FIRE-PROOF TEXTILE SURFACE STRUCTURES Description The present invention relates to textile fabrics comprising: A) from 20 to 90% by weight of melamine fiber A), and B) from 10 to 80% by weight of polyester fiber resistant to fire B). The present . invention is also related to the use of these textile fabrics to manufacture clothing that protects against heat and clothing that protects against fire and the use of these textile fabrics in vehicles and spaces at risk of fire. Woven and non-woven fabrics resistant to fire are used in clothing that protects against heat or fire, but also in vehicles and spaces at risk of fire, for example as a firefighter in the upholstery of seats, as resistant mattress covers on fire, covered with walls and wall hangings. Due to the severe mechanical stress found, for example, in the case of seat cushions in the public transit medium and aircraft or in the case of wall coverings in cinemas and theaters, the woven and non-woven fabrics must be durable and resistant to the abrasion Seat upholstery, wall coverings, wall hangings and other fixed textiles are usually cleaned or reconditioned in their proper place; The clothing that protects against fire is washed in industrial washing machines. Woven and non-woven fabrics have to be resistant to this severe physical exertion. Fire-protective fibers such as those based on aramid (eg T aron® by Akzo-Nobel, Kevlar © and Nomex® by DuPont, Technora® by Teijin) show good protection against heat and fire, but they are This way rough to offer poor comfort of use when used in clothing or an unpleasant feeling when used in a fixed application, for example in seat covers. In addition, they have inadequate resistance to wear. EP-A 874 079 discloses woven fabrics which protect against heat and against fire comprising a mixture of melamine fibers and aramid fibers. DE-A 195 23 081 describes mixtures of 10 to 90 parts by weight of melamine fibers and 10 to 90 parts by weight of natural fibers and also woven fabrics thereof. DE-A 196 17 634 describes fire-resistant woven fabrics of melamine fiber, optionally fire-resistant fibers and normally flammable fibers such as wool, cotton, polyamide, polyester- and viscose. No fire-resistant polyesters are mentioned. EP-A 976 335 describes woven fabrics of 10 to 90% by weight of cotton fibers, 5 to 45% by weight of polyamide or polyester fibers and 5 to 45% by weight of melamine fibers. The examples use normal polyester fiber (not fire resistant). The performance profile of these woven fabrics of the prior art is unsatisfactory. More particularly, the abrasion resistance is inadequate and the resistance to cleaning operations is not always satisfactory. . An object of the present invention is to remedy the disadvantages mentioned above. A particular object is to provide textile fabrics that combine good protection against fire and against heat, good wearing comfort and pleasant feeling. A further object is to provide textile fabrics that provide good protection against fire even after numerous cleaning and conditioning operations. Textile fabrics must ultimately have high abrasion resistance and be environmentally compatible. The inventors have found that these objects are obtained by the textile fabrics defined at. principle and by the uses defined at the beginning. Preferred embodiments of the invention are disclosed in subclaims. None of the prior art documents cited describe or suggest the use of fire resistant polyester fibers together with melamine fibers.
