2H), 7.43-7.22 (m, 8H), 6.83-6.81 (m, 2H), 5.25 (s, 2H), 2.31 (s, 3H); MS (ESl*) m/z 409.1 (M+1); H-PGDS FPBA IC50: > 20 iM. 15 Example 72 Preparation of 4-methyl-2-phenvl-5-(2-(Dvridin-3-yI)-1H-imidazol-5 yl)thiazole H \N S 20 N N The title compound is prepared from 5-(1 -benzyl-2-(pyridin-3-yl)-1 H imidazol-5-yl)-4-methyl-2-phenylthiazole (Example 71) in a similar manner as described in Tetrahedron Letters, 2008, 64(26), 6060-6072. In this case, 5-(1 25 benzyl-2-(pyridin-3-yl)-1 H-imidazol-5-yl)-4-methyl-2-phenylthiazole in methanol is debenzylated by hydrogenation under an atmospheric pressure of hydrogen using a balloon with vigorous stirring for 70 h under reflux. The reaction mixture is filtered through Celite, filtered and concentrated under 140 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 reduced pressure. The residue is chromatographed on silica to give the title compound. Tetrazole compounds with the general structures 24a and 24b of the 5 exemplary embodiments may be prepared using the general synthetic route described in Scheme 8. Scheme 8: General synthesis of 5-(tetrazol-2-yl)-pyr(im)idines and 5 (tetrazol-3-yl)-pyr(im)idines 10 N WN 1WR W R 1 NaN,, NH 4 CI, ,N W R NC DMF,110 C HN, N N 22 23
R
2 -LG N W N WR Na 2
CO
3 , DMF ,N /3 3 LG = CI, Br, I , N - NO OTs, OMs N-N 24a N-N 24b R1, R2, y3 and W are defined in the detailed description Example 73 Preparation of 5-(2-methyl-2H-tetrazol-5-yi)-2-phenylpyrimidine (A) and 15 5-(1 -methyl-1 H-tetrazol-5-yi)-2-phenylpyrimidine (B) N N N - N N , N- NN / N)'N-NN Example 73A Example 73B 141 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 The title compounds were prepared from 2-phenyl-5-(1 H-tetrazol-5 yl)pyrimidine (Example 43, 20 mg, 0.022 mmol) using iodomethane (500 pL, 8.0 mmol), triethylamine (330 pL, 2.37 mmol) in acetonitrile (3 mL). The reaction was heated to 40 0C for three hours. The reaction mixture was 5 concentrated and purified by column chromatography using a gradient of 100% dichloromethane to 1:99 v/v methanol-dichloromethane affording the title compounds as white solids (73% total yield); Example 73A: 10.3 mg; melting point 228 0C; 1 H-NMR (400 MHz; CDC1 3 ) 8 9.49 (s, 2H), 8.51-8.54 (m, 2H), 7.52-7.54 (m, 3H), 4.47 (s, 3H); LC/MS (ESl*) m/z 239; H-PGDS FPBA 10 IC50: 10 rM; Example 73B: 3.1 mg; melting point 238 0C; 1 H-NMR (400 MHz; CDC1 3 ) 8 9.23 (s, 2H), 8.54-8.56 (m, 2H), 7.55-7.57 (m, 3H), 4.30 (s, 3H); LC/MS (ESl*) m/z 239; H-PGDS FPBA IC50: 20 iM. Example 74 15 H-PGDS Fluorescence Polarization Binding Assay This assay essentially is available from Cayman Chemical Company as Catalog item # 600007. The test data reported for the aforementioned Examples (H-PGDS FPBA IC50) were generated using a 96-well, instead of 20 the 384-well, format. Detection analyte and H-PGDS-MBP fusion enzyme were incubated in the presence of reduced glutathione (5 mM) for 60-90 minutes at room temperature and FP was measured using a TECAN SAFIRE 2 plate reader 25 equipped with absorbance, fluorescence, fluorescence polarization and FRET capabilities. Assays were performed in 96-well microtiter plates in 100 iL of total sample volume. Excitation and emission wavelengths appropriate for the employed detection analyte were used. 30 Step A: Preparation of Reagents (i). Detection analyte: H-PGDS FP fluorescent probe - green 142 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 FP buffer concentrate (4X (200 mM Tris pH8.0, 200 mM KCl, 20 mM CHAPS, 40 mM DTT), Cayman Chemical Catalog No. 600028, 6 mL) was diluted with deionized water (18 mL) to provide 1X FP buffer (24 mL). 5 A solution consisting of 2-(6-hydroxy-3-oxo-3H-xanthen-9-yl)-5-(2-(3 ((2-phenylpyrimidine-5 carboxamido)methyl)phenylsulfonamido)ethylcarbamoyl)benzoic acid in absolute ethanol (20 tL, 100 ug/mL) was diluted with 1X FP buffer (180 iL) to provide the H-PGDS FP fluorescent probe - green reagent. 10 (ii). Enzyme: H-PGDS-MBP fusion H-PGDS-Maltose binding protein (MBP; 100 ul, 0.5mg/ml) fusion was diluted with 1X FP buffer (900 tL). 15 (iii). HQL-79 FP positive control Twelve clean microfuge tubes were labeled Al through A12. A 5 mM 4-(diphenylmethoxy)-1 -[3-(l H-tetrazol-5-yl)propyl-piperidine (HQL-79) in 20 dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solution (Cayman Chemical Catalog No. 600027, 100 tL) was added to tube Al 2. Dimethyl sulfoxide (50 tL) was added to each of tubes Al through Al 1. The HQL-79 control solution was serially diluted by removing 50 tL from tube A12 and placing it in tube All with subsequent thorough mixing of the contents of tube Al 1. Next, 50 iL was 25 removed from tube Al1 and was placed into tube A10 with subsequent thorough mixing of the contents of tube A10. This process was repeated for tubes A9 through A2. (iv). Glutathione (GSH) solution 30 A 100 mM aqueous (deionized water) glutathione solution (1,500 iL in vial) was obtained from Cayman Chemical Company (Catalog No. 600029). Step B: Preparation of assay cocktail 143 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 Into a 50 mL conical tube was added the H-PGDS 1X FP buffer (18.65 mL), H-PGDS FP fluorescent probe - green (138 tL), H-PGDS-MBP fusion dilution (880 tL), and glutathione solution (1,250 tL). The cocktail prepared 5 was enough for either a standard 96-well, 384-well, or higher density plate. Step C: Preparation of test compound solutions A test compound may be dissolved in DMSO, ethanol, or methanol at 10 several concentrations when the titration endpoint is unknown. A final volume of 5 tL is added to each inhibitor well. Step D: Assay protocol (96-well plate format) 15 (i). Apportionment of the assay cocktail Assay cocktail (95 tL) was added to each plate well. (ii). Preparation of maximum binding (100 % activity) wells 20 DMSO (5 tL) from microfuge tube Al was added to each plate well Al and B1. (iii). Apportionment of HQL-79 positive control solution 25 Positive control solution (5 tL) from microfuge tube A2 was added to each plate well A2 and B2. Positive control solution (5 tL) from microfuge tube A3 was added to each plate well A3 and B3. This procedure was continued until all the positive control standard dilutions were aliquoted. 30 (iv). Apportionment of test compound solutions 144 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 Test compound solutions (5 tL) were added to the wells. Each test compound concentration was typically assayed in duplicate or triplicate. The IC50 for a particular test compound was obtained by performing a full concentration titration versus a full concentration titration of positive control. 5 Comparison of a single concentration of a test compound to the maximum binding well provided an assessment of the relative affinity of the test compound for H-PGDS-MBP. (v). Incubation 10 The plate was covered and incubated for 60-90 minutes at room temperature. The FP signal is stable for at least two hours. (vi). Plate reading 15 Plates were read with excitation and emission wavelengths of 470 nm and 530 nm (for detection analyte comprising the fluorescein fluorophore), respectively. The measurements were taken in the fluorescent polarization mode with the z-height set to the middle of the well and the G-factor set to 20 1.13 on a Tecan Saf ire 2 reader. Example 75 H-PGDS Inhibitor Enzyme Immunoassay 25 The assay detects and measures PGD 2 generated by H-PGDS. The prostanoid product is quantified via enzyme immunoassay (EIA) using a specific PGD 2 antibody. The assay is carried out by the following steps: 30 1. Inhibitor screening is performed in 100 mM Tris-HCI, pH 8.0 containing 1 mM GSH, 1 mM MgCl 2 , 4 % inhibitor/DMSO, 40 iM PGH 2 and 25 ng of PGDS in a total volume of 125 tL. 145 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 2. A reaction mixture containing 100 mM Tris-HCI, pH 8.0, 1 mM GSH, 1 mM MgCl 2 , 25 ng H-PGDS and 4 % inhibitor or DMSO (uninhibited reaction) is preincubated at 25 OC for 10 minutes. 5 3. Reactions are initiated using 5 tL of PGH 2 and quenched every 15 seconds for one minute. Reactions are quenched by taking 10 tL of reaction mixture and adding to 490 tL of 100 mM phosphate buffer containing 0.1% BSA, 400 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 20 mM FeC1 2 , 10% 1N HCI, and 0.01% azide to 10 prevent the non-enzymatic formation of PGD 2 from PGH 2 . The FeC1 2 serves the purpose of reducing PGH 2 to 12-HHT. (Quench buffer is kept on ice at all times). 4. Quenched samples (5 tL) are further diluted 100 fold in 495 tL of 100 mM phosphate buffer containing 0.1 % BSA, 400 15 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, and 0.01% azide for the PGD 2 EIA assay. (Dilution buffers are kept on ice at all times). The final 5000 fold diluted samples are analyzed following the protocol outlined in Cayman Chemical's commercially available PGD 2 EIA kit (Cat. # 512021). 50 tL of diluted sample is analyzed at least in duplicate in the EIA 20 assay and the amount of PGD 2 formed is quantified using a standard curve. Other exemplary embodiments of the invention will become apparent from the detailed description provided hereinafter. It should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples, while disclosing 25 exemplary embodiments of the invention, are intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. 146

Claims (61)

1. A compound of Formula (1): 1N W, R1 R
2 'U3-U 4 5 (I) wherein: R 1 is (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, (C
3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, phenyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, or
4-pyridyl; wherein each phenyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, or 4-pyridyl of R 1 may be 10 optionally substituted with no more than two of each or a combination of fluoro, hydroxy, -CH 2 OH, carboxy, carboxymethyl, or carboxyethyl; R 2 is -(CH 2 )nZl or -(CH2) 15 n is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; Z' is hydrogen, OR , C(O)R 3 , C0 2 R 3 , C(O)NR 4 R , SO 2 NR 4 R 5 , S0 2 R 3 , (C1-C 6 )-alkyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkenyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkynyl, (C 6 -C 1 4 )-aryl, (C6-C14 aryl) (CH 2 )pCF 3 , a five- to ten-membered heteroaryl, R7 R 7 R 7 (3- to 10-membered heterocycle) (5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) 20 R7 , R7 , or a three- to ten-membered heterocycle; wherein any one nitrogen atom of any heterocycle containing one or more nitrogen atoms that may be substituted with a non-ring atom are substituted with -(CH2)qQ; 25 Z 2 is cyano, trifluoromethyl, (CF 2 )pCF 3 , SR 3 , NR 4 R 5 , N(H)C(O)R 3 , N(H)C0 2 R 3 , N(H)C(O)NR 4 R 5 , N(H)S0 2 R 3 , vinyl, or ethynyl when n is 1, 2, 3 or 4; 147 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 Z2 may also be cyano, trifluoromethyl, (CF 2 )pCF 3 , SR 3 , NR 4 R 5 , N(H)C(O)R 3 , N(H)C0 2 R 3 , N(H)C(O)NR 4 R 5 , N(H)S0 2 R 3 , vinyl, or ethynyl when n is 0, except when R 2 is covalently bonded to a U 1 , U 2 , U 3 , or U 4 that is a 5 nitrogen atom; R 3 is hydrogen, (Cr 1 C 6 )-alkyl, trifluoromethyl, (C3-C 6 )-alkenyl, (C3-C6) alkynyl, (CH 2 )m(C3-C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (CH 2 )mphenyl, (CH 2 )m-(five- to ten membered heteroaryl), or (CH 2 )m(three- to ten-membered heterocycle), 10 wherein any one nitrogen atom of any heterocycle containing one or more nitrogen atoms that may be substituted with a non-ring atom are substituted with -(CH2)qQ; m is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; 15 q is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; Q is hydrogen, (C-C 6 )-alkyl, (CH 2 )pCF 3 , (C3-C6)- alkenyl, (C3-C6) alkynyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (C 6 -C 14 )-aryl, C(O)R 3 , C0 2 R 3 , C(O)NR 4 R , a three 20 to six-membered heterocycle, or a five- to ten-membered heteroaryl when q is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; Q may also be cyano, trifluoromethyl, or SO 2 NR 4 