NO800518L - Fremgangsmaate og apparat for fremstilling av oppskummede gjenstander - Google Patents
Fremgangsmaate og apparat for fremstilling av oppskummede gjenstanderInfo
- Publication number
- NO800518L NO800518L NO800518A NO800518A NO800518L NO 800518 L NO800518 L NO 800518L NO 800518 A NO800518 A NO 800518A NO 800518 A NO800518 A NO 800518A NO 800518 L NO800518 L NO 800518L
- Authority
- NO
- Norway
- Prior art keywords
- beads
- chamber
- mold
- atmospheric pressure
- blowing agent
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 24
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 claims description 83
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 33
- 239000004604 Blowing Agent Substances 0.000 claims description 30
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pentane Chemical group CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000005187 foaming Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000004088 foaming agent Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000011049 pearl Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000003995 emulsifying agent Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920001169 thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920005992 thermoplastic resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004416 thermosoftening plastic Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004794 expanded polystyrene Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 claims 1
- SPJMAPNWDLIVRR-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;3-chloro-2-phenylphenolate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]C1=CC=CC(Cl)=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 SPJMAPNWDLIVRR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 20
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 5
- MYRTYDVEIRVNKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-Divinylbenzene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1C=C MYRTYDVEIRVNKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 3
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000012815 thermoplastic material Substances 0.000 description 3
- KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butadiene Chemical compound C=CC=C KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RGSFGYAAUTVSQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyclopentane Chemical compound C1CCCC1 RGSFGYAAUTVSQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M Propionate Chemical compound CCC([O-])=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- NBBJYMSMWIIQGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propionic aldehyde Chemical compound CCC=O NBBJYMSMWIIQGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 2
- XYLMUPLGERFSHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-Methylstyrene Chemical compound CC(=C)C1=CC=CC=C1 XYLMUPLGERFSHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- ZSWFCLXCOIISFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclopentadiene Chemical compound C1C=CC=C1 ZSWFCLXCOIISFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920001519 homopolymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- TZIHFWKZFHZASV-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl formate Chemical compound COC=O TZIHFWKZFHZASV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- WSLDOOZREJYCGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-Dichloroethane Chemical group ClCCCl WSLDOOZREJYCGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BTOVVHWKPVSLBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylprop-1-enylbenzene Chemical compound CC(C)=CC1=CC=CC=C1 BTOVVHWKPVSLBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylonitrile Chemical compound C=CC#N NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyclohexane Chemical compound C1CCCCC1 XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004338 Dichlorodifluoromethane Substances 0.000 description 1
- OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethane Chemical compound CC OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VQTUBCCKSQIDNK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isobutene Chemical group CC(C)=C VQTUBCCKSQIDNK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BZHJMEDXRYGGRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl chloride Chemical compound ClC=C BZHJMEDXRYGGRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KXKVLQRXCPHEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid trimethyl ester Natural products COC(C)=O KXKVLQRXCPHEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001273 butane Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZTQSAGDEMFDKMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyric aldehyde Natural products CCCC=O ZTQSAGDEMFDKMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003750 conditioning effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007596 consolidation process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001276 controlling effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- PXBRQCKWGAHEHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N dichlorodifluoromethane Chemical compound FC(F)(Cl)Cl PXBRQCKWGAHEHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019404 dichlorodifluoromethane Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- POLCUAVZOMRGSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dipropyl ether Chemical compound CCCOCCC POLCUAVZOMRGSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006261 foam material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010855 food raising agent Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- WBJINCZRORDGAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N formic acid ethyl ester Natural products CCOC=O WBJINCZRORDGAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- DMEGYFMYUHOHGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N heptamethylene Natural products C1CCCCCC1 DMEGYFMYUHOHGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- -1 light petrol Chemical compound 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004620 low density foam Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 1
- IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butane Chemical compound CCCC IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004806 packaging method and process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002861 polymer material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012798 spherical particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C44/00—Shaping by internal pressure generated in the material, e.g. swelling or foaming ; Producing porous or cellular expanded plastics articles
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C44/00—Shaping by internal pressure generated in the material, e.g. swelling or foaming ; Producing porous or cellular expanded plastics articles
- B29C44/34—Auxiliary operations
- B29C44/3461—Making or treating expandable particles
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J3/00—Processes of treating or compounding macromolecular substances
- C08J3/20—Compounding polymers with additives, e.g. colouring
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Manufacture Of Porous Articles, And Recovery And Treatment Of Waste Products (AREA)
- Processing And Handling Of Plastics And Other Materials For Molding In General (AREA)
- Molding Of Porous Articles (AREA)
- Moulds For Moulding Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US06/059,392 US4272469A (en) | 1979-02-26 | 1979-07-20 | Method and apparatus for forming expanded foam articles |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| NO800518L true NO800518L (no) | 1981-01-21 |
Family
ID=22022653
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| NO800518A NO800518L (no) | 1979-07-20 | 1980-02-25 | Fremgangsmaate og apparat for fremstilling av oppskummede gjenstander |
Country Status (21)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS5617231A (nl) |
| KR (1) | KR840000070B1 (nl) |
| AU (1) | AU536212B2 (nl) |
| BE (1) | BE884378A (nl) |
| BR (1) | BR8000985A (nl) |
| CA (1) | CA1130968A (nl) |
| DE (1) | DE3011519A1 (nl) |
| DK (1) | DK219480A (nl) |
| ES (1) | ES490656A0 (nl) |
| FI (1) | FI801390A7 (nl) |
| FR (1) | FR2461732A1 (nl) |
| GB (1) | GB2055380B (nl) |
| IE (1) | IE800185L (nl) |
| IL (1) | IL59308A0 (nl) |
| IT (1) | IT1132060B (nl) |
| LU (1) | LU82398A1 (nl) |
| NL (1) | NL8004094A (nl) |
| NO (1) | NO800518L (nl) |
| PT (1) | PT70841A (nl) |
| SE (1) | SE8001031L (nl) |
| ZA (1) | ZA80451B (nl) |
Families Citing this family (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS592821A (ja) * | 1982-06-30 | 1984-01-09 | Badische Yuka Co Ltd | 発泡性熱可塑性樹脂の予備発泡粒子を用いる成形体の製造方法 |
| JPS60105503A (ja) * | 1983-11-12 | 1985-06-11 | Kanegafuchi Chem Ind Co Ltd | 熱可塑性樹脂粒子の予備発泡法およびその装置 |
| EP0140059B1 (en) * | 1983-09-08 | 1988-06-08 | Kanegafuchi Kagaku Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Pre-expanding process and apparatus for the same |
| JPS63135436A (ja) * | 1986-11-26 | 1988-06-07 | Mitsubishi Yuka Badische Co Ltd | 予備発泡スチレン系樹脂粒子の製造方法 |
| JPH0739503B2 (ja) * | 1987-12-11 | 1995-05-01 | 鐘淵化学工業株式会社 | ポリプロピレン系樹脂予備発泡粒子及びその製造方法 |
| EP0348372B1 (en) * | 1988-06-23 | 1994-02-23 | Casco Nobel Ab | A process and a device for preparation of expanded thermoplastic microspheres |
| JP5511465B2 (ja) * | 2010-03-26 | 2014-06-04 | 積水化成品工業株式会社 | 発泡性熱可塑性樹脂粒子の予備発泡方法 |
| ES2495640B1 (es) * | 2013-03-14 | 2015-07-07 | Doroteo Olmedo, S.L. | Molde con cámara incorporada para la fabricación de piezas de espuma plástica |
| CN109676849B (zh) * | 2018-12-24 | 2024-01-09 | 菲尔普(青岛)新材料有限公司 | 一种塑料泡沫板材成型连续化生产线 |
Family Cites Families (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3086248A (en) * | 1959-12-07 | 1963-04-23 | Armstrong Cork Co | Process for reducing aging period of cellular products formed with steam |
| US3257103A (en) * | 1962-07-06 | 1966-06-21 | Frederick B Brockhues | Apparatus for processing expandable plastic material |