As used herein, "textile fabrics" comprise all textile articles similar to laminates, whatever your method. of production. Useful textile fabrics therefore include for example woven fabrics, formed knit fabrics, extended knit fabrics, quilted fabrics, felts and non-woven fabrics. Regarding, "fire resistant", some preliminary notes may be for this purpose. To test the fire performance or fire resistance of a material, the material is exposed to an external source of ignition, for example to a flame, under defined conditions, for example type, size, geometry, arrangement of the sample and flame , flame temperature, flame duration. The source of ignition is removed and the behavior of the material is observed, for example slow or rapid combustion, self-extinguishing, combustion or fusion drops, incandescence, emission of toxic gases, emission of smoke, etc. By "fire resistant" it is proposed that the material - fiber or cloth - is incombustible or continues to burn only very slowly or is self-extinguishing. Fire resistance may be inherent to the chemical composition of the fiber or the construction of the textile fabric. This is the case with aramid fibers or glass fibers for example. In a similar manner, for example in the case of fire-resistant polyester fibers, the fire resistance can be achieved through the treatment of the fibers, the yarn or the textile fabric with a flame retardant or fire retardant. - frequently preferred - when using a fire retardant in the course of fiber production. For example, fire retardant can be incorporated into the fiber as the fiber is being made. Useful flame retardants include in particular reactive phosphorus compounds, for example Afflamit®, Pyrovatex®, Proban® or Secan®.- • Textile fabrics of the invention comprise A) from 20 to 90%, preferably from 30 to 70 % and particularly preferably from 40 to 60% by weight of melamine fibers A), and B) from 10 to 80%, preferably from 30 to 70% and particularly preferably from 40 to 60% by weight of polyester fiber resistant to fire B). Melamine fiber A) The melamine fiber used according to the invention can be produced, for example according to the processes described in EP-A 93 965, DE-A 23 64 091, EP-A 221 330 or EP-a 408 947. The particularly preferred melamine fiber includes as the monomeric building block (A) from 90 to 100% by mol of a mixture consisting essentially of from 30 to 100, preferably from 50 to 99, particularly preferably from 85 to 100. 95, in particular from 88 to 93% by mol of melamine and from 0 to 70, preferably from 1 to 50, particularly preferably from 5 to 15, especially from 7 to 12, in mol of a substituted melamine I or mixtures of substituted melamines I. As the additional monomeric building block (B), the particularly preferred melamine fiber contains from 0 to 10, preferably from 0.1 to 9.5, especially from 1 to 5 mol%, based on the total number of moles of the monomeric building blocks (A) and, [B), · | of a phenol or a mixture cla of phenols. Particularly preferred melamine fiber is usually obtainable by reacting components (A) and (B) with formaldehyde or compounds that supply formaldehyde and the subsequent spinning, the molar ratio of melamines to formaldehyde that is in the range of 1: 1.15 to '1: 4.5, preferably in the range of 1: 1.8 to 1: 3.0. The substituted substituted melamines of the general formula I
they include those where X1, X2 and X3 are each selected from the group - consisting of - H2 / -NHR1 and -NR ^ -R2, subject to the proviso that X1, X2 and X3 are not all -NH2, and R1 and R2 are each urium selected from the group consisting of hydroxy-alkyl of 2 to 10 carbon atoms, hydroxy-alkyl of 2 to 4 carbon atoms- (oxa-alkyl of 2 to 4 carbon atoms) n, where n is 1 to 5, and amino-alkyl of 2 to 12 carbon atoms. Hydroxy-aikyl of 2 to 10 carbon atoms is preferably hydroxy-aikyl of 2 to 6 carbon atoms, such as 2-hydroxyethyl, 3-hydroxy-n-propyl, 2-hydroxy-isopropyl, 4-hydroxy-n- butyl, 5-hydroxy-n-pentyl, 6-hydroxy-n-hexyl, 3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethylpropyl, preferably hydroxy-aikyl of 2 to 4 carbon atoms, such as 2-hydroxyethyl, 3-hydroxy -n-propyl, 2-hydroxyisopropyl and 4-hyd oxy-n-butyl, particularly preferably 2-hydroxyethyl and 2-hydroxyisopropyl. Hydroxy-alkyl of 2 to 4 carbon atoms- (oxa-alkyl of 2 to 4 carbon atoms) n preferably has n of 1 to 4, particularly preferably n is 1 or 2, such as 5-hydroxy-3- oxapentyl, 5-hydroxy-3-oxa-2, 5-dimethyl-pentyl, 5-hydroxy-3-oxa-1, 4-dimethylpentyl, 5-hydroxy-3-oxa-1,2,4,5-tetrapentyl, 8-hydroxy-3,6-dioxaoctyl. Amino-alkyl of 2 to 12 carbon atoms is preferably amino-alkyl of 2 to 8 carbon atoms, such as 2-aminoethyl, 3-aminopropyl, 4-aminobutyl, 5-amino-pentyl, 6-aminohexyl, 7- aminohexyl and 8-aminooctyl, particularly preferably 2-aminoethyl and 6-aminohexyl, very particularly preferably 6-aminohexyl. The substituted melamines particularly useful for the invention include the following compounds: melamines substituted with 2-hydroxyethylamino such as 2- (2-hydroxyethylamino) -4,6-diamino-1,3,5-triazine, 2,4-di ( 2-hydroxyethylamino) -6-amino-1,3,5-triazine, 2, 6-tris (2-hydroxyethylamino) -1,3,5-triazine; melamines substituted with 2-hydroxyisopropylamino, such as 2- (2-hydroxyisopropylamino) -4,6-diamino-1,3,5-triazine, 2,4-di (2-hydroxyisopropylamino) -6-amino-1,3, 5-triazine, 2,4,6-tris (2-hydroxyisopropylamino) -1,3,5-triazine; melamines substituted with 5-hydroxy-3-oxapentylamino, such as 2- (5-hydroxy-3-oxapentyamino) -4,6-diamino-1,3,5-triazine,
