AU2004313609A1

AU2004313609A1 - High impact strength, elastic, composite, fibre, metal laminate

Info

Publication number: AU2004313609A1
Application number: AU2004313609A
Authority: AU
Inventors: Jasko Musaefendic
Original assignee: ELACO Pty Ltd
Current assignee: ELACO Pty Ltd
Priority date: 2004-01-19
Filing date: 2004-07-29
Publication date: 2005-07-28
Anticipated expiration: 2024-07-29
Also published as: AU2004313609B2

Description

WO 2005/068176 PCT/AU2004/001004 1 High Impact Strength, Elastic, Composite, Fibre, Metal Laminate FIELD OF THE INVENTION 5 A Novel High Impact Strength, Elastic ELACOTm (ELAstic COmposites) Fibre Metal Laminate Structure represents a new approach in damage tolerant design philosophy having a first and second outer face layer for forming an outer face (4), a first and second ply (2), and a dissipating element (1) and polymer matrix (3). The dissipating elements (1) are various any metal and non-metal structures 10 (expanded metal, ornamesh, rigidised metal, corrugated sheet, tube, balls, and any other similar forms, aluminium foam or other metallic foam-like structures) having the function of dissipation and redirection of local active loading (impact) applied to at least one of the two outer faces, to longitudinal (tensile) reactive loading in fibre reinforcement-inner plies. 15 The outer plies (2) are constructed from a variety of reinforcement materials (Glass, Aramid, Carbon fibre, and any other single or hybrid sorts), in combination with variety of any known thermosetting and thermoplastic matrixes (3): Vinylester, Epoxy, Phenolic, Polypropylene, Nylon, fire retardant, corrosion resistant, any sort of adhesives, coatings and pigments. 20 The outer face layers (4) are made from a variety of any metallic and non-metallic materials. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The elastic properties of continuous and unidirectional fibrous composites are highly anisotropic and depend of fibre orientation with respect to the applied stress. The 25 axial tensile strength of a unidirectional lamina is typically controlled by the fibre ultimate strain. The transversal tensile strength of a unidirectional lamina is mainly controlled by the matrix ultimate strain. The strength of a fibre reinforced structure is at least an order of magnitude greater in the longitudinal direction than in the transversal/perpendicular direction to the fibre main axis. 30 In comparison with traditional structural materials the Novel High Impact Strength, Elastic ELACOTM Fibre Metal Laminate group offers a unique combination of mechanical strength, especially during extreme loading, (impact), with significant weight reduction in comparison with similar samples made from steel or aluminium. In comparison with already known/existing composite structures whose major 35 disadvantage is brittleness, Novel High Impact Strength, Elastic ELACOTM Fibre Metal Laminate offers high impact resistance with exceptionally high levels of elasticity and elastic recovery after plastic deformation. Novel High Impact Strength, Elastic ELACOTM Fibre Metal Laminate structure is made from cost-effective and standard materials and exhibits significant proven 40 improved mechanical properties in comparison with all existing fibre-metal laminates. Its properties include: WO 2005/068176 PCT/AU2004/001004 2 e high impact strength, * high energy-absorbing ability, 45 9 high elasticity under impact, e high percentage of elastic recovery during plastic deformation, * internal force/impact energy dissipation in the direction of the fibre reinforcements, e low density, 50 e high tensile strength in all directions, * high fatigue resistance and durability, e simple and cost-effective machining and fabricating. The feature common to all polymeric composite processes is the combining of a resin, 55 a curing agent, some type of reinforcing fibre, and, in some cases, a solvent. Typically, heat and pressure are used to shape and "cure" the mixture into a finished part. In composites, the resin acts to hold the fibres together and protect them, and to transfer the load to the fibres in the fabricated composite part. The curing agent, also known as hardener, acts as a catalyst and helps in curing the resin to a hard plastic. 60 The reinforcing fibres impart strength and other required properties to the composite. Production of Novel High Impact Strength, Elastic ELACOTM Fibre Metal Laminates includes all known processes in composite manufacturing such as: 1. Hand lay-up The hand lay-up technique is one of the oldest, simplest and most commonly used 65 methods to manufacture composite, or fibre-reinforced, products. The product is trimmed and laid down over a mould where it is formed to the desired shape. Several layers may be required. Resins are impregnated by hand into fibres which are in the form of woven, knitted, stitched or bonded fabrics. This is usually accomplished by rollers or brushes, with an increasing use of nip-roller type 70 impregnators for forcing resin into the fabrics by means of rotating rollers and a bath of resin. Laminates are then left to cure under standard atmospheric conditions. Materials Options: Resins: Any, e.g. epoxy, polyester, vinylester, phenolic. Fibres: Any, although heavy aramid fabrics can be hard to wet-out by hand. 75 Cores: Any. Main Advantages: i) Widely used for many years; ii) Simple principles to teach; iii) Low cost tooling, if room-temperature cure resins are used; 80 iv) Wide choice of suppliers and material types; and v) Higher fibre contents, and longer fibres than with spray lay-up.

