NO810134L - PROCEDURE FOR THE PREPARATION OF PHYSIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE PYRROL DERIVATIVES - Google Patents
PROCEDURE FOR THE PREPARATION OF PHYSIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE PYRROL DERIVATIVESInfo
- Publication number
- NO810134L NO810134L NO810134A NO810134A NO810134L NO 810134 L NO810134 L NO 810134L NO 810134 A NO810134 A NO 810134A NO 810134 A NO810134 A NO 810134A NO 810134 L NO810134 L NO 810134L
- Authority
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- Norway
- Prior art keywords
- formula
- radical
- group
- compounds
- compound
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 31
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims description 3
- KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrrole Chemical class C=1C=CNC=1 KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 30
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 20
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 19
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- GFISDBXSWQMOND-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,5-dimethoxyoxolane Chemical compound COC1CCC(OC)O1 GFISDBXSWQMOND-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000003368 amide group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000003233 pyrroles Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000005594 diketone group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000004185 ester group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000000168 pyrrolyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- CIUQDSCDWFSTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N [C]1=CC=CC=C1 Chemical compound [C]1=CC=CC=C1 CIUQDSCDWFSTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000007522 mineralic acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000005985 organic acids Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 49
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 30
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 27
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 25
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 23
- PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Sulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 22
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 21
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 16
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 229910052938 sodium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 14
- 235000011152 sodium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 14
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chloroform Chemical compound ClC(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 10
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 10
- 208000010110 spontaneous platelet aggregation Diseases 0.000 description 10
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Furan Chemical compound C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- 239000008346 aqueous phase Substances 0.000 description 7
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl acetate Substances CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 description 7
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 6
- BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium carbonate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]C([O-])=O BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 6
- -1 pyrrole compound Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 238000010828 elution Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 4
- UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium bicarbonate Chemical compound [Na+].OC([O-])=O UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- OAYLNYINCPYISS-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl acetate;hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC.CCOC(C)=O OAYLNYINCPYISS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000012074 organic phase Substances 0.000 description 4
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 102000008186 Collagen Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 108010035532 Collagen Proteins 0.000 description 3
- ZAFNJMIOTHYJRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diisopropyl ether Chemical compound CC(C)OC(C)C ZAFNJMIOTHYJRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- RWRDLPDLKQPQOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrrolidine Chemical compound C1CCNC1 RWRDLPDLKQPQOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- KEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sodium Chemical compound [Na] KEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000004220 aggregation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 3
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000002744 anti-aggregatory effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 206010003119 arrhythmia Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 230000006793 arrhythmia Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920001436 collagen Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000000338 in vitro Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000005764 inhibitory process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 3
- DBVADBHSJCWFKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-(2-chloroethyl)-n-propan-2-ylpropan-2-amine Chemical compound CC(C)N(C(C)C)CCCl DBVADBHSJCWFKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 210000004623 platelet-rich plasma Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 229910000027 potassium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 235000011181 potassium carbonates Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000012312 sodium hydride Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910000104 sodium hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 3
- OJVAMHKKJGICOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,5-hexanedione Chemical compound CC(=O)CCC(C)=O OJVAMHKKJGICOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Malonic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)=O OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YNAVUWVOSKDBBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Morpholine Chemical compound C1COCCN1 YNAVUWVOSKDBBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pentane Chemical compound CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GLUUGHFHXGJENI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Piperazine Chemical compound C1CNCCN1 GLUUGHFHXGJENI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NQRYJNQNLNOLGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Piperidine Chemical compound C1CCNCC1 NQRYJNQNLNOLGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VMHLLURERBWHNL-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium acetate Chemical compound [Na+].CC([O-])=O VMHLLURERBWHNL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 206010047281 Ventricular arrhythmia Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 230000002159 abnormal effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 210000004369 blood Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 239000008280 blood Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004587 chromatography analysis Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012259 ether extract Substances 0.000 description 2
- QVDYYQXUNAQSNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl acetate;pentane Chemical compound CCCCC.CCOC(C)=O QVDYYQXUNAQSNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000284 extract Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012442 inert solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012280 lithium aluminium hydride Substances 0.000 description 2
- HKPGHQPOZUTBJI-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl 2-amino-4-bromobutanoate Chemical compound COC(=O)C(N)CCBr HKPGHQPOZUTBJI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 125000002560 nitrile group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001953 recrystallisation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000033764 rhythmic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000741 silica gel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910002027 silica gel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910000030 sodium bicarbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 235000017557 sodium bicarbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 2
- FYSNRJHAOHDILO-UHFFFAOYSA-N thionyl chloride Chemical compound ClS(Cl)=O FYSNRJHAOHDILO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 206010047302 ventricular tachycardia Diseases 0.000 description 2
- GHYOCDFICYLMRF-UTIIJYGPSA-N (2S,3R)-N-[(2S)-3-(cyclopenten-1-yl)-1-[(2R)-2-methyloxiran-2-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl]-3-hydroxy-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-[[(2S)-2-[(2-morpholin-4-ylacetyl)amino]propanoyl]amino]propanamide Chemical compound C1(=CCCC1)C[C@@H](C(=O)[C@@]1(OC1)C)NC([C@H]([C@@H](C1=CC=C(C=C1)OC)O)NC([C@H](C)NC(CN1CCOCC1)=O)=O)=O GHYOCDFICYLMRF-UTIIJYGPSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QFLWZFQWSBQYPS-AWRAUJHKSA-N (3S)-3-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[5-[(3aS,6aR)-2-oxo-1,3,3a,4,6,6a-hexahydrothieno[3,4-d]imidazol-4-yl]pentanoylamino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]amino]-4-[1-bis(4-chlorophenoxy)phosphorylbutylamino]-4-oxobutanoic acid Chemical compound CCCC(NC(=O)[C@H](CC(O)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccc(O)cc1)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)CCCCC1SC[C@@H]2NC(=O)N[C@H]12)C(C)C)P(=O)(Oc1ccc(Cl)cc1)Oc1ccc(Cl)cc1 QFLWZFQWSBQYPS-AWRAUJHKSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FTTATHOUSOIFOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,8a-octahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine Chemical compound C1NCCN2CCCC21 FTTATHOUSOIFOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SDGKUVSVPIIUCF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,6-dimethylpiperidine Chemical compound CC1CCCC(C)N1 SDGKUVSVPIIUCF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OQUXDKMVCGSMPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-acetamido-3-ethoxy-3-oxopropanoic acid Chemical compound CCOC(=O)C(C(O)=O)NC(C)=O OQUXDKMVCGSMPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JTIHSSVKTWPPHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-amino-2-phenylacetonitrile Chemical compound N#CC(N)C1=CC=CC=C1 JTIHSSVKTWPPHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DZJRQCGZUPHJDA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-amino-4-[di(propan-2-yl)amino]butanamide Chemical compound CC(C)N(C(C)C)CCC(N)C(N)=O DZJRQCGZUPHJDA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SKZLUVHVOUTCBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-amino-4-[di(propan-2-yl)amino]butanoic acid Chemical compound CC(C)N(C(C)C)CCC(N)C(O)=O SKZLUVHVOUTCBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ASFAFOSQXBRFMV-LJQANCHMSA-N 3-n-(2-benzyl-1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl)-1-n-[(1r)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)ethyl]-5-[methyl(methylsulfonyl)amino]benzene-1,3-dicarboxamide Chemical compound N([C@H](C)C=1C=CC(F)=CC=1)C(=O)C(C=1)=CC(N(C)S(C)(=O)=O)=CC=1C(=O)NC(CO)(CO)CC1=CC=CC=C1 ASFAFOSQXBRFMV-LJQANCHMSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FERIUCNNQQJTOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butyric acid Natural products CCCC(O)=O FERIUCNNQQJTOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000282472 Canis lupus familiaris Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000282520 Papio Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001504519 Papio ursinus Species 0.000 description 1
- YGYAWVDWMABLBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosgene Chemical compound ClC(Cl)=O YGYAWVDWMABLBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000007536 Thrombosis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- JFBZPFYRPYOZCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li].[Al] Chemical compound [Li].[Al] JFBZPFYRPYOZCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetonitrile Substances CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001476 alcoholic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003113 alkalizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000029936 alkylation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005804 alkylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N alumane Chemical compound [AlH3] AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009435 amidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007112 amidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 208000007502 anemia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229940040526 anhydrous sodium acetate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000010171 animal model Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003288 anthiarrhythmic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002763 arrhythmic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000001367 artery Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 150000004652 butanoic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002775 capsule Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 1
- 239000002026 chloroform extract Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940125904 compound 1 Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940125773 compound 10 Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940125797 compound 12 Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940079593 drug Drugs 0.000 description 1
- AQUISJFHBNLTCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl 2-isocyanopropanoate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)C(C)[N+]#[C-] AQUISJFHBNLTCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007429 general method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004678 hydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005457 ice water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011534 incubation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002198 insoluble material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012948 isocyanate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002513 isocyanates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- ZLVXBBHTMQJRSX-VMGNSXQWSA-N jdtic Chemical compound C1([C@]2(C)CCN(C[C@@H]2C)C[C@H](C(C)C)NC(=O)[C@@H]2NCC3=CC(O)=CC=C3C2)=CC=CC(O)=C1 ZLVXBBHTMQJRSX-VMGNSXQWSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HQRPHMAXFVUBJX-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;hydrogen carbonate Chemical compound [Li+].OC([O-])=O HQRPHMAXFVUBJX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- AVXBFQNPKALZRU-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl 2-amino-4-[di(propan-2-yl)amino]butanoate Chemical compound COC(=O)C(N)CCN(C(C)C)C(C)C AVXBFQNPKALZRU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004702 methyl esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 208000010125 myocardial infarction Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 210000004165 myocardium Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001575 pathological effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000003516 pericardium Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 235000015497 potassium bicarbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910000028 potassium bicarbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011736 potassium bicarbonate Substances 0.000 description 1
- TYJJADVDDVDEDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium hydrogencarbonate Chemical compound [K+].OC([O-])=O TYJJADVDDVDEDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 230000000750 progressive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007363 ring formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007127 saponification reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000012047 saturated solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001632 sodium acetate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000017281 sodium acetate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- ODZPKZBBUMBTMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium amide Chemical compound [NH2-].[Na+] ODZPKZBBUMBTMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001225 therapeutic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Landscapes
- Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
- Nitrogen Condensed Heterocyclic Rings (AREA)
Description
Foreliggende oppfinnelse angår en fremgangsmåte for fremstilling av nye industriprodukter som er pyrrolderivater som særlig er aktive mot arytmi og blodplate-aggregasjon. The present invention relates to a method for the production of new industrial products which are pyrrole derivatives which are particularly active against arrhythmia and platelet aggregation.
Derivatene fremstilt ifølge oppfinnelsen har den generelle formel: The derivatives produced according to the invention have the general formula:
hvor where
R betyr et hydrogenatom, en lavere alkylgruppe, et fenyl-radikal eller et pyridyl-2-radikal, R means a hydrogen atom, a lower alkyl group, a phenyl radical or a pyridyl-2-radical,
betyr et hydrogenatom eller et lavere alkylradikal, means a hydrogen atom or a lower alkyl radical,
R^og R^ , som er like eller forskjellige, betyr hver et lavere alkyl- eller cykloalkylradikal, eller gruppen R 1 and R 2 , which are the same or different, each mean a lower alkyl or cycloalkyl radical, or group
betegner et cyklisk aminradikal som omfatter 1 eller denotes a cyclic amine radical comprising 1 or
2 ringer, og som kan inneholde et annet heteroatom og inneholde substituenter, og 2 rings, and which may contain another heteroatom and contain substituents, and
n er 2 eller 3. n is 2 or 3.
Når gruppen When the group
er et cyklisk aminradikal, kan blant nevnte aminer f.eks. angis: pyrrolidin, piperidin, 2,6-dimety1-piperidin, morfolin, piperazin og radikalet is a cyclic amine radical, among said amines can e.g. indicated: pyrrolidine, piperidine, 2,6-dimethyl-piperidine, morpholine, piperazine and the radical
I denne beskrivelse betegner "lavere alkylgruppe" rettkjedede eller forgrenede alkylgrupper med 1 til 6 karbon-atomer. In this specification, "lower alkyl group" denotes straight chain or branched alkyl groups of 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
Forbindelsene med formel (I) danner med uorganiske eller organiske syrer oppløselige salter.Fremstilling av disse salter med farmasøytisk godtagbare syrer omfattes av foreliggende oppfinnelse. The compounds of formula (I) form soluble salts with inorganic or organic acids. Production of these salts with pharmaceutically acceptable acids is covered by the present invention.
Fremgangsmåten for fremstilling av derivatene med formel (I) består i det vesentlige i dannelse av pyrrol-ringen. Denne ringdannelse utføres ved omsetning av et . derivat med den generelle formel: The process for preparing the derivatives of formula (I) essentially consists in forming the pyrrole ring. This ring formation is carried out by conversion of a . derivative with the general formula:
hvor har den ovenfor angitte betydning, Ac er en syregruppe : eller et funksjonelt derivat derav, P er et radikal av typen eller et radikal som senere tillater fremstilling av dette radikal, med et reagens valgt fra: • - et diketon med formelen - 2,5-dimetoksy-tetrahydrofuran. where has the above meaning, Ac is an acid group : or a functional derivative thereof, P is a radical of the type or a radical which later allows the production of this radical, with a reagent selected from: • - a diketone with the formula - 2, 5-dimethoxy-tetrahydrofuran.
Denne meget generelle fremgangsmåte kan, spesielt avhengig av betydningen av substituenten R^, utføres på forskjellige måter. This very general method can, especially depending on the meaning of the substituent R 1 , be carried out in different ways.
Når R^betyr hydrogen kan fremgangsmåten for fremstilling av pyrrol-ringen utføres i henhold til en av de to følgende metoder: When R^ means hydrogen, the method for producing the pyrrole ring can be carried out according to one of the following two methods:
Metode A^Method A^
De forskjellige trinn i fremgangsmåten er angitt i det følgende reaksjonsskjerna: The different steps in the process are indicated in the following reaction core:
Forbindelsen 1- fremstilles ved alkylering av etyl-acetamidomalonat i henhold.til kjente metoder. Ved forsepning i alkalisk miljø av forbindelse 1, får man den tilsvarende malonsyre som lett dekarboksyleres ved oppvarmning i surt miljø for å gi den substituerte smørsyre 2_. Denne forestres ved en kjent metode til metylesteren 3.. Esteren 3 omdannes til det tilsvarende amid _4 ved omsetning med ammoniakk i henhold til en kjent metode. Til slutt omdannes amidet 4_ til forbindelsen (I) ved oppvarmning med et ydiketon The compound 1- is produced by alkylation of ethyl acetamidomalonate according to known methods. By saponification in an alkaline environment of compound 1, the corresponding malonic acid is obtained which is easily decarboxylated by heating in an acidic environment to give the substituted butyric acid 2_. This is esterified by a known method to the methyl ester 3. The ester 3 is converted to the corresponding amide _4 by reaction with ammonia according to a known method. Finally, the amide 4_ is converted to the compound (I) by heating with a ydiketone
i eddiksyre. in acetic acid.
