[go: up one dir, main page]

MX2016009202A - Generador sincronico en una planta de energia eolica sin engranajes. - Google Patents

Generador sincronico en una planta de energia eolica sin engranajes.

Info

Publication number
MX2016009202A
MX2016009202A MX2016009202A MX2016009202A MX2016009202A MX 2016009202 A MX2016009202 A MX 2016009202A MX 2016009202 A MX2016009202 A MX 2016009202A MX 2016009202 A MX2016009202 A MX 2016009202A MX 2016009202 A MX2016009202 A MX 2016009202A
Authority
MX
Mexico
Prior art keywords
stator
synchronous generator
wind turbine
gearless wind
grooves
Prior art date
Application number
MX2016009202A
Other languages
English (en)
Other versions
MX358154B (es
Inventor
Diedrichs Volker
Original Assignee
Wobben Properties Gmbh
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Wobben Properties Gmbh filed Critical Wobben Properties Gmbh
Publication of MX2016009202A publication Critical patent/MX2016009202A/es
Publication of MX358154B publication Critical patent/MX358154B/es

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K1/00—Details of the magnetic circuit
    • H02K1/06—Details of the magnetic circuit characterised by the shape, form or construction
    • H02K1/12—Stationary parts of the magnetic circuit
    • H02K1/16—Stator cores with slots for windings
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K7/00—Arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with dynamo-electric machines, e.g. structural association with mechanical driving motors or auxiliary dynamo-electric machines
    • H02K7/18—Structural association of electric generators with mechanical driving motors, e.g. with turbines
    • H02K7/1807—Rotary generators
    • H02K7/1823—Rotary generators structurally associated with turbines or similar engines
    • H02K7/183—Rotary generators structurally associated with turbines or similar engines wherein the turbine is a wind turbine
    • H02K7/1838—Generators mounted in a nacelle or similar structure of a horizontal axis wind turbine
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D9/00—Adaptations of wind motors for special use; Combinations of wind motors with apparatus driven thereby; Wind motors specially adapted for installation in particular locations
    • F03D9/20—Wind motors characterised by the driven apparatus
    • F03D9/25—Wind motors characterised by the driven apparatus the apparatus being an electrical generator
    • F03D9/255—Wind motors characterised by the driven apparatus the apparatus being an electrical generator connected to electrical distribution networks; Arrangements therefor
    • F03D9/257—Wind motors characterised by the driven apparatus the apparatus being an electrical generator connected to electrical distribution networks; Arrangements therefor the wind motor being part of a wind farm
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K1/00—Details of the magnetic circuit
    • H02K1/06—Details of the magnetic circuit characterised by the shape, form or construction
    • H02K1/12—Stationary parts of the magnetic circuit
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K1/00—Details of the magnetic circuit
    • H02K1/06—Details of the magnetic circuit characterised by the shape, form or construction
    • H02K1/12—Stationary parts of the magnetic circuit
    • H02K1/14—Stator cores with salient poles
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K1/00—Details of the magnetic circuit
    • H02K1/06—Details of the magnetic circuit characterised by the shape, form or construction
    • H02K1/12—Stationary parts of the magnetic circuit
    • H02K1/14—Stator cores with salient poles
    • H02K1/146—Stator cores with salient poles consisting of a generally annular yoke with salient poles
    • H02K1/148—Sectional cores
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K1/00—Details of the magnetic circuit
    • H02K1/06—Details of the magnetic circuit characterised by the shape, form or construction
    • H02K1/12—Stationary parts of the magnetic circuit
    • H02K1/16—Stator cores with slots for windings
    • H02K1/165—Shape, form or location of the slots
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K1/00—Details of the magnetic circuit
    • H02K1/06—Details of the magnetic circuit characterised by the shape, form or construction
    • H02K1/22—Rotating parts of the magnetic circuit
    • H02K1/24—Rotor cores with salient poles ; Variable reluctance rotors
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K11/00—Structural association of dynamo-electric machines with electric components or with devices for shielding, monitoring or protection
    • H02K11/04—Structural association of dynamo-electric machines with electric components or with devices for shielding, monitoring or protection for rectification
    • H02K11/049—Rectifiers associated with stationary parts, e.g. stator cores
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K15/00—Processes or apparatus specially adapted for manufacturing, assembling, maintaining or repairing of dynamo-electric machines
    • H02K15/02—Processes or apparatus specially adapted for manufacturing, assembling, maintaining or repairing of dynamo-electric machines of stator or rotor bodies
    • H02K15/021—Magnetic cores
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K15/00—Processes or apparatus specially adapted for manufacturing, assembling, maintaining or repairing of dynamo-electric machines
    • H02K15/02—Processes or apparatus specially adapted for manufacturing, assembling, maintaining or repairing of dynamo-electric machines of stator or rotor bodies
    • H02K15/021—Magnetic cores
    • H02K15/022—Magnetic cores with salient poles
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K19/00—Synchronous motors or generators
    • H02K19/16—Synchronous generators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K29/00—Motors or generators having non-mechanical commutating devices, e.g. discharge tubes or semiconductor devices
    • H02K29/03—Motors or generators having non-mechanical commutating devices, e.g. discharge tubes or semiconductor devices with a magnetic circuit specially adapted for avoiding torque ripples or self-starting problems
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K3/00—Details of windings
    • H02K3/04—Windings characterised by the conductor shape, form or construction, e.g. with bar conductors
    • H02K3/28—Layout of windings or of connections between windings
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K5/00—Casings; Enclosures; Supports
    • H02K5/24—Casings; Enclosures; Supports specially adapted for suppression or reduction of noise or vibrations
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K2201/00—Specific aspects not provided for in the other groups of this subclass relating to the magnetic circuits
    • H02K2201/06—Magnetic cores, or permanent magnets characterised by their skew
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K2213/00—Specific aspects, not otherwise provided for and not covered by codes H02K2201/00 - H02K2211/00
    • H02K2213/03—Machines characterised by numerical values, ranges, mathematical expressions or similar information
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K2213/00—Specific aspects, not otherwise provided for and not covered by codes H02K2201/00 - H02K2211/00
    • H02K2213/12—Machines characterised by the modularity of some components
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/70—Wind energy
    • Y02E10/72—Wind turbines with rotation axis in wind direction

