AT506898B1 - ARRANGEMENT, SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR MEASURING OPERATING RATIOS OF A ROTATING BODY IN A MATERIAL RAILWAY MAKING OR EQUIPMENT MACHINE - Google Patents

Description

Austrian Patent Office AT506 898B1 2012-03-15

Description: The invention relates to an arrangement for measuring operating conditions of a rotating body, such as a roller, in a web production or equipment machine. Furthermore, the invention also relates to a corresponding system and a corresponding method.

Paper, pulp, tissue and board machines as well as Papierausrüstungs- and processing machines contain numerous rotating, for example, rolling bearing body. Measuring operating conditions of roller-bearing bodies, such as rollers, is a highly demanding task. Real-time data on the actual operating conditions of the rolls would be important in terms of both convenient operation and condition monitoring of the roll.

The taking place according to the prior art measuring operating conditions is often based on computational methods. However, these are hardly able to take into account, for example, influences resulting from variable load situations. In the known methods often only a single, in relation to the operation of the roller itself often very remote size is measured. Based on this, the actual farm size that is of interest can be calculated or estimated. There can be no question of real-time measuring of actual operating conditions by which the operation of the rolls or even the operation of the production process could be maintained or regulated in real time and rationally or even predictive problems or damage could even be predicted.

From the prior art, the determination of the lubrication state of roller bearings due to computational loads and in advance estimated environmental conditions is known. In reality, however, the operating conditions of a storage result as the sum of several sub-factors, which are not considered at all by the essentially static calculation model. Such factors include, for example, the ambient temperature, the near-field airflows, and the radial and axial loads caused by the nip and / or fabrics. These loads are largely determined by the friction between the bearing housing and bearing outer ring, the fit and the deformations. Also, changes in oil properties (e.g., viscosity) affect the lubricating situation.

Due to the above-mentioned factors, the determination of the lubrication state and the amount of oil to be supplied to the bearing has hitherto been very difficult and was subject to uncertainty factors. During lubrication, one has tracked the amount of oil to be supplied to the bearing, which, however, is not an indicator of the actual lubrication situation.

An improvement in the situation brings the so-called self-controlling lubricating oil control, in which the lubrication situation is judged on the basis of various calculation parameters. The oil flow rate serves as the reference variable, the oil temperature as the controlled variable. For the regulation u.a. the production speed, the oil temperature and the maximum load are measured / determined. The estimation of the maximum load was made on the basis of the rough roll nip load value, which in turn was obtained from the pressure of the hydraulics used to load the nip. The oil temperature has been measured with sensors. If a sensor has detected an increase in the oil temperature, the oil flow rate is increased.

In addition to the regulation of lubrication and the measurement of the load situation acting on the bearing is problematic. In high-loaded roller bearings it comes between the bearing outer ring and housing to micro-movement, as a result, the metal surfaces are greasy (cold welding, "micro-contacting"). The bearing at the free end of the roller can then not move in its housing in the axial direction, and there is an incorrect load on the bearing: The load is distributed in the camp only on one row of rollers, resulting in overloading and possibly bearing damage. The axial movement can also be prevented by bags of the bearing. The outer ring of the bearing tends to tilt in the bearing housing, whereby the annular edge on the housing "bites tight". and changed the friction coefficient.

For bearings with rolling elements can also "zero load " lead to a problem situation. Due to the frictional resistances caused by the lubricant and the bearing cage, the rotational speed of the rolling elements decreases or even drops to zero when the load on the bearing is very low. For certain rollers, the bearing can get into such a zero load situation. Sliding / slipping of the rolling elements results in a reduction in the thickness of the lubricating film or even failure of the entire lubricating film. In the camp, it may come to a metal-to-metal contact with the result of surface damage and any bearing damage. The known condition monitoring methods only indicate when damage of a certain extent has already occurred.

Also taken in general, the prior art is represented by a arranged on the outer surface of the bearing housing temperature sensor in the monitoring of false load situations. However, this is a very delayed measurement, because the heat must first penetrate through the bearing ring. In addition, a temperature measurement carried out in this way is also falsified as a result of the oil flow to be supplied through the bearing ring, which cools the measuring point more strongly than the rolling track under load (rolling surface).

Not only in web forming machines but also in multi-roll calenders, it has been difficult to accurately measure the loads of roll bearings (intermediate rolls and deflection compensated / zone controlled rolls), which makes it easy for zero load situations. There is no reliance on the bearing window, which has recently been determined by mere calculation, with regard to the bearing, because unknown frictional forces occur in the roll stack (for example in the lever mechanisms and in the deflection-compensated / zone-controlled rolls).

The use of thin-film sensors for measuring operating conditions is also known from the prior art. Finnish laid-open application 20065305 describes the use of a thin-film sensor in the paper machine environment. With the use of thin-film sensors, however, there is the problem that the sensors must be attached to the load surface and thus exposed to high pressure and wear. This places high demands on the realization of the sensor. In addition, the wiring of the sensor makes difficult, because it also runs over the load area. If, for example, an already installed roller is to be retrofitted with such sensors, then the entire bearing must be opened in order to gain access to the loading surfaces.

For example, DE 3416210 A1 of November 7, 1985 shows an arrangement for measuring operating conditions (ambient temperature, airflows in the vicinity, radial loads or axle loads) of a rotating body, wherein an optical sensor system is used for measuring.

The DE 3909911 C1 of 7 June 1990 shows an arrangement for measuring operating conditions of a rotating body, wherein sensors are used.

GB 2143302 A of February 6, 1985 shows an arrangement in which the exact position of the roller is determined by means of position sensors.

The object of this invention is to provide an arrangement for measuring operating conditions of a rotating in a material web manufacturing or -ausrüstungsmaschine body. The characterizing features of the arrangement according to the invention are listed in claim 1. Further, the invention relates to a system for measuring operating conditions in a material web manufacturing or equipment machine rotating body and also a method, the characterizing features of which are set forth in claims 15 and 21. In the arrangement according to the invention, an optical sensor system for measuring operating conditions is arranged on the rotating body, such as a roller. This sensor offers new possibilities for measuring pressures, forces and temperatures in view of their dimensions and realization.

The optical sensor can be attached to the roller in many ways. According to one embodiment, the sensor system may, for example, be arranged on the support bearings of the rotating body, behind the loaded surface. In one embodiment, the rotating part of the roll may be, for example, the roll shell. According to another embodiment, the rotating part of the roll can also consist of the roll axis / shaft. The invention is particularly advantageous in Nipwalzen which are exposed to axial and radial loads.