2, -di (5-hydroxy-3-oxapentylamino) -6-amino-1,3,5-triazine,
2,4,6-tris (5-hydroxy-3-oxapentylamino) -1,3,5-triazine, melamine substituted with 6-aminohexylamino, such as 2- (6-aminohexylamino) -4,6-diamino-1, 3, 5-triazine, 2,4-d (6-aminohexylamino) -6-amino-1,3,5-triazine, 2, 6-tris (6-aminohexylamino) -1,3,5-triazine; or mixtures thereof, for example a mixture of 10 mol% of 2- (5-hydroxy-3-oxapentylamino) -, 6-diamino-1,3,5-triazine, 50 mol% of 2, -di (5-hydroxy-3-oxapentylamino) -6-amino-1,3,5-triazine, and 40% mol of 2,4,6-tris (5-hydroxy-3-oxapentylamino) -1,3,5 -triazine. Useful phenols (B) include phenols containing one or two hydroxyl groups and may be substituted by radicals selected from the group consisting of alkyl of 1 to 9 carbon atoms and hydroxyl, and also alkanes of 1 to 4 carbon atoms substituted by two or three phenol groups, di (hydroxyphenyl) sulfones, or mixtures thereof. Preferred phenols are: phenol, 4-methylphenol, 4-tert-butylphenol, 4-n-octylphenol, 4-n-nonylphenol, pyroca-tecol, resorcinol, hydroquinone, 2,2-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) - propane, bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) sulfone, particularly preferably phenol, resorcinol and 2,2-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) -propane. The formaldehyde is generally used as an aqueous solution having a concentration of, for example, 40 to 50% by weight or in the form of compounds that supply formaldehyde in the course of the reaction with (A) and (B), example as oligomeric or polymeric formaldehyde in solid form such as paraformaldehyde, 1, 3, 5-trioxane or 1,3,5,7-tetroxocane. The particularly preferred melamine fiber is usually produced by polycondensing melamine, optionally substituted melamine and optionally phenol together with formaldehyde or compounds that supply formaldehyde. All the components can be added from the start or they can be reacted a little at a time and successively and the formed precondensates can additionally have melamine, substituted melamine or phenol added to these subsequently. The polycondensation is carried out in a conventional manner (see EP-A 355 760, Houben-eyl, Vol. 14/2, p.357 ff). The reaction temperature is generally in the range of 20 to 150 ° C, preferably in the range of 40 to 140 ° C. The pressure of the reaction is not generally critical. The reaction is generally carried out in the range of 100 to 500 kPa, preferably under atmospheric pressure. The reaction can be carried out with or without a solvent. Generally no solvent is added when an aqueous formaldehyde solution is used. When formaldehyde bound in solid form is used, it is usual to use water as a solvent, the amount used which is generally within the range of 40%, of. preference of 15 to 20%, by weight based on the total amount of monomers used. The polycondensation is generally carried out in the pH range of about 7. The pH range of 7.5 to 10.0 is preferred and that of 8 to 9 is particularly preferred. The reaction mixture may further include small amounts of customary additives, such as alkali metal sulfites, for example, sodium disulfite and sodium sulfite, alkali metal formates, for example sodium formate, alkali metal citrates, for example. sodium citrate, phosphates, polyphosphates, urea, dicyandiamide or cyanamide. They can be added as individual compounds or as mixtures with each other, in each case without a solvent or as an aqueous solution, before, during or after the condensation reaction. Other modifiers are amines and amino alcohols, such as diethylamine, ethanolamine, diethanolamine or 2-diethylaminoethanol. Useful additives also include fillers and emulsifiers. Useful fillers include for example fibrous or powdery inorganic reinforcing agents or fillers, such as glass fiber, metal powder, metal salts or silicates, for example kaolin, talc, barite, quartz or chalk, pigments and dyes. The emulsifiers used are generally the usual nonionic, anionic or cationic organic compounds having long chain alkyl moieties. The polycondensation can be carried out batchwise or continuously, for example in an extruder (see