R 5 when q is 1, 2, 3, or 4; 25 Q may also be hydroxy, (Cr 1 C 6 )-alkoxy, sulfhydryl, -S-(C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, or NR 4 R 5 when q is 2, 3, or 4; p is 1, 2, or 3; 30 R3 may also be vinyl or ethynyl when R 3 is not covalently bonded to an N or 0 atom; 148 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 R3 may also be vinyl or ethynyl when R 3 is not covalently bonded to an S atom possessing a -2 (minus 2) oxidation state; R 4 and R 5 are independently hydrogen, (C 1 -C)-alkyl, (C 3 -C)-alkenyl, 5 (C 3 -C 6 )-alkynyl, (CH 2 )m(C3-C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (CH 2 )mphenyl, (CH 2 )m-(three- to ten membered heterocycyl), or (CH 2 )m-(five- to ten-membered heteroaryl); the NR 4 R 5 group of any C(O)NR 4 R 5 , SO 2 NR 4 R 5 , NR 4 R 5 , or N(H)C(O)NR 4 R 5 may also form a pyrrolidine, a piperidine, a morpholine, a 10 thiomorpholine, or a thiomorpholine S-dioxide; the NR 4 R 5 group of any C(O)NR 4 R 5 , SO 2 NR 4 R 5 , NR 4 R 5 , or N(H)C(O)NR 4 R 5 may also form a piperazine ring, wherein the other nitrogen atom of the piperazine ring is substituted with hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, 15 CH 2 CF 3 , (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, CH 2 (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, phenyl, benzyl, hydroxyethyl, or hydroxypropyl; phenyl or heteroaryl rings of Z' and Z 2 are optionally substituted with one-to-three of any one or combination of the following: halo, hydroxy, 20 sulfhydryl, (C 1 -C 3 )-alkoxy, (C 1 -C 3 )-alkyl, (C1-C 3 )-alkylthio, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, cyano, carboxy, carboxy(C 1 -C 3 )-alkyl, carbamoyl, or sulfamoyl; W is a covalent bond, 0, S, SO, SO 2 , CH 2 , CHOH, CO, or NH; 25 U 1 , U 2 , U 3 , U 4 , and a carbon atom form a five-membered heteroaryl ring; wherein one of U 1 , U 2 , U 3 , and U 4 of the five-membered heteroaryl ring is covalently bonded to the R 2 group; wherein the U 1 , U 2 , U 3 , or U 4 that is covalently bonded to the R 2 group is a carbon atom or a nitrogen atom; 30 wherein when the U 1 , U 2 , U 3 , or U 4 that is covalently bonded to the R 2 group is a nitrogen atom, one, two, or all of the other three of the group consisting of U 1 , U 2 , U 3 , and U 4 is N and each remaining of the group consisting of U 1 , U 2 , U 3 , and U 4 that is not N is C-R 6 ; wherein when the U 1 , U 2 , U 3 , or U 4 that is 149 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 covalently bonded to the R 2 group is a carbon atom, one of the other three of the group consisting of U 1 , U 2 , U 3 , and U 4 is N-R 6 , 0, or S, and each of remaining of the group consisting of U 1 , U 2 , U 3 , and U 4 is C-R 6 or N; 5 Yl, Y 2 , y 3 , a nitrogen atom, and two carbon atoms form a six membered heteroaryl ring; wherein no more than one of the group consisting of Yl, Y 2 , and Y 3 is N; and wherein all Y', Y 2 , and Y 3 that are not N are C-R each R 6 is independently hydrogen, methyl, trifluoromethyl, or amino; 10 and each R 7 is independently hydrogen or methyl; or an equivalent thereof, or a hydrate, solvate, or N-oxide thereof, or a 15 pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 2. A compound of claim 1, or an equivalent thereof, or a hydrate, solvate, or N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the compound according to Formula (1) comprises a compound 20 according to Formula (Ill): x4 1 33 N Z'--(CH2)), Y3 X1 R6 (Ill) wherein: each X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , and X 5 is independently hydrogen or fluoro, with no 25 more than two of X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , and X 5 being fluoro; Y 3 is CH or N; 150 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 each R 6 is independently hydrogen, methyl, trifluoromethyl, or amino; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; 5 Z' is hydrogen, OR , C(O)R 3 , C0 2 R 3 , C(O)NR 4 R , SO2NR 4 R 5 , S02R 3 , (C1-C 6 )-alkyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkenyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkynyl, (C6-C1 4 )-aryl, 7 (c6-c14 aryl) (CH 2 )pCF 3 , a five- to ten-membered heteroaryl, R7 R 7 R7 (3- to 1 0-membered heterocycle) (5- to 10-membered heteroaryl) R 7 , R 7 , or a three- to ten-membered heterocycle, wherein any one nitrogen atom of any 10 heterocycle containing one or more nitrogen atoms that may be substituted with a non-ring atom are substituted with -(CH2)qQ; p is 1, 2, or 3; 15 R 3 is hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, trifluoromethyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkenyl, (C 3 -C 6 ) alkynyl, (CH 2 )m(C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (CH 2 )mphenyl, (CH 2 )m-(five- to ten membered heteroaryl), or (CH 2 )m-(three- to ten-membered heterocycle) wherein any one nitrogen atom of any heterocycle containing one or more nitrogen atoms that may be substituted with a non-ring atom are substituted 20 with -(CH 2 )qQ; R 4 and R 5 are independently hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkenyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkynyl, (CH 2 )m(C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (CH 2 )mphenyl, (CH 2 )m-(three- to ten membered heterocycyl), (CH 2 )m-(five- to ten-membered heteroaryl); 25 the NR 4 R 5 group of any C(O)NR 4 R , SO 2 NR 4 R 5 , NR 4 R , or N(H)C(O)NR 4 R 5 may also form a pyrrolidine, a piperidine, a morpholine, a thiomorpholine, or a thiomorpholine S-dioxide; 151 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 the NR 4 R 5 group of any C(O)NR 4 R , SO 2 NR 4 R 5 , NR 4 R , or N(H)C(O)NR 4 R 5 may also form a piperazine ring, wherein the other nitrogen atom of the piperazine ring is substituted with hydrogen, (C 1 -Cs)-alkyl, CH 2 CF 3 , (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, CH 2 (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, phenyl, benzyl, 5 hydroxyethyl, or hydroxypropyl; m is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; q is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; 10 Q is hydrogen, (C 1 -Cs)-alkyl, (CH 2 )pCF 3 , (C 3 -C 6 )-alkenyl, (C3-C6) alkynyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (C 6 -C 14 )-aryl, C(O)R 3 , C0 2 R 3 , C(O)NR 4 R 5 , a three to six-membered heterocycle, or a five- to ten-membered heteroaryl; 15 Q may also be cyano, trifluoromethyl, or SO 2 NR 4 R 5 when q is 1, 2, 3, or 4; Q may also be hydroxy, sulfhydryl, or NR 4 R 5 when q is 2, 3, or 4; 20 phenyl or heteroaryl rings of Z' are optionally substituted with one-to three of any one or combination of the following: halo, hydroxy, sulfhydryl, (C1 C)-alkoxy, (C1-C 3 )-alkyl, (C 1 -Cs)-alkylthio, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, cyano, carboxy, carboxy(C 1 -C 3 )-alkyl, carbamoyl, or sulfamoyl; and 25 R 7 is hydrogen or methyl. 3. A compound of claim 2, or an equivalent thereof, or a hydrate, solvate, or N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the compound according to Formula (Ill) comprises a compound 30 according to Formula (IV): 152 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 X4 x 5 ~ x 3 N R N Ny3 X1 X Z 1 -(CH2)/ R 6 (I V) wherein: 5 each X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X4, and X 5 is independently hydrogen or fluoro, with no more than two of X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X4, and X 5 being fluoro; Y 3 is CH or N; 10 each R 6 is independently hydrogen, methyl, trifluoromethyl, or amino; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; Z' is hydrogen, OR , C(O)R 3 , C0 2 R 3 , C(O)NR 4 R , SO 2 NR 4 R 5 , S0 2 R 3 , 15 (C1-C 6 )-alkyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkenyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkynyl, (C 6 -C 14 )-aryl, (HC6-C14 aryl) (CH 2 )pCF 3 , a five- to ten-membered heteroaryl, R7 R7 R7 (3- to 1 0-membered heterocycle) (5- to 1 0-membered heteroaryl) R7 , R7, or a three- to ten-membered heterocycle; wherein any one nitrogen atom of any heterocycle containing one or more nitrogen atoms that may be substituted 20 with a non-ring atom are substituted with -(CH2)qQ; R 3 is hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, trifluoromethyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkenyl, (C3-C6) alkynyl, (CH 2 )m(C3-C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (CH 2 )mphenyl, (CH 2 )m-(five- to ten membered heteroaryl), or (CH 2 )m-(three- to ten-membered heterocycle); 153 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 wherein any one nitrogen atom of any heterocycle containing one or more nitrogen atoms that may be substituted with a non-ring atom are substituted with -(CH2)qQ; 5 R4 and R 5 are independently hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkenyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkynyl, (CH 2 )m(C3-C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (CH 2 )mphenyl, (CH 2 )m-(three- to ten membered heterocycyl), (CH 2 )m-(five- to ten-membered heteroaryl); the NR 4 R 5 group of any C(O)NR 4 R , SO 2 NR 4 R 5 , NR 4 R , or 10 N(H)C(O)NR 4 R 5 may also form a pyrrolidine, a piperidine, a morpholine, a thiomorpholine, or a thiomorpholine S-dioxide; the NR 4 R 5 group of any C(O)NR 4 R , SO 2 NR 4 R 5 , NR 4 R , or N(H)C(O)NR 4 R 5 may also form a piperazine ring, wherein the other nitrogen 15 atom of the piperazine ring is substituted with hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, CH 2 CF 3 , (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, CH 2 (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, phenyl, benzyl, hydroxyethyl, or hydroxypropyl; m is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; 20 q is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; Q is hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, (CH 2 )pCF 3 , (C 3 -C 6 )-alkenyl, (C3-C6) alkynyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (C 6 -C 14 )-aryl, C(O)R 3 , C0 2 R 3 , C(O)NR 4 R , a three 25 to six-membered heterocycle, or a five- to ten-membered heteroaryl; Q may also be cyano, trifluoromethyl, or SO 2 NR 4 R 5 when q is 1, 2, 3, or 4; 30 Q may also be hydroxy, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkoxy, sulfhydryl, -S-(C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, or NR 4 R 5 when q is 2, 3, or 4; p is 1, 2, or 3; 154 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 phenyl or heteroaryl rings of Z' are optionally substituted with one-to three of any one or combination of the following: halo, hydroxy, sulfhydryl, (C1 C 3 )-alkoxy, (C1 -C 3 )-alkyl, (C 1 -C 3 )-alkylthio, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, 5 cyano, carboxy, carboxy(C 1 -C 3 )-alkyl, carbamoyl, or sulfamoyl; and R 7 is hydrogen or methyl. 