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Iron Core Of Rotating Electric Machines (AREA)
  • Synchronous Machinery (AREA)
  • Connection Of Motors, Electrical Generators, Mechanical Devices, And The Like (AREA)
  • Windings For Motors And Generators (AREA)
  • Wind Motors (AREA)

Abstract

La invención se refiere a un generador sincrónico (1), especialmente un generador de anillo sincrónico multipolar (1) de una planta de energía eólica (101) sin engranajes, para la generación de corriente eléctrica, que comprende un rotor (4) y un estator (6) con dientes (8) y ranuras (10) ubicadas entremedio para alojar un devanado de estator, donde el estator (6) está dividido en dirección circunferencial en segmentos de estator (31-34) con en cada caso múltiples dientes (8) y ranuras (10) y al menos dos segmentos de estator (31-34) están desplazados o cruzados entre sí en dirección circunferencial.
MX2016009202A 2014-01-20 2014-12-11 Generador sincrónico en una planta de energía eólica sin engranajes. MX358154B (es)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102014200947.2A DE102014200947A1 (de) 2014-01-20 2014-01-20 Synchrongenerator einer getriebelosen Windenergieanlage
PCT/EP2014/077392 WO2015106891A2 (de) 2014-01-20 2014-12-11 Synchrongenerator einer getriebelosen windenergieanlage

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
MX2016009202A true MX2016009202A (es) 2016-10-03
MX358154B MX358154B (es) 2018-08-07

Family

ID=52232145

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
MX2016009202A MX358154B (es) 2014-01-20 2014-12-11 Generador sincrónico en una planta de energía eólica sin engranajes.