EP-A 355 760), according to conventional methods. To produce the fiber, the melamine resin of the invention is generally spun in a conventional manner, for example after the addition of a curing agent, usually acids, such as formic acid, sulfuric acid or ammonium chloride, at room temperature in a rotary machine. and subsequently curing the raw fiber in a heated atmosphere or by spinning in a heated atmosphere, simultaneously evaporating the water solvent and curing the condensate. Such a process is described in detail in DE-A-23 64 091. However, melamine fiber can also be produced using other usual methods, for example fiber stretching, extrusion and fibrillation. The obtained fiber is generally pre-dried, optionally stretched and then cured from 120 to 250 ° C. The fiber is typically from 5 to 25 um in thickness and from 2 to 2000 mm in length. Useful melamine resins are, for example, commercially available from BASF such as Basofil®. Polyester fiber B) Polyesters are synthetic long chain polyester homopolymers, copolymer blends and graft polymers containing recurring ester groups in the polymer backbone with an essential constituent. Preferred polyesters are esters of an aromatic dicarboxylic acid with an aliphatic dihydroxy compound, ie, polyalkylene arylates such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or polybutylene terephthalate (PBT). Such polyalkylene arylates are obtainable by esterifying or transesterifying an aromatic dicarboxylic acid or its ester-forming esters or derivatives with a molar excess of an aliphatic dicarboxy compound and by polycondensing the resulting esterification or transesterification product in a known manner. The preferred dicarboxylic acids are 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, terephthalic acid and isophthalic acid or mixtures thereof. Up to 30% "in mol and preferably not more than 10 mol% of the aromatic dicarboxylic acids can be replaced by aliphatic or cycloaliphatic dicarboxylic acids, such as adipic acid, azeleic acid, sebacic acid, dodecanedioic acids and cyclohexanedicarboxylic acids. Preferred aliphatic dihydroxy compounds are diols having from 2 to 6 carbon atoms, especially 1,2-ethanediol, 1,3-propanediol, 1-butanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1, -hexanediol, 5-methyl- 1, 5-pentadiol, 1-cyclohexanediol, 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol and neopentyl glycol or mixtures thereof.Particularly preferred polyesters are polyalkylene terephthalates derived from alkanediols having from 2 to 10 and preferably from 2 to 6 carbon atoms. Of these, particular preference is given to polyethylene terephthalate and polybutylene terephthalate or mixtures thereof. Further preference is given to polyethylene terephthalates and polybutylene terephthalates containing up to 1% by weight, based on polyesters, preferably up to 0.75% by weight, of 1,6-hexanediol and / or 5-methyl-1,5-pentanediol. as additional monomer units. Such polyalkylene terephthalates are known per se and are described in the literature. They contain in the main chain an aromatic ring derived from the aromatic dicarboxylic acid. The aromatic ring can be substituted, for example by halogen such as chlorine and bromine or by alkyl groups of 4 carbon atoms such as methyl, ethyl, i-propyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl or t- Butyl The reaction is usually carried out using a molar excess of diol so that the equilibrium of the ester can be influenced in the desired way. The molar ratio of dicarboxylic acid or ester: diol is usually in the range of 1: 1.1 to 1: 3.5 and preferably in the range of 1: 1.2 to 1: 2.2. Very particularly preferably, it is given at a molar ratio of dicarboxylicordiol acid of 1: 1.5 to 1: 2 and at a molar ratio of diester: diol of 1: 1.2 to 1.5. However, it is also possible to conduct the reaction of the ester using a smaller excess of diol in a first temperature zone and correspondingly add additional amounts of diol in subsequent temperature zones. It may be advantageous to conduct the reaction in the presence of a catalyst. Preferred catalysts are titanium compounds and tin compounds as is known inter alia from US-A 3936421 and US-A 4329444. · the preferred compounds are tetrabutyl orthotitanate and triisopropyl titanate and also tin dioctoate. Useful polyester fibers include all the usual textile fibers composed of the polyesters mentioned above. Such fibers are known. Polyester fibers are usually produced by melt spinning or the extrusion process, after which they are hot drawn. A subsequent heat treatment can be used to make them highly crystalline and resistant to shrinkage. Details concerning polyester fibers can be found in Ullmanns Encyklopadie der Technischen Chemie, vol. 11, 4th edition, page 305, Verlag Chemie, -Weinheim 1978, and Z. Rogo