I det særlige tilfelle hvor R2= H oppnås forbindelsen (I) ved oppvarmning av amidet 4_ med 2 ,5-dimetoksy-tetrahydrof uran i absolutt alkohol i nærvær av eddiksyre. In the particular case where R 2 = H, the compound (I) is obtained by heating the amide 4_ with 2,5-dimethoxy-tetrahydrofuran in absolute alcohol in the presence of acetic acid.
Metode A2Method A2
De forskjellige trinn i fremgangsmåten er angitt i det følgende reaksjonsskjerna: The different steps in the process are indicated in the following reaction core:
Hydrokloridet av metyl-2-amino-4-brom-butyratet 5 The hydrochloride of methyl 2-amino-4-bromo-butyrate 5
[Tetrahedron, 25, 5971-81 (1969)] omdannes til det tilsvarende pyrrol-derivat 6_ enten ved omsetning med et y-diketon eller ved omsetning med 2,5-dimetoksy-furan- slik som angitt under metode A^. [Tetrahedron, 25, 5971-81 (1969)] is converted into the corresponding pyrrole derivative 6_ either by reaction with a γ-diketone or by reaction with 2,5-dimethoxyfuran- as indicated under method A^.
Ved omsetning av et amin When reacting an amine
med forbindelsen 6_ with the compound 6_
oppløst i et inert oppløsningsmiddel så som benzen eller toluen får man forbindelsen _7 som, ved amidering med ammoniakk, gir produktet (I), (R = H). dissolved in an inert solvent such as benzene or toluene gives the compound _7 which, on amidation with ammonia, gives the product (I), (R = H).
Metode BMethod B
Når betyr en fenylgruppe eller en pyridyl-2-gruppe, oppnås forbindelsene med formel (I) i henhold til følgende When represents a phenyl group or a pyridyl-2 group, the compounds of formula (I) are obtained according to the following
reaksjonsskjerna ved å gå ut fra forbindelsen 8, reaction nucleus by starting from compound 8,
hvor R betyr en fenyl- eller pyridyl-2-gruppe og A betyr et funksjonelt syrederivat, dvs. en nitrilgruppe -C=N eller en estergruppe -COO-Alk (Alk betyr en metyl- eller etyl-gruppe). where R means a phenyl or pyridyl-2 group and A means a functional acid derivative, i.e. a nitrile group -C=N or an ester group -COO-Alk (Alk means a methyl or ethyl group).
Som ved metodene A^og omdannes amin-forbiridelsen 8 til den tilsvarende pyrrol-forbindelse 9_ ved omsetning med etY~diketon eller ved omsetning med 2,5-dimetoksy-tetrahydro- As with methods A^ and, the amine by-product 8 is converted into the corresponding pyrrole compound 9_ by reaction with etY~diketone or by reaction with 2,5-dimethoxy-tetrahydro-
furan.furan.
Forbindelsen 9^alkyleres med The compound 9 is alkylated with
(Hal betyr (Hal means
halogen) i et inert oppløsningsmiddel så som toluen i nærvær av en base så som natriumhydrid, og gir forbindelsen 10. halogen) in an inert solvent such as toluene in the presence of a base such as sodium hydride, giving compound 10.
denne siste omdannes gruppen A til en amid-gruppe. Når A betyr en nitrilgruppe hydrolyseres denne f.eks. ved oppvarmning med natriumhydroksyd i fortynnet alkoholisk oppløsning. Når A betyr en estergruppe, omdannes denne til amidet ved omsetning med ammoniakk, eller når det dreier seg om voluminøse aminer, ved omsetning med det komplekse salt dannet med aluminiumhydrid og ammoniakk i tetrahydrofuran. in the latter, the group A is converted into an amide group. When A means a nitrile group, this is hydrolysed, e.g. by heating with sodium hydroxide in dilute alcoholic solution. When A means an ester group, this is converted to the amide by reaction with ammonia, or, in the case of bulky amines, by reaction with the complex salt formed with aluminum hydride and ammonia in tetrahydrofuran.
Metode CMethod C
Når er en alkylgruppe er de forskjellige reaksjonstrinn som vist i følgende reaksjonsskjerna: When is an alkyl group, the different reaction steps are as shown in the following reaction core:
Utgangsmaterialet 1_1 er en a-isocyanoester. Slike materialer er kjente eller kan fremstilles ved hjelp av kjente metoder, særlig ved omsetning av den passende a-formyl-aminoester-forbindelse med fosgen. The starting material 1_1 is an α-isocyanoester. Such materials are known or can be prepared using known methods, in particular by reacting the appropriate α-formyl aminoester compound with phosgene.
Forbindelsen _11 alkyleres med The compound _11 is alkylated with
et a
egnet oppløsningsmiddel og i nærvær av et alkaliseringsmiddel for å gi forbindelsen 12. Denne leder, efter behandling med syre i organisk oppløsning, til aminet L3. Dette omdannes til pyrrol-derivatet 1_4 som angitt ovenfor. suitable solvent and in the presence of an alkalizing agent to give compound 12. This leads, after treatment with acid in organic solution, to the amine L3. This is converted to the pyrrole derivative 1_4 as indicated above.
Til slutt omdannes ester-funksjonen til amidet ved omsetning med ammoniakk eller, fortrinnsvis, ved anvendelse av det komplekse salt dannet med litium-aluminiumhydrid og ammoniakk i tetrahydrofuran. Finally, the ester function is converted to the amide by reaction with ammonia or, preferably, by using the complex salt formed with lithium aluminum hydride and ammonia in tetrahydrofuran.
De følgende eksempler illustrerer fremstillingen av forbindelsene med formel (I). The following examples illustrate the preparation of the compounds of formula (I).
Eksempel 1Example 1
Metode A^Method A^
2-( 2, 5- dimety1- pyrrolyl- l)- 4- diisopropylamino- butyramid ( CM 7753) 2-(2,5-dimethyl-pyrrolyl-1)-4-diisopropylamino-butyramide (CM 7753)
1) 2- amino- 4- diisopropylamino- smørsyre 1) 2- amino- 4- diisopropylamino- butyric acid
En blanding av 17,3 g etyl-2-(2-diisopropylamino-etyl)-acetamidomalonat og 4,4 g natriumhydroksyd i 300 ml vann og 150 ml etanol oppvarmes ved 96° i 3 timer under tilbakeløps-kjøling. Blandingen inndampes til tørrhet, og residuet opptas i 200 ml 2N saltsyre. Dette oppvarmes under tilbakeløp .5 timer. A mixture of 17.3 g of ethyl 2-(2-diisopropylamino-ethyl)-acetamidomalonate and 4.4 g of sodium hydroxide in 300 ml of water and 150 ml of ethanol is heated at 96° for 3 hours under reflux. The mixture is evaporated to dryness, and the residue is taken up in 200 ml of 2N hydrochloric acid. This is heated under reflux for 5 hours.
