MC1351A1 - BLOCKS FOR CONSTRUCTING WALLS AND BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTION METHOD - Google Patents

Description

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The present invention relates to interlocking blocks for the construction of walls and also relates to the construction method using such blocks.

5. Blocks with holes for

erect buildings quickly. With the blocks according to the invention, the aim is to provide a type of block allowing greater speed and simplicity of construction, in particular with the aim of facilitating the self-construction of dwellings, and which also allows, with significant savings in labor and time, the construction of inter-structural infill walls in large buildings, with reinforced concrete or steel covered with concrete structures.

The blocks according to the invention are intended for the construction of exterior, interior or partition walls in all buildings, these blocks being mainly designed to completely erect walls of one or two storey residential buildings, or ships of different types, including the structural elements which may be necessary to bind or consolidate them.

XI It is appropriate to mention, as an essential objective of the invention, the possibility of constructing the walls of a dwelling or simple building without resorting to specialized labor or building workers, 25 two people of either sex, belonging to the family for whom the dwelling is intended, sufficient for this purpose, as well as materials and techniques compatible with the artisanal nature of the construction operation.

For this purpose, the interlocking blocks according to the invention and their variants in relation to the main type are intended, for the purpose of adapting the block to the position it will occupy within the construction of which it is a part, to cover all the possibilities of application which arise during the erection of simple buildings, notably of the economic type, by giving the blocks a modular nature suitable for the intended purpose and a range of forms derived from the main block, taking into account possibilities ^ foreseen or foreseeable.

Consequently, the blocks according to the invention have

Subject:

a) To reduce the weight of the blocks to a minimum, to allow them to be handled by any person not used to or physically prepared to handle heavy weights.

b) To provide interlocking parts on the four phases of the joint, but in such a way that, when the blocks are juxtaposed, they fit together with the greatest ease and do not require special techniques or special movements.

(c) To provide a type of interlocking and bonding that eliminates the need for mortar installation and allows the use of a fixing system with inexpensive resin-based adhesives, which have valuable qualities in terms of mechanical resistance and, if necessary, watertightness, with the advantage of allowing interlocking without compromising the precision of the juxtaposition of the two contacting joining surfaces, thus ensuring dimensional accuracy and perfect execution of the wall; the precision of the interlocking system on four sides allows, whenever appropriate (and this is a valuable feature of the present invention), dry installation without significant prejudice to the stability and strength of the assembly, with its economic consequences, and even greater ease and speed of assembly.

d) To allow the creation of all necessary support structures, consisting of pillars and beams effectively integrated into the wall itself, by placing reinforcements in niches present in all blocks, or in special blocks subsequently concreted, always with low proportions of concrete, easily obtained by artisanal methods.

e) To allow pipes (water, drainage, electricity) to be incorporated vertically into the holes in the blocks, and horizontally into special troughs or H-shaped blocks, or by passing them through the blocks, through perforations easily made in them, using special drills that can be found on the market.

The preferred execution method of the block according to the invention

has the following basic dimensions:

Length: 250 mm or 500 mm

Width: 125 mm or 250 mm

Height: 200 mm.

The thickness of the block walls is generally

40 mm.

Although the invention encompasses different types of geometrically distinct blocks as shown in the attached drawing, in fact these blocks are the result of functional modifications and adjustments to a typical basic block type described in detail below.

We will now describe the invention in more detail with reference to the attached drawing, given solely as a non-limiting example, of which:

Figure 1 is a perspective view of the typical block according to the invention, comprising on one side a male interlocking part and on the other a female interlocking part;

Figure 2 is a plan view of the block in Figure 1;

Figure 3 is a bottom view of the block in Figure 1;

Figure 4 is a right-side elevation view of the block;

Figure 5 is a left lateral elevation view of the block;

Figure 6 is a perspective view of a variant of the block type according to the invention, comprising on each of its sides female interlocking formations;

Figure 6' is a plan view of the block shown in Figure 6;

Figure 7 is a perspective view of a variant of the block according to the invention, with male interlocking formations on both sides of the block;

Figure 7' is a plan view of the block shown in Figure 75

Figure 8 is a perspective view of a block variant with a female interlocking formation on one side and

a flat surface on the opposite side, without hollows, the said block being thus intended to play the role of the terminal block of the first row, when one wishes to define the lateral side of a window or door frame;

5 Figure S' is a plan view of the block shown

on figure S;

Figure 9 is a perspective view of a block identical to that of Figure 8, but whose outer face is flat, constituting the face of a lateral side of a window or door frame 10, ending in a hollow to fit with the projecting terminal band of the lower block to be used in the rows following the first in the side of a window or door frame;

Figure 9' is a plan view of the block shown 15 in Figure 9;

Figure 10 is a perspective view of a variant of the block shown in Figure 8, but with a male interlocking joint instead of a female interlocking joint, as in Figure 8;

20 Figure 10' is a plan view of the block shown

shown in figure 10;

Figure 11 is a perspective view of a variant of the block shown in Figure 9, having on one of its faces a male interlocking instead of a female interlocking, as in Figure 9;

Figure 11' is a plan view of the block shown in Figure 11;

