NO146519B - CHARGABLE ELECTRIC ACCUMULATOR CELL WITH AT LEAST ONE SINCANODE - Google Patents
CHARGABLE ELECTRIC ACCUMULATOR CELL WITH AT LEAST ONE SINCANODE Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- NO146519B NO146519B NO762478A NO762478A NO146519B NO 146519 B NO146519 B NO 146519B NO 762478 A NO762478 A NO 762478A NO 762478 A NO762478 A NO 762478A NO 146519 B NO146519 B NO 146519B
- Authority
- NO
- Norway
- Prior art keywords
- zinc
- electrolyte
- accumulator cell
- zinc oxide
- anode
- Prior art date
Links
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 38
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 37
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 34
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims description 34
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 31
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 125000006850 spacer group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 210000000056 organ Anatomy 0.000 claims description 2
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 20
- 210000001787 dendrite Anatomy 0.000 description 6
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- -1 Zinc cations Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 2
- NDVLTYZPCACLMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N silver oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Ag+].[Ag+] NDVLTYZPCACLMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010405 anode material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001143 conditioned effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001351 cycling effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009931 harmful effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910010272 inorganic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011147 inorganic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910000480 nickel oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- GNRSAWUEBMWBQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxonickel Chemical compound [Ni]=O GNRSAWUEBMWBQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002161 passivation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001226 reprecipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001923 silver oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NWONKYPBYAMBJT-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc sulfate Chemical compound [Zn+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O NWONKYPBYAMBJT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/4214—Arrangements for moving electrodes or electrolyte
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/70—Arrangements for stirring or circulating the electrolyte
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Hybrid Cells (AREA)
- Secondary Cells (AREA)
- Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
- Fats And Perfumes (AREA)
Description
Foreliggende oppfinnelse angår en elektrisk akkumulatorcelle med minst én katode og minst én sinkanode. Mellom katode og anode er anordnet en separator eller distanseorgan. Videre inneholder cellen alkalisk elektrolytt. Anode og/ The present invention relates to an electric accumulator cell with at least one cathode and at least one zinc anode. A separator or spacer is arranged between cathode and anode. Furthermore, the cell contains alkaline electrolyte. Anode and/
eller distanseorgan er anordnet til å vibrere i elektrodens plan eller parallelt dermed. or spacer is arranged to vibrate in the plane of the electrode or parallel to it.
Sinkanoder i alkalisk elektrolytt er kjent i kombina-sjon med forskjellige slag katoder, f.eks. nikkeloxyd og sølvoxyd. Sinkanoder har flere fordeler, slik som f.eks. Zinc anodes in alkaline electrolyte are known in combination with various types of cathodes, e.g. nickel oxide and silver oxide. Zinc anodes have several advantages, such as e.g.
høyt halvcellepotensial, et høyt forhold mellom energiinn-hold og vekt, samt i sammenligning med alternative anode-materialer en lav pris. Visse problemer er imidlertid knyttet til anvendelse av sinkanoder, først og fremst når det gjelder cellenes levetid samt behov for store elektrolytt-mengder. Disse problemer henger sammen med sinks spesielle egenskaper i alkalisk elektrolytt. Sinkanoder er såkalte oppløsningselektroder, dvs. ved utladningsreaksjonen dannes av sinken i elektrolytten oppløselige reaksjonsprodukter som forlater elektroden. Av sink dannes i første rekke sink-kationer som deretter kan reagere videre i elektrolytten. Herved dannes sinkoxyd hvis oppløselighet i elektrolytten high half-cell potential, a high ratio between energy content and weight, as well as, in comparison with alternative anode materials, a low price. However, certain problems are linked to the use of zinc anodes, primarily when it comes to the lifespan of the cells and the need for large quantities of electrolyte. These problems are related to zinc's special properties in alkaline electrolyte. Zinc anodes are so-called dissolution electrodes, i.e. during the discharge reaction, the zinc in the electrolyte forms soluble reaction products that leave the electrode. Zinc cations are primarily formed from zinc, which can then react further in the electrolyte. This forms zinc oxide whose solubility in the electrolyte
er betydelig lavere enn sinkatets, hvorfor sinkoxydet faller ut i fast form. Hovedreaksjonene ved utladning av sinkelektroden og utfelning av sinkoxyd er følgende: is significantly lower than that of the zincate, which is why the zinc oxide falls out in solid form. The main reactions during discharge of the zinc electrode and precipitation of zinc oxide are the following:
Også andre reaksjoner og andre ioneslag forekommer, Other reactions and other ion species also occur,
men ovenstående er helt dominerende og tilstrekkelig for denne fremstilling. but the above is completely dominant and sufficient for this presentation.
