AU2008202361B2 - Cable connection device - Google Patents
Cable connection device Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- AU2008202361B2 AU2008202361B2 AU2008202361A AU2008202361A AU2008202361B2 AU 2008202361 B2 AU2008202361 B2 AU 2008202361B2 AU 2008202361 A AU2008202361 A AU 2008202361A AU 2008202361 A AU2008202361 A AU 2008202361A AU 2008202361 B2 AU2008202361 B2 AU 2008202361B2
- Authority
- AU
- Australia
- Prior art keywords
- cable
- closure member
- connection device
- electrical
- base portion
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 44
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 29
- WABPQHHGFIMREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead(0) Chemical compound [Pb] WABPQHHGFIMREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910001369 Brass Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000004677 Nylon Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000010951 brass Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000012811 non-conductive material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920001778 nylon Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910000679 solder Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010008 shearing Methods 0.000 description 1
- AYKOTYRPPUMHMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N silver;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Ag] AYKOTYRPPUMHMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005476 soldering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
- H01R4/00—Electrically-conductive connections between two or more conductive members in direct contact, i.e. touching one another; Means for effecting or maintaining such contact; Electrically-conductive connections having two or more spaced connecting locations for conductors and using contact members penetrating insulation
- H01R4/24—Connections using contact members penetrating or cutting insulation or cable strands
- H01R4/2404—Connections using contact members penetrating or cutting insulation or cable strands the contact members having teeth, prongs, pins or needles penetrating the insulation
- H01R4/2408—Connections using contact members penetrating or cutting insulation or cable strands the contact members having teeth, prongs, pins or needles penetrating the insulation actuated by clamping screws
Landscapes
- Connections By Means Of Piercing Elements, Nuts, Or Screws (AREA)
Abstract
CABLE CONNECTION DEVICE An electrical cable connection device includes a body (1) having a base portion (2) and two opposing wall portions (3, 4) upstanding from the base portion (2). The base portion (2) and wall portions (3, 4) define a cable slot (5) for receiving an insulated electrical cable. An insulation piercing device (6) is mounted in the base portion (2) and projects into the cable slot (5). The insulation piercing device (6) is formed of an electrically conductive material. An electrical lead cable (8) is electrically connected to the insulation piercing device (6) and extends from the base portion (2). A closure member (11) having a cable engagement portion (12) is removably mountable on the wall portions (3, 4) to cover the cable slot (5) with the cable engagement portion (12) located within the cable slot (5) and displaceable towards the insulation piercing device (6). Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8
Description
S&F Ref: 854726 AUSTRALIA PATENTS ACT 1990 COMPLETE SPECIFICATION FOR A STANDARD PATENT Name and Address Cable Accessories (Australia) Pty. Ltd., of Applicant: an Australian company, ACN 002 184 616, of 26 Derby Street, Silverwater, New South Wales, 2128, Australia Actual Inventor(s): Bruce James Ogden Address for Service: Spruson & Ferguson St Martins Tower Level 35 31 Market Street Sydney NSW 2000 (CCN 3710000177) Invention Title: Cable connection device Associated Provisional Application Details: [33] Country: [31] Appl'n No(s): [32] Application Date: AU 2007902880 29 May 2007 The following statement is a full description of this invention, including the best method of performing it known to me/us: 5845c(1 254479_1) II CABLE CONNECTION DEVICE Technical Field The present invention relates to the field of electrical cable connection devices. 5 Background of the Invention Metered domestic and commercial mains power supplies have one or more meters mounted in a meter box. The meter box is typically provided with a neutral link that is electrically connected to an earth point of the building to which mains power is being 1o supplied. The body of each of the meters is electrically connected to the neutral link. There is typically a requirement that the neutral cable of the incoming mains power supply be electrically connected to the neutral link. A typical method of achieving this connection is to remove a portion of insulation from the neutral cable where it passes through or adjacent to the meter box, solder a small insulated lead wire to the neutral is cable, then tape up the exposed area of bare neutral cable with electrical tape. The lead wire is then connected to the neutral link. A need exists for a simple electrically safe neutral cable connection device that enables electrical coupling of the neutral cable to the neutral link without significant damage to the integrity of the insulation of the neutral cable. It is also preferred that such 20 a device allow for connection using a range of neutral cable sizes, which typically vary from cross-sectional areas of 6 mm 2 to 35 mm 2 . Metered mains power supplies are also subject to electricity theft. Power users are currently able to remove the electrical tape covering the soldered connection between the neutral cable and lead wire and disconnect the neutral cable and lead wire by removing 25 the solder from the connection. This results in the meter stopping and thus no longer measuring the amount of power consumed. The user is then able to re-establish the connection between the neutral cable and lead wire by re-soldering, and again covering the connection with electrical tape. Accordingly, there is no evidence that the connection has been tampered with. 30 A further need thus exists for an initial cable connection device that inhibits disconnection without evidence of tampering. Object of the Invention It is the object of the present invention to satisfy at least one of the above needs, or 35 at least provide a useful alternative to current electrical connections.