Efter avkjøling nøytraliseres til pH 7 ved tilsetning av en natriumhydroksydoppløsning, og blandingen inndampes til tørrhet og residuet opptas i kloroform. Uoppløselig riatrium-klorid frafUtreres, oppløsningen tørres over natriumsulfat og inndampes til tørrhet. After cooling, neutralize to pH 7 by adding a sodium hydroxide solution, and the mixture is evaporated to dryness and the residue taken up in chloroform. Insoluble sodium chloride is filtered off, the solution is dried over sodium sulphate and evaporated to dryness.
Det brunaktige, faste residuum (11,3 g) anvendes som det er for følgende reaksjonstrinn. The brownish solid residue (11.3 g) is used as is for the following reaction step.
2) Metyl- 2- amino- 4- diisopropylamino- butyrat2) Methyl-2-amino-4-diisopropylamino-butyrate
Til 30 ml metanol settes 22 g tionylklorid under av-kjøling for å holde temperaturen under -5°C og derefter tilsettes porsjonsvis 37,7 g av den ovenfor erholdte syre mens temperaturen hele tiden holdes.under -5°C. Efter.at til-setningen er avsluttet, får temperaturen stige til omgivelsestemperatur, og blandingen oppvarmes derefter i 2 timer ved 40°C. Metanolen avdampes og residuet opptas i minst mulig vann. 500 ml eter tilsettes, og under omrøring mettes den vandige fasen med kaliumkarbonat. Eterfasen fraskilles, og den vandige fase ekstraheres påny med eter. Eterekstraktene samles, tørres over natriumsulfat og inndampes til tørrhet. 22 g of thionyl chloride are added to 30 ml of methanol while cooling to keep the temperature below -5°C and then 37.7 g of the acid obtained above are added in portions while the temperature is kept below -5°C. After the addition is finished, the temperature is allowed to rise to ambient temperature, and the mixture is then heated for 2 hours at 40°C. The methanol is evaporated and the residue is absorbed in as little water as possible. 500 ml of ether is added, and with stirring the aqueous phase is saturated with potassium carbonate. The ether phase is separated, and the aqueous phase is extracted again with ether. The ether extracts are combined, dried over sodium sulphate and evaporated to dryness.
Det blir tilbake en gul væske (13 g) som anvendes som den er for følgende reaksjonstrinn. A yellow liquid (13 g) remains, which is used as is for the following reaction step.
3) 2- amino- 4- diisopropylamino- butyramid3) 2-amino-4-diisopropylamino-butyramide
I en autoklav avkjølt med et isbad, settes 3 g av den ovenstående esteroppløsning i 20 ml absolutt etanol, og en strøm av ammoniakk bobles igjennom i 1 time. Autoklaven lukkes og oppvarmes ved 150°C i 36 timer. In an autoclave cooled with an ice bath, 3 g of the above ester solution are placed in 20 ml of absolute ethanol, and a stream of ammonia is bubbled through for 1 hour. The autoclave is closed and heated at 150°C for 36 hours.
Alkoholen avdampes., og residuet opptas i vann og kloroform. Den organiske fasen fraskilles og vaskes med vann. De vandige faser inndampes til tørrhet og residuet ekstraheres med kloroform. De samlede kloroformekstrakter tørres over natriumsulfat og inndampes til tørrhet. The alcohol is evaporated, and the residue is taken up in water and chloroform. The organic phase is separated and washed with water. The aqueous phases are evaporated to dryness and the residue is extracted with chloroform. The combined chloroform extracts are dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated to dryness.
Det blir tilbake en farvet væske (1,54 g) som anvendes i følgende reaksjonstrinn uten rensning. A colored liquid remains (1.54 g) which is used in the following reaction step without purification.
4) CM 7753 4) CM 7753
Den ovenfor erholdte olje (1,54 g) og 0,98 g heksan-2,5-dion oppløses i 40 ml eddiksyre og oppvarmes ved 100°C The oil obtained above (1.54 g) and 0.98 g of hexane-2,5-dione are dissolved in 40 ml of acetic acid and heated at 100°C
i 3 timer. Oppløsningsmidlet avdampes, og reaksjonsblandingen alkaliseres med fortynnet natriumhydroksyd. Blandingen ekstraheres med eter, eterfasen tørres over natriumsulfat og inndampes til tørrhet. Man får en sortaktig, viskøs væske som kromatograferes på en aluminiumoksydkolonne ved eluering med en blanding av heksan-etylacetat 70:30 (vol/vol). for 3 hours. The solvent is evaporated, and the reaction mixture is made alkaline with dilute sodium hydroxide. The mixture is extracted with ether, the ether phase is dried over sodium sulphate and evaporated to dryness. A blackish, viscous liquid is obtained which is chromatographed on an alumina column by elution with a mixture of hexane-ethyl acetate 70:30 (vol/vol).
Man får et gulaktig, fast stoff (1 g) som omkrystalliseres fra isopropyleter. Til- slutt oppnås farveløse krystaller, Sm.p.: 71-72°C. A yellowish solid (1 g) is obtained which is recrystallized from isopropyl ether. Finally, colorless crystals are obtained, melting point: 71-72°C.
Eksempel 2Example 2
Metode A2Method A2
2-( 2, 5- dimetyl- pyrrolyl- l)- 4-( 1, 4- diaza- bicyklo[ 4. 3. 0]-nonyl- 4)- butyramid ( CM 40018) 2-(2,5-dimethyl-pyrrolyl-1)-4-(1,4-diaza-bicyclo[4.3.0]-nonyl-4)-butyramide (CM 40018)
1) metyl- 2-( 2, 5- dimetyl- pyrrolyl- l)- 4- brom- butyrat 1) methyl- 2-(2, 5- dimethyl- pyrrolyl-1)- 4- bromo- butyrate
En blanding av 30 g av hydrokloridet av mety1-2-amino-4-brom-butyrat, 17,7 g heksandion-2,5 og 10,6 g vannfritt natriumacetat i 500 ml eddiksyre oppvarmes ved 100°C i 3 timer. Eddiksyren avdampes i vakuum, og residuet opptas derefter i vann og eter. Eterlaget fraskilles og vaskes suksessivt med vann,liatriumbikarbonat-oppløsning og påny med vann. Oppløsningen tørres over natriumsulfat og oppløsningsmidlet avdampes til tørrhet. A mixture of 30 g of the hydrochloride of methyl 1-2-amino-4-bromobutyrate, 17.7 g of hexanedione-2,5 and 10.6 g of anhydrous sodium acetate in 500 ml of acetic acid is heated at 100°C for 3 hours. The acetic acid is evaporated in vacuo, and the residue is then taken up in water and ether. The ether layer is separated and washed successively with water, lithium bicarbonate solution and again with water. The solution is dried over sodium sulfate and the solvent is evaporated to dryness.
Residuet kromatograferes over en silikagélkolonne ved eluering med en blanding av pehtan-etylacetat 9:1 (vol/vol). Efter inndampning oppnås et krystallinsk fast stoff som vaskes med petroleter. Vekt: 15,1 g, sm.p. 79°C. The residue is chromatographed over a silica gel column by elution with a mixture of pethane-ethyl acetate 9:1 (vol/vol). After evaporation, a crystalline solid is obtained which is washed with petroleum ether. Weight: 15.1 g, m.p. 79°C.