Problemet med sinkelektroder er betinget av at ved gjenutfelling av sink på elektrodene dannes i stor utstrekning sinkdendriter som har tilbøyelighet til å vokse over til motelektroden og derved kortslutte cellen. Medvirkende årsak til dette er også den tendens hos sinkmaterialet til å The problem with zinc electrodes is conditioned by the redeposition of zinc on the electrodes to a large extent forming zinc dendrites which have a tendency to grow over to the counter electrode and thereby short-circuit the cell. A contributing factor to this is also the tendency of the zinc material to
samles ved elektrodekantene, og spesielt i underkant, dvs. under cyklisering skjer en omfordeling av det aktive materiale collects at the electrode edges, and especially at the bottom edge, i.e. during cycling a redistribution of the active material takes place
over elektrodeoverflaten. over the electrode surface.
Forskjellige måter å løse disse problem på er prøvet. Anvendelse av semipermeable membraner mellom sinkelektroder og motelektroder er blitt meget vanlig. Disse membraner er så tette at utveksten av sinkdendritter vanskeliggjøres. Et stort antall tilsetninger av forskjellig slag, såvel organisk som uorganisk materiale har vært prøvet både i elektrolytt, membran og elektroder. Disse anstrengelser har ledet til betydelige forbedringer av celler med sinkelektroder, men resultatene er fremdeles ikke tilfredsstillende. Også om-fordelingen av det aktive materiale over elektrodeoverflaten har man forsøkt å komme til rette med på forskjellige måter. En av måtene er å bygge cellen på slik måte at strømninger og diffusjon i elektrolytten i størst mulig utstrekning forhindres, hvorved gjenutfelling av sink bereg-nes å skje på samme overflater fra hvilke sinken utløses ved utladning. Dette begrenser imidlertid høyst betydelig tilgangen til elektrolytt med konsekvenser som skal belyses nærmere nedenfor. En annen måte å løse problemet på med fordelingen av det aktive materiale er å pumpe elektrolytten rundt i cellene. Dette forutsetter imidlertid fordyrende og romkrevende hjelpesystem omfattende pumper, rørledninger etc. En annen måte å unngå de skadelige virkningene av dendritdannelsen er å fjerne dendrittene mekanisk som beskrevet i britisk patentskrift 1 135 447. Disse hjelpe-midler kan være ruller eller avstrykere som sleper over elek-trodeoverf låtene . Såvel rullene og avstrykerne som elektrodene kan være bevegelige. Different ways of solving these problems have been tried. The use of semipermeable membranes between zinc electrodes and counter electrodes has become very common. These membranes are so dense that the growth of zinc dendrites is made difficult. A large number of additives of various kinds, both organic and inorganic material, have been tried both in electrolyte, membrane and electrodes. These efforts have led to significant improvements in cells with zinc electrodes, but the results are still not satisfactory. The redistribution of the active material over the electrode surface has also been attempted in various ways. One of the ways is to build the cell in such a way that currents and diffusion in the electrolyte are prevented to the greatest extent possible, whereby re-precipitation of zinc is calculated to take place on the same surfaces from which the zinc is released during discharge. However, this very significantly limits the access to electrolyte with consequences that will be explained in more detail below. Another way to solve the problem with the distribution of the active material is to pump the electrolyte around the cells. However, this requires an expensive and space-consuming auxiliary system comprising pumps, pipelines, etc. Another way to avoid the harmful effects of the dendrite formation is to remove the dendrites mechanically as described in British patent document 1 135 447. These aids can be rollers or scrapers that drag over elec. - trodeover the songs. Both the rollers and wipers as well as the electrodes can be movable.
