MXPA00012258A - Energy storage system - Google Patents

Abstract

A power control system (10) for managing poweroutput from a battery (11) includes an output terminal (12) for delivering power from the battery (11) to a load, control means (14) connected to the battery (11) to sense pre-selected operating parameters of the battery (11) and in a first mode of operation to provide power from the battery (11) to the output terminals (12). A first capacitor (15) which stores a predetermined quantity of power is connected between the control means (14) and the battery system (11) supplies its stored power to the battery (11) in response to a command signal from the control means (14) when the control means (14) is in a second mode of operation. A second capacitor (16) which stores a predetermined quantity of power is connected between the control means (14) and the output terminals (12) supplies its stored power to the output terminals (12) in response to a command signal from the control means (14) when the control means (14) is in its second mode of operation.

Description

ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to energy storage systems and, more petricularly, to a battery management system to improve the performance thereof.

BACKGROUND TECHNIQUE 10 In the battery industry, there has been a greater demand for technology for the handling of batteries, mainly due to the constantly increasing requirements on the part of consumers, for the convenience of portable equipment powered by batteries. as are cell phones and laptops (laptop). In addition, the battery industry is observing a move towards greater emphasis on tools powered by electric motor and vehicles without polluting emissions, batteries being the main source of power for these vehicles of the new generation. This movement is due to rapidly increasing government regulations and consumer concerns about air pollution and noise. Another area that requires high efficiency batteries is that of the applications of 5Z / 9 «M ^ uaitÉ ikfitb energy storage such as, for example, load leveling, power quality and emergency / standby power systems for sensitive electronic components. As a result of the growing demand for battery-powered equipment, the battery industry is under competitive pressure to produce an ideal cell. An ideal cell is a cell that almost does not weigh, does not occupy space, provides excellent life cycle and has an ideal loading / unloading performance and does not, by itself, cause environmental damage at the end of its life. The most popular technology used by the battery industry is the lead battery, which has the challenge of meeting the highest energy density, the smallest size, the best performance levels, the longest life cycle and a Guaranteed recycling capacity. Several manufacturers are investigating exotic batteries, including those of nickel metal hydride, lithium ion and the like but generally, these types of batteries are too costly to make their use economically viable at this stage, particularly for one of the fastest growing markets on earth, passenger vehicles of two or three wheels. It is well known that the performance of the battery, even that of the existing lead battery, can be improved by proper handling of the battery operating conditions. There are several aspects of battery management that are not being adequately addressed at this stage, including: (i) protection against overcharging during recharge or regeneration operations, (ii) protection against over-discharge during long operations high power extraction or duration, (iii) minimization of the negative effects of internal battery resistance, and (iv) the ability to monitor, control and protect the individual cells of a battery system. Lead battery chargers usually have two tasks to accomplish. The first is to restore capacity, often as quickly as possible, and the second is to maintain the ability to compensate for self-discharge. In both cases, optimal operation requires accurate detection of battery temperature and voltage. When a typical lead cell is charged, lead sulfate is converted into lead and lead dioxide into the negative and positive plates of the battery, respectively. Overload reactions begin when most of 52/9 ^^^ ^^ ^ dÉUMMIMÉÉIÉliglMlÉÍÉiB copper sulfate has become, typically resulting in the formation of hydrogen gas and / or oxygen due to decomposition of the electrolyte, that is typically known as "outgassing". In 5 valve-regulated or vented batteries this leads to a loss of electrolytes and dehydration of the electrolyte will occur, thereby affecting the life cycle of the battery. The start of the overload can be detected monitoring the battery voltage. Overload reactions are indicated by a marked increase in cell voltage. The point at which the overload reactions begin depends on the load regime and, to the extent that the load rate increases, the percentage of return capacity at the beginning of the overload decreases, that is, the energy used in the overload can not be recovered from the battery. Controlled overload is typically used to return to full capacity as quickly as possible and to try return a battery in imbalance to its equilibrium, at the cost of reducing, however, its life cycle. Although several methods are used to recharge batteries, all methods consider the group of individual cells as a unit and, in fact, do not monitors each individual cell of a particular battery, 52/9 a, i ^ ?? t-Oil ?. what is vital to provide a true balance within the group of cells. A typical 12 volt battery is composed of 6 individual 2 volt cells connected in series, inside a box with a 5 primary terminal for the primary connections. Normally, the battery cells do not perform identically and during the loading and unloading functions, the cells eventually degenerate into a state of "imbalance". 