| US3236927A (en) * | 1962-09-25 | 1966-02-22 | Thompson Ind Co Inc | Method of molding foamable plastic materials |
| US3278658A (en) * | 1963-12-05 | 1966-10-11 | Koppers Co Inc | Process and apparatus for making shaped cellular articles from expandable thermoplastic resins |
| US3235908A (en) * | 1965-06-24 | 1966-02-22 | Rexall Drug Chemical | Molding apparatus |
| US4032609A (en) * | 1972-09-11 | 1977-06-28 | Foster Grant Co., Inc. | Method for pre-expanding and molding expandable thermoplastic polymer particles |
-
1980
- 1980-01-25 GB GB8002566A patent/GB2055380B/en not_active Expired
- 1980-01-25 ZA ZA00800451A patent/ZA80451B/xx unknown
- 1980-01-31 IE IE800185A patent/IE800185L/xx unknown
- 1980-02-04 IL IL59308A patent/IL59308A0/xx unknown
- 1980-02-07 AU AU55328/80A patent/AU536212B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1980-02-08 SE SE8001031A patent/SE8001031L/ not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1980-02-15 PT PT70841A patent/PT70841A/pt unknown
- 1980-02-15 BR BR8000985A patent/BR8000985A/pt unknown
- 1980-02-23 KR KR1019800000747A patent/KR840000070B1/ko not_active Expired
- 1980-02-25 NO NO800518A patent/NO800518L/no unknown
- 1980-03-24 JP JP3735280A patent/JPS5617231A/ja active Pending
- 1980-03-25 DE DE19803011519 patent/DE3011519A1/de not_active Ceased
- 1980-04-08 CA CA349,273A patent/CA1130968A/en not_active Expired
- 1980-04-17 ES ES490656A patent/ES490656A0/es active Granted
- 1980-04-25 LU LU82398A patent/LU82398A1/fr unknown
- 1980-04-29 FI FI801390A patent/FI801390A7/fi not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1980-04-30 FR FR8009903A patent/FR2461732A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 1980-05-20 DK DK219480A patent/DK219480A/da not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1980-05-27 IT IT22342/80A patent/IT1132060B/it active
- 1980-07-16 NL NL8004094A patent/NL8004094A/nl not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1980-07-18 BE BE0/201451A patent/BE884378A/fr unknown
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| ZA80451B (en) | 1981-01-28 |
| IE800185L (en) | 1981-01-20 |
| NL8004094A (nl) | 1981-01-22 |
| AU536212B2 (en) | 1984-04-19 |
| PT70841A (en) | 1980-03-01 |
| CA1130968A (en) | 1982-09-07 |
| ES8102890A1 (es) | 1981-02-16 |
| ES490656A0 (es) | 1981-02-16 |
| LU82398A1 (fr) | 1980-07-31 |
| DK219480A (da) | 1981-01-21 |
| IT8022342A0 (it) | 1980-05-27 |
| BR8000985A (pt) | 1981-03-31 |
| IL59308A0 (en) | 1980-05-30 |
| FI801390A7 (fi) | 1981-01-21 |
| DE3011519A1 (de) | 1981-01-22 |
| AU5532880A (en) | 1981-01-22 |
| KR830001991A (ko) | 1983-05-21 |
| BE884378A (fr) | 1981-01-19 |
| KR840000070B1 (ko) | 1984-02-08 |
| GB2055380A (en) | 1981-03-04 |
| IT1132060B (it) | 1986-06-25 |
| FR2461732A1 (fr) | 1981-02-06 |
| SE8001031L (sv) | 1981-01-21 |
| JPS5617231A (en) | 1981-02-19 |
| GB2055380B (en) | 1983-09-21 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| US4272469A (en) | Method and apparatus for forming expanded foam articles | |
| US3015851A (en) | Process for making shaped cellular articles from foamable thermoplastic alkenyl aromatic resins | |
| US3424827A (en) | Process and apparatus for making shaped cellular articles from expandable thermoplastic resins | |
| AU2004267408B2 (en) | Process for processing expandable polymer particles and foam article thereof | |
| EP0059192B1 (en) | Method for making large size, low density, elongated thermoplastic cellular bodies | |
| US3278658A (en) | Process and apparatus for making shaped cellular articles from expandable thermoplastic resins | |
| US3124627A (en) | Slotted | |
| NO800518L (no) | Fremgangsmaate og apparat for fremstilling av oppskummede gjenstander | |
| US3058162A (en) | Method of making very low density cellular polystyrene products | |
| US3759641A (en) | Process and apparatus for pre-expanding polymer particles | |
| NO175065B (no) | Fremgangsmåte for fremstilling av en skumgjenstand av polypropylenharpiks | |
| JP2009506953A (ja) | 使い捨て容器をコーティングし硬化するためのシステム、装置、および方法 | |
| JPH0622919B2 (ja) | ポリプロピレン系樹脂発泡粒子の型内成形法 | |
| US2948926A (en) | Mold for and a method of producing large bodies of foamed polystyrene | |
| US3963816A (en) | Process for molding expandable thermoplastic material | |
| US3359353A (en) | Process for making porous expandedthermoplastic articles | |
| US3725320A (en) | Aging of impregnated foamable beads | |
| US3956203A (en) | Manufacture of particulate expandable styrene polymers requiring shot minimum residence times in the mold | |
| JPH0660258B2 (ja) | 熱可塑性樹脂粒子の予備発泡方法 | |
| NO901036L (no) | Fremstilling av styrenskum. | |
| NO141518B (no) | Styrenpolymerpreparat samt fremgangsmaate for dets fremstilling | |
| NO142036B (no) | Preparat for fremstilling av stoepte gjenstander bestaaende av styrenpolymerpartikler, samt fremgangsmaate for fremstilling derav | |
| NO135308B (nl) | ||
| KR100594911B1 (ko) | 팽창가능한 폴리비닐아렌 입자의 제조방법 | |
| US3435103A (en) | Process for forming solid articles from expandable polymer |