4. A compound of claim 2, or an equivalent thereof, or a hydrate, 10 solvate, or N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the compound according to Formula (Ill) comprises a compound according to Formula (V): x4 R 6 N x 1 Zl-(CH2) N N R 6 (V) 15 wherein: each X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X4, and X 5 is independently hydrogen or fluoro, with no more than two of X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X4, and X 5 being fluoro; 20 Y 3 is CH or N; each R 6 is independently hydrogen, methyl, trifluoromethyl, or amino; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; 25 Z' is hydrogen, OR , C(O)R 3 , C0 2 R 3 , C(O)NR 4 R , SO 2 NR 4 R 5 , S0 2 R 3 , (C1 -C 6 )-alkyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkenyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkynyl, (C 6 -C 14 )-aryl, 155 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 R7 (C6-C14 aryl) (CH 2 )pCF 3 , a five- to ten-membered heteroaryl, R7 R7 R7 (3- to 1 0-membered heterocycle) (5- to 1 0-membered heteroaryl) R7 , R 7 ,or a three- to ten-membered heterocycle; wherein any one nitrogen atom of any heterocycle containing one or more nitrogen atoms that may be substituted 5 with a non-ring atom are substituted with -(CH2)qQ; R 3 is hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, trifluoromethyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkenyl, (C3-C6) alkynyl, (CH 2 )m(C3-C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (CH 2 )mphenyl, (CH 2 )m-(five- to ten membered heteroaryl), or (CH 2 )m-(three- to ten-membered heterocycle); 10 wherein any one nitrogen atom of any heterocycle containing one or more nitrogen atoms that may be substituted with a non-ring atom are substituted with -(CH2)qQ; R 4 and R 5 are independently hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkenyl, 15 (C 3 -C 6 )-alkynyl, (CH 2 )m(C3-C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (CH 2 )mphenyl, (CH 2 )m-(three- to ten membered heterocycyl), (CH 2 )m-(five- to ten-membered heteroaryl); the NR 4 R 5 group of any C(O)NR 4 R , SO 2 NR 4 R 5 , NR 4 R , or N(H)C(O)NR 4 R 5 may also form a pyrrolidine, a piperidine, a morpholine, a 20 thiomorpholine, or a thiomorpholine S-dioxide; the NR 4 R 5 group of any C(O)NR 4 R , SO 2 NR 4 R 5 , NR 4 R , or N(H)C(O)NR 4 R 5 may also form a piperazine ring, wherein the other nitrogen atom of the piperazine ring is substituted with hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, 25 CH 2 CF 3 , (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, CH 2 (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, phenyl, benzyl, hydroxyethyl, or hydroxypropyl; m is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; 30 q is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; 156 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 Q is hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, (CH 2 )pCF 3 , (C 3 -C 6 )-alkenyl, (C3-C6) alkynyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (C 6 -C 14 )-aryl, C(O)R 3 , C0 2 R 3 , C(O)NR 4 R 5 , a three to six-membered heterocycle, or a five- to ten-membered heteroaryl; 5 Q may also be cyano, trifluoromethyl, or SO 2 NR 4 R 5 when q is 1, 2, 3, or 4; Q may also be hydroxy, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkoxy, sulfhydryl, -S-(C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, or 10 NR 4 R 5 when q is 2, 3, or 4; p is 1, 2, or 3; phenyl or heteroaryl rings of Z' are optionally substituted with one-to 15 three of any one or combination of the following: halo, hydroxy, sulfhydryl, (C1 C 3 )-alkoxy, (C1 -C 3 )-alkyl, (C 1 -C 3 )-alkylthio, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, cyano, carboxy, carboxy(C 1 -C 3 )-alkyl, carbamoyl, or sulfamoyl; and R 7 is hydrogen or methyl. 20
5. A compound of claim 4, or an equivalent thereof, or a hydrate, solvate, or N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Y 3 is N. 25
6. A compound of claim 5, or an equivalent thereof, or a hydrate, solvate, or N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: each X 1 , X 3 , X 4 , and X 5 is hydrogen; 30 X 2 is hydrogen or fluoro; each R 6 is independently hydrogen, methyl, or trifluoromethyl; 157 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 n is 0, 1, or 2; Z' is phenyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, piperidin-4-yl, piperidin-3-yl, 5 piperidin-3(R)-yl, piperidin-3(S)-yl, piperidin-2-yl, piperidin-2(R)-yl, piperidin 2(S)-yl, pyrrolidin-3-yl, pyrrolidin-3(R)-yl, pyrrolidin-3(S)-yl, pyrrolidin-2-yl, pyrrolidin-2(R)-yl, pyrrolidin-2(S)-yl, or azetidin-3-yl; the nitrogen atom of a piperidinyl, a pyrrolidinyl, or a azetidinyl ring is 10 substituted with -(CH2)qQ; q is 0, 1, or 2; Q is hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, -CH 2 CF 3 , (C 3 -C 6 )-alkenyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkynyl, 15 (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, phenyl, naphthyl, C(O)R 3 , C0 2 R 3 , C(O)NR 4 R 5 , a three- to six-membered heterocycle, or a five- to ten-membered heteroaryl; R 3 is hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, trifluoromethyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkenyl, (C3-C6) alkynyl, (CH 2 )m(C3-C)-cycloalkyl, (CH 2 )mphenyl, or (CH 2 )m-(five- to ten 20 membered heteroaryl); and m is 0, 1, or 2.
7. A compound of claim 6, or an equivalent thereof, or a hydrate, 25 solvate, or N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: Z' is phenyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, or 4-pyridyl; and 30 wherein said phenyl or pyridyl rings of Zi are optionally substituted with one or two of any one or combination of the following: halo, hydroxy, methoxy, methyl, or trifluoromethyl. 158 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813
8. A compound of claim 7, or an equivalent thereof, or a hydrate, solvate, or N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: 5 Z' is phenyl; and wherein said phenyl ring of Z' is substituted with one or two of any one or combination of the following: halo, hydroxy, methoxy, methyl, or trifluoromethyl. 10
9. A compound of claim 8, or an equivalent thereof, or a hydrate, solvate, or N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein said phenyl ring of Z' is substituted with one or two of any one or combination of the following: halo or methoxy. 15
10. A compound of claim 7, or an equivalent thereof, or a hydrate, solvate, or N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Z' is 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, or 4-pyridyl. 20
11. A compound of claim 6, or an equivalent thereof, or a hydrate, solvate, or N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Z' is piperidin-4-yl, piperidin-3-yl, piperidin-3(R)-yl, piperidin-3(S)-yl, piperidin-2-yl, piperidin-2(R)-yl, piperidin-2(S)-yl, pyrrolidin-3-yl, pyrrolidin 3(R)-yl, pyrrolidin-3(S)-yl, pyrrolidin-2-yl, pyrrolidin-2(R)-yl, pyrrolidin-2(S)-yl, 25 or azetidin-3-yl.
12. A compound of claim 11, or an equivalent thereof, or a hydrate, solvate, or N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: 30 q is 0 or 1; 159 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 Q is (C 1 -C 4 )-alkyl, -CH 2 CF 3 , (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, phenyl, C(O)R 3 , C0 2 R 3 , C(O)NHR 5 , a five- to six-membered heterocycle, or a five- to ten-membered heteroaryl; 5 R 3 is hydrogen, (C 1 -C 4 )-alkyl, trifluoromethyl, (CH 2 )m(C3-C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (CH 2 )mphenyl, or (CH 2 )m-(five- to six-membered heteroaryl); and m is 0, 1, or 2. 10
13. A compound of claim 12, or an equivalent thereof, or a hydrate, solvate, or N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein q is 1; and 15 Q is (C 1 -C 4 )-alkyl, -CH 2 CF 3 , (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, phenyl, a five- to six membered heterocycle, or a five- to ten-membered heteroaryl.
14. A compound of claim 12, or an equivalent thereof, or a hydrate, 20 solvate, or N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein q is 0.
15. A compound of claim 4, or an equivalent thereof, or a hydrate, solvate, or N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a 25 pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Y 3 is CH.
16. A compound of claim 15, or an equivalent thereof, or a hydrate, solvate, or N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: 30 each X 1 , X 3 , X 4 , and X 5 is hydrogen; X 2 is hydrogen or fluoro; 160 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 R 6 is hydrogen, methyl, or trifluoromethyl; n is 0, 1, or 2; 5 Z' is phenyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, piperidin-4-yl, piperidin-3-yl, piperidin-3(R)-yl, piperidin-3(S)-yl, piperidin-2-yl, piperidin-2(R)-yl, piperidin 2(S)-yl, pyrrolidin-3-yl, pyrrolidin-3(R)-yl, pyrrolidin-3(S)-yl, pyrrolidin-2-yl, pyrrolidin-2(R)-yl, pyrrolidin-2(S)-yl, or azetidin-3-yl; 10 the nitrogen atom of a piperidinyl, a pyrrolidinyl, or a azetidinyl ring of Z' is substituted with -(CH2)qQ; q is 0, 1, or 2; 15 Q is hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, -CH 2 CF 3 , (C 3 -C 6 )-alkenyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkynyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, phenyl, naphthyl, C(O)R 3 , C0 2 R 3 , C(O)NR 4 R 5 , a three- to six-membered heterocycle, or a five- to ten-membered heteroaryl; 20 R 3 is hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, trifluoromethyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkenyl, (C3-C6) alkynyl, (CH 2 )m(C3-C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (CH 2 )mphenyl, or (CH 2 )m-(five- to ten membered heteroaryl); and m is 0, 1, or 2. 25
17. A compound of claim 16, or an equivalent thereof, or a hydrate, solvate, or N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: 30 Z' is phenyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, or 4-pyridyl; and 161 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 said phenyl or pyridyl rings may be optionally substituted with one or two of any one or combination of the following: halo, hydroxy, methoxy, methyl, or trifluoromethyl. 5
18. A compound of claim 17, or an equivalent thereof, or a hydrate, solvate, or N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: Z' is phenyl; and 10 said phenyl ring of Z' is substituted with one or two of any one or combination of the following: halo, hydroxy, methoxy, methyl, or trifluoromethyl. 15
19. A compound of claim 18, or an equivalent thereof, or a hydrate, solvate, or N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein said phenyl ring of Z' is substituted with one or two of any one or combination of the following: halo or methoxy.
20 20. A compound of claim 17, or an equivalent thereof, or a hydrate, solvate, or N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Z' is 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, or 4-pyridyl.
21. A compound of claim 16, or an equivalent thereof, or a hydrate, 25 solvate, or N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Z' is piperidin-4-yl, piperidin-3-yl, piperidin-3(R)-yl, piperidin-3(S)-yl, piperidin-2-yl, piperidin-2(R)-yl, piperidin-2(S)-yl, pyrrolidin-3-yl, pyrrolidin 3(R)-yl, pyrrolidin-3(S)-yl, pyrrolidin-2-yl, pyrrolidin-2(R)-yl, pyrrolidin-2(S)-yl, or azetidin-3-yl. 30
22. A compound of claim 21, or an equivalent thereof, or a hydrate, solvate, or N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: 162 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 q is 0 or 1; Q is (C 1 -C 4 )-alkyl, -CH 2 CF 3 , (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, phenyl, C(O)R 3 , C0 2 R 3 , 5 C(O)NHR 5 , a five- to six-membered heterocycle, or afive- to ten-membered heteroaryl; R 3 is hydrogen, (C 1 -C 4 )-alkyl, trifluoromethyl, (CH 2 )m(C3-C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (CH 2 )mphenyl, or (CH 2 )m-(five- to six-membered heteroaryl); and 10 m is 0, 1, or 2.
23. A compound of claim 22, or an equivalent thereof, or a hydrate, solvate, or N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, 15 wherein: q is 1; and Q is (C 1 -C 4 )-alkyl, -CH 2 CF 3 , (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, phenyl, a five- to six 20 membered heterocycle, or a five- to ten-membered heteroaryl.
24. A compound of claim 22, or an equivalent thereof, or a hydrate, solvate, or N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: 25 q is 0; Q is hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, (CH 2 )pCF 3 , (C3-C6)- alkenyl, (C3-C6) alkynyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (C 6 -C 14 )-aryl, C(O)R 3 , C0 2 R 3 , C(O)NHR , a three 30 to six-membered heterocycle, or a five- to ten-membered heteroaryl; phenyl or heteroaryl rings are optionally substituted with one-to-three of any one or combination of the following: halo, hydroxy, sulfhydryl, (C1-C3) 163 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 alkoxy, (C 1 -C 3 )-alkyl, (C 1 -C 3 )-alkylthio, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, cyano, carboxy, carboxy(C 1 -C 3 )-alkyl, carbamoyl, or sulfamoyl.