in 's monograph, Chemiefasern, Thieme-Verlag, Stuttgart 1982, pages 259-285. Useful polyester fibers include, for example, the Trevira® fibers commercially available from Trevira GmbH and the Teretal® fibers from Montefibre. In the case of woven fabrics, the polyester fibers of the filling yarn may be identical or different from the polyester fibers of the warp yarn. For example, the filler may contain PET fibers and the warp fibers of PBT, and vice versa. According to the invention, the polyester fibers are fire resistant. Fire resistance - is achieved by 'treating the fibers and / or yarn with fire retardants or - preferably - by using flame retardants in the course of the production of the polyester fibers, ie the flame retardant. It is incorporated into the fiber as it is being made. Useful fire retardants include reactive phosphorus compounds, for example Afflamit® from Thor Chemie, Pyrovatex® from Ciba, Proban® from Albright and Wilson, Secan® from Schümer. Polyphosphonates are also suitable. Similarly it is possible to use halogen compounds, especially bromine compound such as 2,2-bis (4,4'-hydroxyethoxy-3,5-dibromophenyl) propane, as flame retardants. The treatment of "fibers or yarns with fire retardants or the use of fire retardants in the course of fiber production is carried out in a conventional manner." Fire retardants are usually used in a total amount of 0.1. to 30% by weight, based on fire resistant polyester fibers B) (that is, based on the sum total of non-fire resistant, normal fire retardant polyester fibers). Fire-resistant polyester fibers are commercially available for example as Trevira® CS from Trevira GmbH and Dacron® from DuPont. fire-resistant fibers C) The textile fabrics of the invention, as well as melamine fibers A) and fire-resistant polyester fibers B), can optionally comprise up to 40% by weight of fire-resistant fibers C) other than polyester. The proportion of the additional fire-resistant fibers C) is preferably up to 30% by weight and particularly preferably up to 25% by weight. In addition, the non-polyester additional fire resistant fibers include fibers in particular. of aramid, viscous fibers resistant to fire and modacrilicos resistant to fire. The aramid fibers are preferably produced by spinning solutions of polycondensation products of iso- or terephthalic acid or derivatives thereof, such as acyl chlorides, with ara- or meta-phenylenediamine in solvents, such as N-methylpyrrolidone. , hexamethylene phosphoramide, concentrated sulfuric acid or customary mixtures thereof. The obtained continuous fiber is then usually cut into strand fibers which are generally 5 to 25 m in thickness. Preferred aramid fibers are based on an isomeric poly-p-phexlenterephthalamide (Kevlar®, US-A 3 671 542) or poly-m-phenylene isophthalamide (Nomex®, USA-A 3 287 324). The viscose fibers are preferably spun from cellulose by the viscose process. Cellulose from the wood pulp is treated with caustic soda. The alkaline cellulose obtained is squeezed, crumbled and left to rest in the air. The alkaline cellulose thus presoaked is treated with carbon disulfide CS2 to form cellulose xanthate. The xanthate is dissolved in dilute caustic soda to form a viscous impurification known as viscose. The impurification is filtered and stored. The doping after it is seasoned in this way is pumped through holes in the spinneret in a rotary bath containing sulfuric acid, sodium sulfate and zinc sulfate, and the viscose coagulates to form fine cellulose filaments. The filaments are optionally stretched, then washed and then treated. Additional details concerning the viscose fibers can be found in the monograph mentioned above by Z. Rogowin, pages 76-197. Modacrylics are preferably obtained by the straight chain copolymerization of acrylonitrile with vinyl chloride or vinylidene chloride. the acrylonitrile fraction is in the range of 35 to 85% and especially in the range of 50 to 85% by weight. Additional details concerning modacrylics can be found in the monograph by Z. Rogowin, pages 293-313. Viscose fibers and modacrylics are fire resistant. Fire resistance is achieved by treating the fibers and / or yarn with fire retardants or - preferably - by using flame retardants in the course of fiber production, ie the fire retardant is incorporated into the fiber with form is being made. Useful flame retardants include those mentioned in relation to fire resistant polyester fibers B). The treatment of the fibers or yarns with fire retardants or the use of fire retardants in the course of fiber production is carried out in a conventional manner. Fire retardants are usually used in a total amount of 0.1 to 30% by weight, based on fire-resistant polyester fibers C) (that is, based on the sum total of non-fire resistant, normal and retardant fibers) 'l fire).
