NL2009667C2 - FACADES AND FACADE MATERIALS WITH ORIENTED SURFACES WITH FUNCTIONALITIES FOR REDUCED ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF A BUILDING. - Google Patents

Description

Facades and façade materials with oriented surfaces with functionalities for reduced energy consumption of a building.

5 Subject

This invention describes possibilities for making optimum use of the solar energy that is received annually by this facade by means of the application of geometric shapes in a facade, preferably in combination with one or more other adaptations to the same facade. The principles are based on the observation that the height of the sun is a determining factor in the amount of solar energy to be received and that this is related to the need for cooling or heating in the building.

Background of the invention

Almost every inhabited place in the world has winters with outside temperatures that are lower than a pleasant room temperature. At the same time, they know most of these places in summer with outside temperatures that are higher than room temperature. In Western Europe, for example, this means that buildings are heated in the winter and cooled in the summer to achieve a pleasant indoor temperature. As an example, the average winter temperature in both Madrid and Amsterdam is lower than IOC and the average summer temperature in these cities is higher than 20C.

25 The day / night cycle also plays a major role in the thermal management of a building: Because it is often colder than room temperature during the night, and because heating is often switched off at night, a building must be heated in the morning to to ensure that the users of this building experience a pleasant indoor temperature. Later in the day, the temperature in the building can rise due to use, solar radiation and a higher outside temperature. The cooling is switched on at these times. This cycle is repeated in the evening and at night, resulting in high energy consumption for both heating and cooling.

Solar radiation plays a major role in the heat management of a building. During the entire year, a building receives heat in the form of solar radiation 2 that can be used on the one hand for heating the buildings in winter and morning in order to limit the energy requirement for heating. In the summer, solar radiation is preferably kept outside the building to reduce the energy consumption for cooling, the cooling load of the building.

5 The annual orbit of the sun is known. It is possible to calculate where the sun is in relation to the earth at different times of the day, at different dates in the year and at a chosen location in the world. It is also possible to calculate how much solar radiation a surface with a chosen orientation (geographical orientation and slope) receives on average at a chosen time, date and location. It follows from these 10 considerations that, on average, the sun is at a low solar height during the hours with a heating requirement. During these hours, solar radiation can contribute positively to the heating of the building. It is also understood that on average the sun is at a high solar height during the year at those hours when the solar heat leads to an undesirable sun burden and building cooling is necessary to maintain a pleasant indoor temperature.

It can be noted that the solar radiation on a façade consists of 3 components: The direct solar radiation that comes directly from the sun, diffuse radiation that consists of solar radiation that is scattered in the atmosphere and the environment into diffuse light and solar radiation that comes from the earth's surface reflected to the facade surface. From calculations and measurements (Hay 1979) it follows that the average solar radiation on a façade can consist of up to 60% diffuse radiation and 20% reflected radiation. Hay remarks that the distribution of the angles of the solar radiation that reaches a facade depends mainly on the turbidity of the atmosphere. For example, in heavily cloudy conditions, the diffuse proportion of the sun's rays on a facade will be high. Under other circumstances the diffuse proportion may be high, but because the distribution of the diffuse radiation is not isotropic, the majority of the solar radiation comes from where the sun is at that moment. The majority of the diffuse radiation comes from an angle that is close to the angle of the direct radiation. In countries with low turbidity (sunny, dry, few clouds, little smog), the proportion of diffuse radiation on a facade is significantly lower than in the cloudy and humid Netherlands.

Higher sun altitudes are achieved in summer than in winter. In the Netherlands, the highest solar height is reached in the middle of the day in June, the solar point. The sun then reaches a solar height of 62 degrees. On the shortest day in December, 3 the winter point, the sun in the Netherlands does not exceed 15 degrees. At the autumn and spring points, the sun reached a maximum height in the middle of the day at 38 degrees.

For other places in the world, the maximum sun height on the longest 5 days can be estimated by the following relationship: sun height at summer point = 90 + 23.4 - latitude.

For other places in the world, the maximum sun height at the winter point can be estimated by the following relationship: winter point = 90 - 23.4 - latitude.

10 The latitude of the Netherlands is approximately 52 degrees, the latitude of Madrid is approximately 40 degrees, and with that the solar height at the summer point in Madrid is approximately 73 degrees. The spring and autumn point in Madrid is approximately 50 degrees.

The latitude of Hamburg is approximately 53 degrees, so that the sun height at the summer point is approximately 60 degrees. The average January temperature in Hamburg is around 3 degrees Celsius and the average 24-hour temperature in July around 20 degrees Celsius.

In this invention a method has been sought to make use of the knowledge of the relationship between the sun height and the cooling and heating needs of a building in order to limit the energy consumption of a building.

For the Netherlands, the sun height is only greater than 50 degrees at the following times:

Between 1 May and 12 September 11.00 and 13.00 Between 13 May and 1 August between 10.15 and 13.45 25 Between 1 June and 12 July between 9.30 and 14.30 At the summer point between 9.15 and 14.45

The aforementioned times are the times when the highest energy consumption for cooling is requested.

From this consideration it follows that if a method can be devised to keep the solar radiation with a sun height greater than 50 degrees outside the building, the cooling load of the building is reduced, because the highest cooling of the building is required during said times is becoming.

4

At the same time it follows that if a method is found to absorb the solar radiation on a building if the sun height is lower than 50 degrees, this reduces the need for heating energy.

Since it follows from the calculations and measurements that the sun height in the east and in the west does not exceed 25 degrees even at the summer point, it is extremely important to pay close attention to the orientation of the facades and the latitude for the geometric considerations. to hold. It should be noted here that an east-facing façade is irradiated early in the morning by sunlight from the east with a sun height of 0 degrees and that as the morning progresses the sun height increases to the same maximum sun height as on a south façade. This maximum solar height reaches the east façade as floodlight and will therefore only make a limited contribution to the energy balance of the building. A west façade receives sunlight in a path similar to the path of sunlight on the east façade, but in the opposite direction. The sun reaches the west façade at the highest sun height of that 15 day in the form of floodlight and as the afternoon progresses the sun height will decrease until the sun sets in the west with a sun height of 0 degrees. In the fall and winter the sun rises in a southern rotation with respect to the east and in the spring and summer the sun rises in a northern rotation with respect to the east. In the spring and summer the sun sets in a northern rotation relative to the west and in the autumn and winter the sun sets in a southern rotation relative to the west.