25. A compound of claim 1, or an equivalent thereof, or a hydrate, 5 solvate, or N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the compound according to Formula (1) comprises a compound according to Formula (VI): Z1--(CH2) INI 3xi3 R 6 IN X R 6 (VI) 10 wherein: each X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X4, and X 5 is independently hydrogen or fluoro, with no more than two of X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , and X 5 being fluoro; 15 nis0,1,2,3,or4; Z' is hydrogen, OR , C(O)R 3 , C0 2 R 3 , C(O)NR 4 R 5 , SO 2 NR 4 R 5 , S0 2 R 3 , (C1-C 6 )-alkyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkenyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkynyl, (C 6 -C 1 4 )-aryl, R7 (C6-C14 aryl) (CH 2 )pCF 3 , a five- to ten-membered heteroaryl, R7 R7 R7 (3- to 1 0-membered heterocycle) (5- to 1 0-membered heteroaryl) 20 R, R, or a three- to ten-membered heterocycle; wherein any one nitrogen atom of any heterocycle containing one or more nitrogen atoms that may be substituted with a non-ring atom are substituted with -(CH2)qQ; 164 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 R 3 is hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, trifluoromethyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkenyl, (C3-C6) alkynyl, (CH 2 )m(C3-C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (CH 2 )mphenyl, (CH 2 )m-(five- to ten membered heteroaryl), or (CH 2 )m(three- to ten-membered heterocycle), wherein any one nitrogen atom of any heterocycle containing one or more 5 nitrogen atoms that may be substituted with a non-ring atom are substituted with -(CH2)qQ; m is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; 10 q is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; Q is hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, (CH 2 )pCF 3 , (C3-C6)- alkenyl, (C3-C6) alkynyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (C 6 -C 14 )-aryl, C(O)R 3 , C0 2 R 3 , C(O)NR 4 R , a three to six-membered heterocycle, or a five- to ten-membered heteroaryl when q is 15 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; Q may also be cyano, trifluoromethyl, or SO 2 NR 4 R 5 when q is 1, 2, 3, or 4; 20 Q may also be hydroxy, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkoxy, sulfhydryl, -S-(C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, or NR 4 R 5 when q is 2, 3, or 4; p is 1, 2, or 3; 25 R3 may also be vinyl or ethynyl when R 3 is not covalently bonded to an N or 0 atom; R3 may also be vinyl or ethynyl when R 3 is not covalently bonded to an S atom possessing a -2 (minus 2) oxidation state; 30 R 4 and R 5 are independently hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkenyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkynyl, (CH 2 )m(C3-C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (CH 2 )mphenyl, (CH 2 )m-(three- to ten membered heterocycyl), or (CH 2 )m-(five- to ten-membered heteroaryl); 165 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 the NR 4 R 5 group of any C(O)NR 4 R , SO 2 NR 4 R 5 , NR 4 R , or N(H)C(O)NR 4 R 5 may also form a pyrrolidine, a piperidine, a morpholine, a thiomorpholine, or a thiomorpholine S-dioxide; 5 the NR 4 R 5 group of any C(O)NR 4 R , SO 2 NR 4 R 5 , NR 4 R , or N(H)C(O)NR 4 R 5 may also form a piperazine ring, wherein the other nitrogen atom of the piperazine ring is substituted with hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, CH 2 CF 3 , (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, CH 2 (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, phenyl, benzyl, 10 hydroxyethyl, or hydroxypropyl; phenyl or heteroaryl rings of Z' are optionally substituted with one-to three of any one or combination of the following: halo, hydroxy, sulfhydryl, (C1 C 3 )-alkoxy, (C1-C 3 )-alkyl, (C 1 -C 3 )-alkylthio, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, 15 cyano, carboxy, carboxy(C 1 -C 3 )-alkyl, carbamoyl, or sulfamoyl; each R 6 is independently hydrogen, methyl, trifluoromethyl, or amino; and 20 each R 7 is independently hydrogen or methyl.
26. A compound of claim 25, or an equivalent thereof, or a hydrate, solvate, or N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the compound according to Formula (VI) comprises a compound 25 according to Formula (Vll): N 0 x N X R 6 Z1-(CH 2 )n R (Vil) wherein: 166 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 each X', X 2 , X 3 , X4, and X 5 is independently hydrogen or fluoro, with no more than two of X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X4, and X 5 being fluoro; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; 5 Z' is hydrogen, OR , C(O)R 3 , C0 2 R 3 , C(O)NR 4 R , SO 2 NR 4 R 5 , S0 2 R 3 , (C1-C 6 )-alkyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkenyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkynyl, (C 6 -C 1 4 )-aryl, (C6-C14 aryl) (CH 2 )pCF 3 , a five- to ten-membered heteroaryl, R7 R7 R7 (3- to 1 0-membered heterocycle) (5- to 1 0-membered heteroaryl) R7 , R7 ,or a 10 three- to ten-membered heterocycle; wherein any one nitrogen atom of any heterocycle containing one or more nitrogen atoms that may be substituted with a non-ring atom are substituted with -(CH2)qQ; R 3 is hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, trifluoromethyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkenyl, (C3-C6) 15 alkynyl, (CH 2 )m(C3-C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (CH 2 )mphenyl, (CH 2 )m-(five- to ten membered heteroaryl), or (CH 2 )m(three- to ten-membered heterocycle), wherein any one nitrogen atom of any heterocycle containing one or more nitrogen atoms that may be substituted with a non-ring atom are substituted with -(CH2)qQ; 20 m is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; q is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; 25 Q is hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, (CH 2 )pCF 3 , (C3-C6)- alkenyl, (C3-C6) alkynyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (C 6 -C 14 )-aryl, C(O)R 3 , C0 2 R 3 , C(O)NR 4 R , a three to six-membered heterocycle, or a five- to ten-membered heteroaryl when q is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; 167 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 Q may also be cyano, trifluoromethyl, or SO 2 NR 4 R 5 when q is 1, 2, 3, or 4; Q may also be hydroxy, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkoxy, sulfhydryl, -S-(C 1 -C)-alkyl, or 5 NR4R 5 when q is 2, 3, or 4; p is 1, 2, or 3; R3 may also be vinyl or ethynyl when R 3 is not covalently bonded to an 10 N or O atom; R3 may also be vinyl or ethynyl when R 3 is not covalently bonded to an S atom possessing a -2 (minus 2) oxidation state; 15 R 4 and R 5 are independently hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkenyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkynyl, (CH 2 )m(C3-C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (CH 2 )mphenyl, (CH 2 )m-(three- to ten membered heterocycyl), or (CH 2 )m-(five- to ten-membered heteroaryl); the NR 4 R 5 group of any C(O)NR 4 R , SO 2 NR 4 R 5 , NR 4 R , or 20 N(H)C(O)NR 4 R 5 may also form a pyrrolidine, a piperidine, a morpholine, a thiomorpholine, or a thiomorpholine S-dioxide; the NR 4 R 5 group of any C(O)NR 4 R , SO 2 NR 4 R 5 , NR 4 R , or N(H)C(O)NR 4 R 5 may also form a piperazine ring, wherein the other nitrogen 25 atom of the piperazine ring is substituted with hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, CH 2 CF 3 , (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, CH 2 (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, phenyl, benzyl, hydroxyethyl, or hydroxypropyl; phenyl or heteroaryl rings of Z' are optionally substituted with one-to 30 three of any one or combination of the following: halo, hydroxy, sulfhydryl, (C1 C 3 )-alkoxy, (C1 -C 3 )-alkyl, (C 1 -C 3 )-alkylthio, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, cyano, carboxy, carboxy(C 1 -C 3 )-alkyl, carbamoyl, or sulfamoyl; 168 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 each R 6 is independently hydrogen, methyl, trifluoromethyl, or amino; and each R 7 is independently hydrogen or methyl. 5
27. A compound of claim 25, or an equivalent thereof, or a hydrate, solvate, or N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the compound according to Formula (VI) comprises a compound according to Formula (Vlll): x5 R 6 N 1 x Z1-(CH2)n!X N X R 6 10 (ViII) wherein: each X', X 2 , X 3 , X4, and X 5 is independently hydrogen or fluoro, with no more than two of X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X4, and X 5 being fluoro; 15 n is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; Z' is hydrogen, OR , C(O)R 3 , C0 2 R 3 , C(O)NR 4 R , SO 2 NR 4 R 5 , S0 2 R 3 , (C1-C 6 )-alkyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkenyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkynyl, (C 6 -C 1 4 )-aryl, (C6-C14 aryl) 20 (CH 2 )pCF 3 , a five- to ten-membered heteroaryl, R7 R7 R7 (3- to 1 0-membered heterocycle) (5- to 1 0-membered heteroaryl) R7 , R7, or a three- to ten-membered heterocycle; wherein any one nitrogen atom of any heterocycle containing one or more nitrogen atoms that may be substituted with a non-ring atom are substituted with -(CH2)qQ; 25 169 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 R 3 is hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, trifluoromethyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkenyl, (C3-C6) alkynyl, (CH 2 )m(C3-C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (CH 2 )mphenyl, (CH 2 )m-(five- to ten membered heteroaryl), or (CH 2 )m(three- to ten-membered heterocycle), wherein any one nitrogen atom of any heterocycle containing one or more 5 nitrogen atoms that may be substituted with a non-ring atom are substituted with -(CH2)qQ; m is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; 10 q is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; Q is hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, (CH 2 )pCF 3 , (C3-C6)- alkenyl, (C3-C6) alkynyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (C 6 -C 14 )-aryl, C(O)R 3 , C0 2 R 3 , C(O)NR 4 R , a three to six-membered heterocycle, or a five- to ten-membered heteroaryl when q is 15 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; Q may also be cyano, trifluoromethyl, or SO 2 NR 4 R 5 when q is 1, 2, 3, or 4; 20 Q may also be hydroxy, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkoxy, sulfhydryl, -S-(C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, or NR 4 R 5 when q is 2, 3, or 4; p is 1, 2, or 3; 25 R3 may also be vinyl or ethynyl when R 3 is not covalently bonded to an N or 0 atom; R3 may also be vinyl or ethynyl when R 3 is not covalently bonded to an S atom possessing a -2 (minus 2) oxidation state; 30 R 4 and R 5 are independently hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkenyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkynyl, (CH 2 )m(C3-C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (CH 2 )mphenyl, (CH 2 )m-(three- to ten membered heterocycyl), or (CH 2 )m-(five- to ten-membered heteroaryl); 170 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 the NR 4 R 5 group of any C(O)NR 4 R , SO 2 NR 4 R 5 , NR 4 R , or N(H)C(O)NR 4 R 5 may also form a pyrrolidine, a piperidine, a morpholine, a thiomorpholine, or a thiomorpholine S-dioxide; 5 the NR 4 R 5 group of any C(O)NR 4 R , SO 2 NR 4 R 5 , NR 4 R , or N(H)C(O)NR 4 R 5 may also form a piperazine ring, wherein the other nitrogen atom of the piperazine ring is substituted with hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, CH 2 CF 3 , (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, CH 2 (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, phenyl, benzyl, 10 hydroxyethyl, or hydroxypropyl; phenyl or heteroaryl rings of Z' are optionally substituted with one-to three of any one or combination of the following: halo, hydroxy, sulfhydryl, (C1 C 3 )-alkoxy, (C1-C 3 )-alkyl, (C 1 -C 3 )-alkylthio, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, 15 cyano, carboxy, carboxy(C 1 -C 3 )-alkyl, carbamoyl, or sulfamoyl; each R 6 is independently hydrogen, methyl, trifluoromethyl, or amino; and 20 each R 7 is independently hydrogen or methyl.
28. A compound of claim 27, or an equivalent thereof, or a hydrate, solvate, or N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Y 3 is N and each R 6 is independently hydrogen, methyl, or 25 trifluoromethyl.
29. A compound of claim 27, or an equivalent thereof, or a hydrate, solvate, or N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Y 3 is CH and each R 6 is independently hydrogen, methyl, or 30 trifluoromethyl.
30. A compound of claim 1, or an equivalent thereof, or a hydrate, solvate, or N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, 171 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 wherein the compound according to Formula (1) comprises a compound according to Formula (IX): N -TX Z'-(CH 2 ) IX R6 I Nx 2 R 6 (IX) 5 wherein: each X', X 2 , X 3 , X4, and X 5 is independently hydrogen or fluoro, with no more than two of X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X4, and X 5 being fluoro; 10 nis0,1,2,3,or4; Z' is hydrogen, OR , C(O)R 3 , C0 2 R 3 , C(O)NR 4 R 5 , SO 2 NR 4 R 5 , S0 2 R 3 , (C1 -C 6 )-alkyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkenyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkynyl, (C 6 -C 14 )-aryl, R7 (C6-C14 aryl) (CH 2 )pCF 3 , a five- to ten-membered heteroaryl, R7 R 7 R 7 (3- to 1 0-membered heterocycle) (5- to 1 0-membered heteroaryl) 15 R7, ,R7 or a three- to ten-membered heterocycle; wherein any one nitrogen atom of any heterocycle containing one or more nitrogen atoms that may be substituted with a non-ring atom are substituted with -(CH2)qQ; 20 R 3 is hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, trifluoromethyl, (C3-C 6 )-alkenyl, (C3-C6) alkynyl, (CH 2 )m(C3-C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (CH 2 )mphenyl, (CH 2 )m-(five- to ten membered heteroaryl), or (CH 2 )m(three- to ten-membered heterocycle), wherein any one nitrogen atom of any heterocycle containing one or more nitrogen atoms that may be substituted with a non-ring atom are substituted 25 with -(CH2)qQ; 172 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 m is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; q is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; 5 Q is hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, (CH 2 )pCF 3 , (C3-C6)- alkenyl, (C3-C6) alkynyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (C 6 -C 14 )-aryl, C(O)R , C0 2 R 3 , C(O)NR 4 R , a three to six-membered heterocycle, or a five- to ten-membered heteroaryl when q is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; 10 Q may also be cyano, trifluoromethyl, or SO 2 NR 4 R 5 when q is 1, 2, 3, or 4; Q may also be hydroxy, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkoxy, sulfhydryl, -S-(C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, or 15 NR 4 R 5 when q is 2, 3, or 4; p is 1, 2, or 3; R3 may also be vinyl or ethynyl when R 3 is not covalently bonded to an 20 N or O atom; R3 may also be vinyl or ethynyl when R 3 is not covalently bonded to an S atom possessing a -2 (minus 2) oxidation state; 25 R 4 and R 5 are independently hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkenyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkynyl, (CH 2 )m(C3-C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (CH 2 )mphenyl, (CH 2 )m-(three- to ten membered heterocycyl), or (CH 2 )m-(five- to ten-membered heteroaryl); the NR 4 R 5 group of any C(O)NR 4 R , SO 2 NR 4 R 5 , NR 4 R , or 30 N(H)C(O)NR 4 R 5 may also form a pyrrolidine, a piperidine, a morpholine, a thiomorpholine, or a thiomorpholine S-dioxide; 173 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 the NR 4 R 5 group of any C(O)NR 4 R , SO 2 NR 4 R 5 , NR 4 R , or N(H)C(O)NR 4 R 5 may also form a piperazine ring, wherein the other nitrogen atom of the piperazine ring is substituted with hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, CH 2 CF 3 , (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, CH 2 (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, phenyl, benzyl, 5 hydroxyethyl, or hydroxypropyl; phenyl or heteroaryl rings of Z' are optionally substituted with one-to three of any one or combination of the following: halo, hydroxy, sulfhydryl, (C1 C 3 )-alkoxy, (C1-C 3 )-alkyl, (C 1 -C 3 )-alkylthio, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, 10 cyano, carboxy, carboxy(C 1 -C 3 )-alkyl, carbamoyl, or sulfamoyl; each R 6 is independently hydrogen, methyl, trifluoromethyl, or amino; and 15 each R 7 is independently hydrogen or methyl.