Fire-resistant viscose fibers are commercially available, for example, as viscose FR from Lenzing. Sor-available fire-resistant modacrylics for example as Kanecar® SYCM from Kanebo Corp. Fibers non-fire resistant D) Textile fabrics of the invention, as well as melamine fibers A), fire-resistant polyester fibers B) and the optional fire-resistant fibers C), optionally can comprise up to 25% by weight of fibers D), which are not fire resistant. The fraction of fibers. non-fire resistant D) is preferably up to 20% by weight and, especially, up to 10% by weight. Useful non-fire resistant fibers include all fibers, for example natural fibers and polyamide fibers. The natural fibers used are generally fibers that arise naturally based on cellulose, such as cotton, wool, linen or silk, natural fibers that must also. comprising cellulose-based fibers which are of natural origin but which have been modified or processed by known and usual processes. According to the German Standard Specification DIN 60001, cotton and wool in particular are natural fibers, cotton belonging to the group of vegetable fibers. The German Standard Specification DIN 60004 defines what is proposed by the term wool. For the purposes of this invention, wool will comprise all coarse and fine animal hairs. Useful polyamide fibers include all usual textile fibers composed of polyamide. Such fibers are known. The polyamide fibers are produced from various types of polyamide, especially nylon 66 small and nylon 6 and also nylon 11 and nylon 610, by spinning in the molten state or extrusion. Subsequently they are stretched in hot or cold state. Nylon 6 is polycaprolactam, nylon 66 consists of hexamethylenediamine and adipic acid units. Nylon 11 is formed of 11 aminoundecanoic acids, 610 · nylon of hexamethylenediamine and sebasic acid. The details concerning the polyamide fibers are given in Ullmanns Enzyklopadie der Technischen Chemie, volume 11, 4th edition, page 315, Verlag Chemie, einheim 1978. Polyamide fibers are the preferred non-fire resistant fibers D). Useful polyamide fibers are commercially available for example from BASF, DuPont and Rhodia. Textile fabric manufacture Examples of textile fabrics include woven fabrics, formed knit fabrics, extended knits, quilted fabrics, felts and non-woven fabrics. The manufacture of woven fabrics, formed knitted fabrics, extended knitted fabrics, quilted fabrics, felts and non-woven fabrics and other textile fabrics is a common knowledge and described for example in the monograph by W. Albrecht et al. , Vliesstoffe, Verlag VCH, Weinhei 2000, expressly incorporated herein by reference. The fibers are processed in an intimate mixture in a conventional manner. The fiber mixtures are processed in a known manner, for example as described in the monograph mentioned above by Albrecht, section 4, pages 139 ff. Woven fabrics are generally produced from yarns. To produce yarns, the various fiber varieties are usually premixed. as a strand and spun threads using the usual processes known in the textile industry. These threads can then be further processed. in various kinds of woven fabrics depending on the application. Preference is given to selected textile fabrics of woven fabrics and non-woven fabrics. Particular preference is given to non-woven fabrics. The non-woven fabrics and their production and also the joining processes by continuous tape processing points are described in the aforementioned monograph by Albrecht. A non-woven fabric is a structure similar to a sheet made of fibers and consolidated in several ways. As used in this, the term "woven fabrics" will comprise all textile composites similar to sheets of fiber tapes, especially consolidated fiber tapes. Non-woven fabrics can be produced by various processes, for example as dry-laid tapes, wet-laid tapes or spun-bonded tapes (extrusion). See fig. 4-1 on page 138 of Albrecht's monograph. Dry-laid belts can be produced, for example, by carding using a flat or roller card and by overlaying a plurality of fiber films produced by the load in a plurality of layers to form a belt. They can be produced in a similar way by the aerodynamic process, whereby the previously opened fibers are deposited by a current of air on a foraminous surface that moves continuously through which air is sucked on the other side. Wet-laid belts are produced in a similar way to paper by dispersing the fibers in water, by applying the suspension to a moving sieve belt, through which the water is filtered to form the belt, and consolidation Subsequent tape. The spunbonded (extrusion) tapes are produced from polymeric flakes, which are initially plasticized in an extruder before the resulting molten material is spun into filaments. The filaments are stretched and placed down to form a ribbon, which is then consolidated. The consolidation can be effected for example using chemical means in