WO 2005/068176 PCT/AU2004/001004 3 2. Vacuum Bagging This is basically an extension of the wet lay-up process described above, where 85 pressure is applied to the laminate once laid-up in order to improve its consolidation. This is achieved by sealing a plastic film over the wet laid-up laminate and onto the tool. The air under the bag is extracted by a vacuum pump and thus pressure of up to one atmosphere can be applied to the laminate to consolidate it. Materials Options: 90 Resins: Primarily epoxy and phenolic. Polyesters and vinylesters may have problems due to excessive extraction of styrene from the resin by the vacuum pump. Fibres: The consolidation pressures mean that a variety of heavy fabrics can be wet out. 95 Cores: Any. Main Advantages: i) Higher fibre content laminates can usually be achieved than with standard wet lay-up techniques. ii) Lower void contents are achieved than with wet lay-up. 100 iii) Better fibre wet-out due to pressure and resin flow throughout structural fibres, with excess into bagging materials. iv) Health and safety: The vacuum bag reduces the amount of volatiles emitted during cure. 3. Autoclave moulding 105 Maximising performance of thermoset composite materials requires, amongst other things, an increase in the fibre to resin ratio and removal of all air voids. This can be achieved by subjecting the material to elevated pressures and temperatures. As described in the vacuum bagging section, some pressure can be exerted by applying a vacuum to a sealed bag containing the resin/fibre lay-up. 110 However, to achieve three dimensional, uniform pressures of greater than 1 bar, additional external pressure is required. The most controllable method of achieving this for an infinite variety of different shapes and sizes is by applying a compressed gas into a pressure vessel containing the composite lay up. In practice, this is achieved in an autoclave. 115 To achieve internal active force/impact energy dissipation in Novel High Impact Strength, Elastic ELACOTM Fibre Metal Laminate (Figure 1.) various metallic and non-metallic structures may be used as dissipating elements: expanded, ornamesh, rigidised forms, corrugated sheets, tubes, balls, aluminium foam or other metallic foam-like structures and any other similar forms (2), and include but are not limited to 120 one or more elements selected from the following metallic and non-metallic material WO 2005/068176 PCT/AU2004/001004 4 groups such as: aluminium alloys, steel alloys, zinc alloys, titanium alloys, copper alloys, magnesium alloys, nickel alloys, aluminium alloy matrix composites, thermoplastics, plastics, polymers foams, wood, rubber. As a result of loading redirection/dissipation, there are now tensile-reactive 125 forces/loadings in reinforcement plies and based on mechanical properties of fibre reinforcement materials, where the tensile strength of reinforcement materials is at least an order of magnitude higher than transversal strength, the result is the significantly higher strength of the new ELACOTM structure. With application of this invention, the impact resistance of the Novel High hnpact 130 Strength, Elastic ELACOTM Fibre Metal Laminate does not depend mainly on the matrix's (3) properties; it is now directly dependable on the fibre reinforcements' mechanical properties. With respect to orientation these internal dissipating elements may be arranged as: unidirectional, cross-ply, symmetric, balanced, quasi-isotropic. 135 As components in the manufacturing of a diverse variety of Novel High Impact Strength, Elastic ELACOTM Fibre Metal Laminates may use, any single or hybrid known reinforcement fibres that are made from one or more materials selected from the groups consisting: E-glass, R- glass, S2-glass, aramids, carbon and hybrid fibre reinforcements (2) as Quadriaxial, Unidirectional, Double-bias, Biaxial, Triaxial, 140 Plain woven, Woven rovings, with use of any known matrixes (3): Vinylester, Epoxy, Phenolic, fire retardant, corrosion resistant resins, and any sort of adhesives, coatings and pigments. With respect to orientation, reinforcement plies may be arranged as: unidirectional, cross-ply, symmetric, balanced, quasi-isotropic and hybrid laminates. 