2 Summary of the Invention In a first aspect, the present invention provides an electrical cable connection device comprising: 5 a body having a base portion and two opposing wall portions upstanding from said base portion, said base portion and wall portions defining a cable slot for receiving an insulated electrical cable; an insulation piercing device mounted in said base portion and projecting into said cable slot, said insulation piercing device being formed of an electrically conductive 10 material; an electrical lead cable electrically connected to said insulation piercing device and extending from said base portion; and a closure member having a cable engagement portion, said closure member being removably mountable on said wall portions to cover said cable slot with said cable is engagement portion located within said cable slot and displaceable towards said insulation piercing device; wherein an outwardly facing surface of each of said wall portions is threaded and said closure member has a co-operating internally threaded annular wall adapted to threadingly engage said outwardly facing surfaces so as to mount said closure member on 20 said wall portions and displace said cable engagement portion towards said insulation piercing device. Preferably, said electrical cable connection device further comprises a removable insert locatable on said base portion within said cable slot, said insert having a recess for receipt of an insulated electrical cable and an aperture extending from a base of said insert 25 into said recess for receipt of said insulation piercing device. Typically, said cable engagement portion is in the form of a substantially cylindrical plug. In one form, said electrical cable connection device further comprises: a cover mounted on and extending about said annular wall of said closure member, 30 said cover being freely rotatable about said annular wall to inhibit direct application of torque to said annular wall; and a frangible drive mechanism mounted on an end wall of said closure member for driving said closure member with respect to said base member, said frangible drive mechanism being configured to break from said closure member upon application of a 35 predetermined torque.
3 Typically, said frangible drive mechanism is integrally formed with said closure member. In a second aspect, the present invention provides an electrical cable connection device comprising: s an externally threaded body; a closure member having an internally threaded annular wall and an end wall, said closure member being removably threadably mountable on said body; electrical connection means for establishing an electrical connection within said closure member by threadingly driving said closure member onto said body; 10 a cover mounted on and extending about said annular wall of said closure member, said cover being freely rotatable about said annular wall to inhibit direct application of torque to said annular wall; and a frangible drive mechanism mounted on said end wall of said closure member for threadingly driving said closure member on to said base member, said frangible drive 15 mechanism being configured to break from said closure member upon application of a predetermined torque. Typically said frangible drive mechanism is integrally formed with said closure member. 20 Brief Description of the Drawings Preferred embodiments of the present invention will now be described, by way of an example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings wherein: Figure 1 is a perspective view of the body of an electrical cable connection device; Figure 2 is a partially cut-away perspective view of the body of Figure 1; 25 Figure 3 is a perspective view of an insulation piercing device and lead cable of an electrical cable connection device; Figure 4 is a perspective view of an alternate insulation piercing device and lead cable; Figure 5 is a perspective view of a closure member of an electrical cable connection 30 device; Figure 6 is a cross-sectional view of an electrical cable connection device including the body of Figure 1 and the closure member of Figure 5; Figure 7 is a perspective view of an insert of an electrical cable connection device; and 4 Figure 8 is a cross-sectional view of the electrical cable connection device of Figure 6 including the insert of Figure 7. Figure 9 is an exploded perspective view of an alternate electrical cable connection device. 5 Figure 10 is an exploded sectional perspective view of the alternate electrical cable connection device of Figure 9. Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiments Referring firstly to Figures 1 and 2, an electrical cable connection device includes a 10 body I having a base portion 2 and two opposing wall portions 3, 4 upstanding from the base portion 2. The base portion 2 and wall portions 3, 4 define a cable slot 5 for receiving an insulated electrical cable. In the embodiment depicted, the cable slot has a width measured between the wall portions 3, 4 of approximately 6.5 mm to 7 mm to allow for receipt of electrical cables having cross-sectional areas up to approximately 35 is mm 2 . The body I is integrally moulded from a non-conductive material, typically glass filled nylon. The outwardly facing surfaces 3a, 4a of the wall portions 3, 4 are threaded, with these surfaces 3a, 4a each having arc shaped profiles when viewed from above, forming arcs of a common circle to allow for operation of the threads. Referring now to Figures 2 and 3, the insulation piercing device 6 is mounted in the 20 base portion 2, here by moulding the base portion 2 over the insulation piercing device 6. The insulation piercing device 6 is here in the form of a sheet of electrically conductive material, typically brass or tin-plated copper, with serrated teeth 7 formed along one edge of the device 6. The teeth 7 project into the cable slot 5. An electrical lead cable 8 is electrically connected to the insulation piercing device 6, here by pressing a curled tail 25 portion 9 of the insulation piercing device 6 onto an end portion 8a of the lead cable 8 that has been stripped of insulation, as best depicted in Figure 3. The opposing end 8b of the lead cable 8 is provided with a terminal lug 10 for attaching to a neutral link. The lead cable 8 is connected to the insulation piercing device 6 prior to overmoulding of the base portion 2. When the base portion 2 has been moulded, the lead cable 8 is left projecting 30 from the base portion 2, as is apparent from Figure 2. As an alternative to the serrated teeth sheet form of insulation piercing device 6, alternate forms of insulation piercing devices are envisaged, such as a brass spike 6', as depicted in Figure 4. Figure 5 depicts a closure member 11 configured to be mounted on the wall 35 portions 3, 4 of the body 1. Such mounting is best depicted in Figure 6, showing the 5 assembled electrical cable connection device connecting a neutral electrical cable 20. The closure member 11 has a cable engagement portion 12 that is located within the cable slot 5 when the closure member 11 is mounted on the wall portions 3, 4. Here the cable engagement portion 12 is in the form of a substantially cylindrical plug. The closure s member 11 has an outer annular wall 13 that is internally threaded so as to co-operate with the threaded outer surfaces 3a, 4a of the wall portions 3, 4. Accordingly, threading of the closure member 11 on to the wall portions 3, 4 results in the cable engagement portion 12 being displaced towards the insulation piercing device 6. The closure member 11 is formed of a non-conductive material, typically being moulded from glass filled io nylon. The exterior surface of the annular wall 13 is knurled so as to provide improved grip for the operator. In use, the body 1 is placed partway along the neutral electrical cable 20 as it passes through or adjacent the meter box. The closure member 11 is then mounted on the wall portions 3, 4 so as to cover the cable slot 5, retaining the neutral electrical cable 20 within 15 the cable slot. The closure member 11 is threaded downwardly onto the wall portions 3, 4, displacing the cable engagement portion 12 towards the neutral electrical cable 20 and the insulation piercing device 6. As the closure member 11 is threaded downwardly, the cable engagement portion 12 engages the neutral electrical cable 20 and presses it on to the insulation piercing device 6. The pressure applied by the cable engagement portion 20 12 results in the insulation piercing device 6 piercing the insulation 21 of the neutral electrical cable 20 and electrically contacting the conductive core 22 of the neutral electrical cable 20, thereby establishing an electrical connection between the neutral electrical cable 20 and the lead cable 8. The lead cable 8 is connected to the neutral link by way of the terminal lug 10, thereby completing the connection. 25 It is envisaged that the closure member 11 may be provided with a mechanism to inhibit removal of the closure member 11 once it has been threaded on to the wall portions 3, 4, typically once a specific pressure has been applied. With the cable slot 5 being sized for receipt of electrical cables up to a cross sectional area of 35 mm 2 there is a possibility that small cross-sectional area cables 30 utilised with the electrical cable connection device might slip to the side of the insulation piercing device 6, such that the insulation piercing device 6 does not pierce the insulation of the cable. There is also a possibility that the insulation piercing device will penetrate too deeply into the small cable, with a possibility of breaking the cable. To allow for connection utilising such small cables, a removable insert 14, depicted 35 in Figure 7, is provided. The insert 14 is also typically moulded from glass filled nylon, 6 or any other suitable non-conductive material. The insert 14 has a flat lower face 15, opposing side faces 16, 17 and an upper face 18 in which is formed a semi-circular recess 19 for receipt of a smaller cross-sectional area electrical cable. The specific size of the recess 19 may be selected as desired, depending upon the range of cable diameters sought 5 to be utilised, however, a diameter of the order of 4 mm to 5 mm would be appropriate to allow for receipt of electrical cables with cross-sectional