According to one embodiment, the optical sensor system may be arranged, for example, on the fixed outer ring of the support bearing behind the loaded surface. The sensors can be located, for example, in the main load zone of the ring. If the support bearing consists of at least two rolling tracks, at least one optical sensor can be present for each rolling track. The invention can also be applied in plain bearings.

According to one embodiment, the optical sensor system may be connected to the control of the material web manufacturing or -ausrüstungsmaschine for one or more purposes. Such a purpose is, for example, in the monitoring of the operating condition of the storage means. In this case, according to one embodiment, the regulation of the lubricating oil throughput of the bearing means can be controlled on the basis of the measurement performed with the optical sensor. Thus, friction losses can be optimized and even a priori prevent an excessive decrease of the lubricating film thickness.

With the optical sensor and the load acting on the bearing means load can be determined. An example of this is the problematic zero load. Based on this, if the set criterion is met, the bearing can be subjected to an axial load which restores its functionality.

Further, the optical sensor can be applied to the taking place during operation active control of operating conditions. The sensor system can be arranged, for example, on the loading means of a roller.

Using the invention, the regulation of operating conditions on the basis of the actual prevailing operating conditions, which are determined on hand with the optical sensor measurements carried out done. The invention now eliminates the regulations based on estimation and / or mathematical or theoretical considerations. The real-time data now available through the invention enables preventive maintenance and thus also the prevention of damage.

The arrangement according to the invention is simple in terms of function, installation, calibration and possible interchangeability. In addition, the arrangement is very robust. The other advantages that can be achieved with the arrangement according to the invention and the system and method according to the invention, will be apparent from the description part, the characterizing features of the appended claims.

The invention, which is not limited to the embodiments described below, will be explained in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the drawings: Fig. 1 shows a first embodiment of the bearing according to the invention in coarse cal mathematical representation; FIG. 2 shows a second embodiment of the bearing according to the invention in a rough schematic representation; FIG. 3/32

Austrian Patent Office Fig. 3 Figs. 5-7 Fig. 8 Fig. 9 Fig. 10 Fig. 11 Fig. 11 Figure 13a Figure 13b Figure 13c Figure 13d Figure 13e Figure 14 [0041] Figure 15 [0042] Figure 16 An embodiment of the bearing according to the invention viewed laterally in a rough schematic representation; an exemplary graphical representation of the optical sensor system; an example of the measurement principle in which intensity measurement is applied; a schematic drawing of the intensity measurement; an example of the shape of the recess; a first embodiment of the inventive arrangement on the central roller of a press; A second embodiment of the inventive arrangement on a deflection set roller; a third embodiment of the inventive arrangement on a thermo roll of a calender; a first embodiment of the inventive arrangement in an on-line calender; A second embodiment of the inventive arrangement in a Mehrwalzenkalander; an embodiment of arranging the sensor on a zone shoe; A fourth embodiment of the inventive arrangement on a slide-mounted roller; an embodiment of arranging the sensor on a slide bearing shoe; an embodiment of the system according to the invention in a web production machine; an embodiment of the application of the sensor according to the invention for the elimination of the zero load; An embodiment of the inventive arrangement on a press shoe roll; an example of bearing damage and the corresponding measured data obtained with the sensor according to the invention.

In Fig. 1 and 2, examples of bearing means 11 are shown in a rough schematic representation, where the sensor 12 of the invention can be applied. Functionally identical parts are each assigned the same reference numerals. For example, in a web production machine or in an equipment machine, one or more such bearings 11 may be present. The bearing 11 allows the machine-associated body 10 or a part of the same 10 a rotating movement. Examples of web production machines include the paper or board machines (Figure 14), the tissue machines and the pulp machines. As examples of equipment machines, i.a. the calenders (Figures 13a and 13b), slitter and rewinder are listed. The finishing machine may be a component of the actual web production machine (online) or a substantially separate unit (offline).

As examples of rotating bodies, the various rollers, for example the nip rollers and cylinders in different sections of the machine, may be mentioned here. Among the rollers, examples are the suction rolls, the press rolls 10.1 (Fig. 10), the deflection rolls 10.2 (Fig. 11), the drying cylinders, the guide rolls, the calender rolls, the soft calender rolls, the thermo rolls 10.3 (Fig. 12), the Yankee rolls , the Tambourwalzen and 4/32 Austrian Patent Office AT506 898 B1 2012-03-15

Carrying drums and the shoe rollers 10.4 (Fig. 16) listed.

Although a spherical roller bearing is shown in Figs. 1 and 2, this is only to be understood as an example of the types of bearings used in the production or equipment machine. Further eligible bearing types would be, for example, the cylindrical roller bearings, the angular contact ball bearings, the three-ring bearings, the plain bearings and the spherical plain bearings.

The spherical roller bearing 11 is used in machines, for example, as a support bearing 11.1, 11.2 rotating body (Fig. 10-12). The bearing 11 is in its basic form generally of the outer ring 16, the inner ring 15 and located between them the rolling elements 18 and the cages 17. The rolling elements in this case consist of rollers 18 which are formed on the rolling of the rings 15, 16 rolling tracks 19.1, 19.2 unwind. The cage 17 may surround the rolling elements 18. Instead of a frame-shaped construction, the cage can also be designed as a solid cage.

The bearing rings 15, 16 now form two adjacent rolling tracks 19.1, 19.2 in the axial direction. However, more than two rolling tracks or only one rolling track may be present in the bearing 11. The rolling tracks 19.1, 19.2, which act as support bearings 11.1, 11.2, are in a spherical, i. spherical arrangement, wherein the inner surface 16.1 of the outer ring 16 and the outer surface 15.2 of the inner ring 15 in the axial direction have a spherical-like curved shape. The basic technology associated with spherical roller bearings (spherical roller bearings) 11 is well known to those skilled in the art, so that they need not be discussed here. The storage unit 11 may represent an already widely known or under development technology; the invention sets no limits.

In the embodiment of FIG. 1 16 optical sensor 12 is integrated into the bearing structure 11 in the outer ring. The sensor system comprises at least one unit consisting of a functional sensor structure. In Fig. 1, a total of four sensors 12 are visible.

The sensors 12 may be distributed at equal intervals on both rolling tracks 19.1, 19.2, wherein on one or both rolling tracks 19.1, 19.2 at least one sensor 12 is placed at the location of the Wälzrille. By arranging a plurality of sensors 12 per roller conveyor 19.1, 19.2, the ring-specific load, its irregularities and even processes can be displayed (option / often sufficient load).

In the embodiment in Fig. 2, the sensors 12 are integrated into the inner ring 15. Again, both roll-off 19.1, 19.2 equipped with sensors 12, which are now a total of five visible.