Country Status (17)

Country Link
US (1) US20160336834A1 (es)
EP (1) EP3097627A2 (es)
JP (1) JP6291597B2 (es)
KR (1) KR101879112B1 (es)
CN (1) CN106415996B (es)
AR (1) AR099131A1 (es)
AU (1) AU2014377432B2 (es)
BR (1) BR112016016564A2 (es)
CA (1) CA2936261A1 (es)
CL (1) CL2016001816A1 (es)
DE (1) DE102014200947A1 (es)
MX (1) MX358154B (es)
RU (1) RU2643778C1 (es)
SG (1) SG11201605830QA (es)
TW (1) TWI555309B (es)
WO (1) WO2015106891A2 (es)
ZA (1) ZA201604562B (es)

Families Citing this family (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102016108712A1 (de) * 2016-05-11 2017-11-16 Wobben Properties Gmbh Synchrongenerator einer getriebelosen Windenergieanlage sowie Verfahren zum Herstellen eines Synchrongenerators und Verwendung von Formspulen
AU2017339586B2 (en) * 2016-10-04 2022-09-08 Holcomb Scientific Research Limited Solid state multi-pole and uni-pole electric generator rotor for AC/DC electric generators
CN110337772B (zh) 2017-02-02 2022-05-03 西门子歌美飒可再生能源公司 分段定子电机
DE102017112958A1 (de) 2017-06-13 2018-12-13 Wobben Properties Gmbh Windenergieanlage mit getriebelosem Generator und Generatorfilter
FR3069113A1 (fr) * 2017-07-11 2019-01-18 Valeo Equipements Electriques Moteur Procede de pilotage d'une machine electrique tournante polyphasee et machine electrique tournante mettant en oeuvre ce procede
DE102017119530A1 (de) 2017-08-25 2019-02-28 Wobben Properties Gmbh Generatorläufer und Generatorstator sowie Generator und Windenergieanlage damit und Verfahren zum Transportieren eines Generators
DE102017219994B4 (de) * 2017-11-10 2019-06-06 Zf Friedrichshafen Ag Antriebsachse für eine elektrisch angetriebene Arbeitsmaschine
US10608565B2 (en) * 2017-12-07 2020-03-31 General Electric Company Systems and methods for rotating a crankshaft to start an engine
DE102018115114A1 (de) 2018-06-22 2019-12-24 Wobben Properties Gmbh Verfahren zum Steuern eines Generators einer Windenergieanlage
CN111193431A (zh) * 2020-02-05 2020-05-22 北京纳米能源与系统研究所 直流输出摩擦纳米发电装置及传感设备
EP4012897A1 (de) 2020-12-14 2022-06-15 Flender GmbH Verfahren zur fixierung von statorsegmenten einer segmentierten dynamoelektrischen maschine
EP4478587A1 (en) * 2023-06-16 2024-12-18 Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy A/S Stator of an electrical machine