2) mety1- 2-( 2, 5- dimetyl- pyrrolyl- l)- 4-( 1, 4- diaza- bicyklo-[ 4, 3, 0]- nonyl- 4)- butyrat2) methyl 1-2-(2,5-dimethyl-pyrrolyl-1)-4-(1,4-diaza-bicyclo-[4,3,0]-nonyl-4)-butyrate
11 g av den ovenfor erholdte ester og 10,1 g 1,4-diaza-bicyklo-[4.3.0]-nonan i 150 ml toluen oppvarmes under tilbake-løpskjøling i 48 timer. Efter avkjøling vaskes den organiske oppløsning med vann, tørres over natriumsulfat og oppløsnings-midlet avdampes til tørrhet i vakuum. 11 g of the ester obtained above and 10.1 g of 1,4-diaza-bicyclo-[4.3.0]-nonane in 150 ml of toluene are heated under reflux for 48 hours. After cooling, the organic solution is washed with water, dried over sodium sulfate and the solvent is evaporated to dryness in vacuo.
Residuet kromatograferes over en aluminiumoksydkolonneThe residue is chromatographed over an alumina column
ved eluering med en blanding av pentan-etylacetat 95:5 (vol/vol). by elution with a mixture of pentane-ethyl acetate 95:5 (vol/vol).
Man får en olje (9 g), som anvendes som den er for det følgende reaksjonstrinn. An oil (9 g) is obtained, which is used as is for the following reaction step.
3) C M 40018 3) C M 40018
En strøm av tørr ammoniakkgass bobles gjennom en suspensjon av 1,71 g litium-aluminiumhydrid i 100 ml vannfritt tetrahydrofuran, inntil utfelling er slutt. Derefter tilsettes under omrøring 3,19 g av en oppløsning av esteren erholdt som angitt ovenfor i 40 ml tetrahydrofuran, og blandingen oppvarmes så A stream of dry ammonia gas is bubbled through a suspension of 1.71 g of lithium aluminum hydride in 100 ml of anhydrous tetrahydrofuran until precipitation is complete. Then, with stirring, 3.19 g of a solution of the ester obtained as stated above in 40 ml of tetrahydrofuran is added, and the mixture is then heated
ved 55-60°C i 3 timer 30 minutter. Blandingen avkjøles med et isbad og hydrolyseres méd en 40%ig natriumhydroksyd-oppløsning. Den filtreres, og oppløsningsmidlet avdampes til tørrhet. Residuet opptas i kloroform og vann. Den organiske fasen fraskilles, og den vandige fasen ekstraheres påny med kloroform. De organiske ekstrakter blandes og tørres over natriumsulfat. Oppløsningsmidlet avdampes til tørrhet. at 55-60°C for 3 hours 30 minutes. The mixture is cooled with an ice bath and hydrolysed with a 40% sodium hydroxide solution. It is filtered and the solvent is evaporated to dryness. The residue is taken up in chloroform and water. The organic phase is separated, and the aqueous phase is extracted again with chloroform. The organic extracts are mixed and dried over sodium sulfate. The solvent is evaporated to dryness.
Det faste residuum omkrystalliseres fra etylacetat (1,7 g), sm.p.: 166-167°C. The solid residue is recrystallized from ethyl acetate (1.7 g), m.p.: 166-167°C.
Eksempel 3Example 3
Metode BMethod B
2- fenyl- 2-( pyrrolyl- 1)- 4- diisopropylamino- butyramid ( CM 7611) 2- phenyl- 2-( pyrrolyl- 1)- 4- diisopropylamino- butyramide ( CM 7611)
1) 2- fenyl- 2-( pyrrolyl- 1)- acetonitril 1) 2-phenyl-2-(pyrrolyl-1)-acetonitrile
En blanding av 16,85 g av hydrokloridet av 2-amino-2-feny1-acetonitril, 8,2 g smeltet natriumacetat og 26,4 g 2,5-dimetoksy-tetrahydrofuran i 200 ml eddiksyre oppvarmes ved 100°C i 2 timer. Derefter avdampes eddiksyren i vakuum inntil tørrhet, og residuet opptas i eter. Det utfelte faste stoff tørres uten oppvarmning, og eteroppløsningen vaskes derefter med vann. Eteroppløsningen tørres over natriumsulfat og eteren avdampes til tørrhet. A mixture of 16.85 g of the hydrochloride of 2-amino-2-phenylacetonitrile, 8.2 g of molten sodium acetate and 26.4 g of 2,5-dimethoxy-tetrahydrofuran in 200 ml of acetic acid is heated at 100°C for 2 hours. . The acetic acid is then evaporated in vacuo to dryness, and the residue is taken up in ether. The precipitated solid is dried without heating, and the ether solution is then washed with water. The ether solution is dried over sodium sulphate and the ether is evaporated to dryness.
Residuet destilleres under høyvakuum, k.p./0,03 mm Hg: 108-112°C. Destillatet krystalliserer, og det omkrystalliseres fra heksan; vekt: 8 g, Sm.p.: 51°C. The residue is distilled under high vacuum, b.p./0.03 mm Hg: 108-112°C. The distillate crystallizes, and it is recrystallized from hexane; weight: 8 g, melting point: 51°C.
2) 2- feny1- 2-( pyrrolyl- 1)- 4- diisopropylamino- butyronitril2) 2- phenyl- 2-( pyrrolyl- 1)- 4- diisopropylamino- butyronitrile
Én blanding av 5,16 g av det ovenfor erholdte nitril, 1,3 g natriumamid og 5,1 g■l-klor-2-diisopropylamino-etan i 150 ml toluen oppvarmes under tilbakeløpskjøling i 2 timer. Efter avkjøling ekstraheres den organiske oppløsningen med en fortynnet saltsyre-oppløsning. Den sure vandige fase fraskilles, alkaliseres med natriumhydroksyd og ekstraheres med eter. Eter-oppløsningen tørres og oppløsningsmidlet avdampes til tørr-het. Residuet kromatograferes over en silikagelkolonne under eluering med en blanding av heksan-etylacetat 8:2 (volum/volum). A mixture of 5.16 g of the nitrile obtained above, 1.3 g of sodium amide and 5.1 g of 1-chloro-2-diisopropylaminoethane in 150 ml of toluene is heated under reflux for 2 hours. After cooling, the organic solution is extracted with a dilute hydrochloric acid solution. The acidic aqueous phase is separated, alkalized with sodium hydroxide and extracted with ether. The ether solution is dried and the solvent is evaporated to dryness. The residue is chromatographed over a silica gel column eluting with a mixture of hexane-ethyl acetate 8:2 (volume/volume).
Det oppnås 6,35 g av det ønskede produkt som anvendes som det er for det følgende trinn. 6.35 g of the desired product is obtained, which is used as is for the following step.
3) CM. 7 6113) CM. 7,611
En oppløsning av 6,07 g av det ovenfor erholdte nitril og 22,5 g kaliumkarbonat i 180 ml 96° etanol og 45 ml vann oppvarmes under tilbakeløpskjøling i 5 timer. A solution of 6.07 g of the nitrile obtained above and 22.5 g of potassium carbonate in 180 ml of 96° ethanol and 45 ml of water is heated under reflux for 5 hours.