31. A compound of claim 30, or an equivalent thereof, or a hydrate, solvate, or N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the compound according to Formula (IX) comprises a compound 20 according to Formula (X): N: ' x R 6 -</YNx 1 x2x N 6 R Z1--(CH2)n R (x) wherein: each X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , and X 5 is independently hydrogen or fluoro, with no 25 more than two of X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , and X 5 being fluoro; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; 174 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 Z' is hydrogen, OR , C(O)R 3 , C0 2 R 3 , C(O)NR 4 R , SO 2 NR 4 R 5 , S0 2 R 3 , (C1-C 6 )-alkyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkenyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkynyl, (C 6 -C 1 4 )-aryl, (C6-C14 aryl) (CH 2 )pCF 3 , a five- to ten-membered heteroaryl, R7 R 7 R 7 (3- to 1 0-membered heterocycle) (5- to 1 0-membered heteroaryl) R7 , R7 , or a 5 three- to ten-membered heterocycle; wherein any one nitrogen atom of any heterocycle containing one or more nitrogen atoms that may be substituted with a non-ring atom are substituted with -(CH2)qQ; R 3 is hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, trifluoromethyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkenyl, (C3-C6) 10 alkynyl, (CH 2 )m(C3-C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (CH 2 )mphenyl, (CH 2 )m-(five- to ten membered heteroaryl), or (CH 2 )m(three- to ten-membered heterocycle), wherein any one nitrogen atom of any heterocycle containing one or more nitrogen atoms that may be substituted with a non-ring atom are substituted with -(CH2)qQ; 15 m is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; q is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; 20 Q is hydrogen, (C 1 -C)-alkyl, (CH 2 )pCF 3 , (C3-C6)- alkenyl, (C3-C6) alkynyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (C 6 -C 14 )-aryl, C(O)R 3 , C0 2 R 3 , C(O)NR 4 R , a three to six-membered heterocycle, or a five- to ten-membered heteroaryl when q is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; 25 Q may also be cyano, trifluoromethyl, or SO 2 NR 4 R 5 when q is 1, 2, 3, or 4; Q may also be hydroxy, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkoxy, sulfhydryl, -S-(C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, or NR 4 R 5 when q is 2, 3, or 4; 30 175 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 p is 1, 2, or 3; R3 may also be vinyl or ethynyl when R 3 is not covalently bonded to an N or 0 atom; 5 R3 may also be vinyl or ethynyl when R 3 is not covalently bonded to an S atom possessing a -2 (minus 2) oxidation state; R 4 and R 5 are independently hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkenyl, 10 (C 3 -C 6 )-alkynyl, (CH 2 )m(C3-C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (CH 2 )mphenyl, (CH 2 )m-(three- to ten membered heterocycyl), or (CH 2 )m-(five- to ten-membered heteroaryl); the NR 4 R 5 group of any C(O)NR 4 R , SO 2 NR 4 R 5 , NR 4 R , or N(H)C(O)NR 4 R 5 may also form a pyrrolidine, a piperidine, a morpholine, a 15 thiomorpholine, or a thiomorpholine S-dioxide; the NR 4 R 5 group of any C(O)NR 4 R , SO 2 NR 4 R 5 , NR 4 R , or N(H)C(O)NR 4 R 5 may also form a piperazine ring, wherein the other nitrogen atom of the piperazine ring is substituted with hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, 20 CH 2 CF 3 , (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, CH 2 (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, phenyl, benzyl, hydroxyethyl, or hydroxypropyl; phenyl or heteroaryl rings of Z' are optionally substituted with one-to three of any one or combination of the following: halo, hydroxy, sulfhydryl, (C1 25 C 3 )-alkoxy, (C1-C 3 )-alkyl, (C 1 -C 3 )-alkylthio, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, cyano, carboxy, carboxy(C 1 -C 3 )-alkyl, carbamoyl, or sulfamoyl; each R 6 is independently hydrogen, methyl, trifluoromethyl, or amino; and 30 each R 7 is independently hydrogen or methyl. 176 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813
32. A compound of claim 31, or an equivalent thereof, or a hydrate, solvate, or N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Y 3 is N and each R 6 is independently hydrogen, methyl, or trifluoromethyl. 5
33. A compound of claim 31, or an equivalent thereof, or a hydrate, solvate, or N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Y 3 is CH and each R 6 is independently hydrogen, methyl, or trifluoromethyl. 10
34. A compound of claim 30, or an equivalent thereof, or a hydrate, solvate, or N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the compound according to Formula (IX) comprises a compound according to Formula (Xl): o x 5 R 6 N3 Z1--(C H2)nx R 6 15 (XI) wherein: each X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X4, and X 5 is independently hydrogen or fluoro, with no more than two of X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X4, and X 5 being fluoro; 20 n is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; Z' is hydrogen, OR , C(O)R 3 , C0 2 R 3 , C(O)NR 4 R 5 , SO 2 NR 4 R 5 , S0 2 R 3 , (C1-C 6 )-alkyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkenyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkynyl, (C 6 -C 1 4 )-aryl, (C6-C14 aryl) 25 (CH 2 )pCF 3 , a five- to ten-membered heteroaryl, R7 177 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 R7 R7 (3- to 1 0-membered heterocycle) (5- to 1 0-membered heteroaryl) R7 , R7 ,or a three- to ten-membered heterocycle; wherein any one nitrogen atom of any heterocycle containing one or more nitrogen atoms that may be substituted with a non-ring atom are substituted with -(CH2)qQ; 5 R 3 is hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, trifluoromethyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkenyl, (C3-C6) alkynyl, (CH 2 )m(C3-C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (CH 2 )mphenyl, (CH 2 )m-(five- to ten membered heteroaryl), or (CH 2 )m(three- to ten-membered heterocycle), wherein any one nitrogen atom of any heterocycle containing one or more 10 nitrogen atoms that may be substituted with a non-ring atom are substituted with -(CH2)qQ; m is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; 15 q is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; Q is hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, (CH 2 )pCF 3 , (C3-C6)- alkenyl, (C3-C6) alkynyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (C 6 -C 14 )-aryl, C(O)R 3 , C0 2 R 3 , C(O)NR 4 R , a three to six-membered heterocycle, or a five- to ten-membered heteroaryl when q is 20 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; Q may also be cyano, trifluoromethyl, or SO 2 NR 4 R 5 when q is 1, 2, 3, or 4; 25 Q may also be hydroxy, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkoxy, sulfhydryl, -S-(C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, or NR 4 R 5 when q is 2, 3, or 4; p is 1, 2, or 3; 30 178 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 R3 may also be vinyl or ethynyl when R 3 is not covalently bonded to an N or 0 atom; R3 may also be vinyl or ethynyl when R 3 is not covalently bonded to an 5 S atom possessing a -2 (minus 2) oxidation state; R 4 and R 5 are independently hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkenyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkynyl, (CH 2 )m(C3-C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (CH 2 )mphenyl, (CH 2 )m-(three- to ten membered heterocycyl), or (CH 2 )m-(five- to ten-membered heteroaryl); 10 the NR 4 R 5 group of any C(O)NR 4 R 5 , SO 2 NR 4 R 5 , NR 4 R 5 , or N(H)C(O)NR 4 R 5 may also form a pyrrolidine, a piperidine, a morpholine, a thiomorpholine, or a thiomorpholine S-dioxide; 15 the NR 4 R 5 group of any C(O)NR 4 R , SO 2 NR 4 R 5 , NR 4 R , or N(H)C(O)NR 4 R 5 may also form a piperazine ring, wherein the other nitrogen atom of the piperazine ring is substituted with hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, CH 2 CF 3 , (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, CH 2 (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, phenyl, benzyl, hydroxyethyl, or hydroxypropyl; 20 phenyl or heteroaryl rings of Z' are optionally substituted with one-to three of any one or combination of the following: halo, hydroxy, sulfhydryl, (C1 C 3 )-alkoxy, (C1-C 3 )-alkyl, (C 1 -C 3 )-alkylthio, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, cyano, carboxy, carboxy(C 1 -C 3 )-alkyl, carbamoyl, or sulfamoyl; 25 each R 6 is independently hydrogen, methyl, trifluoromethyl, or amino; and each R 7 is independently hydrogen or methyl. 30
35. A compound of claim 34, or an equivalent thereof, or a hydrate, solvate, or N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, 179 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 wherein Y 3 is N and each R 6 is independently hydrogen, methyl, or trifluoromethyl.
36. A compound of claim 34, or an equivalent thereof, or a hydrate, 5 solvate, or N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Y 3 is CH and each R 6 is independently hydrogen, methyl, or trifluoromethyl.