10 Two critical aspects of cell life are the upper and lower voltage levels. If a 2-volt cell in a lead battery exceeds approximately 2.6 volts during the recharge or regeneration functions, it will release gases, which causes electrolytic dehydration and affects the life of the cell. If the cell voltage drops below approximately 1.6 volts during the discharge functions, then permanent damage to the plate surface may occur. With more conventional charging systems, the The battery charger only connects to the first and the last terminal of the series of cells and therefore can not accurately monitor and protect the individual cells from damage. Normally, a charger only observes and reacts to the accumulated voltage with the result that the good cells are, in fact, overloaded to carry ^ / 9 to a weak cell up to a high enough voltage so that the accumulated total satisfies the predetermined requirements of the charger. This overload, dehydrates the electrolyte and underfeeds the good cells, seriously affecting the life cycle not only of the cells, but of the entire battery. The internal resistance of a battery is another factor that greatly affects the charging and discharging capabilities of the battery system. Batteries suffer a variety of problems, which result in a loss in performance, however, one of the main limitations is to overcome internal resistance. Each battery system has an internal resistance but the objective is to minimize the internal resistance and at the same time, store the maximum amount of energy per unit weight. When a load is applied to a battery system, the required current flows and a drop in battery voltage due to the internal resistance of the battery results. The lower the resistance, the lower the voltage of the battery. This is due to the total internal resistance of the battery, which includes the physical resistance of the components and the resistance due to polarization, such as activation and concentration polarization. A significant contribution to the resistance 52/94 n? m ^? Total internal of any battery system is polarization. In its simplest form, concentration polarization involves an accumulation of reactants or products on the surface of an electrode, which limit the diffusion of reagents to electrodes and products remote from the electrodes. The higher the current, the greater the polarization losses that can be experienced by a battery system. Therefore, the highest current that can be drawn from battery systems is limited by the degree of polarization within a battery system. However, if the polarization losses can be controlled, much higher currents in minimum voltage losses must be obtainable from most battery systems. It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a device for energy control to provide a predetermined energy output of a battery, which significantly reduces the internal resistance losses experienced with most types of energy. batteries SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In accordance with an aspect of the invention, an energy control system is provided for 52/94 provide a predetermined energy output of a battery system, comprising: (i) an output means for supplying power from the system to a charging circuit, (ii) a control means adapted to be connected to the battery for detecting preset operating parameters of the battery system and, in a first mode of operation, providing power from the battery system to the output means, (iii) a first capacitor means adapted to store a predetermined amount of energy, connected between the control means and the battery system adapted to supply its stored energy to the battery system, in response to a command signal from the control means when the control means is in a second mode of operation, (iv) a second capacitor means adapted to store a predetermined quantity, connected between the control means and the output means, adapted for supplying transmitting its stored energy to the output means, in response to a command signal from the control means when the control means is in its second mode of operation. Preferably, the first and second capacitor means are adapted to store a small 52/9 ** -, * > .... ..., .., ..- .... . . .. .. .. "_.,. ..nua- ^. l. Jh ,. a percentage of the energy that is being transferred out of the battery. In one embodiment of the invention, the control means provides the control signals for the first capacitor means and the second capacitor means at a predetermined time interval after starting the power supply from the power control system. In another embodiment of the invention, the control means is adapted to detect the level of polarization in the battery and the control signals for the first capacitor means and the second capacitor means are initiated when the polarization level in the battery exceeds the default limit. The energy stored in the first capacitor means induces an impulse or reverse charge to excite the electrodes within the battery system at an intensity that is proportional to the internal resistance of the battery system while it is detected by the control means. The excitation of the surfaces of the 20 electrodes allows a larger current to flow in and out of the battery and allows with this, a greater current draw, a faster recharge and a longer life cycle for the system. battery. The control system can be adapted to detect the preselected operating parameters of the 52/94 -t-- - "it- t *? f? ?? immi * - -ti,». ,, "*,. -,. -., - ^ -'- '•» - "- • - battery system in its entirety or the individual cells that make up the battery system. The energy control device can be adapted to automatically monitor the current flow, temperature, internal resistance and battery operating performance. The energy control device can also be adapted to monitor each individual cell of the battery system during both charging and discharging cycles. In accordance with another aspect of the invention, the energy control system, as described above, can be used to provide a predetermined energy input to a battery system from a battery charger. In accordance with another aspect of the invention, there is provided a management system for a battery having at least one cell having at least one pair of electrodes and which is susceptible to polarization, the battery management system comprises: (i) a means for monitoring a predetermined parameter of the cell or each cell, which is indicative of the polarization level, (ii) a means for storing a predetermined amount of the energy being transferred in or out of the battery, and 53/94 *** ¿~ - ~ A • -j 'j - * - "' • - - * -" • * - - - - ~ "- -» • * - »« * • - (iii) a medium to induce an impulse or reverse charge towards the electrodes in order to reduce the polarization.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figure 1 is a block diagram of a specific energy control device for providing a predetermined energy output from the battery system, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. invention. Figure 2 is a block diagram of a generalized energy control device, in accordance with a second embodiment of the invention. Figure 3 is a block diagram of an energy control system shown in Figure 1, applied to a lead battery system. Figure 4 is a graph of cycle numbers against the battery capacity for a lead battery with and without the power control system of the invention. Figure 5 is a block diagram of the energy control device shown in Figure 1, applied to a Redox-Ge1 battery system.