For the skilled person it is understood that the placement of the sensors 12 in a particular arrangement on the bearings and their rings 15, 16 is not limited by the basic principle of the invention. The sensors 12 may even be arranged on both rings 15, 16. In addition, the number of sensor units 12 or their arrangement on / in the bearing 11 in the context of the basic idea of the invention extremely free, but of course, taking into account the given by the particular application requirements are selected.

According to one embodiment of the invention, the sensors 12 or at least most of them also only on the fixed bearing ring 15, 16 of the bearing 11, such as the support 11.1, 11.2 shown in Fig. 10-12, behind one or more to be loaded surfaces 15.2, 16.1 are arranged.

In the embodiment shown in Fig. 1, the outer ring 16 may be fixed and the inner ring 15 rotatable. Examples of such embodiments are shown in FIGS. 10 and 12. In the embodiment of Fig. 2, in turn, the inner ring 15 is fixed and the outer ring 16 rotatable. An example of this embodiment is shown in FIG.

In the embodiment in Fig. 3, the bearing 11 is shown side view. The bearing 11 is located in the bearing block 31. As shown, so a concentrated arrangement of the sensors 12 at any point of the ring is possible. The optical sensor means 12 may be arranged in conjunction with the stationary ring 15, 16 of the support bearing 11 so as to be concentrated in the loading zone 30 of the bearing 11.1, 11.2 , The loading zone 30 here consists of the lower sector region of the bearing 11, which may even have a certain elasticity. The loading zone 30 may also be more densely populated with sensors 12 than the other sections of the ring 16.

Fig. 4 shows a arranged on a rotating body sensor structure 12 in a highly abstracted form. The optical sensor 12 may be formed as part of the bearing 11 or the sliding surface. In the bearing material 61, for example, in the outer ring 16 of the bearing 11, a recess 65 is incorporated, which extends to close to the tribologically contacting surface 68, which consists here of the inner surface 16.1 of the outer ring 16 of the bearing. The recess 65 is thus located behind the surface 68 to be loaded. The recess can be produced, for example, by sparking out; Of course, the hole 65 can also be drilled. More generally, the recess 65 is located at a position of the rotating body where deformation occurs. The deformations may be due to continuous or discontinuous loading of the surface 68 or due to pressure. The changes can extend not only to the shape but also to the temperature.

The surface 68 may for example consist of sliding material and be present on the outer ring as a layer Mi whose thickness S may be 0.02-0.8 mm, for example. For example, the layer IVL is followed by a material layer M2 consisting of steel. The total thickness Hi of the layers Mi and M2 may be, for example, about 10-80 mm, for example 50 mm.

At its bottom 63 or at least in its center part, the recess 65 is polished, for example, or otherwise treated so that the light is reflected sufficiently well. The extent to which polishing or other surface treatment needs exist depends, for example, on the method of production of the hole 65; a special treatment of the perforated bottom 63 is not always necessary. In the following, the said floor is also referred to as mirror surface 63.

In the recess 65, an optical fiber 64 is used, which may consist in known manner, for example, a core 66 and a sheath 67. The introduction of the fiber 64 in the recess 65 can be done for example via a bore 31 mounted on the bearing in the appropriate place. The end of the fiber 64 is spaced from the mirror surface 63 such that an observation space or etalon 62 is formed between the end of the fiber 64 and the mirror surface. The distance between the bottom 63 of the recess 65 and the surface 68 in contact is T.

The light fiber 64 and the recess 65 may, for example, have mating screw threads 86 or other mating fitting. In this case, then the optical fiber 64 in the recess 65 are offset against the bottom 63 in bias, so that it remains on the bottom side 63 in the recess 65 always reliable at the set distance from the reflective surface 63, even if thermal expansion should occur at the measuring point.

In one embodiment, for example, the etalon 62 may be filled with thermochromic material, for example thermochromic polymer, whose color changes as the temperature changes. More specifically, this material consists of acrylic doped with thermochromic pigment. In the solution according to this embodiment, the temperature of the bearing or other surface can be determined by measuring the radiation reflected from the mirror surface 63. As the color of the thermochromic material changes with temperature change, the color of the light reflected into the optical fiber 64 also changes, and the temperature can be detected by displaying the light color. The detection can be done by means of color filters by measuring the amount of light transmitted by the filters passing a different color. An optically active substance whose polarity changes as a function of the temperature can also be used to indicate the temperature, in which case the temperature can be indicated by means of the polarization. This solution has the advantage that the temperature measurement takes place close to the object to be measured. For the optical fiber 64, a much smaller hole (depression) than, for example, a thermocouple is sufficient.

In Fig. 5-7 a principle for measuring the distance of the mirror surface 63 is shown. It should be noted that the invention should in no way be limited to this exemplary measurement method, but that other suitable measurement methods are just as suitable.

As the mirror surface 63 formed on the bearing material 61 moves as a result of the pressure acting on the surface 68 in contact, the pressure exerted by the bearing rollers 18 on the outer ring 16 of the bearing 11 can be measured by means of the movement of the mirror surface 63, for example become. The movement may consist, for example, in a bend of the mirror surface 63. Determining the movement of the mirror surface 63 may be accomplished, for example, by measuring the distance between the end of the optical fiber 64 and the mirror surface 63. The end of the optical fiber 64 can be arranged at a precisely defined distance L from the mirror surface 63. At the end of the fiber 64 is a lens 70, which can be manufactured in a manner known per se by machining the end of the fiber 64. Thus, separate parts are unnecessary, and the fiber 64 and its lens 70 form a unitary integrated body. The fiber lens 70 focuses the light beam 73 coming from the fiber 64 onto the focusing point with the focusing distance 71. The focusing distance 71 lies between the end of the fiber 64 and the mirror surface 63.

According to another embodiment, the end of the optical fiber 64 may for example be attached to a ceramic holder which may have two holes for the optical fiber. One hole is used to direct the light from the light source to the etalon, the other hole to direct the reflected light from the etalon to the intensity measurement. In the same holder, a third optical fiber can also be used, with which the temperature of the surface 63 can be measured (for example, Fot-Hero). If a ceramic standard component is used at the end of the optical fiber, a third hole is made on it.

From Fig. 6 and 7, the effect of a change in the distance between the mirror surface 63 and the fiber lens 70 can be seen. If the mirror surface 63 is in its extreme position far away from the focusing distance 71, the light coming from the core 66 of the fiber 64 is thrown onto the mirror surface 63 in the form of a wide cone 72. Now the mirror surface 63 reflects the wide " back taper " 74 to the end of the optical fiber 64 and the lens 70, wherein a large part of the reflected light strikes the sheath 67 of the fiber 64 and the intensity of the incident on the core 66 returning light is thus low. If the mirror surface 63, as shown in FIG. 7, comes closer to the focusing distance, a larger part of the reflected light 74 strikes the core 66 of the optical fiber 64. Thus, by measuring the intensity of the reflected light, the change in the distance between the mirror surface 63 and the end of the optical fiber 64 are determined. If this change in distance is appropriately calibrated for the respective application object, then the absolute or relative pressure acting on the surface 68 to be measured can be detected.