It is an object of this invention to provide a cost-effective and reliable method for reflecting the sun radiation on a facade with a sun height corresponding to unwanted heat and simultaneously absorbing the sun radiation corresponding to desired heat.

Another object of this invention is to provide a method for making useful use of solar radiation on a facade as much as possible.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a method for limiting energy loss due to long-wave night radiation from a facade of a building.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a method to maximize the use of solar radiation on the facade, thereby minimizing the aesthetic design freedom of the facade.

To achieve the above, many solutions have already been devised in the past.

5

In sunny and warm regions, facades are executed in a white color to limit the absorption of solar energy through the facades. The disadvantage of this is that on winter days the sun cannot be used to heat the building. The white color reflects more than 80% of the available solar radiation. Most 5 areas with warm summers have cold winters with a heating requirement.

Trees and other objects are often placed in front of buildings to create shade. The narrow streets in southern Europe, for example, prevent strong solar radiation in the living environment in these towns and villages. The disadvantage of this solution is that it is primarily the sun's rays with low solar heights that are prevented, while the unwanted sun radiation from high solar heights can effortlessly pass the objects along the top.

An overhang on the roof of a building is an effective method to prevent solar irradiation from a large sun height reaching a facade while at the same time the solar irradiation of a small sun height along the overhang can reach the façade. The disadvantage of this method is that it has a restrictive effect on the design freedom of the architect and that an enormous length of overhang is required for tall buildings. Often, an overhang also creates a challenge for the architect to prevent thermal bridges around the overhang.

Sun blinds and awnings are used to prevent sunlight from reaching the windows of a building with a high sun angle. This is an effective method, but often has to be combined with additional measures to keep out the sun's rays with a small sun angle because it has a blinding effect on the users of the building.

A south-sloping roof with dark roof tiles receives and absorbs a lot of solar energy and as such is effective in utilizing solar radiation for heating the building in the winter. In the summer, the same sloping roof causes an undesirably high cooling requirement for the building.

Solar panels and solar collectors are mounted in an optimized angle of inclination to make optimum use of the average solar radiation incident during the year. For such panels in a facade, this angle cannot be freely chosen without special adjustments due to the vertical orientation of the facade. In the Netherlands, a panel in a south-facing vertical façade receives approximately 70% of an optimally oriented panel.

6

Solar panels on outdoor arrangements can be placed on an arrangement where the orientation of the panels follows the enjoyment or calculated solar path. On winter days, these panels will have a more vertical arrangement than on summer days because the solar height in winter is lower than in the summer, so that a more vertical arrangement allows a more perpendicular reception of solar radiation. Installing such solar tracking systems in a façade is difficult because the façade has a vertical arrangement and because the building itself makes rotation along the vertical axis impossible for optimum orientation to optimum wind directions. Furthermore, such zonal systems are complex, cost-increasing, and malfunction and maintenance-sensitive.

Solar collectors and solar panels have an almost black color to absorb the highest possible amount of (visible) sunlight. The dark color is effective for the absorption of solar radiation, but provides a freedom limitation for facade design and for the color or structure choice when such elements are used in facades.

Various suppliers of solar panels and solar collectors supply these products with a type of glass or other transparent top layer on the outside of these elements that have a special texture. This texture should ensure that there are fewer light losses due to gloss effects on the surface while at the same time ensuring the transparency of the top layer. Although it is possible with these textured glasses to achieve a small optimization of the capture of sunlight, it is not possible to correct for the unfavorable orientation of vertically placed elements because vertically placed elements, regardless of the surface effects on the transparent top layer, can never achieve more than about 60% to 90% of the 25 optimally oriented elements. After all, the intensity of solar radiation on vertically placed elements amounts to a maximum of that part of the optimally oriented elements that is determined by the cosine of the angle of inclination between the solar radiation and the orientation of the element. If the irradiation of the sun is geometrically dissolved in the intensity perpendicular to the element (capture) and the intensity parallel to the element (loss), it follows that the surface texture of the transparent top layer can never fully compensate for the unfavorable slope.

Special surface layers are applied to solar panels and solar collectors to improve the capture of sunlight in these elements.

7

Examples of principles that are applied in these surface layers are an optimized refractive index, an optimized gloss level and an optimized micro-texture. Here too, it holds that these adjustments cannot compensate for the losses that a vertical arrangement of a solar panel or solar collector produces compared to an optimally oriented element. Due to the unfavorable orientation, vertically placed elements simply receive less solar radiation per installed surface than optimally oriented elements. For optimum use of solar panels or solar collectors, an optimal orientation to the sun is necessary.

In this invention, a solar panel is understood to mean an element with a photovoltaic activity. These elements can convert the irradiation of the electrical energy.

In this invention, a solar collector is understood to mean an element with a solar thermal activity. These elements can convert the solar radiation into a temperature rise in a medium such as, for example, water or air.

Solution according to the invention

The invention consists of a geometric design of the facade such that the sunlight with a high sun height is used differently than the sunlight with a low sun angle or in which sunlight from the east is absorbed and sunlight from the south is not absorbed or shaping that a combination of the above principles is possible. The façade consists of oriented surfaces that are oriented towards sunlight with a high sun height and of surfaces that are aimed at sunlight with a low sun height.

The surfaces directed to sunlight with a large sun angle can, for example, use a white color or another highly reflective surface to reflect the unwanted solar energy. Alternatively, in the surfaces receiving the radiation from high solar heights 30, solar thermal elements, photovoltaic elements, greenery or surfaces with low emissivity can be used to make good use of the solar energy or to limit energy loss due to long-wave radiation. By providing these surfaces with materials and solutions such as insulation materials and ventilation systems, the unwanted transport of this solar energy to the interior of the building can be limited. It is known that white and yellow colors, depending on the composition, can reflect more than 80% of the solar energy and that due to the low emissivity, metallic layers can limit the radiation of long-wave radiation towards the sky by more than 50% .