the form of binders, which cause the fibers to adhere to each other. Chemical agents can be used continuously (by impregnation, coating, spraying, printing) or discontinuously. The consolidation can also be carried out continuously, for example by calendering, consolidation with hot air or ultrasound. The thermal consolidation causes the suitable fibers to be fused incipiently and in this way they adhere to each other. Finally, the consolidation can be carried out mechanically (consolidation by friction), for example by needle work, interlacing, stitching of the ribbon with or without thread or cross-linking. Particularly preferred non-woven fabrics are needle-worked ribbons and non-woven fabrics that were mechanically consolidated in a known manner by forming turns using strands or fibers. Non-woven fabrics produced using the familiar, familiar wet process stitch joining processes are particularly suitable. Also particularly suitable are nonwoven fabrics which were consolidated in a known manner using high energy water jets (eg high pressure). Mechanical consolidation is particularly preferred and will now be described more particularly. In needlework, the needles are punched in the ribbon perpendicular to the surface of the tape and cause the fibers or filaments of the tape to be reoriented from horizontal to vertical with the formation of stitch channels. The resulting friction consolidates the tape. In the interlacing, a distinction is made between the warp stitching (interenlazamiento similar to mesh of threads using different constructions, strands in the longitudinal direction of the tape), sewn of stitch point (similar to stitched, knitted of. warp but the threads in the transverse direction) and the stitch seam union or the stitch seam of the ribbon. The stitching of the ribbon with or without a thread is preferred.
Knit stitching of the ribbon with or without thread combines the stitching (knit stitching and the joint joining of the sheets) and the knitted fabric formed (synchronous formation of threads or fibers). In the stitching of the ribbon with turns of strands are formed from the strand and in the stitching of the ribbon without threads of strands are formed from the fibr. These processes of seam joining of tape processing point are subdivided into the Maliwatt process (stitching of the tape with thread), the process Malifleece (stitching of the tape without thread), the process Voltees, the process Kunit the Multiknit process and the KSB process. See Figures 6-33 on page 305 of Albrecht's monograph. In cross-linking, the ribbons composed of fibers or filaments are consolidated by the action of fluid jets (water, steam, air) that have a minimum energy required as a result of the impact jets that cause the fibers to be reoriented, criss-crossed , interwoven or interwoven. All the processes mentioned above are suitable for producing textile fabrics according to the invention. The textile fabrics may include a finish, especially a finish resistant to heat, oil, dirt and / or moisture. The fabric can be impregnated or coated with the finish. Examples of finishes useful for the invention are metal layers, for example aluminum, applied to one or both of the sides. Such metal layers, which are usually applied in a thickness of for example 5 to 200 μm, preferably 10 - 100 μm, so that the flexibility of the cloth is not adversely affected, protect against fire, heat, especially against radiant heat, soot and extinguishers, for example water and foam or powder extinguishers. Under the EN 1486 European standard, metallic fabrics are useful for producing protective suits for specialized firefighter equipment. The metallization is generally carried out by subjecting the fabric to a high vacuum metal vapor deposition process (see Ullmanns Enzyklopadie der Technischen Chemie, 3rd edition, vol.15, p 276 and references cited therein). It is also possible to adhere thin metal sheets to the fabric. Such thin metal sheets generally comprise a polymeric support film that has been coated with a thin film of metal. They preferably include a polymeric support based on polyester. The metallized films are suitable according to the delivery specification TL 8415-0203 of the German armed forces, for application to the inventive fabric on one or preferably on both sides thereof, for example by means of an adhesive or by hot calendering. Such thin films are used by various manufacturers to coat woven fabrics (eg, Gentex, Corp., Carbondale PA, USA, C.F. Ploucquet GmbH &Co., D-8952 Heidenheim, Darmstadt, GmbH, D-46485 Wesel). It is also possible to produce the woven fabrics of the invention from metallized yarns or fibers. The wires are preferably coated with aluminum in layer thicknesses in the range of 10 - 100 μ? A. The fibers have metal coatings of 0.01 to 1 um. Such threads or fibers can be produced, for example, in the lines of