METHODS OF CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION 25 The system 10 for the energy control shown 52/94 in Figure 1 is adapted to provide a predetermined energy output from a battery system 11 at the terminals or output means 12 to which a charging circuit, such as an electric vehicle, is connected. Between the output terminals 12 and the terminals 13 of the battery system 11 there is a control means 14 which determines the predetermined operating parameters of the battery system 11. The control means 14 supplies power from the battery system 11 to the terminals output 12 during a first mode of operation. The first capacitor means 15, connected between the battery system 11 and the control means 14, stores a predetermined amount of energy from the battery system 11 during the first mode of operation of the control means 14 and supplies its stored energy to the battery system 11, in response to a control signal from the control means 14 when the control means is in a second mode of operation. The second capacitor means 16 that is connected between the output terminals 12 and the control means 14 stores a predetermined amount of energy from the battery system 11 when the control means 14 is in its first mode of operation and supplies its stored energy to the output terminals 12, in response to a control signal from the control means 14 52/94 when the control means 14 is in its second mode of operation. In this way, the power control system incorporates two capacitor networks and when the control means detects, for example, that the polarization level in the battery system 11 is too high or that a preset time interval has elapsed since the energy was supplied for the first time to the charging circuit, initiates a charge back to the battery system 11. In this discharge cycle, the control means 14 allows the energy stored in the first capacitor network 15 to charge the system of battery 11 and at the same time, the second capacitor means 16 supplies power without interruption to the output terminals 12. The time interval for this reverse cycle or discharge cycle is very small and, as it is very efficient, it can be done at intervals regular This reverse load has the ability to interrupt and minimize the associated effects and losses of polarization within the battery system. The power control system can also work in conjunction with a charger to provide optimum performance and care to the battery at all times during its operation. The system for energy control can be adapted to prevent a type of charger 52/94 unauthorized is connected to the battery system, thus avoiding potential abuse and ensuring that the vehicle owner does not attempt to charge the battery system with an incorrect charger, at home. 5 The energy control system, charger and vehicle can incorporate individual electronic signatures so that the entire system can be tracked and monitored with a high degree of accuracy. Each time a battery system is installed in a unit of charger, the energy control system will identify by itself, the vehicle from which it has been removed, as well as the user thereof. The charger unit can monitor the battery's energy level and accredit users this value, add the cost of the change, electricity and a monthly rent for the battery. Upon receipt of this payment, either in cash or with a credit card, a new battery is released and installed in the vehicle. If the customer has abused or violated the battery in any way, this may be identified by the shipper. The control system may be adapted not only to identify the level of the battery, but may also assess the remaining drive interval based on current power usage levels.