145 Outer face layers (4), whether for protective or decorative purpose, may be one of the metallic and non-metallic materials such as: aluminium alloys, steel alloys, zinc alloys, titanium alloys, copper alloys, magnesium alloys, nickel alloys, alloy matrix composites, wood, plastics, rubber, paper, thermoplastics, polymers, foams, rubber. The Novel High Impact Strength, Elastic ELACOTM Fibre Metal Laminate may 150 include structures based on a variety of metallic and non-metallic materials such as:' foams, wood, rubber, honeycomb structures, thermoplastics, plastics, ceramics, polymers, hybrid sandwiches, paper. The Novel High Impact Strength, Elastic ELACOTM Fibre Metal Laminates may be manufactured and used in a variety of applications in combination with any metallic 155 and non-metallic materials, such as: honeycomb structures, wood, foam, thermoplastics, ceramics, plastics, hybrid sandwiches, rubber. Nanostructures may be formed as described above, with substitution of expensive materials such as boron and others, with materials mentioned, to reduce current high prices and make them widely available to industry. 160 The fabrication process of the Novel High Impact Strength, Elastic ELACOTm Fibre Metal Laminate includes two additional operations that consist of: WO 2005/068176 PCT/AU2004/001004 5 " preparation (cleaning/anodising) of structures used as a dissipating element; and " implementation of one or more internal dissipating elements in new 165 ELACOTM Laminates as well as in other composite structures. As the second stage of fabricating parts/structures with the use of new ELACOTM Laminates, the following processes may be used most of technologies used in metal and plastics forming processes such as: moulding, stamping, technologies used in cold deformation forming processes such as: blanking, punching, flanging, embossing, 170 bending, drawing. Primary and secondary structures designed, created and manufactured on the basis of Novel High Impact Strength, Elastic ELACOTM Fibre Metal Laminate idea-invention, can be used in the: *aviation industry (civil and military), 175 space industry (civil and military), *train and rail industry (civil and military), maritime industry (civil and military), automotive industry (civil and military), all sorts of building industry (civil and military), 180 * protective industry/ballistic (civil and military), * construction industry, decoration, machinery, furniture and municipal engineering, road-side safety barriers, and simmilar, * multiple general applications, * materials developed through nanotechnology. 185 EXAMPLES For example, measured and calculated average properties of Novel High Impact Strength, Elastic ELACOTM Fibre Metal Laminate sample made from two outer layers of E-Glass quadriaxial woven fibre 1200 gr/m2, one internal/dissipation element: Aluminium Ornamesh Type R, and Vinylester resin DERAKANE 411-350, are: 190 - Tensile Strength a> 1000 MPa, - Density p = 2247 kg / m 3 , - Peak Impact Force F = 184.3 kN (without penetration), - Impact Energy Absorbed EA = 3985 J (without penetration), - Deflection 41 mm, 195 - Young's modulus of elasticity E = 33 GPa, - Poison's ratio v = 0.33. 200 WO 2005/068176 PCT/AU2004/001004 6 205 Table 1. Comparison of selected mechanical properties of materials now in use in the automotive and aviation industries with the Novel High Impact Strength, Elastic ELACOTm Fibre Metal Laminates Specific Materials sickness Specific Veight Absorbed bsorbed Impact )eformation Peak Tensile [mm] Weight per Impact Energy/Weight [mm] Force Strength [kg/rn 3 ] 1m 2 Energy [J/kg] [kN] [MPa] Aluminium 1.5 2750 4.13 0 0 perforated - 485 Steel 0.8 7850 6.28 0 0 perforated - 655 Steel 1.5 7850 11.78 4272 1453 69 133.4 655 Honey.Comp. 4.3 1220 5.25 - - perforated - 'lare-5 2.0 2590 5.18 150 - perforated 10.3 ELACOTM1 2.9 2247 6.51 3985 1510 41 184.3 >1000 ELACOTM2 5.0 1934 9.67 3778 1108 13 153.9 >1000 ELACOTM6 15.2 1304 .9.82 3919 688 29 176.0 >1000 DYN 1 - - - 3727 - erforated 91.7 DYN 5 - - - 4100 - erforated 69.9 Legend: - Data for Glare-5, "Application of Fibre-Metal Laminates", Polymer Composites, August 2000, 215 [Absorbed Impact Energy (maximum) before Perforation], - Data