En måte å fullstendig unngå dendrittdannelse er beskrevet i svensk utlegningsskrift 346 425. Ifølge denne metode kan dendrittdannelse unngåes ved celler med alkalisk elektrolytt, sinkanode og en iongjennomtrengelig separator, ved at minst én av anodene og separatorene underkastes en vibrerende bevegelse under oppladningen. A way to completely avoid dendrite formation is described in Swedish explanatory document 346 425. According to this method, dendrite formation can be avoided in cells with an alkaline electrolyte, a zinc anode and an ion-permeable separator, by subjecting at least one of the anodes and separators to a vibrating movement during charging.
Sinkelektroder har også vist en tendens til å passivi-seres. Mekanismene og årsakene til dette er ikke helt utredet, men det ansees sannsynlig at en vesentlig årsak til passivi-sering er forekomst av sinkoxydpartikler i det aktive sink-materiale. Disse isolerer deler av sinkmaterialet fra del-tagelse i de elektrokjemiske prosesser, hvor belastningen på elektrodene forøvrig øker. For i størst mulig grad å unngå denne effekt har man lagt stor vekt på at elektro-lyttmengden skal være så stor at den sink som frigjøres fra elektroden kan foreligge i elektrolytten i oppløselig form. Dette har medført behov for forholdsvis store elektro-lyttmengder uten at utfelling av sinkoxyd allikevel helt har kunnet unngåes. Sinkkationene undergår en langsom oppdeling under dannelse av sinkoxyd. Reaksjonsmekanismene er ikke helt klarlagte, men effekten av denne oppdeling er at dannelse av sinkoxyd i elektrolytten ikke helt kan unngåes. Det er mulig sterkt å overmette elektrolytten med henblikk på sinkkationene, og dette utnyttes i akkumulatorcellene-, men elektrolyttmengdene blir allikevel altfor store. For å fjerne det sinkoxyd som således ikke kan unngåes i elektrolytten har blant annet vært foreslått rundpumping gjennom et filter hvor sinkoxydet skal frafiltreres. Zinc electrodes have also shown a tendency to be passivated. The mechanisms and reasons for this have not been fully investigated, but it is considered likely that a significant cause of passivation is the presence of zinc oxide particles in the active zinc material. These isolate parts of the zinc material from participation in the electrochemical processes, where the load on the electrodes otherwise increases. In order to avoid this effect as much as possible, great importance has been placed on the amount of electrolyte being so large that the zinc released from the electrode can be present in the electrolyte in soluble form. This has resulted in the need for relatively large quantities of electrolyte without the precipitation of zinc oxide having been completely avoided. The zinc cations undergo a slow breakdown to form zinc oxide. The reaction mechanisms are not fully understood, but the effect of this division is that the formation of zinc oxide in the electrolyte cannot be completely avoided. It is possible to greatly supersaturate the electrolyte with regard to the zinc cations, and this is utilized in the accumulator cells, but the electrolyte quantities will still be far too large. In order to remove the zinc oxide which thus cannot be avoided in the electrolyte, it has been proposed, among other things, to pump round through a filter where the zinc oxide must be filtered out.
Foreliggende oppfinnelse angår en ladningsbar elektrisk akkumulatorcelle med minst én katode, minst én sinkanode og mellom anode og katode anordnet separator eller distanseorgan, hvorved anode og/eller distanseorgan er anordnet til å vibrere, samt elektrolytt med så høy sinkkonsentrasjon i elektrolytten at ved fulladet akkumulatorcelle inneholder elektrolytten fast sinkoxyd, hvilken er kjennetegnet ved at den totale mengde sink i cellen tilsvarer minst 200 g sinkoxyd pr. liter elektrolytt. The present invention relates to a chargeable electric accumulator cell with at least one cathode, at least one zinc anode and a separator or spacer arranged between anode and cathode, whereby the anode and/or spacer is arranged to vibrate, as well as electrolyte with such a high zinc concentration in the electrolyte that when fully charged the accumulator cell contains The electrolyte is solid zinc oxide, which is characterized by the fact that the total amount of zinc in the cell corresponds to at least 200 g of zinc oxide per liter of electrolyte.