Thus, the driver of the vehicle will know how many kilometers 52/94 You can travel at the remaining level of energy. Each charger unit can be linked, via a telemetric system, to an operation center that allows the constant monitoring of all the stations in the network of the charging stations. The power control system can include the functions and features of the speed control modules, which means that the vehicle driver can remove a control device from the vehicle. vehicle speed and simply control the output, by means of the power control system. This reduces vehicle costs, reduces manufacturer's warranty exposure and can provide continuous performance monitoring through the communication system telemetric. The energy control system can be applied to various battery systems such as: valve-regulated lead-acid batteries, nickel-metal hydride batteries and redox-gel batteries, each system having its own benefits and specific target applications. The power control system can also be used to improve the standby performance of the remote area power system, emergency backup battery systems and load leveling systems. The stationary battery systems used in systems of 52/94 aUaBHiiMÉii? htÍUA ^ aM * W * Ull MáM¿ »^^ llM ^ energy in remote area and emergency backup applications can be left fully charged for extended periods. Since the cells are self-discharging at different speeds, the energy control system can be programmed to periodically examine the individual conditions of the cell and use cell balance techniques to balance the cells internally. Alternatively, the charging system can be left on hold and controlled by the power control system, as required. A preferred embodiment of the system for energy control shown in Figure 2 in the form of a block includes a microprocessor 40 and associated software 57 that handles all the functions described below. In this case, the microprocessor is 8 bits that runs at 8MHz, however, 4, 16, 32 or 64 bit processors can be used. The processor speed could be from 4MHz to 166MHz. Alternatively, a digital signal processing chip could be used, depending on the individual battery requirements. The microprocessor has EEPROM, ROM and RAM memory. Alternatively, an ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) could be used. The module 41 for measuring the individual cell voltage uses a separate cable connected to the junction of 52/94 each cell. This cable is used only for voltage measurement. The voltage of each cell is measured with respect to the ground for batteries up to 24 volts. This can also be achieved by using direct measurement of the voltage of each cell as dictated by the needs and accuracy requirements. The measurement conditioning of the individual cell voltage is achieved by means of the module 42 which includes a circuit in which the cell voltages are divided by a resistor network and filtered by a filter capacitor connected through the resistor to ground in the divider . Active filtration uses operational amplifiers or other filtering media could be used. The voltages are scaled by the divider and the filter to a suitable voltage for analog to digital conversion. In this case, 4.95 volts represent the maximum voltage expected from each connection to the battery. A 12-bit analog-to-digital converter is used so that the voltage of each cell is measured. The analog-to-digital converter is controlled in series by the microprocessor that converts each measured voltage into a cell voltage by scaling each voltage and subtracting the negative side voltage of each cell from the positive side voltage of the cell. This is done for each cell and this method is applicable to cell voltages up to 24 52/94 or 30 volts. Multiple stages of approximately 24 or 30 volts of the above method can be used by transmitting the digital data in series by means of serial communications coupled in optical form, thus isolating the cell voltages. It would also be applicable to use a frequency-to-voltage converter connected through each cell to directly measure the cell voltage and send this information as a frequency to the cell. microprocessor. These converters; voltage to frequency can be galvanically or optically coupled to the microprocessor that measures the frequency and converts this into voltage. The current measurement module 43 measures the voltage through a bypass resistor and scales this value using a current sense amplifier with active filtering. An alternative for this would be to use a Hall effect device to measure the current with the appropriate signal conditioning. The current measurement conditioning is achieved by means of the circuit module 44 where the voltage measured across the shunt is converted into a 0-5 volt signal, regardless of the direction of the current which is then fed into an input of the same 12-bit analog to digital converter used 52/94 for the described voltage measurement eirriba. The conditioning circuitry also provides a digital input to the microprocessor that indicates the direction of current flow. This is achieved by means 5 of an integrated circuit with minimal external components. The discrete component solutions would also be profitable in this area. The temperature is measured by means of the circuit module 45 using a temperature sensor of 0 integrated circuit mounted on the circuit board. Any number of these can be used and located in different areas, for example in the battery, in the individual cells or outside for the ambient temperature. Conditioning of the measurement of 5 temperature is achieved by the module 46 circuit, wherein: the temperature value is a voltage output and an operational amplifier voltage weak to scale this value compensation is used to a 0 value of 0-5 volts, suitable for connection with an input of the same analog-to-digital converter used for voltage and current measurement. A liquid crystal display 47 is used