The surfaces of the façade that receive the sunlight with a low sun height can be provided with a surface that maximally absorbs the solar heat and can preferably transport it into the building as desired. These can be materials with a high absorption coefficient for solar energy. Because light gray, depending on the exact composition and type of material, already absorbs more than 65% of the solar energy, it can be said that almost any color that is darker than light gray makes a positive contribution to the absorption of solar energy. Of course a black color with an absorption of more than 90% will make a higher contribution to the energy balance. Nevertheless, the fact that almost any color can be used for these surfaces offers the advantage that the aesthetic freedom for color, texture or pattern selection is hardly restricted. For the optimum result, the surface directed at the low sun height is provided with a light-transmitting thermal insulator with low emissivity on the outside to reduce energy losses due to long-wave radiation and convection on the outside of these elements. Systems can be installed at the rear of these surfaces to guide the harvested solar energy to the inside of the building. These can be, for example, systems that can carry the warm air in the cavity behind the façade elements to the interior of the building or thermal conductors to the inner construction of the façade that can be switched on and off as desired. These thermal conductors are preferably embodied in a switchable embodiment because in the absence of solar radiation in the colder months (at night, in the rain or in the cloud) it is necessary to prevent energy leaking out of the building through the facade.

It is possible to build a barrier in the façade systems that limits fire spread through the cavity between floors. This makes it possible to also use flammable materials in these façade systems without the existence of flammable solutions.

Because many buildings are heated in the morning while being cooled later in the day, it makes sense to use solar radiation in the morning to heat the building while solar radiation is not used later in the day.

9

According to the above principles, it is possible to design the geometric orientation of the surfaces in the façade not only on the height of the sun but also on the azimuth that is related to the time of day. A combination of these applications is possible, for example, by designing the surfaces diagonally or vertically. In particular in the east façade and in the south façade, a vertical or diagonal version is an option because the highest dose of solar radiation for heating is requested on these façades in the morning. The most optimal geometry and orientation of the different planes depends on the calculated annual heat balance of the building in the relevant climate and location. The techniques chosen to make useful use of solar irradiation also play a role in the choice of the optimum orientation and geometry.

This invention offers a large number of advantages: • Without mechanical or electronic aids, the solar energy can be usefully used throughout the year to limit the energy consumption of the building.

• An enormous freedom for aesthetics and facade design remains with the application of this invention.

• This invention can be aesthetically combined with other facade materials in matching colors and design.

· It is possible, for example, to change the orientation of the planes on the east façade in such a way that the building is heated better in the morning; in the east façade and the west and south façades, the orientation of the planes can be optimized to prevent unwanted penetration of solar limit energy.

· In the necessary space behind the façade elements, space can be reserved for, for example, the cables and electronics of solar panels or air ducts or water ducts for building heating.

• Because the façade consists of surfaces with different orientation, it is possible to design these in such a way that the different surfaces can be dismantled so that inspection and repair of the technology in the room is possible.

The present invention can also simply consist of a sheet material with a stripe-shaped serrated shape in which the surfaces oriented to one direction reflect sunlight and the surfaces oriented to the other direction absorb sunlight. The length of the cartel does not have to be more than a few tenths of a millimeter, but can even be more than one meter. This design can consist of a surface texture of a façade material or of a design that concerns the entire façade material such as, for example, a corrugated or serrated plate with a uniform thickness or a flat plate that is later deformed to achieve the desired geometry. It is also possible to connect the surfaces with the different functions by gluing, painting, coating, screwing, nailing, welding, soldering or in some other way with each other or with the substructure.

This invention can be easily combined with other facade functions such as insulation, transferring the wind load on the facade to the building construction, keeping out rain and snow, keeping out vermin, keeping dry and drying insulation materials, preventing and drying condensation in the façade, combining with façade and window cleaning installations, combining with awnings and awnings, combining with rainwater drainage, combining with lightning diversion, combining with transport of ventilation air, combining with daylight systems, achieving desired soundproofing achieving safety in earthquakes, 20 resistance to vandalism, resistance to hail and achieving the desired fire safety.

• The surfaces can be dismantled and installed so that maintenance and repair can be carried out on the various surfaces. With these demountable systems, solutions can be selected that limit the theft of elements or damage due to vandalism.

The invention can be applied in a large number of embodiments. The examples below serve to clarify the invention but do not provide a complete overview of all possibilities that are possible with this invention.

30 Examples of embodiment:

Example 1: 11

A texture in the form of a sawtooth with slightly rounded corners with a depth of 1 mm was applied to an HPL plate with an average thickness of 10 mm. The plate is provided with a dark gray color on each side of the saw tooth and a white color on the adjacent other side of the saw tooth. The gray sides make an angle of 40 degrees with the plate and the white sides make an angle of 40 degrees with the plate. The angle between the planes, the top of the saw tooth, is 100 degrees. This plate is mounted on a south façade as facade material with the saw tooth in horizontal direction. This assembly ensures that the gray areas cannot receive direct sunlight at the times with the highest sun angle, the hottest and sunniest times of the year, because at these times the sun height is greater than 50 degrees with the horizontal axis and therefore smaller is then 40 degrees with the vertical facade. Thus, the gray planes that make an angle of 40 degrees with the vertical axis cannot be achieved by direct sunlight at this high sun angle. The white areas will receive and reflect all the sunlight at these 15 warm and sunny times of the year. Because the angle of the top of the saw tooth is more than 90 degrees, the direct sunlight reflected by these white areas at the warm times of the year will not reflect to the gray areas. This ensures that the reflected solar radiation does not contribute to the heating of the building. With a low sun angle, the gray part of the saw tooth will receive and absorb solar radiation, whereby this solar radiation contributes to the heating of the building. The façade looks like a gray-white-striped façade in which the façade acquires a grayer character for the viewer as the façade is viewed from a lower position with a smaller angle, for example street level, because the white surfaces are only seen from a larger angle. assessment angle of the facade.