Efter inndampning av alkoholen opptas residuet i vann og kloroform. Den organiske fase fraskilles, tørres over natrium sulfat og oppløsningsmidlet avdampes til tørrhet. Residuet kromatograferes på en aluminiumoksyd-kolonne. Ved eluering med en blanding av heksan-etylacet.at 8-2 (volum/volum) After evaporation of the alcohol, the residue is taken up in water and chloroform. The organic phase is separated, dried over sodium sulphate and the solvent is evaporated to dryness. The residue is chromatographed on an alumina column. When eluting with a mixture of hexane-ethyl acetate.at 8-2 (volume/volume)
fjernes urenheter, og derefter elueres det ønskede produkt med en blanding av heksan-etylacetat 1:1 (volum/volum). impurities are removed, and then the desired product is eluted with a mixture of hexane-ethyl acetate 1:1 (volume/volume).
Ved omkrystallisering fra isopropyleter får man farveløse krystaller (4,5 g), sm.p.: 103-104°C. Recrystallization from isopropyl ether gives colorless crystals (4.5 g), m.p.: 103-104°C.
Eksempel 4Example 4
Metode B Method B
2-( pyridyl- 2)- 2-( pyrrolyl- 1)- 4- diisopropylamino- butyramid ( CM 795 4) 2-( pyridyl- 2)- 2-( pyrrolyl- 1)- 4- diisopropylamino- butyramide ( CM 795 4)
1) Et yl- 2-( pyridyl- 2)- 2-( pyrrolyl- 1)- acetat 1) Etyl-2-(pyridyl-2)-2-(pyrrolyl-1)-acetate
En blanding av 22 g etyl-2-amino-2-(pyridyl-2)-acetat og 32,3 g 2,5-dimetoksy-tetrahydrofuran i 300 ml absolutt etanol og 150 ml eddiksyre oppvarmes under tilbakeløpskjøling i 3 timer. A mixture of 22 g of ethyl 2-amino-2-(pyridyl-2)-acetate and 32.3 g of 2,5-dimethoxy-tetrahydrofuran in 300 ml of absolute ethanol and 150 ml of acetic acid is heated under reflux for 3 hours.
Oppløsningsmidlene avdampes til tørrhet under vakuum,The solvents are evaporated to dryness under vacuum,
og residuet opptas i en vandig natriumbikarbonatoppløsning. Oppløsningen ekstraheres med eter og tørres over natrium-sulf at. Oppløsningsmidlet avdampes til tørrhet, og residuet destilleres under redusert trykk, k.p./0,01 mm Hg: 115-122°C. Destillatet krystalliserer; sm.p.: 7.5-76°C, vekt: .11,3 g. and the residue is taken up in an aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution. The solution is extracted with ether and dried over sodium sulfate. The solvent is evaporated to dryness, and the residue is distilled under reduced pressure, b.p./0.01 mm Hg: 115-122°C. The distillate crystallizes; m.p.: 7.5-76°C, weight: .11.3 g.
2) etyl- 2-( pyridyl- 2)- 2-( pyrrolyl- 1)- 4- diisopropylamino-b utyrat 2) ethyl-2-(pyridyl-2)-2-(pyrrolyl-1)-4-diisopropylaminobutyrate
En blanding av 15,65 g av den ovenfor erholdte ester, 3,57 g natriumhydrid og 12,4 g l-klor-2-diisopropylamino-etan i 500 ml vannfri toluen oppvarmes ved 100°C under en nitrogen-atmosfære i 1 time 30 minutter. A mixture of 15.65 g of the ester obtained above, 3.57 g of sodium hydride and 12.4 g of 1-chloro-2-diisopropylaminoethane in 500 ml of anhydrous toluene is heated at 100°C under a nitrogen atmosphere for 1 hour. 30 minutes.
Efter avkjøling vaskes oppløsningen med vann og tørres over natriumsulfat, og oppløsningsmidlet avdampes til tørrhet. Man kromatograferer over en aluminiumoksyd-kolonne. Ved eluering med en blanding av pentan og etylacetat 95:5 (volum/ volum) får man 17,8 g av detønskede produkt, sm.p.: 45-47°C. After cooling, the solution is washed with water and dried over sodium sulfate, and the solvent is evaporated to dryness. Chromatography is carried out over an aluminum oxide column. Elution with a mixture of pentane and ethyl acetate 95:5 (volume/volume) gives 17.8 g of the desired product, mp: 45-47°C.
3) CM 7954 3) CM 7954
Tørr ammoniakk bobles gjennom en suspensjon av 1,14 g av dobbelt-hydridet av litium-aluminium i 60 ml vannfritt tetrahydrofuran inntil utfelling av komplekset er avsluttet. En oppløsning av 7,14 g av den ovenfor erholdte ester i 40 ml tetrahydrofuran tilsettes, og blandingen omrøres ved omgivelsestemperatur i 24 timer. Dry ammonia is bubbled through a suspension of 1.14 g of the double hydride of lithium aluminum in 60 ml of anhydrous tetrahydrofuran until precipitation of the complex is complete. A solution of 7.14 g of the ester obtained above in 40 ml of tetrahydrofuran is added, and the mixture is stirred at ambient temperature for 24 hours.
Blandingen hydrolyseres ved tilsetning av en 40% oppløsning av natriumhydroksyd, uoppløselig materiale frafiltreres og tetrahydrofuranet inndampes til tørrhet. Residuet opptas i eter, den organiske oppløsning vaskes med vann, tørres over natriumsulfat og inndampes til tørrhet. Residuet omkrystalliseres fra isopropyleter. The mixture is hydrolysed by adding a 40% solution of sodium hydroxide, insoluble material is filtered off and the tetrahydrofuran is evaporated to dryness. The residue is taken up in ether, the organic solution is washed with water, dried over sodium sulphate and evaporated to dryness. The residue is recrystallized from isopropyl ether.
Man får farveløse krystaller (3,35 g), sm.p.: 128-129°C. Colorless crystals (3.35 g) are obtained, mp: 128-129°C.
Eksempel 5Example 5
Metode CMethod C
2- metyl- 2-( pyrrolyl- 1)- 4- diisopropylamino- butyramid ( CM 40019) 2- methyl- 2-( pyrrolyl- 1)- 4- diisopropylamino- butyramide ( CM 40019)
1) etyl- 2- isocyano- 2- mety1- 4- di isopropylamino- butyrat 1) ethyl- 2- isocyano- 2- methyl 1- 4- di isopropylamino- butyrate
14,54 g etyl-2-isocyano-propionat og 19,75 g l-klor-2-diisopropylamino-etan oppløses i 300 ml vannfri. eter og 120 ml dimetylsulfoksyd. Oppløsningen avkjøles i et isbad og tilsettes porsjonsvis en suspensjon av 5,73 g 55-60% natriumhydrid i 90 ml vannfri eter. Efter avsluttet tilsetning tilbakeløpsbehandles blandingen i 2 timer. Efter avkjøling helles reaksjonsblandingen i 300 ml isvann. Den organiske fase avdekanteres, og den vandige fase ekstraheres 3 ganger med eter. De organiske ekstrakter samles og vaskes med vann. Tørring utføres over natriumsulfat, og oppløsningsmidlet avdampes til tørrhet. 14.54 g of ethyl-2-isocyano-propionate and 19.75 g of 1-chloro-2-diisopropylamino-ethane are dissolved in 300 ml of anhydrous. ether and 120 ml of dimethylsulfoxide. The solution is cooled in an ice bath and a suspension of 5.73 g of 55-60% sodium hydride in 90 ml of anhydrous ether is added in portions. After the addition has been completed, the mixture is refluxed for 2 hours. After cooling, the reaction mixture is poured into 300 ml of ice water. The organic phase is decanted off, and the aqueous phase is extracted 3 times with ether. The organic extracts are collected and washed with water. Drying is carried out over sodium sulphate, and the solvent is evaporated to dryness.