In principle, the mirror surface 63 may also be located between the optical fiber 64 and the focusing width 71. When changing the distance of the mirror surface 63 is a corresponding change in intensity as in the example described above. However, the intensity change is now weaker, so that a better result is achieved when the mirror surface, viewed from the optical fiber, is behind the focusing distance.

For reasons of clarity, the surface 68 in contact with the bearing 11 and the roller 18 rotating in the bearing 11 are shown in FIG.

Fig. 8 shows in simplified form an exemplary realization of the above-described distance measurement. From the light source 77, light is sent into the fiber 78, which is conducted further into the fiber 80 in the sensor 80. For the indication of the reflected light branches from the junction of the fiber 78 of the light source 77 with the fiber 79 of the 7/32 Austrian Patent Office AT506 898B1 2012-03-15

Sensor 80 from a detector branch fiber 81, which leads to the intensity detector 82, more generally to the light detector. As the light source 77, a super bright LED or other sufficiently strong light source can be used. As a detector, the conventional light detectors are suitable. Since in the inventive solution a strong change in intensity occurs, the detector does not necessarily have to have a particularly high sensitivity.

If a particularly high measurement accuracy is required, monochromatic or broadband light and the Fabry-Perot principle can be used to measure the distance of the mirror surface from the optical fiber. This measuring method known per se is based on measuring the interference of the emitted and the reflected light in the etalon. A third solution for realizing the pressure measurement is the measurement of the phase shift of the reflected light. The result obtained has an even higher accuracy.

9 shows in an exemplary form a mechanical solution for the production of the sensor: The incorporated into the bearing metal 61 recess 65 has a shoulder 83, against which the jacket 67 of the fiber 64 can be pushed. Thus, the distance between the end of the fiber 64 and the mirror surface 63 can be easily adjusted. In turn, an annular counterbore 84 is incorporated on the edge side of the mirror surface 63, so that narrow webs 85 extend into the bearing metal 61 on the sides of the mirror surface 63. The bend now takes place on the webs 85, while the mirror surface 63 itself remains straight. It should be noted that the shapes of the recess 65, the heel 83 and the counterbore 84 are shown here at right angles and with sharp edges for the sake of simplicity. Of course, in the actual design, the angles can be shaped so that their tendency to crack is as small as possible.

The dimensioning of the actual sensor construction 12 depends in part on the dimensions of the optical fiber 64, partly on the object to be measured. The diameter of the core 66 of the optical fiber 64 is about 10-50 pm, that of the jacket 67 about 125 pm. The fiber 64 is surrounded by a protective sleeve whose diameter is about 0.5-3 mm, and the diameter of this protective sleeve determines the diameter of the groove 65 to be machined into the bearing metal 61. The thickness T of the mirror surface 63 and in contact surface 68 located membrane is dependent on the bearing material 61, the contact type and the maximum load level. For example, in ordinary plain bearings, the thickness of the bearing metal membrane may be several hundred microns, with the maximum travel of the mirror 63 being a few microns. The accuracy achievable in the intensity measurement is about one hundredth of the path of movement of the mirror 63. As is apparent from the above, according to one embodiment, the mirror surface 63 may have a distance beyond the focal length 71 of the fiber lens 70 distance from the end of the fiber 64. Fitting is a focal length 71 of a few hundred micrometers, and the focus may be somewhat blurred, because a point-like focus is not required. It is not essential to measure the exact intensity, but rather the intensity change. Otherwise, the sensor system is to be turned off on the insert object. It may be necessary, among other things, the shrinkage of the bearing 11 and in long-term operation of the wear of the bearing 11 are taken into account.

The recess 65 for the sensor 12 need not necessarily be designed as a blind hole of the type described above. According to one embodiment, the hole 65 required for the sensor 12 can also be produced by the bearing material 61 and then covered by a membrane made of a suitable material. Also, the recess 65 can be incorporated into a separate part and then this part in the bearing material, such as between the outer ring 16 of the bearing 11 and the bearing block 31, are used (Fig. 3). The shape and also the elasticity of the surface of the bearing 11 or another surface to be measured correspond to the actual bearing material 61.

By varying the shape of the mirror surface 63, its reflection properties can be influenced. The surface may be made concave or convex, depending on whether the incident beam is to be focused or scattered upon reflection at the surface 63. 8/32 Austrian Patent Office AT506 898B1 2012-03-15

When the edges of the bottom 63 of the recess of FIG. 9 are formed, the shape of the mirror surface 63 remains substantially unchanged because the curvature at the edges is considerably greater than that of the relatively thick central portion. However, the bottom 63 of the recess 65 may also be flat, which may be simpler in terms of manufacturing technology. Adjusting the proper distance between the end of the optical fiber 64 and the mirror 63 can now be accomplished by forming from the cladding 67 of the fiber 64 a sleeve which extends beyond the end of the fiber 64. Thus, the end of the fiber 64, the sleeve hole, and the mirror surface then form the measuring chamber, i. the etalon. For the measurement, single-mode or multimode fibers or even two fibers can be used, one of which sends the light into the etalon and the other receives the light. The light may be broadband, polarized, monochromatic or otherwise modified, and its wavelength need not be within the range of visible light.

10-12 show some possible embodiments of the invention, with which operating conditions of a rotating body, for example a roller 10.1-10.3 of a material webmaking or equipment machine, can be measured. With the said drawings 10-12 is not intended to represent roller, bearing and machine designs in detail, but only in very rough shape and on a very basic level. As already mentioned, the rollers 10.1-10.3 associated bearing means 11, which allow the rotation of one or more parts 13, 14 of the roller 10.1-10.3. Now, these rollers 10.1-10.3 are equipped with optical sensor means 12, for example of the type described above for measuring / controlling operating ratios of the roller and / or the production process at all.

Fig. 10 shows in roughly simplified form the example of a press roll, specifically a press central roll 10.1. In Fig. 14, the position of the central roller 10.1 is shown in the press section 51 of a paper machine.

The bearing means 11 shown in Fig. 1 and 2 are located in bearing blocks 31 and serve as a support bearing 11.1. The axis / shaft 14 of the roller 10.1 is mounted in the bearing block 31 and simultaneously rotates the shell 13 of the roller. The rotating element consists here of the roller 10.1 including axle / shaft 14 and shell 13 and extends over the entire width of the machine. The optical sensor means 12 are now, for example, on the fixed bearing ring of the support bearing 11.1, which consists here of the outer ring 16 of the bearing 11.1, is arranged. Generally speaking, regardless of the embodiment, operating conditions such as temperature and / or pressure (loads) may be measured with the sensors 12.