Example 2:

An aluminum plate material with a thickness of 1 mm is deformed into a line-shaped asymmetrical saw-tooth shape with slightly rounded corners. One side of the saw tooth is coated with a white light-reflective coating. The other side of the saw tooth is coated with a black light-absorbing coating. The surfaces with the black coating have an angle of 40 degrees with the center line through the plate across the saw tooth. The length of these surfaces is 5 cm. The surfaces with the white coating 12 have an angle of 50 degrees with the same center line. The angle between the white and black areas is 90 degrees. This plate is mounted on a facade where the saw tooth is oriented horizontally with the white surfaces facing up. On a winter's day, a large part of the sun's rays will be absorbed by the black areas and contribute to the heating of the building. On a summer's day a large part of the solar radiation will be reflected away from the building and will not contribute to the warming of the building. The façade looks like a black-and-white-striped façade whereby the façade acquires a blacker character as the façade is viewed from a smaller angle from below because the white surfaces are only visible from a larger viewing angle of the façade.

Example 3:

The same plate as in example 1 where the plate with the sawtooth is mounted vertically on a south / east facade. In the morning, a large part of the sun's rays will be absorbed by the black areas and contribute to the heating of the building. Later in the day the sun's rays will be reflected by the white areas and will not contribute to the warming of the building. The façade looks like a vertical black-and-white striped façade where the façade viewed from the east is predominantly black and from the south predominantly white.

Example 4: 25 The same plate as in example 1 where the sawtooth is mounted diagonally at an angle of 45 degrees on a south façade with the white surfaces slightly oriented to the west. In the morning, a large part of the sun's rays will be absorbed by the black areas and contribute to the heating of the building. Later in the day the sun's rays will be reflected and will not contribute to the warming of the building. On a winter's day, the amount of time the sun absorbs will last longer than in the summer because the sun's height in winter is lower than in the summer, and therefore more sun can be expected from the small sun corner on the black surfaces in winter. . This façade has a black-and-white-striped appearance that changes depending on the assessment.

13

Example 5:

On a HPL compact plate material with an average thickness of 10 mm, a texture has been applied by a pressing process in the form of a saw tooth with slightly rounded corners with a depth of 1 mm. The sides of this saw tooth are alternately colored with a yellow color with high reflection of sunlight and a gray color with high absorption of sunlight. The yellow side of the saw tooth makes an angle of 50 degrees with the plate and the gray side of the plate makes an angle of 35 degrees with the plate. The angle between the planes is 95 degrees. This plate is mounted on a facade where the saw tooth is oriented horizontally with the yellow surfaces facing upwards. On a winter's day, much of the sun's rays will be absorbed by the gray areas and contribute to the heating of the building. On a summer's day a large part of the sun's radiation from the building will be reflected away and will not contribute to the warming of the building. The façade looks like a yellow-gray-striped façade whereby the façade acquires a more gray character as the façade is viewed from a smaller angle from the ground because the yellow surfaces are only visible from a larger viewing angle of the façade.

20

Example 6:

On a HPL compact plate with an average thickness of 10 millimeters, a texture has been applied by a pressing process in the form of a sawtooth with slightly rounded corners with a depth of 1 mm. The plate has a blue color. A transparent aluminum coating with an emissivity of 0.3 is applied to the short sides of the saw tooth. The aluminum side of the saw tooth makes an angle of 60 degrees with the plate and the blue side of the plate makes an angle of 20 degrees with the plate. The angle between the planes is 100 degrees. This plate is mounted on a facade with the saw tooth oriented horizontally with the aluminum faces facing upwards. The surfaces with a low emissivity prevent loss of energy in the form of long-wavelength radiation and in this way limit energy loss through the facade. The façade looks like an aluminum-blue-striped façade whereby the façade acquires a more blue character as the façade 14 is viewed from a smaller angle from the ground because the aluminum surfaces are only visible from a larger viewing angle of the façade.

Example 7: 5

A strip from an aluminum plate with a thickness of 1 mm and a width of 40 cm is bent into a corner profile with a leg length of 19 cm and an angle of 90 degrees on the outer side of this profile becomes a strip with a width of 1 cm bent at an angle of 135 degrees with the profile. Holes 10 are drilled in this strip with a mutual distance of 20 cm and a diameter of 6 mm with which these profiles can be mounted on a wooden substructure of a facade. The corner profiles are sprayed on one side in a sun-reflecting white color and on the other side in an aesthetically attractive dark blue color. At 1 cm distance from the bend for the fastening strip on the blue side of the profile, a hole with a diameter of 4 mm is drilled with a mutual distance of 1 cm. These profiles are mounted horizontally one above the other on a wooden substructure of a façade, whereby leakage through the joints between the aluminum elements to the wooden substructure is inhibited by applying a rubber strip. The wooden substructure consists of beams with a thickness of 12 cm * 12 cm which are mounted horizontally with a mutual center-to-center distance of 28.9 cm on an inner wall with a layer of 12 cm thick insulation material between the horizontal beams ensure adequate thermal insulation of the building. Before the aluminum elements are mounted, a vapor-open film is stretched over the insulation material which keeps the insulation material dry in the event of rain or other leakage. Optionally, a steel angle profile is mounted over the entire length of the aluminum profiles between the wooden substructure with a vapor-open foil and the aluminum profiles with the rubber seal. This steel corner profile lies above the wooden substructure and protrudes 4 cm into the insulation material. This steel angle profile prevents fire spread in the vertical direction through the space behind the aluminum profiles. The holes in the aluminum profiles provide the ventilation in the space between these profiles and the inner wall and thereby prevent condensation problems or moisture accumulation in the facade construction. The white surfaces of the façade elements reflect the sun's rays when the sun is high and thus limit the cooling load of the building. The irradiation of the solar heat at a low solar angle is led into the facade via the wooden substructure and the fire profile.

Example 8: 5

An identical arrangement as in Example 7 with the distinction that the aluminum profile is sawed through at the transition from blue to white and is reconnected in its original form by a thermally insulating plastic profile. Furthermore, a strip of 2 cm thick thermally insulating polyurethane foam is glued over the entire white surface 10 over the entire white surface. The plastic profile and the insulating foam reduce energy loss at times that the bottom of the profile captures solar heat and reduce solar absorption through the building at times when the sun shines on the white side.

Example 9:

A façade construction as in example 6 is being built with the difference that an air hose with a diameter of 13 cm is laid in the space behind the aluminum elements. The winter solar heat can be harvested by this hose when the sun-heated air is used at these times for the building's air treatment installation or if this sun-heated air is used via a heat exchanger to heat water or for example concrete, soil or heat phase transition materials that transfer the energy to another medium. It is also possible to force a forced air flow through these tubes on hot days in order to remove the sun-heated air from the facade and replace it with cooler “shadow air.”