Residuet destilleres under redusert trykk; k.p./0,7 mm Hg: 102-106°C, vekt: 16 g. 2) ety1- 2- amino- 2- metyl- 4- diisopropylamino- butyrat Hydrogenklorid bobles gjennom 60 ml absolutt etanol tilsatt 1,57 g vann, inntil metning. The residue is distilled under reduced pressure; b.p./0.7 mm Hg: 102-106°C, weight: 16 g. 2) ethyl 1- 2- amino- 2- methyl- 4- diisopropylamino- butyrate Hydrogen chloride is bubbled through 60 ml of absolute ethanol to which 1.57 g of water has been added, until saturation.
Denne oppløsning avkjøles til -10°C og tilsettes 16 gThis solution is cooled to -10°C and 16 g are added
av det ovenfor erholdte isocyanat oppløst i 18 ml absolutt etanol, hvorefter temperaturen får stige gradvis opp til omgivelsestemperatur, og blandingen får stå ved denne temperatur i 20 timer. Oppløsningsmidlet avdampes til tørrhet i vakuum, og residuet opptas i eter. Eter-oppløsningen vaskes med en mettet oppløsning av kaliumbikarbonat i vann. Den vandige fasen fraskilles og ekstraheres med eter. Eterekstraktene samles, tørres over kaliumkarbonat, og oppløsnings-midlet avdampes til tørrhet. of the isocyanate obtained above dissolved in 18 ml of absolute ethanol, after which the temperature is gradually allowed to rise to ambient temperature, and the mixture is allowed to stand at this temperature for 20 hours. The solvent is evaporated to dryness in vacuo, and the residue is taken up in ether. The ether solution is washed with a saturated solution of potassium bicarbonate in water. The aqueous phase is separated and extracted with ether. The ether extracts are collected, dried over potassium carbonate, and the solvent is evaporated to dryness.
Den resterende olje (14,75 g) anvendes som den er for det følgende trinn. The remaining oil (14.75 g) is used as is for the following step.
3) etyl- 2- metyl- 2-( pyrrolyl- 1)- 4- diisopropylamino- butyrat3) ethyl- 2- methyl- 2-( pyrrolyl- 1)- 4- diisopropylamino- butyrate
En blanding av 2 g av den ovenfor erholdte aminoester og 2,17 g 2,5-dimetoksy-tetrahydrofuran i 30 ml absolutt etanol og 15 ml eddiksyre oppvarmes under tilbakeløpskjøling i 18 timer. Oppløsningsmidlene avdampes til tørrhet i vakuum, og residuet opptas i eter. Eter-oppløsningen vaskes med vann, derefter med en vandig natriumbikarbonat-oppløsning og påny med vann. Tørring utføres' over natriumsulfat, og oppløsnings-midlet avdampes til tørrhet. Man kromatograferer over en kolonne av aluminiumoksyd. A mixture of 2 g of the amino ester obtained above and 2.17 g of 2,5-dimethoxy-tetrahydrofuran in 30 ml of absolute ethanol and 15 ml of acetic acid is heated under reflux for 18 hours. The solvents are evaporated to dryness in vacuo, and the residue is taken up in ether. The ether solution is washed with water, then with an aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution and again with water. Drying is carried out over sodium sulphate, and the solvent is evaporated to dryness. Chromatography is carried out over a column of aluminum oxide.
Ved eluering med en blanding av pentan-etylacetat 98:2 (volum/volum) får man 1,1 g av det ønskede produkt. Elution with a mixture of pentane-ethyl acetate 98:2 (volume/volume) gives 1.1 g of the desired product.
4) CM 40019 4) CM 40019
Fremgangsmåten angitt i eksempel 4, 3) følges, under anvendelse av den ovenfor erholdte ester og en reaksjonstid på 1 time istedenfor 24 timer. The procedure indicated in example 4, 3) is followed, using the ester obtained above and a reaction time of 1 hour instead of 24 hours.
Ved samme behandling får man det forventede amid i et utbytte på 60%, sm.p.: 79-80°C [petroleter (k.p. 40-65°C)]. With the same treatment, the expected amide is obtained in a yield of 60%, m.p.: 79-80°C [petroleum ether (b.p. 40-65°C)].
Eksempler 6- 11Examples 6-11
Ved å følge fremgangsmåten i henhold til eksemplene 1 til 5, men ved å variere reaksjonskomponentene, erholdes produktene angitt i den nedenstående tabell I. By following the procedure according to examples 1 to 5, but by varying the reaction components, the products indicated in Table I below are obtained.
For hvert av produktene med formel (I) angis kodenummer, betydning av substituentene, fremstillingsmetode og endelig smeltepunkt og omkrystalliseringsmiddel. For each of the products with formula (I), the code number, meaning of the substituents, production method and final melting point and recrystallization agent are indicated.
Produktene fremstilt ifølge oppfinnelsen er blitt studert innen dyre-farmakologi, og særlig med henblikk på å demonstrere egenskapene deres. The products produced according to the invention have been studied in the field of animal pharmacology, and in particular with a view to demonstrating their properties.
Arytmiske egenskaperArrhythmic properties
P rotokollProtocol
Den antiarytmiske effekt til disse molekyler på ventrikkel-arytmi i en dyremodell ble vurdert. The antiarrhythmic effect of these molecules on ventricular arrhythmia in an animal model was assessed.
Bastard-hunder ble bedøvet, og fikk derefter innført,Bastard dogs were anesthetized, and then introduced,
ved retrograd kateterisering, en metallspiral i hjerteposen. Samtidig ble en mikrosender-frekvensmodulator festet til dyrets rygg og forbundet med to elektroder precordialt. in retrograde catheterization, a metal coil in the pericardium. At the same time, a microtransmitter frequency modulator was attached to the animal's back and connected to two electrodes precordially.
Dyret, som er lagt tilbake i kassen sin, utvikler da en progressiv trombose i forreste interventrikulære arterie. Således dannes et lokalisert, transmuralt, myokardialt infarkt som frembringer en unormal, men repetert, elektrisk aktivitet: ventrikke1tachykardi. The animal, which is placed back in its crate, then develops a progressive thrombosis in the anterior interventricular artery. Thus, a localized, transmural, myocardial infarction is formed which produces an abnormal, but repeated, electrical activity: ventricular tachycardia.
I denne tilstand får dyret administrert medikamentet •per os (P.O.), og det telémetriske system tillater overvåkning av utviklingen av arytmi i det aktuelle tidsrom. In this condition, the animal is administered the drug •per os (P.O.), and the telemetric system allows monitoring of the development of the arrhythmia in the relevant period of time.
Det sinusformede og det patologiske systoliske kompleks telles kontinuerlig ved elektroniske prosesser. The sinusoidal and the pathological systolic complex are counted continuously by electronic processes.
Således kan graden og varigheten av aktiviteten til produktet bestemmes. Thus, the degree and duration of the activity of the product can be determined.
ResultaterResults
Resultatene for de forskjellige forbindelsene er angitt i tabell II nedenfor. The results for the various compounds are set forth in Table II below.