Fig. 11 shows a roughly simplified example of a press roll, more specifically, a deflection roll 10.2 of a press. With such a deflection-compensated and zone-controlled roller 10.2 is effected in the press section 51 a uniform texture of the product to be produced over the entire web width. The deflection-compensated and zone-controlled roll can also be used in the calender 53, for example. In Fig. 14, the position of the deflection adjustment roller 10.2, 10.2 'in the press section 51 and also in the online calender 53 of a paper machine is shown.

The spherical roller bearings 11 shown in Fig. 1 and 2 are now disposed within the shell 13 of the roller 10.2. Also in this case, one can say that they act as a support bearing 11.2 of the shell 13. The deflection adjustment roller 10.2 is loaded in the calender 53 in a known manner against the counter-roller 10.3, i. pressed.

The deflection adjustment roller 10.2 consists of a stationary axle 14 'and provided with a bearing means 11.2 according to the invention rotating roller shell 13 which rotates continuously on the spherical roller bearings 11.2 according to the invention around the axis 14'. On the inside of the shell 13 extending axis 14 'are independently adjustable support / pressure elements 35 are arranged, which support the jacket 13 hydrostatically and with which the deflection of the roller 10.2 is controlled. The jacket 13 is for example the shell shape of the backing roll 10.1, 10.3 regulated accordingly. The axis 14 of the roller 10.2 is coupled to the bearing blocks 34, for example, via spherical plain bearings 33. [0080] FIG. The roll shell 13 is coupled, for example via roller bearings 11.2 to the axis 14 '. The rotating element is thus here the jacket 13. The optical sensor means 12 are now arranged, for example, on the fixed bearing ring of the support bearings 11.2 of the jacket 13, which in this case consists of the axle 14 'attached to the inner ring 15 of the bearing 11.2. The sensor 12 may also be arranged on the joint bearing 33 and serve, for example, for measuring the nip total load. The sensor 12 can be arranged, for example, at the oil film location where the strongest pressure prevails.

Fig. 12 shows, in roughly simplified form, an example of a calender roll, more specifically a thermal calender roll 10.3. 14 shows the position of the thermo roll 10.3 in the online calender 53 of a paper machine, and FIGS. 13a and 13b show applications in calendering in which deflection deflection and / or thermo rolls 10.2, 10.3 according to the invention can be used. The existing example of steel thermal calender roll can be heated with a suitable heat transfer medium. The niplast, i. the contact pressure depends on the type of paper to be produced. In its basic construction, the calender roll 10.3 largely corresponds to the press central roller 10.1 already described above. Here, too, serve as bearing means 11 in the arranged at the ends of the roller 10.3 bearing blocks 31 support bearing 11.1, where the optical sensor means 12 are arranged.

Fig. 13a shows in schematic form an example of a soft calendering application. For example, a thermo roll 10.3 may be used as the upper roll, and a deflection roll 10.2 (such as a zone controlled SYM roll) may be used as the lower roll. Sensor system 12 according to the invention may be present on both rollers 10.2, 10.3, for example in their bearings 11.1, 11.2 and / or on the support elements 35.

Fig. 13b shows schematically an example of an application in a multi-roll calender 42. The top roll 10.2 'of the roll stack 10' shown on the right side of the drawing may comprise a fixed deflection roll, the bottom roll 10.2 a deflection-compensated and also over Bearings 11.2 be resilient roller. For example, intermediate rolls and thermo rolls 10.3 may alternately be disposed between the uppermost and lower rolls 10.2.

The lower roller 10.2 shown in greater detail in Figure 13b may be a hydraulically deflection-compensated zoned roller nip roller (e.g., Applicator roller type SYM-Z). The deflection compensation of the roller 10.2 is achieved by hydraulic support elements 35, which are arranged on the axis 14 'of the roller 10.2 and act on the shell 13 of the roller 10.2 with zonenweisem supports thereof. The support elements 35 compensate for the deflection of the roller 10.2 in the desired manner, so that the desired uniform line pressure is achieved. In addition to the deflection compensation is effected with the support members 35 and the desired profile, because each element 35 can be controlled separately according to the particular Profilierungsbedarf. The sensor system 12 can be arranged at different points of the support elements 35, for example behind the surface 164, 87 loaded by the support elements 35 (FIG. 13c).

Fig. 13c shows an embodiment of the arrangement of the sensor on a zone shoe 35. The (not shown) optical fiber can be guided from outside the shoe 35, for example, at its edge parts. The exact location of the bore 65.1, 65.2 and the reflective surface located at its end is selected depending on whether the pressure and / or the temperature of the pocket 164 or slide bar 87 is to be measured. When measuring the pressure of the pocket 164, the reflective surface may be behind the pocket 164 in the appropriate area and when measuring the pressure of the ridge 87 behind the ridge 87. As can be seen from FIG. 13c, the bore 65.2 can also run at least partially horizontally. The vertical bore could be passed through the load surface 24 of the pocket, and then covered by a membrane 88 of suitable material. The deflection adjustment roller 10.2 may be a roller with or without a shell stroke. In the nip roll with shell stroke (eg roller type SYM-ZS of the Applicant) are located between the bearings 11.2 of the roll shell 13 and the axis 14 'of the roller 10.2 support members 36. With these support members 36, the entire jacket 13 can be moved in the nip direction, while the axis 14 'remains in place. It can rest on the inner surface 15.1 of the inner ring 15 of the bearing 11.2 of the shell 13, a known load ring, which is supported on the axis 14 'of the roller 10.2. With such a roller 10.2 with jacket lift, the jacket 13 of the roller 10.2 can be moved into contact with the counter-roller.

If the bearings 11.2 and / or the loading ring and / or the hydraulic loading means 36 are equipped with sensors 12 according to the invention, the edge regions of the material web to be led through the calender 42 can be better than with the aid of the load acting on the bearings 11.2 previously under control and regulate more precisely. With the help of the sensor 12 according to the invention one obtains information about the actual load on the edge regions of the roller 10.2. This means u.a. a substantial reduction in the amount of rejects, because so far the web edges went to the committee.