37. A compound of claim 1, or an equivalent thereof, or a hydrate, 10 solvate, or N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the compound according to Formula (1) comprises a compound according to Formula (XII): x5 N W X R6 Z1--(CH2)n,!5y IN-xN x 2 R 6 (XII) 15 wherein: each X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X4, and X 5 is independently hydrogen or fluoro, with no more than two of X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X4, and X 5 being fluoro; 20 W is a covalent bond, 0, or CO; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; Z' is hydrogen, OR , C(O)R 3 , C0 2 R 3 , C(O)NR 4 R 5 , SO 2 NR 4 R 5 , S0 2 R 3 , 25 (C1-C 6 )-alkyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkenyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkynyl, (C 6 -C 14 )-aryl, R7 (C6-C14 aryl) (CH 2 )pCF 3 , a five- to ten-membered heteroaryl, R7 180 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 R7 R7 (3- to 1 0-membered heterocycle) (5- to 1 0-membered heteroaryl) R7 , R7 ,or a three- to ten-membered heterocycle; wherein any one nitrogen atom of any heterocycle containing one or more nitrogen atoms that may be substituted with a non-ring atom are substituted with -(CH2)qQ; 5 R 3 is hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, trifluoromethyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkenyl, (C3-C6) alkynyl, (CH 2 )m(C3-C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (CH 2 )mphenyl, (CH 2 )m-(five- to ten membered heteroaryl), or (CH 2 )m(three- to ten-membered heterocycle), wherein any one nitrogen atom of any heterocycle containing one or more 10 nitrogen atoms that may be substituted with a non-ring atom are substituted with -(CH2)qQ; m is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; 15 q is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; Q is hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, (CH 2 )pCF 3 , (C3-C6)- alkenyl, (C3-C6) alkynyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (C 6 -C 14 )-aryl, C(O)R 3 , C0 2 R 3 , C(O)NR 4 R , a three to six-membered heterocycle, or a five- to ten-membered heteroaryl when q is 20 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; Q may also be cyano, trifluoromethyl, or SO 2 NR 4 R 5 when q is 1, 2, 3, or 4; 25 Q may also be hydroxy, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkoxy, sulfhydryl, -S-(C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, or NR 4 R 5 when q is 2, 3, or 4; p is 1, 2, or 3; 30 181 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 R3 may also be vinyl or ethynyl when R 3 is not covalently bonded to an N or 0 atom; R3 may also be vinyl or ethynyl when R 3 is not covalently bonded to an 5 S atom possessing a -2 (minus 2) oxidation state; R 4 and R 5 are independently hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkenyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkynyl, (CH 2 )m(C3-C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (CH 2 )mphenyl, (CH 2 )m-(three- to ten membered heterocycyl), or (CH 2 )m-(five- to ten-membered heteroaryl); 10 the NR 4 R 5 group of any C(O)NR 4 R 5 , SO 2 NR 4 R 5 , NR 4 R 5 , or N(H)C(O)NR 4 R 5 may also form a pyrrolidine, a piperidine, a morpholine, a thiomorpholine, or a thiomorpholine S-dioxide; 15 the NR 4 R 5 group of any C(O)NR 4 R , SO 2 NR 4 R 5 , NR 4 R , or N(H)C(O)NR 4 R 5 may also form a piperazine ring, wherein the other nitrogen atom of the piperazine ring is substituted with hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, CH 2 CF 3 , (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, CH 2 (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, phenyl, benzyl, hydroxyethyl, or hydroxypropyl; 20 phenyl or heteroaryl rings of Z' are optionally substituted with one-to three of any one or combination of the following: halo, hydroxy, sulfhydryl, (C1 C 3 )-alkoxy, (C1-C 3 )-alkyl, (C 1 -C 3 )-alkylthio, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, cyano, carboxy, carboxy(C 1 -C 3 )-alkyl, carbamoyl, or sulfamoyl; 25 each R 6 is independently hydrogen, methyl, trifluoromethyl, or amino; and each R 7 is independently hydrogen or methyl. 30
38. A compound of claim 37, or an equivalent thereof, or a hydrate, solvate, or N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, 182 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 wherein the compound according to Formula (XII) comprises a compound according to Formula (XIII): x5 N W R6 R 6 L y3 X3 N-N X2 Z1-(C H 2 ) (XIII) wherein: 5 each X', X 2 , X 3 , X4, and X 5 is independently hydrogen or fluoro, with no more than two of X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X4, and X 5 being fluoro; W is a covalent bond, 0, or CO; 10 n is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; Z' is hydrogen, OR , C(O)R , CO 2 R 3 , C(O)NR 4 R , SO 2 NR 4 R 5 , SO 2 R 3 , (C1 -C 6 )-alkyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkenyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkynyl, (C 6 -C 14 )-aryl, (C6-C14 aryl) 15 (CH 2 )pCF 3 , a five- to ten-membered heteroaryl, R7 R7 R7 (3- to 1 0-membered heterocycle) (5- to 1 0-membered heteroaryl) R7 , R 7 ,or a three- to ten-membered heterocycle; wherein any one nitrogen atom of any heterocycle containing one or more nitrogen atoms that may be substituted with a non-ring atom are substituted with -(CH2)qQ; 20 R 3 is hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, trifluoromethyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkenyl, (C3-C6) alkynyl, (CH 2 )m(C3-C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (CH 2 )mphenyl, (CH 2 )m-(five- to ten membered heteroaryl), or (CH 2 )m(three- to ten-membered heterocycle), wherein any one nitrogen atom of any heterocycle containing one or more 183 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 nitrogen atoms that may be substituted with a non-ring atom are substituted with -(CH2)qQ; m is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; 5 q is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; Q is hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, (CH 2 )pCF 3 , (C3-C6)- alkenyl, (C3-C6) alkynyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (C 6 -C 14 )-aryl, C(O)R 3 , C0 2 R 3 , C(O)NR 4 R , a three 10 to six-membered heterocycle, or a five- to ten-membered heteroaryl when q is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; Q may also be cyano, trifluoromethyl, or SO 2 NR 4 R 5 when q is 1, 2, 3, or 4; 15 Q may also be hydroxy, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkoxy, sulfhydryl, -S-(C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, or NR 4 R 5 when q is 2, 3, or 4; p is 1, 2, or 3; 20 R3 may also be vinyl or ethynyl when R 3 is not covalently bonded to an N or 0 atom; R3 may also be vinyl or ethynyl when R 3 is not covalently bonded to an 25 S atom possessing a -2 (minus 2) oxidation state; R 4 and R 5 are independently hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkenyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkynyl, (CH 2 )m(C3-C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (CH 2 )mphenyl, (CH 2 )m-(three- to ten membered heterocycyl), or (CH 2 )m-(five- to ten-membered heteroaryl); 30 the NR 4 R 5 group of any C(O)NR 4 R , SO 2 NR 4 R 5 , NR 4 R , or N(H)C(O)NR 4 R 5 may also form a pyrrolidine, a piperidine, a morpholine, a thiomorpholine, or a thiomorpholine S-dioxide; 184 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 the NR 4 R 5 group of any C(O)NR 4 R , SO 2 NR 4 R 5 , NR 4 R , or N(H)C(O)NR 4 R 5 may also form a piperazine ring, wherein the other nitrogen atom of the piperazine ring is substituted with hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, 5 CH 2 CF 3 , (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, CH 2 (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, phenyl, benzyl, hydroxyethyl, or hydroxypropyl; phenyl or heteroaryl rings of Z' are optionally substituted with one-to three of any one or combination of the following: halo, hydroxy, sulfhydryl, (C1 10 C 3 )-alkoxy, (C1-C 3 )-alkyl, (C 1 -C 3 )-alkylthio, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, cyano, carboxy, carboxy(C 1 -C 3 )-alkyl, carbamoyl, or sulfamoyl; each R 6 is independently hydrogen, methyl, trifluoromethyl, or amino; and 15 each R 7 is independently hydrogen or methyl.
39. A compound of claim 38, or an equivalent thereof, or a hydrate, solvate, or N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, 20 wherein Y 3 is N and each R 6 is independently hydrogen, methyl, or trifluoromethyl.
40. A compound of claim 38, or an equivalent thereof, or a hydrate, solvate, or N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, 25 wherein Y 3 is CH and each R 6 is independently hydrogen, methyl, or trifluoromethyl.
41. A compound of claim 37, or an equivalent thereof, or a hydrate, solvate, or N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, 30 wherein the compound according to Formula (XII) comprises a compound according to Formula (XIV): 185 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 x5 6 x4.. Z--(CH 2 )n X1h R 6 (XIV) wherein: each X', X 2 , X 3 , X4, and X 5 is independently hydrogen or fluoro, with no 5 more than two of X', X 2 , X 3 , X4, and X 5 being fluoro; W is a covalent bond, 0, or CO; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; 10 Z' is hydrogen, OR , C(O)R 3 , CO 2 R 3 , C(O)NR 4 R 5 , SO 2 NR 4 R 5 , SO 2 R 3 , (C1 -C 6 )-alkyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkenyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkynyl, (C 6 -C 14 )-aryl, R7 (C6-C14 aryl) (CH 2 )pCF 3 , a five- to ten-membered heteroaryl, R7 R 7 R 7 (3- to 1 0-membered heterocycle) (5- to 1 0-membered heteroaryl) R7 , R7 , or a 15 three- to ten-membered heterocycle; wherein any one nitrogen atom of any heterocycle containing one or more nitrogen atoms that may be substituted with a non-ring atom are substituted with -(CH2)qQ; R 3 is hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, trifluoromethyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkenyl, (C3-C6) 20 alkynyl, (CH 2 )m(C3-C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (CH 2 )mphenyl, (CH 2 )m-(five- to ten membered heteroaryl), or (CH 2 )m(three- to ten-membered heterocycle), wherein any one nitrogen atom of any heterocycle containing one or more nitrogen atoms that may be substituted with a non-ring atom are substituted with -(CH2)qQ; 25 186 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 m is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; q is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; 5 Q is hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, (CH 2 )pCF 3 , (C3-C6)- alkenyl, (C3-C6) alkynyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (C 6 -C 14 )-aryl, C(O)R 3 , C0 2 R 3 , C(O)NR 4 R , a three to six-membered heterocycle, or a five- to ten-membered heteroaryl when q is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; 10 Q may also be cyano, trifluoromethyl, or SO 2 NR 4 R 5 when q is 1, 2, 3, or 4; Q may also be hydroxy, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkoxy, sulfhydryl, -S-(C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, or NR 4 R 5 when q is 2, 3, or 4; 15 p is 1, 2, or 3; R3 may also be vinyl or ethynyl when R 3 is not covalently bonded to an N or 0 atom; 20 R3 may also be vinyl or ethynyl when R 3 is not covalently bonded to an S atom possessing a -2 (minus 2) oxidation state; R 4 and R 5 are independently hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkenyl, 25 (C 3 -C 6 )-alkynyl, (CH 2 )m(C3-C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (CH 2 )mphenyl, (CH 2 )m-(three- to ten membered heterocycyl), or (CH 2 )m-(five- to ten-membered heteroaryl); the NR 4 R 5 group of any C(O)NR 4 R , SO 2 NR 4 R 5 , NR 4 R , or N(H)C(O)NR 4 R 5 may also form a pyrrolidine, a piperidine, a morpholine, a 30 thiomorpholine, or a thiomorpholine S-dioxide; the NR 4 R 5 group of any C(O)NR 4 R , SO 2 NR 4 R 5 , NR 4 R , or N(H)C(O)NR 4 R 5 may also form a piperazine ring, wherein the other nitrogen 187 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 atom of the piperazine ring is substituted with hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, CH 2 CF 3 , (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, CH 2 (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, phenyl, benzyl, hydroxyethyl, or hydroxypropyl; 5 phenyl or heteroaryl rings of Z' are optionally substituted with one-to three of any one or combination of the following: halo, hydroxy, sulfhydryl, (C1 C 3 )-alkoxy, (C1 -C 3 )-alkyl, (C 1 -C 3 )-alkylthio, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, cyano, carboxy, carboxy(C 1 -C 3 )-alkyl, carbamoyl, or sulfamoyl; 10 each R 6 is independently hydrogen, methyl, trifluoromethyl, or amino; and each R 7 is independently hydrogen or methyl. 15
42. A compound of claim 41, or an equivalent thereof, or a hydrate, solvate, or N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Y 3 is N and each R 6 is independently hydrogen, methyl, or trifluoromethyl. 20
43. A compound of claim 41, or an equivalent thereof, or a hydrate, solvate, or N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Y 3 is CH and each R 6 is independently hydrogen, methyl, or trifluoromethyl. 25