Virkningen av de undersøkte forbindelsene på véntrikkel-tachykardi er uttrykt enten ved gjenopprettelse av sinusrytmen eller ved en betraktelig forbedring i forholdet: antall unormale komplekser antall sinus-komplekser The effect of the investigated compounds on ventricular tachycardia is expressed either by restoration of the sinus rhythm or by a considerable improvement in the ratio: number of abnormal complexes number of sinus complexes
Aktivitet som middel mot blodplate- aggregering Activity as an agent against platelet aggregation
ForsøksprotokollTrial protocol
In vitro og ex vivo undersøkelser på anti-aggregasjons-aktiviteten ble utført i henhold til Borns turbidiuretiske teknikk. In vitro and ex vivo studies on the anti-aggregation activity were performed according to Born's turbidiuretic technique.
In vitro undersøkelsene ble utført på blodplaterikt plasma (PRP) fremstilt fra humant veneblod. The in vitro studies were performed on platelet-rich plasma (PRP) prepared from human venous blood.
De forskjellige oppløsninger av forbindelsene som skulle undersøkes ble fremstilt på stedet. CM 7753, 7611, 7640, 7921, 7954, 40018, 40020 ble oppløst i en konsentrasjon på -2 2 x 10 Mi aceton. The different solutions of the compounds to be investigated were prepared on site. CM 7753, 7611, 7640, 7921, 7954, 40018, 40020 were dissolved in a concentration of -2 2 x 10 Mi acetone.
-3 2 x 10 M vandige oppløsninger ble fremstilt med CM 40169, 40178. 2 pl av acetonoppløsningene med forbindelsene eller 40 yl av de vandige oppløsningene ble inkubert i 10 minutter ved 37°C med henholdsvis 388' og 350 \ il PRP. Efter inkuberingsperioden ble 10 ij 1 av en kollagen-oppløsning på 40 ug/ml tilsatt. Som kontroll ble anvendt 2 |j 1 aceton eller 40 pl destillert vann. -3 2 x 10 M aqueous solutions were prepared with CM 40169, 40178. 2 µl of the acetone solutions with the compounds or 40 µl of the aqueous solutions were incubated for 10 minutes at 37°C with 388 µl and 350 µl of PRP, respectively. After the incubation period, 10 µl of a collagen solution of 40 µg/ml was added. As a control, 2 μl of acetone or 40 μl of distilled water were used.
Ex vivo undersøkelser på en bavian ble utført bare på anti-aggregasjons-aktiviteten til CM 7753. I dette tilfelle ble CM 7753 administrert oralt i en dose på 50 mg/kg/dag i en periode på 5 dager.. Ex vivo studies on a baboon were performed only on the anti-aggregation activity of CM 7753. In this case, CM 7753 was administered orally at a dose of 50 mg/kg/day for a period of 5 days.
Blodprøver for analyse av blodplate-aggregeringen ble tatt før forbindelsen ble administrert, 2 timer efter administrering av 50 rng/kg på dag 1 og 2 timer, efter siste administrering på dag 5. Blood samples for analysis of platelet aggregation were taken before the compound was administered, 2 hours after administration of 50 rng/kg on day 1 and 2 hours after the last administration on day 5.
Graden av blodplateaggregering ble bestemt ved grafisk The degree of platelet aggregation was determined graphically
bestemmelse av maksimum utstrekning av aggregasjonen (MA) determination of the maximum extent of the aggregation (MA)
Resultatene er uttrykt i % hemning av denne parameter beregnet i forhold til kontrollen (100% aggregering). The results are expressed in % inhibition of this parameter calculated in relation to the control (100% aggregation).
ResultaterResults
In vitro undersøkelsen The in vitro study
Av de undersøkte forbindelsene ble to funnet å være særlig aktive med hensyn til blodplate-aggregering fremkalt med kollagen. Disse er CM 7640 og CM 7611 (IC 50 ligger ved ca. 30 yM). Of the investigated compounds, two were found to be particularly active with respect to collagen-induced platelet aggregation. These are CM 7640 and CM 7611 (IC 50 is at about 30 µM).
Forbindelsene CM 7753 og 7954 hemmer 50% blodplate-aggregering i en konsentrasjon nær 100 yM. Andre forbindelser, CM 40018, 40020, 40169, 40178 og 7921 hemmer aggregeringen mindre kraftig (20 til 30% hemning ved en konsentrasjon på 100 yM) . Compounds CM 7753 and 7954 inhibit 50% platelet aggregation at a concentration close to 100 µM. Other compounds, CM 40018, 40020, 40169, 40178 and 7921 inhibit aggregation less strongly (20 to 30% inhibition at a concentration of 100 µM).
Ex vivo undersøkelsenThe ex vivo study
Undersøkt under ex vivo betingelser, hemmer CM 7753 særlig blodplateaggregering fremkalt av kollagen. Examined under ex vivo conditions, CM 7753 specifically inhibits collagen-induced platelet aggregation.
I fire bavianer anvendt for undersøkelsen ble 100% hemning oppnådd efter 5 dagers behandling med en dose "p,å 50 mg/kg/dag. Anti-aggregasjons-aktivitet'av mindre betydning ble. også observert med hensyn t.il ADP. In four baboons used for the study, 100% inhibition was achieved after 5 days of treatment with a dose of 50 mg/kg/day. Anti-aggregation activity of minor importance was also observed with regard to ADP.
Disse resultatene viser at forbindelsene fremstiltThese results show that the compounds prepared
i henhold til oppfinnelsen har en kraftig virkning på eksperimentell arytmi og oppviser betraktelig aktivitet mot blodplate-aggregering. Følgelig kan forbindelsene med formel (I) anvendes for terapeutisk behandling på mennesker for å beskytte myokardiet ved å korrigere forstyrrelser i ventrikkel-rytmen som skyldes blodmangel, såvel som for korrigering av forstyrrelser i blodplate-aggregeringen. according to the invention has a strong effect on experimental arrhythmia and exhibits considerable activity against platelet aggregation. Accordingly, the compounds of formula (I) can be used for therapeutic treatment in humans to protect the myocardium by correcting disturbances in the ventricular rhythm due to anemia, as well as for correcting disturbances in platelet aggregation.
Forbindelsene kan tilberedes i galeniske former for administrering oralt (tabletter, kapsler etc.) og parenteralt (injiserbare ampuller). The compounds can be prepared in galenic forms for administration orally (tablets, capsules, etc.) and parenterally (injectable ampoules).
Den nødvendige dose for aktivitet mot blodplate-aggregering eller for å•gjenopprette sinusrytmen i The necessary dose for activity against platelet aggregation or to•restore the sinus rhythm i
mennesker, er-mellom ca. 50 og 150 mg administrert intravenøst og ca. 400 og 800 mg administrert oralt, pr. dag. people, are-between approx. 50 and 150 mg administered intravenously and approx. 400 and 800 mg administered orally, per day.
Claims (5)
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| NO810134A NO810134L (en) | 1981-01-15 | 1981-01-15 | PROCEDURE FOR THE PREPARATION OF PHYSIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE PYRROL DERIVATIVES |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| NO810134A NO810134L (en) | 1981-01-15 | 1981-01-15 | PROCEDURE FOR THE PREPARATION OF PHYSIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE PYRROL DERIVATIVES |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| NO810134L true NO810134L (en) | 1982-07-16 |
Family
ID=19885845
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| NO810134A NO810134L (en) | 1981-01-15 | 1981-01-15 | PROCEDURE FOR THE PREPARATION OF PHYSIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE PYRROL DERIVATIVES |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| NO (1) | NO810134L (en) |
-
1981
- 1981-01-15 NO NO810134A patent/NO810134L/en unknown
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