Ovenfor er beskrevet de vanskeligheter som er for-bundet med å holde elektrolytten fri for sinkoxyd. Dette er imidlertid teoretisk mulig i kjente celler, og skulle være praktisk mulig i fulladede relativt nye celler. Slike celler omfattes selvfølgelig ikke av oppfinnelsen ifølge hvilken sinkkonsentrasjonen i elektrolytten skal være så The difficulties associated with keeping the electrolyte free of zinc oxide are described above. However, this is theoretically possible in known cells, and should be practically possible in fully charged relatively new cells. Such cells are of course not covered by the invention, according to which the zinc concentration in the electrolyte must be such
høy at det ikke er teoretisk mulig å unngå forekomst av fast sinkoxyd. Det har vist seg mulig ved celler ifølge oppfinnelsen å anvende elektrolytter med meget store mengder sinkoxyd, opp til slike mengder at elektrolytten får en tyktflytende konsistens. Hensikstmessig inneholder elektro- high that it is not theoretically possible to avoid the occurrence of solid zinc oxide. It has proven possible with cells according to the invention to use electrolytes with very large amounts of zinc oxide, up to such amounts that the electrolyte acquires a viscous consistency. Conveniently contains electro-
lytten når cellen er i fulladet tilstand, fortrinnsvis 250 - 400 g sinkoxyd pr. liter elektrolytt. Imidlertid er sinkoxydmengder over 600 g pr. liter prøvet med hell. Sær-lig gode resultater er erholdt når den vibrerende komponent er forsynt med organ gjennom hvis innvirkning elektrolytten pumpes mellom elektrodene. Dette innebærer således ikke bare at elektrolytten utfører en frem- og tilbakegående bevegelse, men også en resulterende bevegelse som innebærer en sirkulasjon mellom elektrodeoverflåtenes øvre og nedre deler. listening when the cell is in a fully charged state, preferably 250 - 400 g of zinc oxide per liter of electrolyte. However, zinc oxide quantities are over 600 g per liter tried successfully. Particularly good results have been obtained when the vibrating component is provided with an organ through which the electrolyte is pumped between the electrodes. This therefore not only implies that the electrolyte performs a reciprocating movement, but also a resulting movement which involves a circulation between the upper and lower parts of the electrode surfaces.
Fig. 1 viser en celle ifølge oppfinnelsen, og Fig. 1 shows a cell according to the invention, and
Fig. 2 viser forskjellige tenkelige utformninger av Fig. 2 shows different conceivable designs of
et distanseorgan bestemt til å vibrere mellom elektrodene i cellen. I den på figuren viste celle er anodene anordnet til å vibrere. Det på fig. 2 viste distanseorgan er forsynt med en ytterkant (1), et festeorgan (2) samt distanseribber (3) , (4), (5) og (6) . Disse ribber er passende, men ikke nødvendigvis er likt utformet over hele distanseorganet, a spacer designed to vibrate between the electrodes in the cell. In the cell shown in the figure, the anodes are arranged to vibrate. That in fig. 2, the distance member shown is provided with an outer edge (1), a fastening member (2) and distance ribs (3), (4), (5) and (6). These ribs are suitable, but not necessarily equally designed over the entire spacer member,
kan eksempelvis ha et av de fire forskjellige utseender som vises på figuren. Herved oppnåes utover en frem- og tilbakegående bevegelse hos elektrolytten en nettostrømning, enten oppover eller nedover. Vibrasjonsfrekvensen er hen-siktsmessig 1 - 500 Hz, og amplituden velges i forhold hertil slik at den lineære bevegelseshastighet i det minste ved ett enkelt tilfelle under den opp og nedadgående bevegelse oppgår til ca. 20 cm pr. sekund. Fortrinnsvis er amplituden ca. 4 mm, og frekvensen ca. 50 Hz. can, for example, have one of the four different appearances shown in the figure. In addition to a reciprocating movement of the electrolyte, a net flow, either upwards or downwards, is thereby achieved. The vibration frequency is expediently 1 - 500 Hz, and the amplitude is chosen in relation to this so that the linear speed of movement in at least one single case during the up and down movement amounts to approx. 20 cm per second. Preferably, the amplitude is approx. 4 mm, and the frequency approx. 50 Hz.