for DYN 1, and DYN 5 (Structures based on Kevlar reinforcements), form "Impact Testing in Formula One", A. N. Mellor, (Absorbed impact Energy within displacement of 100 mm) Transport Research Laboratory, Crowthorne, England, ("ICRASH 2002" International Conference, February 2002, Melbourne), 220 - ELACOTM - Novel High Impact Strength, Elastic ELACOTM Fibre Metal Laminate Structures. Samples (Aluminium, Steel and ELACOTM) were rigorously tested on a controlled drop weight impact tower with an impactor made from solid steel, weighing 45 kg. 225 The impactor head was formed as a ball of diameter 200 mm. Sample dimensions was 500x500 mm. The speed of the impactor at the moment of impact was 55 km/h. The comparison between Steel sample thickness 1.5 mm and sample ELACOTM 1 (Table 1), shows that the level of impact energy absorbed by ELACOTM 1 is 93% greater than the impact energy absorbed by the Steel sample with 40% lower 230 deflection after impact. At the same time, the weight reduction between ELACOTM 1 and Steel 1.5 mm is more than 100%. In comparison with Steel 1.5 mm sample, ELACOTM 2 shows high level of elasticity, superior deflection reduction with significant weight reduction. Deflection of ELACOTM 2 is only 20% of deflection recorded by the Steel sample, with 88% of 235 impact energy absorbed of these absorbed by the Steel sample. Use of the Novel High Impact Strength, Elastic ELACOTM Fibre Metal Laminates delivers highly controlled and predictable behaviour under load, accompanied by: manufacturing costs can be minimized since known and established manufacturing processes are used; WO 2005/068176 PCT/AU2004/001004 7 240 a significant finished-product weight reduction; e demonstrated increases in mechanical properties through its substitution for heavier (steel and aluminium) and more expensive metals; e expected improved fatigue resistance; 0 low maintenance and repair costs; 245 * the possibility of innovative cost-saving solutions to design problems now limited by the necessity to use conventional heavier metal sheeting; e the possibility to manufacture complex sections with reduced number of primary parts in an assembly. The desirable properties of the Novel High Impact Strength, Elastic ELACOTM Fibre 250 Metal Laminates give their user a unique opportunity to create structures exhibiting easily replicated, tightly controlled behaviour under a wide range of loads, especially under extreme impact loading. The physical properties of the Novel High Impact Strength, Elastic ELACOTM Fibre Metal Laminates could be widely varied and precisely tailored to the needs of the 255 particular end use application by combining various sorts of materials in creating new structures. The result of all above mentioned is an opportunity of global implications for the application and further development *of high-tech, high-impact - strength, cost effective, new products and components for everyday use in manufacturing, transport, 260 packaging and industry in general. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figure 1. is a fragmentary cross-sectional view of a Novel High Impact Strength, Elastic ELACO T M Fibre Metal Laminate with tubes as dissipating elements. Figure 2. is a fragmentary cross-sectional view of a Novel High Impact Strength, 265 Elastic ELACOTm Fibre Metal Laminate with corrugated sheet as dissipating elements. Figure 3. is a fragmentary cross-sectional view of a Novel High Impact Strength, Elastic ELACOTM Fibre Metal Laminate with ornamesh/rigidised form as dissipating elements. 270 Figure 4. is a graph showing the relationship between sample weight and impact energy absorbed. Fiaure 5. is a graph showing weight comparison between samples. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Figure 1. illustrates basic principles of internal force-impact energy dissipation and 275 redirection of local active loading (impact) [F] applied to at least one of the two outer faces of the new structure, to longitudinal (tensile) reaction [Fi] in fibre reinforcement plies. These forces are forming force equilibrium as shown on Figure 1. Figure 1. shows an example of the new ELACOTM structure (ELACOTM 7) where the tubes (1) are dissipated elements.