Family Cites Families (38)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CH486154A (de) * 1965-12-06 1970-02-15 Circuit Res Company Dynamoelektrische Maschine mit einem drahtgewickelten, scheibenförmigen Rotor
US4315171A (en) * 1977-05-23 1982-02-09 Ernest Schaeffer Step motors
SU861715A1 (ru) * 1979-05-07 1981-09-07 Московский Ордена Ленина Энергетический Институт Безредукторный ветроагрегат
US5173651A (en) * 1985-06-28 1992-12-22 Kollmorgen Technologies Corporation Electrical drive systems
US4990809A (en) * 1987-04-27 1991-02-05 The Superior Electric Company Variable reluctance motor
US6321439B1 (en) * 1997-01-21 2001-11-27 Siemens Westinghouse Power Corporation Method for assembly of a stator in the field
DE19729034A1 (de) * 1997-07-08 1999-01-21 Aloys Wobben Synchrongenerator zum Einsatz bei Windenergieanlagen sowie Windenergieanlage
JP3428896B2 (ja) * 1998-05-07 2003-07-22 オークマ株式会社 トルクリップルを低減したモータ
TW483216B (en) * 1998-09-08 2002-04-11 Toshiba Corp Motor
JP3242635B2 (ja) * 1999-01-28 2001-12-25 三菱電機株式会社 交流発電機
DE19923925A1 (de) * 1999-05-26 2000-12-07 Aloys Wobben Synchronmaschine
WO2001080399A1 (en) * 2000-04-19 2001-10-25 Wellington Drive Technologies Limited Method of producing stator windings
DE10110466A1 (de) * 2001-03-05 2002-09-26 Compact Dynamics Gmbh Baugruppe einer elektrischen Maschine und elektrische Maschine mit einer derartigen Baugruppe
KR100589729B1 (ko) * 2001-08-09 2006-06-19 혼다 기켄 고교 가부시키가이샤 고정자 및 고정자의 제조 방법
KR100727372B1 (ko) * 2001-09-12 2007-06-12 토소가부시키가이샤 루테늄착체, 그 제조방법 및 박막의 제조방법
WO2003073583A1 (de) * 2002-02-28 2003-09-04 Abb Research Ltd. Synchrongenerator
JP4093814B2 (ja) * 2002-07-30 2008-06-04 東洋電機製造株式会社 小型風力発電装置
DE10340114A1 (de) * 2002-09-06 2004-03-18 Luk Lamellen Und Kupplungsbau Beteiligungs Kg Elektrische Maschine mit einem geblechten weichmagnetischen Körper und Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung
FR2844646B1 (fr) * 2002-09-17 2006-02-24 Denso Corp Machine rotative electrique a haute tension
JP2004194497A (ja) * 2002-11-29 2004-07-08 Denso Corp 回転電機の組み合わせ固定子コア
JP4712465B2 (ja) * 2005-07-20 2011-06-29 ヤマハ発動機株式会社 回転電機及び電動車椅子
DE102005061892A1 (de) * 2005-12-23 2007-06-28 Robert Bosch Gmbh Elektrische Maschine, insbesondere Drehstrommaschine
DE102007003618A1 (de) * 2007-01-18 2008-07-24 Voith Patent Gmbh Energieerzeugungsanlage, angetrieben durch eine Wind- oder Wasserströmung
JP4885073B2 (ja) * 2007-06-20 2012-02-29 三菱重工業株式会社 風車回転翼の吊下げ装置、風車回転翼の取付け方法、および風力発電装置の建設方法
DE102009015044A1 (de) * 2008-05-02 2009-11-05 Hartmuth Drews Segmentkranz-Ringgenerator
TWI463068B (zh) * 2008-11-17 2014-12-01 Jiann Fuh Chen 直驅式風力／潮汐同步發電系統
FR2941105B1 (fr) * 2009-01-15 2016-01-01 Valeo Equip Electr Moteur Machine electrique tournante,en particulier pour un demarreur de vehicule automobile
EP2224578A1 (en) * 2009-02-27 2010-09-01 ABB Research Ltd. Stator winding scheme of a permanent magnet machine
JP5278546B2 (ja) * 2009-12-18 2013-09-04 トヨタ自動車株式会社 ステータ
DK2559138T3 (en) * 2010-04-13 2015-12-07 Abb Research Ltd ELECTRIC MACHINE WITH rotor poles OR stator coils are offset on the circumference
DE102010015441A1 (de) * 2010-04-16 2011-10-20 Fachhochschule Gelsenkirchen Transversalflussmaschine und Verfahren zur Herstellung derselben
US8860272B2 (en) * 2010-04-30 2014-10-14 Alstom Hydro France Synchronous generator, especially for wind turbines
EP2403111B1 (en) * 2010-06-29 2017-05-17 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Generator, wind turbine, method of assembling a generator and use of a generator in a wind turbine
US9281731B2 (en) * 2010-09-23 2016-03-08 Northem Power Systems, Inc. Method for maintaining a machine having a rotor and a stator
US8912704B2 (en) * 2010-09-23 2014-12-16 Northern Power Systems, Inc. Sectionalized electromechanical machines having low torque ripple and low cogging torque characteristics
EP2664055A4 (en) * 2011-01-11 2018-10-10 QM Power, Inc. Magnetically isolated phase interior permanent magnet electrical rotating machine
DK2492501T3 (en) * 2011-02-25 2017-07-03 Siemens Ag Windmill
DE102012208547A1 (de) * 2012-05-22 2013-11-28 Wobben Properties Gmbh Synchrongenerator einer getriebelosen Windenergieanlage