Claims (3)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| SE7508110A SE394842B (en) | 1975-07-16 | 1975-07-16 | RECHARGEABLE ELECTRIC ACCUMULATOR CELL |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| NO762478L NO762478L (en) | 1977-01-18 |
| NO146519B true NO146519B (en) | 1982-07-05 |
| NO146519C NO146519C (en) | 1982-10-13 |
Family
ID=20325142
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| NO762478A NO146519C (en) | 1975-07-16 | 1976-07-15 | CHARGABLE ELECTRIC ACCUMULATOR CELL WITH AT LEAST ONE SINCANODE |
Country Status (15)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS5217627A (en) |
| AU (1) | AU507877B2 (en) |
| BE (1) | BE844224A (en) |
| DD (1) | DD126748A5 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE2631510A1 (en) |
| DK (1) | DK320776A (en) |
| ES (1) | ES449812A1 (en) |
| FI (1) | FI63500C (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2318508A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB1524583A (en) |
| IT (1) | IT1062612B (en) |
| MX (1) | MX143961A (en) |
| NL (1) | NL7607893A (en) |
| NO (1) | NO146519C (en) |
| SE (1) | SE394842B (en) |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS6246504Y2 (en) * | 1979-03-01 | 1987-12-16 | ||
| DE102005021409B4 (en) * | 2005-05-04 | 2009-02-05 | Vb Autobatterie Gmbh & Co. Kgaa | accumulator |
| US11450847B2 (en) | 2019-01-23 | 2022-09-20 | Energizer Brands, Llc | Alkaline electrochemical cells comprising increased zinc oxide levels |
Family Cites Families (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3440098A (en) * | 1965-03-19 | 1969-04-22 | Yardney International Corp | Rechargeable current-generating electrochemical system with wiper means |
| CA976602A (en) * | 1971-08-11 | 1975-10-21 | John D. Rushmere | Rechargeable battery |
| GB1420710A (en) * | 1973-01-31 | 1976-01-14 | Furukawa Electric Co Ltd | Furukawa battery co ltd rechargeable galvanic cell with zinc anode |
-
1975
- 1975-07-16 SE SE7508110A patent/SE394842B/en unknown
-
1976
- 1976-07-09 DE DE19762631510 patent/DE2631510A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1976-07-12 GB GB28906/76A patent/GB1524583A/en not_active Expired
- 1976-07-14 AU AU15880/76A patent/AU507877B2/en not_active Expired
- 1976-07-14 ES ES449812A patent/ES449812A1/en not_active Expired
- 1976-07-14 IT IT50428/76A patent/IT1062612B/en active
- 1976-07-15 FR FR7621693A patent/FR2318508A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1976-07-15 DD DD193890A patent/DD126748A5/xx unknown
- 1976-07-15 DK DK320776A patent/DK320776A/en unknown
- 1976-07-15 NO NO762478A patent/NO146519C/en unknown
- 1976-07-16 NL NL7607893A patent/NL7607893A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1976-07-16 BE BE168984A patent/BE844224A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1976-07-16 JP JP51084074A patent/JPS5217627A/en active Pending
- 1976-07-16 MX MX165551A patent/MX143961A/en unknown
- 1976-07-16 FI FI762064A patent/FI63500C/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AU1588076A (en) | 1978-01-19 |
| NL7607893A (en) | 1977-01-18 |
| FI63500C (en) | 1983-06-10 |
| SE7508110L (en) | 1977-01-17 |
| FR2318508A1 (en) | 1977-02-11 |
| DK320776A (en) | 1977-01-17 |
| AU507877B2 (en) | 1980-02-28 |
| FI762064A7 (en) | 1977-01-17 |
| SE394842B (en) | 1977-07-11 |
| DD126748A5 (en) | 1977-08-10 |
| MX143961A (en) | 1981-08-07 |
| IT1062612B (en) | 1984-10-20 |
| NO146519C (en) | 1982-10-13 |
| DE2631510A1 (en) | 1977-01-20 |
| FI63500B (en) | 1983-02-28 |
| NO762478L (en) | 1977-01-18 |
| JPS5217627A (en) | 1977-02-09 |
| GB1524583A (en) | 1978-09-13 |
| ES449812A1 (en) | 1977-08-01 |
| BE844224A (en) | 1976-11-16 |
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