to display information such as: the remaining capacity 5, the remaining kilometers and any other 52/94 liTü - r i i - ^^ á - ^^ - * M > ri ^ (j ^ ai ^^^ ^^ j _ ,,,, ii MM.hM ,,, -... ^ É ^ M, ^ tj ^ áaÍtt information display actuator 48 is driven directly by the microprocessor 40 writing the appropriate value in a memory location based on a table stored within the microprocessor 40. Depending on the requirements of the microprocessor and the complexity of the LCD (liquid crystal display), a frequency generator may be used separate integrated. could also be used an LED or plasma screen. module LCD can also be used. the module 49 audible indicator includes a piezoelectric buzzer that provides an audible signal to usuaric This is driven ideally, directly from the microprocessor or with an actuator, if necessary.A distance detector 50 is mounted on the shoulder of the wheel that the battery must use in a moving vehicle.This detector 50 can take the form of any er magnetic sensor where the magnet is located on the wheel and a hall effect sensor device is mounted on a stationary part of the vehicle or on an optical detector. The conditioning of the distance detector is achieved by a circuit module 51 where the output of the distance detector 50 is a frequency that is 52/94 ^ j t-m +? i ^ ^ ia? m xmm * scaled and measured by the microprocessor 40 which, in turn, converts this into a speed or distance value. The pressure sensor module 52 includes a pressure transducer with a low voltage output (in the order of 0-100 mV) that is located in the battery. The pressure detector conditioning module 53 scales the output to 0-5 volts via a precision operational amplifier and feeds it to the analog to digital converter. The communications module 54 ensures that all communications and control signals of the battery charger are communicated via a serial bus directly from the microprocessor 40. This serial bus can also access a PC for calibration purposes. To ensure a long battery life, all the components of the optimizer are selected for low current consumption. The microprocessor, the analog to digital converter and all the other circuitry can be placed in a low current consumption mode by means of a signal coming from the microprocessor to the module 55 in low current mode. To achieve the required levels of accuracy, the analog inputs to the microprocessor are calibrated by the calibration module 56 and the calibration factors and derivations are stored in the memory 52/94 EEPROM. The software 57 is oriented, preferably to the survey and is also activated in interruption for critical events in time such as current monitoring for energy use integration. Preferably, the software can determine if a single cell is defective and notify the battery charger. The software may include a polynomial voltage current algorithm to prevent the overdischarge battery from opening the switch. The software is adapted to: (i) calculate the self-discharge of the battery and can start the cell balance process, (ii) record the number of cycles and can send this information to the battery charger, (iii) monitor, communicate and initiate protective measures to avoid overvoltage or undervoltage; (iv) take samples of the current at regular intervals of time and integrate the current with respect to time to provide the ampere hours used and the remaining data, and (v) The hours used and remaining are corrected depending on the loads during the current cycle. 52/94 The microprocessor 40 can also drive FETS or IGBT switches to control the current to a motor 58. This can provide a single pulse modulated amplitude control for a brush type motor or an almost sinusoidal control with multiple outputs for multi brushless type motors such as reluctance motors or brushless DC motors. A FET or IGBT 59 switch is used for security and for battery protection. FETS with a low resistance are used. The switch 59 is controlled by the switch control module 60 which is driven by the microprocessor 40 and the actuator of the FETS or IGBT uses a switched power supply to raise the voltage to allow a high lateral pulse. In the resistance control module 61, the microprocessor controls an FET, the function of which is to periodically charge a capacitor up to a voltage above the battery voltage and discharge this capacitor into the battery while, at the same time, switching another capacitor whose load may contain the charging current. The output of a power calibrator 62 is displayed on the LCD screen as the remaining capacity. This value is calculated by integrating the current in time. . 2/94 ^^ mm átt The current is sampled at regular intervals and this value is subtracted from an accumulation and then scaled to 100% to provide a remaining capacity output. The 63 impedance / internal resistance module He calculated the impedance and internal resistance by measuring the change in -voltage before and after a change of stage in the current. This can happen both during loading and during unloading. The voltage or AC current can be injected into the battery and the resulting current or voltage is measured to calculate the internal resistance and impedance. The cell equilibrium module 64 operates in such a way that when one cell is considered to be discharging more than others in the group, energy is taken from the whole group, converted to an appropriate voltage using a switched mode power converter and distributed to the weakest cell, thus balancing the cells. Conventional lead batteries suffer from the use of limited capacity, deep, low discharge, short life cycle, low energy density, thermal management problems and the need to charge a constant voltage increase to maintain the equalization of the cells Lead-acid batteries that also require long charging times and high load currents 52/94 ? *? MifaÉta can also be used for a few minutes in very low charging states. If high