As is known, the spherical roller bearings 11.2 can be replaced on the front side of the shell 13 by known sliding bearings 11.3. The sensor according to the invention can be applied equally well to slide bearings 11.3, regardless of the roller position. The slide-mounted roller may be a normal roller in its basic functions or a self-loading roller with Mantelhub. Fig. 13d shows a schematic sectional view of an embodiment of the sliding bearing of a roller 10.5 with Mantelhub. The sensors 12 may be arranged here, for example, behind the sliding surfaces and / or the pockets / cavities 161, 162, 164, 165 of the sliding bearing elements 114, 115. In FIG. 13d, an exemplary embodiment of the arrangement of the sensors on a slide bearing shoe 117 is shown by way of example in some places for the sensors 12 and in FIG. 13e.

Also in Fig. 13d carries the axis of the roller 10.5 the reference numeral 14 'and the roll shell, the reference numeral 13. On its inner surface 13' of the roll shell 13 is supported by loaded plain bearing elements 114, 115. Further, the sliding bearing elements 114, 115 seals 170, 171 and pressurizable cavities 161, 162. For each sliding bearing element 114, 115 are on the axis 14 'of the roller 10.5 fuselage parts 163, 163a arranged in the cavities 161, 162 of the sliding bearing elements 114, 115 intervene. The sliding bearing members 114, 115 may be of conventional construction with oil pockets 164, 165 on their outer surface. The oil pockets communicate with the pressure chambers 161, 162 via capillary bores 166, 167 which pass through the sliding bearing elements. The basic technologies associated with sliding bearings of rollers are known per se to those skilled in the art, and the invention does not require any special technical solutions. In this context, reference is made to the applicant's Finnish patent FI-116538.

According to FIG. 13e, the optical fiber (not shown in the drawing) can be guided from outside the shoe 117 into its edge regions. The exact location of the bore 65 is determined by whether the pressure of the pocket 164 or the slide bar 87 is to be measured. When measuring the pressure of the pocket 164, the reflective surface may be behind the pocket in its area, measuring the pressure of the ridge 87 behind the ridge 87, or so in its area that, when the load changes, the reflective surface will move. As can be seen from FIG. 13e, the bore 65.2 can also run at least partially horizontally or obliquely. In this case, the vertical bore through the surface, which is charged by the pocket 24, out and then covered by a membrane 88 of suitable material.

14 shows an example of a web production machine, in this case specifically a paper machine 37. The paper machine 37 consists of several successively arranged subpopulations (sections), such as headbox 49, forming, pressing and drying section 50-52. For example, a calendering section 53 may be disposed in front of the reel 54. All this is monitored and controlled by means of a central computing and control unit (CPU, Central Processing Unit). In particular, the CPU means may be understood as machine control and condition monitoring automation 100-105.

The device has an oil valve 41 and an actuator 20. The CPU includes a sensor monitor 100, a central lubrication controller 101, a condition monitor of the roller bearings 102, a machine controller 103, a nip / shoe overload 104 and a zero-load prevention 105.

The sensor 12 according to the invention arranged on rotating bodies, such as rolls 10.1-10.5, can be connected to the central computing and control unit CPU. Together, these two units may form a system for monitoring and / or controlling operating conditions of a rotating body, such as a roll 10.1-10.5 of a web manufacturing or equipment machine 37, 42. The method can be derived directly from the system, which represents only one way of implementation of the transfer of the idea of the invention to practice. In the machine, at least some of the rollers 10.1-10.5, for example their bearings and / or loading means 11.1-11.3, 114, 115, 35, 36, could be equipped with optical sensor means 12, and with these can be used for the central processing unit. and control unit CPU genuine, ie real measurement results of at least one size to be measured are provided. As a sub-module, the thing can be used to take over the function of the monitoring module 100 of the sensors 12, including data transmission connection 205, which now consists of the optical fiber.

According to a first embodiment can be with the sensor means 12, the condition monitoring of bearings, such as the roller / slide bearings 11.1, 11.2, 11.3 perform (module 102). When taking place with optical sensor 12 condition monitoring of the bearing 11.1, 11.2, 11.3 can be a problem situation already recognize before the actual damage begins to develop. An unusual load distribution or abnormal load / temperature level indicates an unusual occurrence, providing the ability to fix the problem and prevent or delay the onset of damage. The sensor 12 is switched via the automation CPU to monitoring the condition of the bearings 11.1-11.3.

An exemplary problem associated with condition monitoring, to which the invention may apply, may result from the thermal expansion change in roll length. The change in length can lead to disruption of the function of the bearings 11.1 provided that the axial sliding fit 43 between the outer ring 16 of the bearing 11.1 and the housing 31 does not work as planned (FIG. 12). The cause may be, for example, stickiness due to the micro-movement of the sliding surfaces. As a result of this phenomenon, the load on the one roller conveyor of the bearing 11 increases sharply, which is undesirable in view of the computational load. With the sensor 12 such unwanted load deviation is detected, and the nip can be opened. By temporarily reducing the load, the frictional force acting on the sliding seat is reduced, with the bearing housing 31 and the outer ring of the bearing 11 moving relative to each other and the bearing 11 "regulating" itself again. Thereafter, the nip can be closed again and returned to the desired load.

According to another embodiment, the sensor 12, 100 according to the invention for optimizing the lubrication of the bearings 11, such as the roller bearings 11.1, 11.2 and / or the sliding bearings 11.3, 114, 115 are used. In the present self-regulating circulating lubricating system 101, 300, the setpoint value for the lubricating oil flow rate of the roller bearings 11.1, 11.2 is calculated on the basis of the calculated maximum load and the actual production speed of the machine. For bearings 11.1, 11.2, which are equipped with optical sensors 12, the control of the control can be done on the basis of actual operating values (load and / or temperature). The aim is to keep the temperature of the bearings 11.1, 11.2 by appropriate oil flow within certain limits.

In this case, with the CPU unit 101, the regulation (control means 41) of the oil flow rate of the bearing means 11.1, 11.2 of the roller 10.1-10.5 on the basis of the with the optical sensor means 12th and 12th Austrian Patent Office AT506 898 B1 2012-03-15 be performed measured measurement. A failure of the lubricating film causes a temperature and pressure peak (load). This can be detected and displayed with the help of the sensors 12 at an early stage before it comes to damage.

According to a third embodiment, the optical sensor means 12 can also be used to determine the load acting on the bearing means 11.1, 11.2. The load is calculated by the pressure value supplied by the sensor 12. An application for this embodiment would be, for example, the prevention of zero load situations in roller bearings 11.1, 11.2. A criterion value can be set for the load. With the fulfillment of this criterion value, for example, a small set axial load can be brought into effect on the bearing means 11.1, 11.2.