the processes described in DE-B 27 43 768, DE-A 38 10 597 or EP-A 528 192. Further examples of useful finishes are the hydrophobic water-repellent layers. Applied to the fabric on one or both sides. Such layers preferably comprise polyurethane materials and / or polytetrafluoroethylene materials. Such coatings are already known from the prior art for improving the performance outdoors of textiles (see Ullmanns Enzyklopadie der Technischen Chemie, 5th edition, Vol A26, pp. 306-312, and Lexikon für Textilveredelung, 1955, pp. 211). ff). These coatings can be of such a kind that water vapor can dif through the layer while they are not substantially penetrated., if it is in everything, by the liquid water or the products it extinguishes similar fires and by products of combustion. These coatings are generally adhered or calendered on the fabric as polymeric films. Additional measures to improve the protective performance of the fabrics include the finishing of the fibers or the fabric with compounds resistant to water, oil and / or dirt (hydrophobic or oleophobic finish). Such compounds are known as textile auxiliaries for the skilled person (see, Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 5th edition, vol.A26, pp. 306-312). Examples of water-resistant compounds are metal soaps, silicones, organofluoro compounds, for example perfluorinated carboxylic acid salts, polyacrylic esters of perfluorinated alcohols (see EP-B-366 338 and references cited therein) or tetrafluoroethylene polymers. The two polymers mentioned last, in particular, are also used as an oleophobic finish. The textile fabrics of the invention, combine good protection against fire and heat, good wearing comfort and pleasant feeling. These advantageous properties are retained even after numerous cleaning and reconditioning operations. In addition, the fabrics have high resistance to abrasion and are environmentally favorable. The textile fabrics of the invention are useful for making clothing that protects against heat and clothing that protects against fire. This includes protective clothing for workers, protective clothing for welders, and protective clothing to work in the steel industry (blast furnace) and chemical industry (chemical reactors). The textile fabrics of the invention are similarly useful in vehicles and spaces at risk of fire, for example, in seat and resting furniture, mattress covers, wall coverings and wall hangings. Representative examples are upholstery fabrics for fire-resistant seat covers, curtain fabrics, wall coverings, roof coverings and wall hangings on airplanes, buses, railways, trams and underground carriages, funicular cabins, cinemas, theaters, event halls, .etc. The uses in the same way are part of the subject matter of the present invention. Examples: Various fiber blends were used to produce various Maliwatt fabrics in a conventional manner by mixing the individual fibers over a conventional fiber processing range from Trützschler (Monchengladbach) and feeding the mixture to a Spinnbau roller card (Bremen) . The resulting batt was processed in a conventional manner using a Mayer machine (Obertshausen) in a Maliwatt fabric having a basis weight of 185 g / m2.
The following strand fibers were used. The first number indicates the linear density in dtex and the second number indicates the length of strand in mm. Melamine: Melamine fiber Basofil® 1.8 / 60 from BASF was used. PES I: Fire-resistant polyester fiber, commercially available Trevira® CS 1.7 / 38 from Trevira GmbH. PES II: Trevira® CS 2.4 / 50 commercially available fire-resistant polyester fiber from Trevira GmbH was used. PES III: DuPont Dacro® 1.7 / 48 'commercially available non-fire-resistant polyester fiber was used. 'PA: A non-fire resistant polyamide fiber 1.7 / 60, commercially available from Rhodia, was used. This consisted of nylon 66. Modacrilico: Fire-resistant modacrilic fiber, commercially available Kanecar® SYCM 2.2 / 38 from Kanebo was used. The combustion tests were carried out to DIN ISO 6941: 1995-04 with edge and surface flashing. The flare time was 15 s. The table summarizes the results. In the table, - represents not present, kF represents not present to fire and nb represents not determined.
Non-woven fabrics composed of fire-resistant polyester fibers without melamine fibers (comparative example 7V) showed melting drops. The composite non-woven fabrics. of melamine fibers and non-fire resistant polyester fibers (comparative example 8V) showed combustion and melting drops. In contrast, inventive non-woven fabrics containing melamine and fire-resistant polyester fibers showed high fire resistance and no combustion droplets. Examples 4 and 6 show that the mixture of small fractions of non-fire resistant fibers - polyamide in Example 4 and non-fire resistant polyester in Example 6 - does not affect this advantageous performance profile.