currents are used, they usually result in higher voltages than those allowed, which leads to electrolyte loss and a reduction in battery capacity. The time to recharge a lead battery with fast charge can be up to 4 hours at best if an appropriate charge profile is followed. The life cycle of a lead battery varies greatly depending on the depth of discharge achieved during cyclization. For electric vehicle applications, a DOD (depth of discharge) at 90-100% may not be rare and at these DOD levels, the life cycle of conventional deep-cycle lead batteries would be approximately 300 cycles. Figure 3 shows the energy control system 20 applied to a lead lead format battery tested, however, it uses spiral wound technology for its cell structures. The twelve individual cells 21 are formed from electrodes with large surface areas that are spirally wound to form individual cells with very low resistance. Advanced electrolytes have been developed to help 52/94 * - * to allow very high currents to be drawn from the battery system. The battery system includes the integration of the energy control system 20 with spiral wound cell technology and improved electrolytes. The cells 21 are connected in series by means of the bus 22 which is also connected to the first capacitor means 23, the control means 24, the second capacitor means 25 and the output terminals 26. The dotted line 27 represents the command signal coming from from the control means 24 to the first capacitor means 23. The use of a valve regulated lead format offers a proven technology at a relatively low cost as a starting point for an "energy rent" system. The use of the energy control system 20 and the reconfiguration of the battery design to optimize the benefits of these particularities, a battery is provided that offers significant improvements in the flow form, greater current flow, capacity, greater life cycle and times of recharge reduced to a higher manufacturing cost only by a margin. This is demonstrated in Figure 4, which is a graph of cycle numbers against the battery capacity for a lead battery with and without the energy control system of the invention. A cycle is from loading to unloading and reloading. 52/94 The greater current flow capacity means that the utilization of energy and capacity is improved resulting in a higher obtainable ampere-hour rate and the travel length of the vehicle. The longer life cycle means that the battery can be recharged more times before being replaced, thus decreasing annual operating costs. Reduced charging times mean that the battery becomes faster, reducing the number of spare batteries required in the energy rental system. The energy control system can also be applied to conventional NiMH batteries that use advanced processed materials and high purity that usually lead to a very high cost for the battery system. The extended nickel foams with high purity nickel hydroxide compounds and the processed metal alloy materials all need a very high degree of quality control in order to obtain a battery of high performance. NiMH hydride batteries can also suffer self-discharge problems and can also be affected by temperature. In certain systems, the removal of high current can cause damage to the cells of the battery and care should be taken not to 52/94 overload the batteries. In this regard, advanced battery chargers are needed to ensure proper charging. The NiMH battery system in this mode uses advanced NiMH technology that has been designed to take full advantage of the benefits provided by the battery's power management system. The cell structure uses spiral wound cell technology that allows the production of cells that have a much higher power output capacity. The system for energy control is integrated in the cells of the battery pack. The power control system has the ability to significantly reduce the polarization effects that allow the battery system to provide higher current without compromising the life cycle. The integrated unit is effectively a self-contained intelligent energy storage system, since the energy control system monitors all the functions of the units. The energy control system can take active steps to maintain optimum battery performance, resulting in an improved life cycle at the same time. This Ni-MH system is ideally suited for an "energy rent" system, since its benefits 52/94 They include: high energy density, high power, long life cycle and fast recharge time. The system will allow greater travel distances for electric vehicles compared to the valve-regulated battery system but at a slightly higher cost. The production cost of the system of this modality is, however, significantly lower than the existing products with estimates of current costs that indicate a total price for the NiMH system of almost 1/10 of the price of the small production units currently available. . The NiMH system is particularly suitable for electric bicycles where a small battery system offering long travel distance is desirable. The energy control system can also be applied to Redox batteries that have been under investigation for many years. These batteries have been mainly in the form of Redox flow batteries that store energy in liquid electrolytes that are stored separately from the battery cell. During the operation, the electrolytes are recirculated again through the system and the energy is transferred to and from the electrolytes. Redox flow batteries typically suffer from low energy density and pump losses associated with the 52/94 aaagiaaaaaaaaaaaaa ^ aÉllMilÉÉHaMMM ^ Mi ^ lMai ** ^^ - I .. I II. .1 I IBII II I lrlt rrul ll-recirculation of electrolyte through the system. In certain cases, high self-discharge speeds are possible depending on the membranes or if there are internal derivative currents. 