Using optical sensors, the bearing 11 can also be equipped with an active loading system 104, 20, with which an emergence of overload can be prevented. With the optical sensor 12, for example, overload on the one roller conveyor 19.2 or even an overload situation which is only beginning to emerge can be ascertained. If the pressure measurement of the optical sensor 12 shows that the load, for example, at the one roll-off 19.2 to grow to the critical range, the position of the fixed ring of the roller bearing is displaced in the axial direction. The displacement can take place, for example, at the free end of the roller. Due to the relocation, the load is again distributed evenly on both rolling tracks. The feedback to the motion controller may be based, for example, on the bearing pressure measured with the sensor 12.

Fig. 15 shows an embodiment of such an active loading system 20, arranged on the bearing means 11. The free end of the roller can now actuators (actuators) 20 for axially loading the fixed ring 16 of the roller bearing 11 due to the optical sensor means 12th be assigned performed stress determination. The actuators may for example consist of hydraulic cylinders 20 or electrically driven threaded spindles. The actuator (s) 20 may engage the bearing ring 16 symmetrically, for example, at three locations.

According to a fourth embodiment, the nip force (nip pressure) of nip constructions 45, for example in roller-jointed nip constructions 45 (Figure 13b), can also be measured with the optical sensor means 12. The force measurements can be made, for example, on the fixed rings 15, 16 of the bearing means 11.1, 11.2. The line pressure can be measured via the roller conveyor, on the counter roller via the roller / slide bearing. Based on these measurements, the calendering process can be controlled and controlled by means of intermediate and deflection rolls (e.g., Applicant's SYM roller type). Thus, the invention in calenders 42, 53 allows a wider use of roller bearings rollers.

Also in multi-roll calenders 42, the loads of roller bearings (intermediate rolls and deflection-compensated SYM rollers) can be measured / determined with the aid of the invention. This gives accurate information about the respective prevailing nip forces (line pressures) and can also prevent the bearing load from getting into the no-load range. So far, the line pressure could be summed up, now you can even make the Nippprofile. Profiles can be measured not only on the hydraulic support elements 35, 36, but even on the surface of the roll shell 13, which can also be equipped with the sensor 12 according to the invention. By virtue of the invention, the previously unknown frictional forces, such as the forces of the lever mechanisms and the deflection-compensated zone-controlled rollers, which occur in the roll stack 10 'can now also be taken into account.

According to a fifth embodiment, the optical sensor 12 according to the invention can even be used for load measurements on the shoe roll 10.4 of the press 51 behind the sliding surfaces 38 of the sliding block 39 and / or behind the pockets 38 'of the sliding blocks 39. This application is shown in FIG. Within the rotating sheath 10.4 'of the shoelace support means 40 are arranged, with which the sheath 10.4' is loaded against the counter-roller, i. is pressed. With the arrangement, the actual load pressures and / or temperatures can be measured. Also, the measurement of the line pressure is now more accurate when the sensor is arranged, for example, on the shoe 39. The sensor system may comprise a plurality of sensors 12 distributed uniformly on the support element 39, for example. This measurement can also be switched to the automatic / condition monitoring (module 104) of the machine.

According to a sixth embodiment can be with the optical sensor according to the invention also behind the sliding surfaces of the sliding bearings 11.3, 114, 115 and behind the Ta-rule / cavities 161, 162, 164, 165 of the sliding shoes measure the real bearing load pressures and temperatures. This solution can also be used for condition monitoring in production machines. In the applications on plain bearings 11.3, 114, 115, the surface pressures are smaller than in the rolling bearing applications 11.1, 11.2. In the slide bearing applications 11.3, 114, 115, however, the friction and the wear, especially in disturbance situations form a problem.

17 shows the example of a pilot test in which the optical sensor 12 is arranged on the outer ring 16 of a roller bearing 11. The bearing is a cylindrical roller bearing 11 with a total of 13 rollers. The bearing 11 was also tested with two damaged rollers 18.1, 18.2; the results of this test are entered in the coordinate system in the upper part of FIG. 17. As can be seen, the sensor 12 can also be used for condition monitoring. The rollers 18.1, 18.2 of the bearing 11 had been damaged in various ways: The roller 18.1 has a punctiform damage at its periphery, the roller 18.2 a damage extending over its entire circumference. From the signal-time coordinate system can be read that the damaged rollers 18.1, 18.2 incomplete peaks (peaks) supplied, which differ significantly from the substantially identical to each other signals of other, perfect roles. The signals 18.1, 18.2 even show the type of damage. With the sensor according to the invention can also be seen immediately when at low load, the speed of the rollers 18 begins to decline and first slip phenomena occur. (Zero load problem, leads to damage).

With the measuring and control solutions based on optical sensors, one achieves several significant advantages in paper machines: First, they offer additional degrees of freedom in arranging the measurement. Now it is also possible to measure the pressure and temperature of objects that were previously not possible for one or more reasons. The measuring of the temperature and / or the pressure can take place without disturbing other devices or the working of the machine by the sensors. The realization of the sensor is very easy. About the pressure measurement carried out with the sensor 12 one obtains information about loads / forces.

As can be seen from the above, optical sensors 12 can be used in a variety of applications in connection with material web manufacturing and equipment machines. The sensor solution according to the invention also offers new possibilities for the pressure and temperature measurement because of their dimensions.

It is understood that the above description and the accompanying drawings are merely illustrative of the present invention. The invention is therefore not limited to the embodiments described above or defined in the claims, but the skilled artisan will recognize numerous different variations and modifications, which are possible within the scope of the inventive concept defined in the claims. 14/32

Claims (28)