WO 2005/068176 PCT/AU2004/001004 8 280 Figures 2. and 3. show another two examples where applied various metal structures (expanded metal, ornamesh, rigidised forms, corrugated sheets), as the dissipated elements (1), can redirect outer active force/impact energy [F] to the face of the structure, to the longitudinal force/reaction [Fi] in the reinforcement plies (2). Figure 3. shows very high consistency of impact energy absorbed by new ELACOTM 285 samples. Figure 4. shows significant specific weight reduction of new ELACOTM materials in comparison with steel and aluminium. Although particular preferred embodiments of the invention have been disclosed in detail for illustrative purposes, it will be recognised that variations or 290 modifications of the disclosed invention, including the use of various materials in creating Novel High Impact Strength, Elastic ELACOTM Fibre Metal Laminates lie within the scope of the present invention.

Claims

What is claimed is: Claiml.

High Impact Strength, Elastic ELACO™ Fibre Metal Laminate comprising: a) a first outer layer, b) a second outer layer, c) a first ply, d) a second ply, the first and second ply being placed between the first and second outer layers, e) at least one dissipating element between the first and second ply adapted to dissipate and redirect randomly directed local loading applied to at least one of the two outer layers, to tensile loading directed in longitudinal direction (tensile) of the first and second plies; f) a polymer matrix in between (a), (b), (c) and (d). Claim 2

High Impact Strength, Elastic ELACO™ Fibre Metal Laminate as defined in Claim 1 wherein multiple layers of (c), (d), (e) and (f) are placed between the outer layers.

Claim 3

High Impact Strength, Elastic ELACO™ Fibre Metal Laminate, as defined in any preceding claim wherein the first and second plies are reinforcement plies.

Claim 4

High Impact Strength, Elastic ELACO™ Fibre Metal Laminate, as defined in any preceding claim wherein the dissipating element is one or more elements selected from the group consisting of various metal and non-metallic structures such as: expanded, ornamesh, rigidised metal, corrugated sheet, tubes, balls, aluminium foam or other metallic foam-like structures and any other similar forms

Claim 5.

High Impact Strength, Elastic ELACO™ Fibre Metal Laminate, as defined in any preceding claim, wherein the dissipating element is made from on or more materials selected from the metallic and non-metallic materials group such as: aluminium alloys, steel alloys, zinc alloys, titanium alloys, copper alloys, magnesium alloys, nickel alloys, aluminium alloy matrix composites, thermoplastics, plastics, polymers foams, wood and rubber. Claim 6.

High Impact Strength, Elastic ELACO™ Fibre Metal Laminate, as defined in Claim 5, wherein the dissipating ply elements are arranged as: unidirectional, cross-ply, symmetric, balanced, quasi-isotropic or hybrid laminates. Claim 7.

High Impact Strength, Elastic ELACO™ Fibre Metal Laminate as defined in any of Claims 3-6, wherein the reinforcement plies are made from one or more materials selected from the group consisting of: E-glass, R-glass, S2-glass, aramids, carbon and any other single or hybrid sorts of fibre reinforcements as Quadriaxial, Unidirectional, Double-bias, Biaxial, Triaxial, Plain woven or Woven rovings.

Claim 8.

High Impact Strength, Elastic ELACO™ Fibre Metal Laminate as defined in any of claims 1-7, wherein the matrix is made from one or more selected from any known thermosetting and thermoplastic matrix group such as: Vinylester, Epoxy, Phenolic, fire retardant and corrosion resistant resin and suitable adhesive(s).

Claim 9.

High Impact Strength, Elastic ELACO™ Fibre Metal Laminate as defined in Claim 8, wherein any known coatings and/or pigments are added to the matrix.

Claim 10. High Impact Strength, Elastic ELACO™ Fibre Metal Laminate, as defined in Claim 7, wherein the reinforcement plies are arranged as: unidirectional, cross-ply, symmetric, balanced, quasi-isotropic or hybrid laminates.

Claim 11.

High Impact Strength, Elastic ELACO™ Fibre Metal Laminate, as defined in any of claims 1-10, wherein the outer layers are made from any metallic and non-metallic or more materials selected from the group such as: aluminium alloys, steel alloys, zinc alloys, titanium alloys, copper alloys, magnesium alloys, nickel alloys, alloy matrix composites, wood, plastics, rubber, paper, thermoplastics, polymers, foams and rubber. Claim 12.

High Impact Strength, Elastic ELACO™ Fibre Metal Laminate, as defined in any of the claims 1-11, further having at least one additional layer based on one or more metallic and non-metallic materials such as: foams, wood, rubber, honeycomb structures, thermoplastics, plastics, polymers, hybrid sandwiches, paper. Claim 13.