44. A compound of claim 1, or an equivalent thereof, or a hydrate, solvate, or N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the compound according to Formula (1) comprises a compound according to Formula (XV): 188 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 x5 NrW ~ X 4 Z1-(CH2)n,!:3 1X R 6 (XV) wherein: each X', X 2 , X 3 , X4, and X 5 is independently hydrogen or fluoro, with no 5 more than two of X', X 2 , X 3 , X4, and X 5 being fluoro; W is a covalent bond, 0, or CO; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; 10 Z' is hydrogen, OR , C(O)R 3 , CO 2 R 3 , C(O)NR 4 R , SO 2 NR 4 R 5 , SO 2 R 3 , (C1 -C 6 )-alkyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkenyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkynyl, (C 6 -C 14 )-aryl, R7 (C6-C14 aryl) (CH 2 )pCF 3 , a five- to ten-membered heteroaryl, R7 R 7 R 7 (3- to 1 0-membered heterocycle) (5- to 1 0-membered heteroaryl) R7 , R7 ,or a 15 three- to ten-membered heterocycle; wherein any one nitrogen atom of any heterocycle containing one or more nitrogen atoms that may be substituted with a non-ring atom are substituted with -(CH2)qQ; R 3 is hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, trifluoromethyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkenyl, (C3-C6) 20 alkynyl, (CH 2 )m(C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (CH 2 )mphenyl, (CH 2 )m-(five- to ten membered heteroaryl), or (CH 2 )m(three- to ten-membered heterocycle), wherein any one nitrogen atom of any heterocycle containing one or more nitrogen atoms that may be substituted with a non-ring atom are substituted with -(CH2)qQ; 25 189 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 m is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; q is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; 5 Q is hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, (CH 2 )pCF 3 , (C3-C6)- alkenyl, (C3-C6) alkynyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (C 6 -C 14 )-aryl, C(O)R 3 , C0 2 R 3 , C(O)NR 4 R , a three to six-membered heterocycle, or a five- to ten-membered heteroaryl when q is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; 10 Q may also be cyano, trifluoromethyl, or SO 2 NR 4 R 5 when q is 1, 2, 3, or 4; Q may also be hydroxy, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkoxy, sulfhydryl, -S-(C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, or NR 4 R 5 when q is 2, 3, or 4; 15 p is 1, 2, or 3; R3 may also be vinyl or ethynyl when R 3 is not covalently bonded to an N or 0 atom; 20 R3 may also be vinyl or ethynyl when R 3 is not covalently bonded to an S atom possessing a -2 (minus 2) oxidation state; R 4 and R 5 are independently hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkenyl, 25 (C 3 -C 6 )-alkynyl, (CH 2 )m(C3-C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (CH 2 )mphenyl, (CH 2 )m-(three- to ten membered heterocycyl), or (CH 2 )m-(five- to ten-membered heteroaryl); the NR 4 R 5 group of any C(O)NR 4 R , SO 2 NR 4 R 5 , NR 4 R , or N(H)C(O)NR 4 R 5 may also form a pyrrolidine, a piperidine, a morpholine, a 30 thiomorpholine, or a thiomorpholine S-dioxide; the NR 4 R 5 group of any C(O)NR 4 R , SO 2 NR 4 R 5 , NR 4 R , or N(H)C(O)NR 4 R 5 may also form a piperazine ring, wherein the other nitrogen 190 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 atom of the piperazine ring is substituted with hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, CH 2 CF 3 , (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, CH 2 (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, phenyl, benzyl, hydroxyethyl, or hydroxypropyl; 5 phenyl or heteroaryl rings of Z' are optionally substituted with one-to three of any one or combination of the following: halo, hydroxy, sulfhydryl, (C1 C 3 )-alkoxy, (C1 -C 3 )-alkyl, (C 1 -C 3 )-alkylthio, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, cyano, carboxy, carboxy(C 1 -C 3 )-alkyl, carbamoyl, or sulfamoyl; 10 each R 6 is independently hydrogen, methyl, trifluoromethyl, or amino; and each R 7 is independently hydrogen or methyl. 15
45. A compound of claim 44, or an equivalent thereof, or a hydrate, solvate, or N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the compound according to Formula (XV) comprises a compound according to Formula (XVI): x5 RG N Z--(CH2) I (XV I) 20 wherein: each X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , and X 5 is independently hydrogen or fluoro, with no more than two of X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , and X 5 being fluoro; 25 W is a covalent bond, 0, or CO; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; 191 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 Z' is hydrogen, OR , C(O)R 3 , C0 2 R 3 , C(O)NR 4 R , SO 2 NR 4 R 5 , S0 2 R 3 , (C1-C 6 )-alkyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkenyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkynyl, (C 6 -C 1 4 )-aryl, (C6-C14 aryl) (CH 2 )pCF 3 , a five- to ten-membered heteroaryl, R7 R 7 R 7 (3- to 1 0-membered heterocycle) (5- to 1 0-membered heteroaryl) R7 , R7 , or a 5 three- to ten-membered heterocycle; wherein any one nitrogen atom of any heterocycle containing one or more nitrogen atoms that may be substituted with a non-ring atom are substituted with -(CH2)qQ; R 3 is hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, trifluoromethyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkenyl, (C3-C6) 10 alkynyl, (CH 2 )m(C3-C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (CH 2 )mphenyl, (CH 2 )m-(five- to ten membered heteroaryl), or (CH 2 )m(three- to ten-membered heterocycle), wherein any one nitrogen atom of any heterocycle containing one or more nitrogen atoms that may be substituted with a non-ring atom are substituted with -(CH2)qQ; 15 m is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; q is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; 20 Q is hydrogen, (C 1 -C)-alkyl, (CH 2 )pCF 3 , (C3-C6)- alkenyl, (C3-C6) alkynyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (C 6 -C 14 )-aryl, C(O)R 3 , C0 2 R 3 , C(O)NR 4 R , a three to six-membered heterocycle, or a five- to ten-membered heteroaryl when q is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; 25 Q may also be cyano, trifluoromethyl, or SO 2 NR 4 R 5 when q is 1, 2, 3, or 4; Q may also be hydroxy, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkoxy, sulfhydryl, -S-(C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, or NR 4 R 5 when q is 2, 3, or 4; 30 192 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 p is 1, 2, or 3; R3 may also be vinyl or ethynyl when R 3 is not covalently bonded to an N or 0 atom; 5 R3 may also be vinyl or ethynyl when R 3 is not covalently bonded to an S atom possessing a -2 (minus 2) oxidation state; R 4 and R 5 are independently hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkenyl, 10 (C 3 -C 6 )-alkynyl, (CH 2 )m(C3-C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (CH 2 )mphenyl, (CH 2 )m-(three- to ten membered heterocycyl), or (CH 2 )m-(five- to ten-membered heteroaryl); the NR 4 R 5 group of any C(O)NR 4 R , SO 2 NR 4 R 5 , NR 4 R , or N(H)C(O)NR 4 R 5 may also form a pyrrolidine, a piperidine, a morpholine, a 15 thiomorpholine, or a thiomorpholine S-dioxide; the NR 4 R 5 group of any C(O)NR 4 R , SO 2 NR 4 R 5 , NR 4 R , or N(H)C(O)NR 4 R 5 may also form a piperazine ring, wherein the other nitrogen atom of the piperazine ring is substituted with hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, 20 CH 2 CF 3 , (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, CH 2 (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, phenyl, benzyl, hydroxyethyl, or hydroxypropyl; phenyl or heteroaryl rings of Z' are optionally substituted with one-to three of any one or combination of the following: halo, hydroxy, sulfhydryl, (C1 25 C 3 )-alkoxy, (C1-C 3 )-alkyl, (C 1 -C 3 )-alkylthio, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, cyano, carboxy, carboxy(C 1 -C 3 )-alkyl, carbamoyl, or sulfamoyl; each R 6 is independently hydrogen, methyl, trifluoromethyl, or amino; and 30 each R 7 is independently hydrogen or methyl. 193 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813
46. A compound of claim 45, or an equivalent thereof, or a hydrate, solvate, or N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Y 3 is N and R 6 is hydrogen, methyl, or trifluoromethyl. 5
47. A compound of claim 45, or an equivalent thereof, or a hydrate, solvate, or N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Y 3 is CH and R 6 is hydrogen, methyl, or trifluoromethyl.
48. A compound of claim 44, or an equivalent thereof, or a hydrate, 10 solvate, or N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the compound according to Formula (XV) comprises a compound according to Formula (XVII): x5 Ny 'rW X 4 Z'--(C H2)n~X x R 6 (XVIl) wherein: 15 each X', X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , and X 5 is independently hydrogen or fluoro, with no more than two of X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , and X 5 being fluoro; W is a covalent bond, 0, or CO; 20 n is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; Z' is hydrogen, OR , C(O)R 3 , C0 2 R 3 , C(O)NR 4 R 5 , SO 2 NR 4 R 5 , S0 2 R 3 , (C1-C 6 )-alkyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkenyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkynyl, (C 6 -C 1 4 )-aryl, R7 (C6-C14 aryl) 25 (CH 2 )pCF 3 , a five- to ten-membered heteroaryl, R7 194 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 R7 R7 (3- to 1 0-membered heterocycle) (5- to 1 0-membered heteroaryl) R7 , R7 ,or a three- to ten-membered heterocycle; wherein any one nitrogen atom of any heterocycle containing one or more nitrogen atoms that may be substituted with a non-ring atom are substituted with -(CH2)qQ; 5 R 3 is hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, trifluoromethyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkenyl, (C3-C6) alkynyl, (CH 2 )m(C3-C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (CH 2 )mphenyl, (CH 2 )m-(five- to ten membered heteroaryl), or (CH 2 )m(three- to ten-membered heterocycle), wherein any one nitrogen atom of any heterocycle containing one or more 10 nitrogen atoms that may be substituted with a non-ring atom are substituted with -(CH2)qQ; m is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; 15 q is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; Q is hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, (CH 2 )pCF 3 , (C3-C6)- alkenyl, (C3-C6) alkynyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (C 6 -C 14 )-aryl, C(O)R 3 , C0 2 R 3 , C(O)NR 4 R , a three to six-membered heterocycle, or a five- to ten-membered heteroaryl when q is 20 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; Q may also be cyano, trifluoromethyl, or SO 2 NR 4 R 5 when q is 1, 2, 3, or 4; 25 Q may also be hydroxy, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkoxy, sulfhydryl, -S-(C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, or NR 4 R 5 when q is 2, 3, or 4; p is 1, 2, or 3; 30 195 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 R3 may also be vinyl or ethynyl when R 3 is not covalently bonded to an N or 0 atom; R3 may also be vinyl or ethynyl when R 3 is not covalently bonded to an 5 S atom possessing a -2 (minus 2) oxidation state; R 4 and R 5 are independently hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkenyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkynyl, (CH 2 )m(C3-C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (CH 2 )mphenyl, (CH 2 )m-(three- to ten membered heterocycyl), or (CH 2 )m-(five- to ten-membered heteroaryl); 10 the NR 4 R 5 group of any C(O)NR 4 R 5 , SO 2 NR 4 R 5 , NR 4 R 5 , or N(H)C(O)NR 4 R 5 may also form a pyrrolidine, a piperidine, a morpholine, a thiomorpholine, or a thiomorpholine S-dioxide; 15 the NR 4 R 5 group of any C(O)NR 4 R , SO 2 NR 4 R 5 , NR 4 R , or N(H)C(O)NR 4 R 5 may also form a piperazine ring, wherein the other nitrogen atom of the piperazine ring is substituted with hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, CH 2 CF 3 , (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, CH 2 (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, phenyl, benzyl, hydroxyethyl, or hydroxypropyl; 20 phenyl or heteroaryl rings of Z' are optionally substituted with one-to three of any one or combination of the following: halo, hydroxy, sulfhydryl, (C1 C 3 )-alkoxy, (C1-C 3 )-alkyl, (C 1 -C 3 )-alkylthio, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, cyano, carboxy, carboxy(C 1 -C 3 )-alkyl, carbamoyl, or sulfamoyl; 25 each R 6 is independently hydrogen, methyl, trifluoromethyl, or amino; and each R 7 is independently hydrogen or methyl. 30 196 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813
49. A compound of claim 48, or an equivalent thereof, or a hydrate, solvate, or N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Y 3 is N and R 6 is hydrogen or methyl. 5
50. A compound of claim 48, or an equivalent thereof, or a hydrate, solvate, or N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Y 3 is CH and R 6 is hydrogen or methyl.