areas of the order of 10 mm 2 to 2 15 mm . The lower face 15 has a width allowing the insert 14 to be snugly received in the cable slot 5 with the lower face 15 located on the base 2 and the side faces 16, 17 located adjacent the wall portions 3, 4, as depicted in Figure 8. An aperture 23 extends 10 through the insert 14 between the lower face 14 and the recess 19 for receipt of the insulation piercing device 6. As depicted in Figure 8, the insert 14 locates a smaller diameter cable 20' in a more restricted location directly over the insulation piercing device 6, preventing the cable from slipping to the side of the insulation piercing device 6. The insert 14 also raises the smaller diameter cable 20' in relation to the insulation piercing is device 6, such that the insulation piercing device 6 only protrudes into the recess 18 (and consequently into the smaller diameter cable 20'), a smaller distance as compared to when the insert 14 is omitted. Accordingly, provision of the removable insert 14 provides the electrical cable connection device with range-taking flexibility, allowing for reliable connection of cables of various ranges and for the embodiment depicted ranges varying 22 20 from approximately 6 mm up to 35 mm 2 . Of course, the specific dimensions of the electrical cable device could be varied as desired to suit other ranges of cables. Whilst the electrical cable connection device has been described particularly in relation to connecting neutral mains electrical cables to neutral links in metered applications, it is also envisaged that the electrical cable connection device may be 25 utilised to connect various electrical cables partway along their length, particularly in low amperage applications. The electrical cable connection device may be used on electrical cables having either solid single core or multiple wire conductors. A person skilled in the art will also appreciate that various modifications to the described electrical cable connection device may be readily made. 30 An alternate form of electrical cable connection device is depicted in Figures 9 and 10. Features of the electrical cable connection device of Figures 9 and 10 that are common with those of the electrical connection device of Figures 1 and 2 are provided with like reference numerals. The electrical cable connection device of Figures 9 and 10 includes a body 1' that is substantially identical to the body I of Figures 1 and 2, except 35 that the annular shoulder 24 defined between the base portion 2' and the wall portions 3, 4 7 is broader. The insulation piercing device 6' mounted on the base portion 2' is in the form of a brass spike 6' of the form depicted in Figure 4. The closure member 11' of the electrical cable connection device of Figures 9 and 10 is also substantially identical to the closure member 11 depicted in Figures 5 and 6, except that the exterior surface of the 5 annular wall 13' is smooth, a chamfered annular lip 25 extends about the end wall 28 of the closure member 11, and a frangible drive mechanism, here in the form of a frangible drive head 26, is mounted on, and is integrally formed with, the end wall 28 of the closure member 11'. The electrical cable connection device of Figures 9 and 10 further includes a cover 10 27 that is mounted on and extends about the annular wall 13' of the closure member 11'. In use, the cover 27 is fitted over the annular wall 13' and is freely rotatable about the annular wall 13', inhibiting gripping of the annular wall 13' for direct application of torque thereto. The closure member 11' is threadingly driven onto the wall portions 3, 4 by way of is a spanner, socket or other driving tool applied to the drive head 26. As increasing pressure is applied by the cable engagement portion 12 to the neutral electrical cable 20 (not depicted in Figures 9 and 10), the torque required to further drive the drive head 26 similarly increases until a predetermined torque (here 12Nm) is reached at which the drive head 26 breaks from the closure member 11 by shearing. At this stage, the cover 27 20 is retained in its position about the annular wall 13 by way of the annular shoulder 24 adjacent the lower edge 30 of the cover and the chamfered lip 25 of the end wall 28 of the closure member which is located adjacent the corresponding chamfered top edge 29 of the cover. With the drive head 26 having been sheared from the closure member, and the freely rotatable cover 27 preventing ready access to the annular wall 13' for direct 25 application of torque thereto, tampering with the connection established by removing the closure member 11' is inhibited. Removal or at least damage of the cover 27 would generally be required to provide the necessary access to the annular wall 13' to enable sufficient torque to be applied to loosen the closure member 11' from the body 1' to enable disconnection of the wires connected by the electrical cable connection device.
8 The above described anti-tampering arrangement is also applicable to other forms of electrical cable connection devices having any of various means for establishing an electrical connection defined within the closure member.