Example 10: 30 A façade construction as in example 6 is built with the difference that a water hose with a diameter of 13 cm is laid in the space behind the aluminum elements. Wintry solar heat can be harvested through this hose when sun-heated water is used at these times to, for example, heat concrete, soil, air or phase transition materials with which the energy is transferred to another medium. It is also possible to pump a forced water flow through these pipes on hot days in order to remove the sun-heated water from the façade and replace it with cooler “shadow air.” The use of a water hose offers the advantage that the façade uses of the high specific heat of water. The specific heat of water is approximately 4200 J / kg / K, while the specific heat of concrete is approximately 900 J / kg / K. 1 kilo of water thus contributes as much to the thermal mass of a building as 4.5 kilos of concrete. A water system on the outside of a building can contribute to the fire safety of a building.

10

Example 11:

A façade construction consists of a conventional construction for ventilated facades in which sheet materials with a width of approximately 47 cm are each mounted at an angle of 40 degrees with the vertical axis, such that they point downwards with the decorative side and a saw-tooth profile with the facade. Above these panels a plateau has been created that protrudes approximately 30 cm outside the façade construction. Sedum roofing was made on this plateau. Because the sun cannot reach the façade cladding when the sun is high, the façade cladding does not contribute to heating by hot sunlight from the façade. At times with a low sun angle, the cladding can contribute to the harvest of solar heat through the facade. Due to the dark and highly absorbent color, the sedum roofing on the plateaus will absorb a lot of solar heat at a high sun angle, but because the sedum roofing can evaporate a lot of moisture, this sedum covering will lead to a natural cooling of the facade at high temperatures. sun position.

Example 12:

A wooden substructure 30 is mounted on an inner wall of a south facade. Insulation material is installed between the wooden substructure. A vapor-open foil is applied over the insulation material. The center-to-center distance of the horizontal beams of the wooden substructure is 30 cm. Aluminum profiles with a width of 5 cm and a mutual distance of 30 centimeters are applied to this construction. These aluminum profiles are designed in such a way that after mounting, each time triangular supports protrude from the façade to which plate materials can be attached to the top and bottom. The top makes an angle of 50 degrees with the vertical facade. The bottom makes an angle of 40 degrees with the facade. The inner and outer corner of the sawtooth that is created in this way is 90 degrees. The length of the upper leg of the aluminum elements is 19 cm. The length of the lower leg of the aluminum elements is 23 cm. An elongated solar panel with a width of 20 cm is mounted on the top of these aluminum profiles. This solar panel has mounting points on the back every 30 cm with which this element can be permanently demountable to be attached to the aluminum construction. The cabling and other electrical provisions fall between the aluminum profiles but can be concealed invisibly and unattainably for humans and animals in the triangular shape that is created under these panels. After the solar panels have been attached, strips of white-colored HPL compact plates are mounted on the underside of the triangular structures in such a way that the solar panels protrude at least 5 millimeters over the HPL compact plates to prevent raining in, but with a space-free space between the solar panels and the compact plates from 3 to 7 mm to allow ventilation in the triangular shape. On the underside of the HPL compact plates, a space of 3 to 7 mm is also left above the solar panels to allow ventilation and to be able to dismantle the HPL compact plates. Because the solar panels mounted in this way have the maximum yield and because the solar panels are cooled by the free convection, the energy yield of the solar panels will be maximum. Because part of the solar radiation on the HPL compact plates will reflect on the solar panels, the yield of these panels will be even higher than could be expected from such a facade. Because the HPL compact panels can be selected in any color as desired, an aesthetically attractive and energetically efficient façade solution can be created with this arrangement.

Example 13:

An arrangement similar to example 10 in which the angle between the components is only 80 degrees and in which the HPL compact plates are provided with a sun-reflecting film, (for example Reflec Tech Mirror film). The reflective 18 film contributes to an increased yield of the expensive photovoltaic elements because light on this foil is reflected to the precious photovoltaic elements.

Example 14: 5

An arrangement similar to Example 11 where the photovoltaic elements have been replaced by solar thermal elements and where the triangular space below the solar thermal elements is used to hide the technology that fits these elements.

10

Example 15:

An arrangement as in Example 12 wherein the triangular space under the photovoltaic elements is provided with a tube system for discharging sun-heated air and supplying cool air so that the photovoltaic elements function better and the warm air can be used for other applications .

Example 16: A steel façade plate is provided with slots, and then the slots are formed into holes through deformations in this plate so that they are only visible from an angle near the top. This plate is then colored in a suitable facade color and photovoltaic elements with a size of approximately 20 cm * 20 cm are placed in these holes. This facade plate is mounted in a south façade, the photovoltaic elements making an angle of approximately 35 degrees with the horizontal plane. In this corner, the photovoltaic elements have the highest efficiency and the least impact on the aesthetic value of the facade.

Example 17:

A facade similar to example 11 with the difference that this facade is oriented to the east. The optimum angle for photovoltaic applications for such a facade has an angle of inclination with the vertical axis and a rotated angle with the facade surface. By using the above knowledge, the optimum angle has been constructed and the surfaces between the photovoltaic elements are filled with HPL compact plates in different colors. As a result, an aesthetically attractive façade has been created with a colorful and three-dimensional design that offers space for maintenance of the photovoltaic elements and for the concealed and inaccessible concealment of the electrical cabling and that offers the optimum efficiency of the installed photovoltaic elements.

Example 18: 10

A facade similar to example 1 where the texture is three-dimensional and consists of several directions. This texture has been optimized in terms of design for use in east facades. The light-reflecting surfaces are oriented such that a lot of sunlight is reflected at a large sun angle and a lot of sunlight is absorbed at other sun angles. Due to the three-dimensional nature of the texture, it is possible to print multiple colors on the different surfaces and in this way to visually accentuate or hide the texture.