Figures 12 to 16 are perspective views of blocks with interlocking systems identical to those shown in the previous figures, but with only two outer bands, delimiting a single hole;

Figures 12' to 16' are plan views of the corresponding blocks shown in Figures 12 to 16;

Figures 17 to 19 are perspective views of 35 blocks constituting variants of the blocks shown in Figures 1, 10, and 11 respectively, in that a hollow has been formed on the inner face of the block to constitute a nesting formation for a block mounted perpendicularly,

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said blocks being thus intended to allow the intersection of walls with partition walls;

Figures 17' to 19' are plan views of the blocks shown in Figures 17 to 19, respectively;

Figures 20 and 20' are perspective and plan views, respectively, of a variant of the block types shown in Figures 18 and 19, but with hollows to form interlocking formations on both sides of the block, the block being intended to ensure the interlocking of blocks for a partition with the blocks of a wall that is perpendicular to it;

Figure 21 is a perspective view of a block intended to be used in the construction process according to the present invention, in combination with the blocks shown in the preceding figures, intended to form a trough with holes allowing tubes and electrical conduits to pass through them, called block H;

Figure 22 is a perspective view of a block of the same type as that shown in Figure 21, but without holes;

Figure 23 is a perspective view of a block of the same type as that shown in Figures 21 and 22.

but with the rear face interrupted to create a joint allowing the block to be used as a corner block at the level of the final top row of the surrounding beam;

Figures 24 to 26 are perspective views of variants of the blocks shown in figures 21 to 23, the rear face being lower than the front face to allow for the placement of prefabricated structural elements and infill covering elements on the block;

Figures 27 and 27' are perspective and plan views of a corner block to be used on all rows except the last;

Figure 28 is a plan view of the intersection of blocks of a dividing wall with a marginal wall;

Figures 29 and 29' are perspective and elevation views, respectively, of blocks intended for use

on the row immediately above that of the blocks which constitute the lintels of window or door openings, and only in the space delimited by the lintel of the opening;

5 Figure 30 is a schematic plan view of a first row of blocks assembled to erect a building;

Figure 31 is a schematic plan view of a row at the level of the lintels, allowing us to appreciate how the problem of the openings is solved; 10 Figure 32 is a schematic plan view at the level of the roof, representing the reinforcement of the surrounding beams;

Figure 33 is a schematic perspective view showing the placement of the first row and second row of 15 blocks in a construction;

Figure Jk is a section along line A-B of figure 30;

Figure 35 is a perspective view representing the assembly process of a pre-made roof or floor;

Figure 36 is a schematic plan view representing the execution method of different types of pillars;

Figure 37 is a cross-sectional view of a method for making a beam or lintel;

25 Figure 38 is a perspective view of a construction showing how a lintel should be made to fit a window opening and application of a block of the type shown in Figures 29 and 29';

Figure 39 is a schematic perspective view of the 30th assembly of water distribution pipes;

Figure 40 is a schematic view of the installation of an electric lighting system.

Figures 1 to 5 show, from different views, the typical block according to the invention, and all others can be considered as variants derived from this typical block, intended to satisfy the different construction needs felt during the construction stages of the different parts of a building.

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As these figures show, and to facilitate the description, the block can be considered as being formed of a visible rectangular face 1 and a posterior face 1' which is also rectangular, said faces being joined 5 by bands 2 which define, with the faces 1, 1', rectangular through cavities 2'.

In this embodiment of the block according to the invention, there are three bands 2, thus defining two through cavities or holes 2'. The three bands 2 which 10 connect the faces 1, 1' together protrude jointly with the wall portions which join them, on the upper part of the block, so as to form an upper male interlocking, being obviously set back by an equal distance from the lower edges of the faces 1, 1' in order to provide them at the bottom with a corresponding female interlocking and thus allow the block to be mounted on an identical block located below it.

It is therefore clear that the height of each strip 2 and the walls joining them will be exactly equal to the height of each face 1, 1'. With this arrangement, a lower female interlocking and an upper male interlocking are obtained for each block according to the invention. To facilitate the insertion of these interlockings, the portions of the lateral surfaces 3 of the strips 2 that protrude from the visible face and the rear face 1, 1' are inclined inwards, the inner surfaces 4 of the visible face and the rear face 1, 1' being adapted to the protruding parts of the strips of the lower block, for which reason they have a corresponding inclination, as can be better seen in Figures 5 and 6. With this arrangement, a perfect simultaneous interlocking of the blocks is obtained at the top and bottom with a high degree of precision and with great ease of assembly, which makes it immediately accessible to non-specialists.