Claims (8)
1. An electrical cable connection device comprising: a body having a base portion and two opposing wall portions upstanding from said s base portion, said base portion and wall portions defining a cable slot for receiving an insulated electrical cable; an insulation piercing device mounted in said base portion and projecting into said cable slot, said insulation piercing device being formed of an electrically conductive material; 10 an electrical lead cable electrically connected to said insulation piercing device and extending from said base portion; and a closure member having a cable engagement portion, said closure member being removably mountable on said wall portions to cover said cable slot with said cable engagement portion located within said cable slot and displaceable towards said 15 insulation piercing device; wherein an outwardly facing surface of each of said wall portions is threaded and said closure member has a co-operating internally threaded annular wall adapted to threadingly engage said outwardly facing surfaces so as to mount said closure member on said wall portions and displace said cable engagement portion towards said insulation 20 piercing device.
2. The cable connection device of claim 1, wherein a removable insert is locatable on said base portion within said cable slot, said insert having a recess for receipt of an insulated electrical cable and an aperture extending from a base of said insert into 25 said recess for receipt of said insulation piercing device.
3. The cable connection device of either one of claims 1 and 2, wherein the cable engagement portion is in the form of a substantially cylindrical plug. 30
4. The cable connection device of any one of claims 1 to 3, further comprising: a cover mounted on and extending about said annular wall of said closure member, said cover being freely rotatable about said annular wall to inhibit direct application of torque to said annular wall; and a frangible drive mechanism mounted on an end wall of said closure member for 35 driving said closure member with respect to said base member, said frangible drive 10 mechanism being configured to break from said closure member upon application of a predetermined torque.
5. The cable connection device of claim 4, wherein said frangible drive s mechanism is integrally formed with said closure member.
6. An electrical cable connection device comprising: an externally threaded body; a closure member having an internally threaded annular wall and an end wall, said to closure member being removably threadably mountable on said body; electrical connection means for establishing an electrical connection within said closure member by threadingly driving said closure member onto said body; a cover mounted on and extending about said annular wall of said closure member, said cover being freely rotatable about said annular wall to inhibit direct application of is torque to said annular wall; and a frangible drive mechanism mounted on said end wall of said closure member for threadingly driving said closure member on to said base member, said frangible drive mechanism being configured to break from said closure member upon application of a predetermined torque. 20
7. The cable connection device of claim 7, wherein the frangible drive mechanism is integrally formed with said closure member.
8. An electrical cable connection device substantially as hereinbefore described 25 with reference to Figures 1 to 8 or Figures 9 and 10 of the accompanying drawings. Dated 3 November, 2011 Cable Accessories (Australia) Pty. Ltd. Patent Attorneys for the Applicant/Nominated Person SPRUSON & FERGUSON
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| AU2008202361A AU2008202361B2 (en) | 2007-05-29 | 2008-05-28 | Cable connection device |
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| AU2007902880A AU2007902880A0 (en) | 2007-05-29 | Cable connection device | |
| AU2007902880 | 2007-05-29 | ||
| AU2008202361A AU2008202361B2 (en) | 2007-05-29 | 2008-05-28 | Cable connection device |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| AU2008202361A1 AU2008202361A1 (en) | 2008-12-18 |
| AU2008202361B2 true AU2008202361B2 (en) | 2011-11-24 |
Family
ID=40158172
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| AU2008202361A Ceased AU2008202361B2 (en) | 2007-05-29 | 2008-05-28 | Cable connection device |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| AU (1) | AU2008202361B2 (en) |
Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4080034A (en) * | 1976-06-10 | 1978-03-21 | Amp Incorporated | Insulation piercing tap assembly |
| US4778405A (en) * | 1984-10-05 | 1988-10-18 | Amp Incorporated | T-tap electrical connector having opening for test probe |
| US5041012A (en) * | 1989-06-27 | 1991-08-20 | Bardes Corporation, Ilsco Division | Insulation piercing electrical clamp connector |
| US5704801A (en) * | 1996-08-30 | 1998-01-06 | The Whitaker Corporation | Power cable tap connector |
-
2008
- 2008-05-28 AU AU2008202361A patent/AU2008202361B2/en not_active Ceased
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4080034A (en) * | 1976-06-10 | 1978-03-21 | Amp Incorporated | Insulation piercing tap assembly |
| US4778405A (en) * | 1984-10-05 | 1988-10-18 | Amp Incorporated | T-tap electrical connector having opening for test probe |
| US5041012A (en) * | 1989-06-27 | 1991-08-20 | Bardes Corporation, Ilsco Division | Insulation piercing electrical clamp connector |
| US5704801A (en) * | 1996-08-30 | 1998-01-06 | The Whitaker Corporation | Power cable tap connector |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AU2008202361A1 (en) | 2008-12-18 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| FGA | Letters patent sealed or granted (standard patent) | ||
| MK14 | Patent ceased section 143(a) (annual fees not paid) or expired |