5 The redox gel battery differs from the redox flow principle in that electrolytes do not need to be recirculated since electrolytes are superconcentrated gels. Conventional battery systems employ or some form of solid metal electrodes that include phase transfer reactions. This usually leads to greater weight and loss of efficiency. The redox gel battery employs superconcentrated gels containing a high concentration of reactive positive and negative ions in the respective gels. All reactive species are contained in the gels and phase transfer reactions that lead to high efficiencies due to minimal losses are not included. The energy control system of the invention 0 may be integrated in the Redox gel battery pack to reduce the effects of polarization. Since the gels are superconcentrated, the polarization tends to be higher when high loads are applied to the battery system. An energy control system designed 5 specifically for the redox gel battery can attenuate 52/94 There are many of the restrictions in the design of the redox gel cell system. The power control system 30 shown in Figure 5 includes a bus system 31 which interconnects the cells 32, the control means 33, the first capacitor means 34, the second capacitor means 35 and the output terminals 36. The line 37 represents the command signal. The control means 33 specifically designed for the redox gel cell also performs a variety of monitoring functions, such as monitoring the voltages and temperatures of the individual cell. You can also monitor the internal pressure of the sealed battery pack and verify the permissible load limits of the system in any specific condition. The control means 33 has the important and added capability of being able to carry active stages in the optimal maintenance of battery performance in any state of charge. With this high degree of system control, the system can use their total capacity repeatedly and over a very long life cycle. This system is extremely cost competitive and offers superior performance to the energy storage system currently available. The electrodes used in redox gel cells simplify 52/94 rimüHiaaiMitti ^ ¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡? s function to allow the transfer of energy in and out of gel electrolytes. The electrodes are inert and can be produced from specially developed conductive plastic materials. This system incorporates the redox gel cells and the energy control system to produce an energy storage system that has almost twice the energy density of the NiMH system. The system also has a very long life cycle due to the stability of the gel electrolytes. The system, as a whole, is very cost-effective. With its light weight and robustness, it is very suitable for the battery change process for "energy rent" vehicles. Another embodiment of the invention relates to a battery charging and conditioning module that is integrated with an energy control system to be developed by battery, which is integrated in a battery system. Battery systems suffer from a variety of problems, one of the main limitations being incorrect loading or multiple loading where the overall condition of the battery is recorded and an applicable load is applied. This concept does not allow, however, the condition of individual cells and, therefore, the cell S2./94"Milk Miliito ^^^^ lü ^ most loaded is usually overloaded and the least loaded cell is usually underloaded. The result is that the overall life of the battery is significantly reduced. Another problem is that the batteries can not accept high load currents due to the internal effects of the internal resistance in the various components. Rapid charging normally has the effect of releasing gases in which the hydrogen gas that is emitted is not only dangerous but also limits the life of the battery due to electrolytic degradation. This charger works in conjunction with the energy control system and limits the internal resistance, thus allowing for higher recharge speeds without affecting the battery's life cycle. The present invention provides a unique battery charging and conditioning module that is integrated with an energy control system that is integrated into a battery system. The main function of this energy control system is to reduce the effects of polarization due to the internal resistance of the batteries. Importantly, this has allowed control of multiple functions on board, such as monitoring individual cells, providing power output control functions, operating in conjunction with special battery loads, providing protection and a 52/94 aiüáaffaaiMt conditioning function. The special battery chargers can identify the power control system and, therefore, the serial number of the battery module, which are transmitted to the operations center via a telemetric communication system. Once the battery has been registered and the customer account has been verified, the power control system allows the battery charger to start charging. 10 The actual load function is carried out in conjunction with the energy control system to ensure that each cell is monitored and treated or conditioned for its specific requirements. This capability prevents damage to the cells through underload or overload and, therefore, significantly improves the overall life cycle of the battery. The battery charger is able to identify the type of battery and automatically selects the correct charging format. If an unauthorized battery is installed in the charger, this will not allow the connection. The charger is also able, through feedback from the power control system, to detect if the battery has been charged by any other means or if the optimization module or battery has been violated from any way and passes this information to the center 52/94 operations . Each loader unit is linked via a telemetric system to the operations center, which allows constant monitoring of all stations in the network, as well as the location of each battery and the status of each account.