Example 19: 20

A facade similar to example 11, in which the HPL compact plate is provided with a color with a high reflection in the wavelength range of 500 to 1000 nanometers and a high absorption in the wavelength range above 1000 nm. This plate will reflect a lot of light to the photovoltaic elements, but will absorb a large part of the photovoltaically inactive wavelengths. The electrical output will increase due to the increase in solar radiation on the photovoltaic elements. Because the non-active part of the spectrum is filtered out, the temperature of the photovoltaic elements will increase to a limited extent, which has a positive effect on the efficiency of the elements. Photovoltaic elements perform less at elevated temperature. The capture of the wavelengths above 1000 nanometers can be achieved by mixing in suitable minerals or chemicals in the coatings. Mixing quartz with a particle size of more than 10 microns in a white coating will result in an increased absorption above 2000 nanometers without disturbing the visible color. The addition of quartz to the white coating can therefore have an efficiency-enhancing effect on the action of example 17. Barium sulphate or coated mica can also serve as an example of an additive that absorbs only at wavelengths higher than 1000 nanometer radiation.

Example 20:

A façade similar to example 11, in which a strip of polycarbonate hollow-channel plate is mounted in front of the façade plates with the aim of better retaining the solar energy. The irradiated solar energy can, after all, pass through the hollow-channel plate and is converted into thermal heat on the HPL compact plate. This heat is less likely to pass through the hollow channel plate due to the thermal insulating effect of this material. The HPL compact plate thus becomes warmer than in the same arrangement without the hollow channel plate. In this way, this façade part can transfer heat to the building more effectively at low solar heights.

15

Example 21:

A strip of sheet material with a light-reflecting back and an aesthetically decorative front is bent into a V-shape. This V-shape is mounted on a facade where the orientation of the elements is chosen such that the light-reflecting backside can reflect sunlight that leads to an increased cooling load and the decorative side is oriented such that the maximum aesthetic value of the facade is achieved. In the Netherlands, such a V-shape would for instance have an inner angle of 50 degrees and a long inner leg length as a decorative front side of 40 centimeters and a short outer leg length with the light-reflecting color of 25 centimeters.

Example 22: 30 A façade as in Example 7 in which aluminum fins are mounted on the inside of the light-absorbing side that improve the heat transfer from the warm outside to the inside air and that support a higher heat capacity on the inside of this façade construction.

21

Drawings and explanation of the drawings

Figure 1 shows a south-facing façade 1. A sun height of 0 degrees is shown in position 2, the highest sun height in December 5 is shown in position 3, the highest sun height in the Netherlands is shown in position 5. Position 4 shows the solar height that represents the transition between cooling and heating. In the range of solar heights shown in area 6, the solar heights between positions 5 and 4, the solar height is greater than the solar radiation from position 4 and on average leads to a cooling load of a building. Solar irradiation with a sun height lower than position 4 can be used positively to heat a building.

Figure 2 shows a south-facing facade as shown in Figure 1. With the elements mounted on the facade, the solar radiation with a solar height greater than position 4 is reflected via the surfaces 7 and the solar radiation with a solar height smaller than position 4 is absorbed via the surfaces 8. The surfaces 7 and 8 make an angle of approximately 90 degrees to each other to limit reflections from faces 7 to faces 8.

Figure 3 shows a south-facing facade as shown in Figure 1. Plane 10 now has an angle of inclination that is chosen such that even sunlight with the very highest sun height from position 5 cannot cast a shadow on plane 11. Plane 11 has an angle of inclination chosen such that a photovoltaic element or a solar thermal element that is on plane 11 mounted has the optimum yield. Due to this geometry, the maximum efficiency can be achieved from a photovoltaic element or a solar thermal element when mounted on a vertical facade.

Figure 4 shows a facade. This façade consists of an inner wall 12, a structure of wooden beams 13 which are mounted horizontally on this inner wall, insulation material 14 which is mounted between the beams, a vapor-open foil 15 which is fixed for the beams and the insulation, a rubber sealing profile 16 which prevents water from penetrating the facade via the cladding elements, a steel angle profile 17 which prevents fire spread between the beams, cladding elements 18 which are mounted to the wooden beams with an attachment 19. The cladding elements 18 contain a number of ventilation holes 20 on the underside which provide ventilation in the facade construction. The cladding elements 22 have a light-reflecting top side 21 and a light-absorbing bottom side 22. This facade system reflects unwanted solar heat and absorbs desired solar heat.

Figure 5 shows a facade material 24 with a corrugated design. This material can be mounted with the waves horizontally, vertically or at an angle to the horizon on a vertical facade. The light-reflecting surfaces 26 reflect unwanted solar radiation from a high solar height and the light-absorbing surfaces 25 absorb desired solar radiation.

Figure 6 shows a flat wall cladding material with surface texture 27. This material can be mounted with the waves horizontally, vertically or at an angle to the horizon on a vertical facade. The light-reflecting surfaces 28 reflect unwanted solar radiation from a high solar height and the light-absorbing surfaces 29 absorb desired solar radiation.

Figure 7 shows a facade construction. This construction consists of an inner wall 30 on which an insulating material 31 is applied. A wooden substructure 32 is arranged between the insulating materials on which a steel angle profile 33 is provided which serves as fire resistance. A vapor-open foil 34 is provided for this inner construction. Aluminum profiles 35 are mounted on the wooden substructure 32 with the aid of the fastening means 36. The aluminum profiles 35 are designed such that they can easily be aligned and mounted. On the upwardly inclined parts of the aluminum profiles 35, photovoltaic elements 37 are mounted and attached with fasteners 39 and 42. On the downwardly inclined parts of the aluminum profiles 35, HPL compact plates 38 are mounted with the fasteners 43. The discharge of the solar panels 40 falls between the aluminum 25 profiles and is safely concealed in the triangular space under the solar panels. The cabling of the solar panels 42 can be concealed in this space. An air line 44 is mounted in the same triangular space, which can dissipate solar heat from this façade system. The photovoltaic element has a width that protrudes over the HPL compact plates with a small overhang 45 to prevent rain. The facade system has key-shaped openings 47 and 48 to prevent accumulation of solar heat in the triangular space.

Figure 8 shows a facade construction in which the surfaces 47 contain photovoltaic elements and the surfaces 48 light-reflecting surfaces. Because the angle between the surfaces 47 and 48 is less than 90 degrees, sunlight 23 will reflect from angle 50 to the photovoltaic elements via the reflecting surfaces. Because the surfaces 48 are oriented to the facade at an angle corresponding to the highest solar angle 5, the surfaces with the photovoltaic elements will not receive any shadow. The optimum configuration can be calculated for each orientation of the facade.