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
US20160336834A1 (en) 2016-11-17
AU2014377432B2 (en) 2018-01-25
AU2014377432A1 (en) 2016-07-28
TWI555309B (zh) 2016-10-21
KR20160111475A (ko) 2016-09-26
RU2643778C1 (ru) 2018-02-06
CN106415996B (zh) 2020-04-03
JP2017505103A (ja) 2017-02-09
WO2015106891A3 (de) 2015-09-17
WO2015106891A2 (de) 2015-07-23
ZA201604562B (en) 2017-09-27
JP6291597B2 (ja) 2018-03-14
CN106415996A (zh) 2017-02-15
SG11201605830QA (en) 2016-09-29
TW201541818A (zh) 2015-11-01
BR112016016564A2 (pt) 2017-08-08
EP3097627A2 (de) 2016-11-30
KR101879112B1 (ko) 2018-07-16
AR099131A1 (es) 2016-06-29
MX358154B (es) 2018-08-07
DE102014200947A1 (de) 2015-08-06
CA2936261A1 (en) 2015-07-23
CL2016001816A1 (es) 2016-12-09

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
MX2016009202A (es) Generador sincronico en una planta de energia eolica sin engranajes.
UY36543A (es) Procedimiento para operar un parque eólico
UY36592A (es) Procedimiento para el control de un generador síncrono de una instalación de energía eólica sin engranajes
IN2014DN09761A (es)
MX2014013458A (es) Generador para instalacion de energia eolica sin engranajes.
NZ630743A (en) Switched reluctance motor
DK3267031T3 (da) Vindmøllerotorvinge med vortex generatorer
DK201070543A (en) Direct drive segmented generator
UY36572A (es) Procedimiento para operar una planta de energía eólica
EP3963205C0 (en) IMPROVEMENTS TO WIND TURBINE ELECTRICAL GENERATORS
CL2018001540A1 (es) Aparatos para turbina de viento.
DK3443640T3 (da) Generatorrotor til en generator af et vindenergianlæg eller et vandkraftværk samt generator, vindenergianlæg og vandkraftværk med samme
CL2012000123A1 (es) Aparato generador de energia por gravedad.
UY36669A (es) Rotor para una instalación de energía eólica sin engranajes
PT3308449T (pt) Anel do estator para um gerador elétrico, bem como gerador e aerogerador com o mesmo
UY36271A (es) Generador síncrono, especialmente generador en anillo síncrono multipolar de una instalación de energía eólica sin engranajes, e instalación de energía eólica con un generador de este tipo
JO3572B1 (ar) نظام ترتيب وتنظيم شفرات التوربين
BR112017010142A2 (pt) estator para um gerador e uma máquina de comutação de fluxo para uma turbina eólica
UY36119A (es) Generador síncrono de una instalación de energía eólica sin engranajes
MY171463A (en) Energy convertor
MX2017009539A (es) Turbina eolica.
EP4162156C0 (en) ELECTRIC TURBO-GENERATOR
TR201101144U (tr) Elektrik enerjisi üreteci.
PL407481A1 (pl) Wielobiegunowa prądnica do elektrowni wodnej
UY36615A (es) Equipamiento de regulación para regular una pala de rotor de una instalación de energía eólica

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
FG Grant or registration