APPLICATION IN THE INDUSTRY The battery management system can be used in a power rental concept where it is installed in a range of service applications in the form of vending machines, manually installed recharge modules, removal carousels and automatic battery replacement. , battery replacement facilities per robot and parking / loading stations. 52/94 JMilllí ^^ MMI ^ illllliillili lálÉIIMI ^^ a ^ i ^^ ?? ?? i mu 'i i iii'triiiiii

Claims (1)

1. CLAIMS: 1. A system for controlling energy to provide a predetermined energy output from a battery system, comprising: (i) an output means for supplying power from the system to a charging circuit, (ii) a control means adapted to be connected to the battery system to detect preselected operating parameters of the battery system and, in a first mode of operation, provide power from the battery system to the output means, (iii) a first adapted capacitor means to store a predetermined amount of energy, connected between the control means and the battery system adapted to supply its stored energy to the battery system, in response to a command signal from the control means when the control means is in a second mode of operation, (iv) a second capacitor means adapted to store a predetermined amount, connected between the medium of control and the output means, adapted to supply its stored energy to the output means, in response to a command signal from the control means when the control means is in its second mode of operation. 52/94 2. An energy control system according to claim 1, wherein the first and second capacitor means are adapted to store a small percentage of the energy that is being transferred out of the battery. 3. An energy control system according to claim 1, wherein the control means provides control signals to the first capacitor means and to the second capacitor means at a predetermined time interval, after starting the supply from the control system of the capacitor. Energy. An energy control system according to claim 1, wherein the control means is adapted to detect the level of polarization in the battery and where the control signals for the first half capacitor and the second capacitor medium are started when the polarization level in the battery exceeds the predetermined limit. An energy control system according to claim 1, wherein the energy stored in the first capacitor means induces a reverse charge or charge to excite the electrodes within the battery system at a rate that is proportional to the internal resistance of the system of battery as detected by the control means. 52/94 ... *., 4 * __ ^ Íifcitoi ^ ÉiiaÉlllÉaiiaaM ^ i »Mr - - imr HHif ^ Yii 6. A management system for a battery that has at least one cell that has at least one pair of electrodes and that is susceptible to polarization, the battery way system comprises: (i) a means for monitoring a predetermined parameter of the cell or each cell, which is indicative of the polarization level, (ii) a means for storing a predetermined amount of the energy that is being transferred in or out of the battery, and (iii) a means for inducing a pulse or reverse charge towards the electrodes in order to reduce polarization. 7. A battery management system according to claim 6, wherein the predetermined parameter is the internal resistance of the cell or of each cell. A battery management system according to claim 6, wherein the impulse or reverse charge is induced at a rate that is provided to the internal resistance and / or the energy flow levels of the cell or each cell. A battery management system according to claim 6, wherein the battery has a plurality of cells and the monitoring means monitors a predetermined parameter of each cell and the impulse or inverse load 52/94 is induced to the interior of each cell. A battery management system according to claim 6 and further including the means for identifying a battery charger to which the battery has been connected and the means for identifying the battery so that the identified battery charger will not charge a battery unidentified. 11. A battery management system according to claim 1, where the battery is a lead battery. 12. A battery management system according to claim 11, wherein the lead battery incorporates spiral wound electrodes and an electrolytic medium with high energy transfer capacity. 13. A battery management system according to claim 11, wherein the lead battery incorporates compressed plate electrodes that incorporate an electrolytic medium of high energy transfer capacity. 14. A battery management system according to claim 11, wherein the lead battery incorporates a bipolar cell arrangement. 15. A battery management system according to claim 6, wherein the battery is a nickel metal hydride battery. 52/94 ^ M ^ ^ t ^ MautatiaMü 16. A battery management system according to claim 15, wherein the nickel metal hydride battery incorporates spiral wound electrodes and an electrolytic capacitor medium of high energy transfer. 17. A battery management system according to claim 15, wherein the nickel metal hydride battery incorporates compressed plate electrodes and an electrolytic capacitor medium of high energy transfer. 18. A battery management system according to claim 6, wherein the battery is a Redox-Gel battery. 19. A battery management system according to claim 18, wherein the Redox-Gel battery incorporates spiral wound electrodes and an electrolytic medium of high energy transfer capacity. 20. A battery management system according to claim 18, wherein the Redox-Gel battery incorporates compressed plate electrodes and an electrolytic capacitor medium of high energy transfer. 21. A battery management system according to claim 6, wherein the predetermined parameter is selected from the voltage, current, temperature, pressure, internal resistance or internal impedance of the battery. 52/94 . ¿. & _ cell or each cell. 22. A battery that incorporates the battery management system of claim 6. 52/94 ^ = gf ^^ j ^^ j - • "• -" Aj "-"