In figure 9 an aesthetically appealing interpretation is given to the interpretation of this invention. A facade surface 52 has a design in which light-reflecting surfaces 53 are optimally oriented. The light-reflecting surfaces form the apex of a design of half-cones 54 which are integrated into the facade surface 55 in an aesthetic configuration.

Figure 10 schematically shows a facade that is covered with strips of sheet material with a light-reflecting rear side 57 and an aesthetically decorative front side 58 that are curved into a V-shape. This V-shape is mounted on a facade where the orientation of the elements is chosen such that the light-reflecting backside can reflect sunlight that leads to an increased cooling load and the decorative side is oriented such that the maximum aesthetic value of the facade is achieved. In the Netherlands, such a V-shape would have, for example, an inner angle of 50 degrees and a long inner leg length as a decorative front of 40 centimeters and a short outer leg length with the light-reflecting color of 25 centimeters. To limit rainfall, the V-shape has a slight bend on the long side, which drains rain water flowing over the surfaces 57.

Figure 11 shows how the sun's height in the Netherlands relates to the time of day, the date and the azimuth. This figure shows that the sun has the highest solar height at the hottest 25 times of the year. This figure shows that the highest sun height in the Netherlands is around 62 degrees and that it has advantages to reflect the sun with a sun height greater than 50 degrees and to absorb the sun with a sun height below 50 degrees.

Figure 12 shows in an example that the solar radiation on a vertical south façade in the Netherlands has a higher peak in March than in June. This is due to the unfavorable higher sun angle in June, which leads to a lower solar radiation because the striking sun in June has a vertical component in particular. It is also visible in this figure that the sun irradiated the façade for longer periods of the day in June than in March.

24

Figure 13 shows the solar radiation on an east façade as a function of time on the day. This chart shows sample curves for December and June. This graph shows that on an east façade, the radiation in the morning after sunrise rises rapidly and then decreases slowly during the day.

5 There are 2 details with the curves. The first number is the angle that the sun is making at this time with the south axis, and the second number indicates the sun's height. This graph shows that the largest peak of solar energy on the east façade in June is to be expected from an angle between 100 and 180 degrees relative to the south axis and from a solar height between 38 and 62 degrees. For December there is a peak in 10 solar peaks from an angle between 132 and 185 degrees with the southern axis and a sun height of approximately 11 degrees. From this graph it could be concluded that for optimum efficiency, photovoltaic elements or solar thermal elements mounted on an east façade should have an orientation of roughly 145 degrees with the south axis and an angle of inclination of about 50 degrees with the vertical axis. This orientation can be further optimized and specified depending on the wishes. In any case, this figure makes it clear that active elements on an east or west façade must not only be inclined in the façade surface for optimum efficiency, but also diagonally.

Claims (50)