Austrian Patent Office AT506 898B1 2012-03-15 Claims 1. Arrangement for measuring operating conditions of a rotating body (10.1-10.5) in a web production or equipment machine (37, 42), characterized in that on said rotating body (10.1 - 10.1) 10.5) an optical sensor system (12) for measuring said operating conditions is arranged, and the optical sensor system (12) consists of the following: a light-reflecting surface (63) arranged on the rotating body (10.1-10.5), 64, 78, 79) for directing the light from the light source (77) to said surface (63) and • an optical fiber (64, 79, 81) for guiding the light reflected from the surface (63) to an optical one Detector (82). 2. Arrangement according to claim 1, characterized in that on the rotating body (10.1-10.5) a recess (65) is mounted, at the bottom (63), the light-reflecting surface (63) is located. Arrangement according to Claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the optical fibers (64, 78, 79, 81) serving to guide the light consist of optical fibers which are biased toward the bottom of the depression (65). 4. Arrangement according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the recess (65) on the rotating body (10.1-10.5) is arranged so that it is close to a surface to be loaded (68) of the rotating body (10.1 -10.5). 5. Arrangement according to claim 4, wherein the recess (65) is arranged behind the surface to be loaded (68). 6. Arrangement according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the rotating body consists of a press roll (10.1, 10.2) or a calender roll (10.2, 10.3, 10.5) which has a bearings (11) mounted rotary section (13, 14), wherein the bearings (11) the support bearing (11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 114, 115) of the roller (10.1-10.3, 10.5) include, where the surface to be loaded (68) is located. 7. Arrangement according to claim 6, characterized in that the surface to be loaded (68) on a fixed ring (15, 16) of the support bearing (11.1, 11.2) is located. 8. Arrangement according to claim 7, characterized in that the surface to be loaded (68) in the main load zone (30) of the fixed ring (15, 16) of the support bearing (11.1, 11.2) is located. 9. Arrangement according to one of claims 6 to 8, characterized in that the support bearing (11.1, 11.2) consists of at least two rolling tracks (19.1, 19.2), wherein each rolling track (19.1, 19.2) is assigned at least one optical sensor (12) , 10. Arrangement according to one of claims 6 to 9, characterized in that the rotation section of the axis / shaft (14) of the roller (10.1, 10.3) or the jacket (13) of the roller (10.2, 10.5) consists. 11. Arrangement according to one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that the rotating body consists of a deflection adjustment roller (10.2, 10.5), which also has loading elements (35, 36) for loading the roller 10.2, and wherein the optical sensor ( 12) is arranged on the loading elements (35, 36). 12. The arrangement according to claim 11, characterized in that the loading of the roller (10.2) serving load elements comprise a plurality of support elements (35), of which at least one part is equipped with optical sensors (12). 15/32 Austrian Patent Office AT506 898 B1 2012-03-15 13. Arrangement according to one of claims 1 to 12, characterized in that the bearings slide bearings (11.3, 114, 115), behind the sliding surfaces and / or behind the Gleitschuhtaschen and cavities (161, 162, 164, 165) optical Sensor (12) for measuring load pressures and / or temperature is arranged as the operating conditions. 14. Arrangement according to one of claims 1 to 13, characterized in that the rotary section consists of a shoe roll (10.4), behind the sliding shoe sliding surfaces (38) and / or behind the Gleitschuhtaschen (38 ') optical sensor (12) for measuring of loading pressures and / or temperature is arranged as the operating conditions. A system for monitoring and / or controlling operating ratios of a rotating body (10.1-10.5) in a web production or equipment machine (37, 42), a CPU for monitoring and / or controlling the machine (37, 42), and an optical Sensor system (12) adapted to provide measurement results to the CPU, characterized in that at least part of the rotating bodies (10.Ι-ΙΟ.5) of the web production machine or equipment (37, 42) are connected to the optical sensor system (12) is arranged, which is adapted to provide the measurement results to the CPU; wherein the optical sensor system (12) consists of the following: a light-reflecting surface (63) arranged on the rotating body (10.1-10.5), an optical fiber (64, 78, 79) for guiding the light from the light source (77) to said surface (63) and • an optical fiber (64, 79, 81) for guiding the light reflected from the surface (63) towards an optical detector (82). 16. System according to claim 15, characterized in that the optical sensor (12), in order to provide the operating conditions of at least one roller (10.1-10.5) concerning measurement result of the CPU, to bearings (11.1-11.3, 114, 115) of the roller (10.1-10.5) is arranged. 17. System according to claim 15 or 16, characterized in that the CPU is adapted to the regulation of the lubricating oil flow rate of the bearings (11.1-11.3, 114, 115) of the roller (10.1-10.5) due to the optical sensor system (12). to control the measurement. 18. System according to any one of claims 15 to 17, characterized in that the use of optical sensors (12) on the bearings (11.1, 11.2) acting load is determined, for which a criterion value is set, in its fulfillment on the camp ( 11.1, 11.2) a set axial load is brought into effect. 19. System according to claim 18, characterized in that in the end face region of the roller actuators (20) are arranged, which serve, due to the optical sensor (12) performed measurement, the position of the fixed ring of the roller bearing (11) in the axial direction relocate. 20. System according to any one of claims 15 to 19, characterized in that the optical sensor (12) for measuring the nip forces of nip constructions (45) by taking place behind a surface to be loaded (68) force measurement on fixed rings (15, 16) Lager (11.1, 11.2) is used, and is controlled due to this measurement, the calendering process. 21. A method for measuring operating conditions of a rotating body (10.1-10.5) in a material web production or -ausrüstungsmaschine (37, 42), characterized in that the operating conditions of the rotating body (10.1-10.5) are measured with optical sensors (12) wherein a light-reflecting surface (63) is disposed on the rotating body (10.1-10.5), and light is guided from the light source (77) to the light-reflecting surface (63), and light reflected from the surface (63) toward a light-reflecting surface (63) optical detector (82) is passed. 16/32 Austrian Patent Office AT506 898 B1 2012-03-15 22. The method according to claim 21, characterized in that the regulation of the lubricating oil flow rate of bearings (11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 114, 115) of the rotating body (10.1-10.5) is controlled on the basis of the optical sensor system (12) performed measurement. 23. The method according to claim 21 or 22, characterized in that using optical sensors (12) for controlling the on the bearings (11.1, 11.2) to be directed axial load on the bearings (11.1, 11.2) acting load is determined. 24. The method according to claim 23, characterized in that the position of a stationary ring of the bearing (11.1, 11.2) of the roller (10.1-10.3) due to the optical sensor (12) carried out measurement in the axial direction of the end face of the roller (10.1 -10.3) is moved away. 25. The method according to any one of claims 21 to 24, characterized in that with the optical sensor (12) nip forces of the nip constructions (45) are measured and this measurement behind the surface to be loaded (68) of the fixed ring (15, 16) of Bearing (11.1, 11.2) takes place and the calendering process is controlled based on this measurement. 26. The method according to any one of claims 21 to 25, characterized in that behind sliding surfaces of plain bearings (11.3, 114, 115) and / or behind pockets / cavities (161, 162, 164, 165) of sliding shoes with the optical sensor system (12 ) Load pressures and / or temperature are measured as the operating conditions of the bearing (11.3). 27. The method according to any one of claims 21 to 25, characterized in that behind sliding surfaces (38) of a sliding shoe (39) and rear pockets (38 ') of sliding shoes (39) of a shoe roll with the optical sensor (12) loading pressures and / or Temperature as the operating conditions are measured. 28. A method for producing or maintaining a bearing (11) for a fibrous web-making machine, wherein the bearing (11) from an inner ring (15), an outer ring (16) and between these rolling elements (18) to be arranged, characterized in that a ring of the bearing (11) which is fixed at its point of use is provided with optical sensors (12), wherein a light-reflecting surface (63) is arranged on the rotating body (10.1-10.5) and light from the light source (77) is too the light-reflecting surface (63) is passed, and from the surface (63) reflected light is directed to an optical detector (82). 15 sheets of drawings 17/32