High Impact Strength, Elastic ELACO™ Fibre Metal Laminate, as defined in any of claims 1-12, characterised in that the laminate is used in combination with structures made from metallic and non-metallic materials such as: wood, thermoplastics, plastics, polymers, foams, hybrid sandwiches, rubber, paper or/and honeycomb structures. Claim 14. High Impact Strength, Elastic ELACO™ Fibre Metal Laminate, as defined in any of claims 1-13, characterised in that the use of the at least one dissipating element creates the equilibrium of dissipated loadings in the laminate structure with a 80 component of the outer loading being redistributed in a longitudinal direction to the main axis of the reinforcement plies. Claim 15. Nanostructure comprising: a) a first outer layer; 85 b) a second outer layer; c) a first ply; d) a second ply, the first and second ply being placed between the first and second outer layers; e) at least one dissipating element between the first and second plies adapted to 90 dissipate and redirect randomly directed local loading applied to at least one of the two outer layers, to tensile loading directed in longitudinal direction (tensile) of the first and second plies; f) a polymer matrix in between (a), (b), (c) and (d). Claim 16. 95 Nanostructure as defined in claim 15 wherein multiple layers of (c), (d), (e) and (f) are placed between the outer layers. Claim 17. Nanostructure as defined in claim 15 or 16 wherein the first and second plies are reinforcement plies.

100 Claim 18. Nanostructure as defined in any of claims 15-17, wherein the dissipating element is one or more elements selected from the group consisting of various metallic and no- metallic materials structures such as: expanded ornamesh, rigidised, corrugated sheet, tubes balls, and any other similar forms.

105 Claim 19. Nanostructure as defined in any of claims 15-18, wherein the dissipating element is . made from on or more metallic and no-metallic materials such as: aluminium alloys, steel alloys, zinc alloys, titanium alloys, copper alloys, magnesium alloys, nickel alloys, aluminium alloy matrix composites, thermoplastics, plastics, polymers foams,

110 wood and rubber. Claim 20. Nanostructure as defined in Claim 19, wherein the dissipating ply elements are 115 arranged as: unidirectional, cross-ply, symmetric, balanced, quasi-isotropic or hybrid laminates. Claim 21. Nanostructure as defined in any of Claims 17-20, wherein the reinforcement plies are made from one or more materials selected from the group consisting of: E-glass, R- 120 glass, S2-glass, aramids, carbon and any other single or hybrid fibre reinforcements as Quadriaxial, Unidirectional, Double-bias, Biaxial, Triaxial, Plain woven or Woven rovings. Claim 22. Nanostructure as defined in any of claims 15-21, wherein the matrix is made from one 125 or more selected from any known thermosetting and thermoplastic matrix group: Ninylester, Epoxy, Phenolic, fire retardant and corrosion resistant resin and suitable adhesive(s). Claim 23. Nanostructure as defined in Claim 22, wherein any sort of coatings and/or pigments 130 are added to the matrix. Claim 24. Nanostructure as defined in Claim 21, wherein the reinforcement plies are arranged as: unidirectional, cross-ply, symmetric, balanced, quasi-isotropic or hybrid laminates. Claim 25. _ (

135 Nanostructure as defined in any of claims 15-24, wherein the outer layers are made from one or more materials selected from any metallic and non-metallic group such as: duminium alloys, steel alloys, zinc alloys, titanium alloys, copper alloys, magnesium alloys, nickel alloys, alloy matrix composites, wood, plastics, rubber, paper, thermoplastics, polymers, foams and rubber.

140 Claim 26. Nanostructure as defined in any of claim 15-25, further having at least one additional layer based on one or more selected from the following group: foams, wood, rubber, honeycomb structures, thermoplastics, plastics, polymers, hybrid sandwiches and paper.

145 Claim 27. Nanostructure as defined in any of claims 15-26, characterised in that the laminate is used in combination with structures made from any of metallic and non metallic materials such as: wood, thermoplastics, plastics, polymers, foams, hybrid sandwiches, rubber, paper or/and honeycomb structures.

150 Claim 28. Nanostructure as defined in any of claims 15-28, characterised in that the use of at least one dissipating element creates the equilibrium of dissipated loadings in the laminate structure with a component of the outer loading being redistributed in a 155 longitudinal direction to the main axis of the reinforcement plies. Claim 29 High Impact Strength, Elastic ELACO™ Fibre Metal Laminate substantially as herein described with reference to any one of figures 1-3 of the accompanying drawings. Claim 30

160 Nanostructure substantially as herein described with reference to any one of figures 1- 3 of the accompanying drawings.

165

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