51. A compound of claim 1, or an equivalent thereof, or a hydrate, 10 solvate, or N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the compound according to Formula (1) comprises a compound according to Formula (XVIII): X5 N, Z1-(CH 2 )n, N--N (XVIll) 15 wherein: each X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X4, and X 5 is independently hydrogen or fluoro, with no more than two of X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X4, and X 5 being fluoro; 20 W is a covalent bond, 0, or CO; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; Z' is hydrogen, OR , C(O)R 3 , C0 2 R 3 , C(O)NR 4 R 5 , SO 2 NR 4 R 5 , S0 2 R 3 , 25 (C1-C 6 )-alkyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkenyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkynyl, (C 6 -C 14 )-aryl, R7 (C6-C14 aryl) (CH 2 )pCF 3 , a five- to ten-membered heteroaryl, R7 197 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 R7 R7 (3- to 1 0-membered heterocycle) (5- to 1 0-membered heteroaryl) R7 , R7 ,or a three- to ten-membered heterocycle; wherein any one nitrogen atom of any heterocycle containing one or more nitrogen atoms that may be substituted with a non-ring atom are substituted with -(CH2)qQ; 5 R 3 is hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, trifluoromethyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkenyl, (C3-C6) alkynyl, (CH 2 )m(C3-C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (CH 2 )mphenyl, (CH 2 )m-(five- to ten membered heteroaryl), or (CH 2 )m(three- to ten-membered heterocycle), wherein any one nitrogen atom of any heterocycle containing one or more 10 nitrogen atoms that may be substituted with a non-ring atom are substituted with -(CH2)qQ; m is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; 15 q is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; Q is hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, (CH 2 )pCF 3 , (C3-C6)- alkenyl, (C3-C6) alkynyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (C 6 -C 14 )-aryl, C(O)R 3 , C0 2 R 3 , C(O)NR 4 R , a three to six-membered heterocycle, or a five- to ten-membered heteroaryl when q is 20 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; Q may also be cyano, trifluoromethyl, or SO 2 NR 4 R 5 when q is 1, 2, 3, or 4; 25 Q may also be hydroxy, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkoxy, sulfhydryl, -S-(C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, or NR 4 R 5 when q is 2, 3, or 4; p is 1, 2, or 3; 30 198 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 R3 may also be vinyl or ethynyl when R 3 is not covalently bonded to an N or 0 atom; R3 may also be vinyl or ethynyl when R 3 is not covalently bonded to an 5 S atom possessing a -2 (minus 2) oxidation state; R 4 and R 5 are independently hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkenyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkynyl, (CH 2 )m(C3-C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (CH 2 )mphenyl, (CH 2 )m-(three- to ten membered heterocycyl), or (CH 2 )m-(five- to ten-membered heteroaryl); 10 the NR 4 R 5 group of any C(O)NR 4 R 5 , SO 2 NR 4 R 5 , NR 4 R 5 , or N(H)C(O)NR 4 R 5 may also form a pyrrolidine, a piperidine, a morpholine, a thiomorpholine, or a thiomorpholine S-dioxide; 15 the NR 4 R 5 group of any C(O)NR 4 R , SO 2 NR 4 R 5 , NR 4 R , or N(H)C(O)NR 4 R 5 may also form a piperazine ring, wherein the other nitrogen atom of the piperazine ring is substituted with hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, CH 2 CF 3 , (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, CH 2 (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, phenyl, benzyl, hydroxyethyl, or hydroxypropyl; 20 phenyl or heteroaryl rings of Z' are optionally substituted with one-to three of any one or combination of the following: halo, hydroxy, sulfhydryl, (C1 C 3 )-alkoxy, (C1-C 3 )-alkyl, (C 1 -C 3 )-alkylthio, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, cyano, carboxy, carboxy(C 1 -C 3 )-alkyl, carbamoyl, or sulfamoyl; 25 each R 6 is independently hydrogen, methyl, trifluoromethyl, or amino; and each R 7 is independently hydrogen or methyl. 30
52. A compound of claim 51, or an equivalent thereof, or a hydrate, solvate, or N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, 199 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 wherein the compound according to Formula (XVIII) comprises a compound according to Formula (XIX): (XIX) wherein: 5 each X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , and X 5 is independently hydrogen or fluoro, with no more than two of X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , and X 5 being fluoro; W is a covalent bond, 0, or CO; 10 n isO0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; Z is hydrogen, OR 3 , C(O)R 3 , CO 2 R 3 , C(O)NR 4 R 5 , SO 2 NR 4 R 5 , SO 2 R 3 , (C1o-t)-alkyl, (C 3 -CX)-cycloalkyl, (C 3 -C5)-alkenyl, (C 3 -Cs)-alkynyl, (C 6 -C 14 )-aryl, (C6-C14 aryl) 15 (CH 2 )pCF 3 , a five- to ten-membered heteroaryl, (3- to 1 0-membered heterocycle) (5- to 1 0-membered heteroaryl) R7 , R7, or a three- to ten-membered heterocycle; wherein any one nitrogen atom of any heterocycle containing one or more nitrogen atoms that may be substituted with a non-ring atom are substituted with -(CH2)qQ; 20 R 3 is hydrogen, (C 1 -C)-alkyl, trifluoromethyl, (C 3 -CS)-alkenyl, (03-C6) alkynyl, (CH 2 )m(C 3 -C)cycloalkyl, (CH 2 )mphenyl, (CH 2 )m-(five- to ten membered heteroaryl), or (CH 2 )m(three- to ten-membered heterocycle), wherein any one nitrogen atom of any heterocycle containing one or more 200 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 nitrogen atoms that may be substituted with a non-ring atom are substituted with -(CH2)qQ; m is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; 5 q is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; Q is hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, (CH 2 )pCF 3 , (C3-C6)- alkenyl, (C3-C6) alkynyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (C 6 -C 14 )-aryl, C(O)R 3 , C0 2 R 3 , C(O)NR 4 R , a three 10 to six-membered heterocycle, or a five- to ten-membered heteroaryl when q is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; Q may also be cyano, trifluoromethyl, or SO 2 NR 4 R 5 when q is 1, 2, 3, or 4; 15 Q may also be hydroxy, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkoxy, sulfhydryl, -S-(C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, or NR 4 R 5 when q is 2, 3, or 4; p is 1, 2, or 3; 20 R3 may also be vinyl or ethynyl when R 3 is not covalently bonded to an N or 0 atom; R3 may also be vinyl or ethynyl when R 3 is not covalently bonded to an 25 S atom possessing a -2 (minus 2) oxidation state; R 4 and R 5 are independently hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkenyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkynyl, (CH 2 )m(C3-C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (CH 2 )mphenyl, (CH 2 )m-(three- to ten membered heterocycyl), or (CH 2 )m-(five- to ten-membered heteroaryl); 30 the NR 4 R 5 group of any C(O)NR 4 R , SO 2 NR 4 R 5 , NR 4 R , or N(H)C(O)NR 4 R 5 may also form a pyrrolidine, a piperidine, a morpholine, a thiomorpholine, or a thiomorpholine S-dioxide; 201 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 the NR 4 R 5 group of any C(O)NR 4 R , SO 2 NR 4 R 5 , NR 4 R , or N(H)C(O)NR 4 R 5 may also form a piperazine ring, wherein the other nitrogen atom of the piperazine ring is substituted with hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, 5 CH 2 CF 3 , (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, CH 2 (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, phenyl, benzyl, hydroxyethyl, or hydroxypropyl; phenyl or heteroaryl rings of Z' are optionally substituted with one-to three of any one or combination of the following: halo, hydroxy, sulfhydryl, (C1 10 C 3 )-alkoxy, (C1-C 3 )-alkyl, (C 1 -C 3 )-alkylthio, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, cyano, carboxy, carboxy(C 1 -C 3 )-alkyl, carbamoyl, or sulfamoyl; each R 6 is independently hydrogen, methyl, trifluoromethyl, or amino; and 15 each R 7 is independently hydrogen or methyl.
53. A compound of claim 52, or an equivalent thereof, or a hydrate, solvate, or N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, 20 wherein Y 3 is N.
54. A compound of claim 52, or an equivalent thereof, or a hydrate, solvate, or N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Y 3 is CH. 25
55. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of claim 1, or an equivalent thereof, or a hydrate, solvate, or N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. 30
56. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of claim 1, or an equivalent thereof, or a hydrate, solvate, or N-oxide thereof, or a 202 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a second pharmacologically active compound.
57. A compound of Formula (II): 5 R 6 R 2 NR1 (II) wherein: R 1 is (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, (C 3 -C)-cycloalkyl, phenyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, or 4 10 pyridyl; wherein each phenyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, or 4-pyridyl of R 1 may be optionally substituted with no more than two of each or a combination of fluoro, hydroxy, -CH 2 OH, carboxy, carboxymethyl, or carboxyethyl; R 2 is -(CH 2 )nZl or -(CH2) 15 n is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; Z' is hydrogen, OR , C(O)R 3 , C0 2 R 3 , C(O)NR 4 R , SO 2 NR 4 R 5 , S0 2 R 3 , (C1 -C 6 )-alkyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkenyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkynyl, (C 6 -C 14 )-aryl, <R 7 (C6-C14 aryl) 20 (CH 2 )pCF 3 , a five- to ten-membered heteroaryl, R7 R 7 R 7 (3- to 1 0-membered heterocycle) (5- to 1 0-membered heteroaryl) R7 , R 7 , or a three- to ten-membered heterocycle; wherein any one nitrogen atom of any heterocycle containing one or more nitrogen atoms that may be substituted with a non-ring atom are substituted with -(CH2)qQ; 25 203 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 Z 2 is cyano, trifluoromethyl, (CF 2 )pCF 3 , SR 3 , NR 4 R 5 , N(H)C(O)R 3 , N(H)C0 2 R 3 , N(H)C(O)NR 4 R 5 , N(H)S0 2 R 3 , vinyl, or ethynyl when n is 1, 2, 3 or 4; 5 Z2 may also be cyano, trifluoromethyl, (CF 2 )pCF 3 , SR 3 , NR 4 R 5 , N(H)C(O)R 3 , N(H)C0 2 R 3 , N(H)C(O)NR 4 R 5 , N(H)S0 2 R 3 , vinyl, or ethynyl when n is 0, except when R 2 is covalently bonded to a U 1 , U 2 , U 3 , or U 4 that is a nitrogen atom; 10 R 3 is hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, trifluoromethyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkenyl, (C3-C6) alkynyl, (CH 2 )m(C3-C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (CH 2 )mphenyl, (CH 2 )m-(five- to ten membered heteroaryl), or (CH 2 )m(three- to ten-membered heterocycle); wherein any one nitrogen atom of any heterocycle containing one or more nitrogen atoms that may be substituted with a non-ring atom are substituted 15 with -(CH2)qQ; m is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; q is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; 20 Q is hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, (CH 2 )pCF 3 , (C3-C6)- alkenyl, (C3-C6) alkynyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (C 6 -C 14 )-aryl, C(O)R 3 , C0 2 R 3 , C(O)NR 4 R , a three to six-membered heterocycle, or a five- to ten-membered heteroaryl when q is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; 25 Q may also be cyano, trifluoromethyl, or SO 2 NR 4 R 5 when q is 1, 2, 3, or 4; Q may also be hydroxy, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkoxy, sulfhydryl, -S-(C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, or 30 NR 4 R 5 when q is 2, 3, or 4; p is 1, 2, or 3; 204 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 R3 may also be vinyl or ethynyl when R 3 is not covalently bonded to an N or 0 atom; R3 may also be vinyl or ethynyl when R 3 is not covalently bonded to an 5 S atom possessing a -2 (minus 2) oxidation state; R 4 and R 5 are independently hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkenyl, (C 3 -C 6 )-alkynyl, (CH 2 )m(C3-C 6 )-cycloalkyl, (CH 2 )mphenyl, (CH 2 )m-(three- to ten membered heterocycyl), or (CH 2 )m-(five- to ten-membered heteroaryl); 10 the NR 4 R 5 group of any C(O)NR 4 R 5 , SO 2 NR 4 R 5 , NR 4 R 5 , or N(H)C(O)NR 4 R 5 may also form a pyrrolidine, a piperidine, a morpholine, a thiomorpholine, or a thiomorpholine S-dioxide; 15 the NR 4 R 5 group of any C(O)NR 4 R , SO 2 NR 4 R 5 , NR 4 R , or N(H)C(O)NR 4 R 5 may also form a piperazine ring, wherein the other nitrogen atom of the piperazine ring is substituted with hydrogen, (C 1 -C 6 )-alkyl, CH 2 CF 3 , (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, CH 2 (C 3 -C 6 )-cycloalkyl, phenyl, benzyl, hydroxyethyl, or hydroxypropyl; 20 phenyl or heteroaryl rings of Z' and Z 2 are optionally substituted with one-to-three of any one or combination of the following: halo, hydroxy, sulfhydryl, (C 1 -C 3 )-alkoxy, (C 1 -C 3 )-alkyl, (C1-C 3 )-alkylthio, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, cyano, carboxy, carboxy(C 1 -C 3 )-alkyl, carbamoyl, or 25 sulfamoyl; W is a covalent bond, 0, S, SO, SO 2 , CH 2 , CHOH, CO, or NH; U 1 , U 2 , U 3 , U 4 , and a carbon atom form a five-membered heteroaryl 30 ring; wherein one of U 1 , U 2 , U 3 , and U 4 of the five-membered heteroaryl ring is covalently bonded to the R 2 group; wherein the U 1 , U 2 , U 3 , or U 4 that is covalently bonded to the R 2 group is a carbon atom or a nitrogen atom; wherein when the U 1 , U 2 , U 3 , or U 4 that is covalently bonded to the R 2 group is 205 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 a nitrogen atom, one, two, or all of the other three of the group consisting of U 1 , U 2 , U 3 , and U 4 is N and each remaining of the group consisting of U 1 , U 2 , U 3 , and U 4 that is not N is C-R 6 ; wherein when the U 1 , U 2 , U 3 , or U 4 that is covalently bonded to the R 2 group is a carbon atom, one of the other three of 5 the group consisting of U 1 , U 2 , U 3 , and U 4 is N-R 6 , 0, or S, and each of remaining of the group consisting of U 1 , U 2 , U 3 , and U 4 is C-R 6 or N; Y 4 is 0, S, or N-R7; 10 each R 6 is independently hydrogen, methyl, trifluoromethyl, or amino; and each R 7 is independently hydrogen or methyl; 15 or an equivalent thereof, or a hydrate, solvate, or N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
58. A compound of claim 57, or an equivalent thereof, or a hydrate, solvate, or N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, 20 wherein Y 4 is S.
59. A compound of claim 58, or an equivalent thereof, or a hydrate, solvate, or N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein W is a covalent bond. 25
60. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of claim 57, or an equivalent thereof, or a hydrate, solvate, or N-oxide thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereofreof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. 30
61. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of claim 57, or an equivalent thereof, or a hydrate, solvate, or N-oxide thereof, or a 206 WO 2010/033977 PCT/US2009/057813 pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a second pharmacologically active compound. 5 207
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