1. Facade construction or cladding element characterized in that it has at least 2 types of surfaces with a different orientation and with at least 2 different functionalities or colors so that the final facade contributes to an increased energy efficiency of the building to which this facade is mounted because the different surfaces deal with the irradiation of the sun in their own way, whereby the orientation of the surfaces is chosen based on knowledge of the orbit of the sun. 2. Facade construction or cladding element as in claim 1, characterized in that a part of the surfaces is oriented to a high sun height and a part of the surfaces is oriented downwards and receives only direct sunlight from solar radiation from a low sun height. 3. Facade construction or cladding element as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the functionalities of the surfaces are chosen such that solar energy from high solar heights is reflected by using solar radiation reflecting surfaces and solar energy from low solar heights. absorbed by using solar radiation-absorbing surfaces. 4. Facade construction or cladding element as claimed in claim 2, characterized in that, on average, the sun during the year at times when the building is cooled irradiates mainly the surfaces that are oriented to the high sun height, and at times when the building is heated, in particular those irradiates surfaces that are oriented down to the low solar height. 5. Facade construction or cladding element as in claim 1, characterized in that a part of the surfaces is oriented such that it cannot cast a shadow of direct sunlight on the other surfaces because the orientation of these surfaces corresponds to the very highest sun angle for that location on earth or for this orientation of the building. 6. Facade construction or cladding element as in claim 1, characterized in that a part of the planes is oriented such that a photovoltaic element or a solar thermal element with this orientation achieves the maximum efficiency because this orientation is calculated with the aid of the knowledge of the web of the sun. Façade construction or façade cladding element as in claim 1, characterized in that the angles between the different planes are 90 degrees or more than 90 degrees to limit reflection of solar radiation from one plane to the other plane. Façade construction or façade cladding element as in claim 1, characterized in that the angles between the different planes is 90 degrees or less than 90 degrees to maximize reflection between the different planes. Facade construction or cladding element as in claim 1, characterized in that one of the surfaces has a solar thermal or photovoltaic functionality. 10. Facade construction or cladding element as in claim 1, characterized in that one of the surfaces has a sun-reflecting functionality. Façade construction or façade covering element as in claim 10, characterized in that the sun-reflecting surface has a light color or has a reflective color or has a high degree of gloss. 12. Facade construction or cladding element as in claim 10, characterized in that the sun-reflecting functionality is achieved by additives, fillers, porosity or pigments in this layer. 13. Facade construction or cladding element as claimed in claim 12, characterized in that the sun-reflecting functionality contains titanium dioxide, chromium titanates, nickel titanates, vanadates, barium sulfate, zinc oxide, glass beads, metallic particles or plates, mother-of-pearl pigments or mica pigments. Facade construction or cladding element as in claim 12, characterized in that heat reflecting pigments are used if a dark color is desired. 15. Light-absorbing color, using a dark color 25 of pigment green 17, pigment brown, 29, pigment brown 157, pigment black 12, lumogen black FK4280, lumogen black FK4281, paliogen black L0086 or Sicopal black K0095. Facade construction or cladding element as in claim 10, characterized in that the sun-reflecting surface contains additives, fillers or pigments that absorb 30 wavelengths above 2000 nanometers. Facade construction or cladding element as in claim 13, characterized in that the sun-reflecting surface contains barium sulphate, quartz, inorganic coated mica or titanium dioxide. Facade construction or cladding element as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that a part of the surfaces absorbs sunlight at times when the building has a heating requirement because these surfaces have a sunlight-absorbing surface. Facade construction or facade cladding element as claimed in claim 15, characterized in that these surfaces contain solar radiation-absorbing additives, pigments or fillers and have a low degree of gloss. 20. Facade construction or cladding element as in claim 16, characterized in that these surfaces contain carbon black pigments, inorganically coated mica or carbon nanotubes. A wall cladding element consisting of a sheet material provided with a texture consisting of differently oriented surfaces, characterized in that after mounting on the facade, a part of these surfaces is oriented at a high solar height and a part of these surfaces is oriented downwards and can only be achieved by direct sunlight from a low solar height and the angle between the two planes being at least 85 degrees. 22. Facade cladding element as in 21, characterized in that the surfaces directed to the high sun height reflect sunlight and the surfaces directed to the low sun height have an aesthetically attractive color, print or shape. Facade cladding element as in 21, characterized in that the surfaces that face the high sun height have a low emissivity. Facade cladding element as in 21, characterized in that the surfaces that face the low sun height have a low emissivity. 25. Façade covering element as in 21, characterized in that this element is produced from concrete, steel, aluminum, fiber-reinforced composite material or HPL-compact. 26. Facade cladding element consisting of a deformed sheet material that has been formed into a sawtooth or a wave, characterized in that after mounting on the facade, a high solar height is oriented and a part is directed downwards and only by direct solar radiation from a low solar height is achieved with the angle between the two planes being at least 85 degrees. 27. Facade cladding element as in 26, characterized in that the surfaces that face the high sun height reflect sunlight and the surfaces that face the low sun height have an aesthetically attractive color, print or design. 28. Façade covering element as in 26, characterized in that the surfaces that face the high sun height have a low emissivity. 29. Façade covering element as in 26, characterized in that the surfaces that face the low sun height have a low emissivity. 30. Façade covering element as in 26, characterized in that this element is produced from concrete, steel, aluminum, fiber-reinforced composite material, ceramic materials or HPL-compact. 31. Facade cladding system on which strip-shaped elements can be mounted with 2 different orientations, characterized in that one orientation is chosen such that on average over the year almost the maximum amount of solar energy can be received, whereby this orientation can be both diagonal to the vertical façade surface if can be diagonal with respect to the surface perpendicular to the façade surface and wherein the other surfaces are directed downwards. 32. Façade cladding system on which strip-shaped elements can be mounted, the elements facing downwards have an angle with the vertical axis that is almost equal to the angle to the highest solar height at the relevant orientation of the building, so that there is never any shadow of direct sunlight 20 of these. surfaces on the surfaces that collect solar energy can fall. 33. Façade cladding system as in 31, characterized in that photovoltaic elements or solar thermal elements are mounted on the surfaces that are oriented towards the sun, whereby the technical features associated with these technologies can be hidden in the closed façade space below these elements. 34. Façade cladding system as in 31, characterized in that non-sun-facing surfaces are fitted with façade cladding materials that protect the technical features of the photovoltaic elements or solar thermal elements and protect these elements themselves against theft or vandalism and where these elements protect the building physics. complete the aesthetic function of the facade. 35. Façade covering system as in 31, characterized in that ventilation is possible under the photovoltaic elements because the joints in the façade are not closed or because openings are left open in the downwardly inclined surfaces. 36. Façade cladding system as in 31, characterized in that pipes or pipes are laid in the triangular space, characterized in that solar heat can be removed or harvested or the thermal mass of the façade can be increased. 37. Façade covering system as in 34, characterized in that the downwardly inclined surfaces have a light-reflecting function with which striking light can be reflected to the photovoltaic or solar thermal elements and wherein the angle between the two façade surfaces is less than 90 degrees. 38. Façade covering system as in 37, characterized in that the downwardly inclined surfaces perform a light-reflecting function in that they have a light color or consist of reflective elements. 39. Façade covering system as in 37, characterized in that the light-reflecting elements contain additives, pigments or fillers that absorb the long-wave light so that this heat is not reflected to the photovoltaic elements. 40. Façade cladding system as in 37, characterized in that a translucent plate material is mounted for the downwardly inclined surface such that radiation is transmitted but heat is retained because this translucent plate material has an insulating effect for thermal heat and can therefore effectively use sun heat from a low sun height. hold in the facade. 41. Façade cladding system as in 40, characterized in that the translucent plate material consists of glass, high-efficiency glass, polycarbonate, polycarbonate hollow-channel plate, polymethyl methacrylate, double glass, low-emissivity glass or another translucent plate material. 42. Façade covering system as in 31, characterized in that a surface is practically horizontal and is provided with plants that provide shade and cooling through evaporation. 43. Façade covering system as in 42, characterized in that the water supply for the plants, both supply and discharge, can be regulated via the triangular space in this façade system. 44. Façade covering system as in 31, characterized in that the fixings can be disassembled with the right tools so that maintenance and repair on the façade is possible. 45. Façade cladding element as in 26, where a layer of insulating material has been applied on the inside of the light color to limit heat transfer to the façade at undesirably warm times and to reduce heat loss at cold times. 46. Façade cladding system as in 31 or façade cladding element as in 26 wherein a material with a high thermal mass is placed in the free space behind the triangular shape, characterized in that the high thermal mass reduces the temperature differences of the façade during the day - 5 night cycle. 47. Façade covering system as in 31 or façade covering element as in 26 where the high thermal mass is created with phase transition materials, water, concrete or aluminum. 48. Facade cladding element as in 1, characterized in that concessions have been made to the optimum orientation towards the sun in order to realize an aesthetically high-quality facade image. 49. Façade cladding element consisting of a molded sheet material which reflects solar radiation on one side and absorbs solar radiation on the other side and which is bent so that this element, after mounting on the facade, the white side reflects the solar radiation at high sun height and at lower absorbs the sun's rays. 50. Façade cladding element as in 49, wherein the long side of the element with the aesthetically attractive light-absorbing surface is at least 1.6 times as long as the light-reflecting short side and wherein the angle that the short side makes with the vertical axis with the facade is at least 20 degrees and preferably 50 degrees so that rainwater runs off the facade.