According to the invention and along a horizontal direction 35, the intermediate strip 2 will generally be placed at an equal distance from the lateral ends of the faces 1, 1', but with the aim of obtaining interlocking joints,

following a horizontal direction, with the blocks laterally

adjacent, one of the bands 2, generally to the left of the block, looking at it from the side of face 1 or visible face,

will project from the vertical left lateral sides of these faces with inclined surfaces 3' to form a male interlock with the female interlock of the next block in the row, on the left side. Similarly, the outer band located to the right of the block is placed in a recessed position relative to the straight vertical lateral edges or faces 1, 1', to form a female interlock on this side of the block, providing correspondingly inclined surfaces 4' on the inner sides of faces 1, 1' that project beyond said outer band to ensure proper entry and adjustment with the male interlock of the adjacent block to the right of the row. With this arrangement, a horizontal interlock of both sides of the block with the adjacent blocks in the row is also obtained with the greatest precision, giving the inclined surfaces 3' easy and highly accurate interlocks. On the upper parts of the strips are 20 channels 6 which allow, when a horizontal row of blocks has been placed, to house pipes or electrical cables which are perfectly positioned without affecting or harming the laying of the blocks of the upper horizontal row, nor interfering with their interlocking.

25 On the visible face 1, on both contiguous sides of the face, there is a hollow 5 Which allows, after assembly, to constitute a kind of aesthetically pleasing grid on the visible face and which will allow better identification for a subsequent coating of this surface, if desired.

30 With the block described, and according to the present invention,

This results in a perfect fit on all four sides of the block, that is, the upper and lower interlocking vertically, and the interlocking of both sides horizontally. This not only provides exceptional rigidity to the construction but also ensures precision and ease of assembly, making it entirely accessible to non-specialists. Furthermore, it should also be noted that with the

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With the arrangements described, we obtain a block whose considerable lightness is achieved without this being at the expense of solidity and rigidity, which makes its handling very easy for people not used to physical work.

The through holes 2' generally have their inner walls slightly diverging towards the lower part of the block, as shown in Figure 3, in order to facilitate the removal of the block from the mold, when it comes out of the block-making machine.

Figures 6 to 11 of the attached drawing, where similar elements are represented by the same numerical references, have been shown variants conforming to the invention of the basic block shown in Figures 1 to 5, which include modifications intended to adapt the blocks to the different situations arising during the erection of a building, in particular a residential building, with identical elements being designated by the same numerical references.

Thus, figures 6 and 6' represent a block which, instead of having a male and a female joint, both arranged laterally, includes two lateral female joints.

Figures 7 and 7' represent another variant in which the block has two male sockets laterally, contrary to the representation in figures 6 and 6'.

Figures S and 8' represent another variant of the block, in which the block has on one side a female socket and on the other, not visible in figure 0, a flat face without a lower hollow, this block being intended to play the role of terminal block for a door or window opening on the first horizontal row of blocks.

Figures 9 and 91 show a variant of the block intended to start rows above the first, acting as a terminal block for a window or door opening. For this purpose, the block has, on one side, a female interlocking joint as described above, or, alternatively, as shown in Figures 11 and 11', a male interlocking joint identical to the previous one, and on the opposite side, a flat face.

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It has a recessed section (7*) at the bottom allowing it to be coupled with the projecting bands of the lower blocks. The flat slab will form the lintel of a window or porthole, of which this block must be the terminal block.

Figures 10 and 10' also represent a lintel block and it is a variant of the block in figure 8 having on one side a male joint instead of a female joint and also intended, therefore, to start an opening on the first row of blocks, the flat face 7 being without hollow, for this purpose.

Figures 11 and 11' further depict a lintel block, yet another variant of the block shown in Figure 8, also intended to initiate an opening, but in subsequent rows. For this purpose, it has a female joint 7* at its base to allow the blocks below to be placed on top of the male joints. It also has a male joint laterally instead of a female one, as in Figures 9 and 9'*. Thus, creating a door or window opening is extremely easy. The first row begins with a block of the type shown in Figures 8 and 8' (or 10 and 10'), which rests directly on the mortar bed of the wall's foundation. Above, along the vertical row of this block, the following blocks already have the female joint 7' of the types shown in Figures 9 and 9' (with a female lateral joint) or in Figures 11 and 11'. (with a male side fitting).

To allow for the necessary size adjustments to the dimensions on the plan of the building to be erected and to allow for greater flexibility, i.e. that it is not imperative that the lengths of wall to be built be necessarily multiples of the effective length of the types of blocks described so far, the invention provides for types of blocks with a single hole, which differ fundamentally from those described previously in that they have approximately half the length and only one hole, while retaining the same types of interlocking and the respective combinations on the four non-visible and interlocking faces of the block.

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Thus, in Figures 12 and 12', a single-hole block according to the invention is shown, comprising a male socket on one side and a female socket on the other. This block constitutes the general standard single-hole block and can be considered as deriving from the block shown in Figure 1 and described above, by reducing its length to half and therefore comprising a single hole 2'.

The block shown in figures 13, 13' constitutes the terminal block which will form the lintel of a window or door opening on the first rows placed on the foundation of the wall, but having only one hole and, consequently, derived from the block shown in figures 8 and 8', by reducing it to half its length.

The blocks shown in figures 14, 14'; 15', 15' and 16, 16' according to the invention clearly describe the blocks shown respectively in figures 9, 9'; 10, 10' and 11, 11', and therefore it does not seem necessary to give a detailed description of them.

A description has been given of the types of blocks used to construct the decorative parts of walls, but it remains to consider the types of blocks which, according to the present invention, allow walls to be joined at right angles, or to intersect or cross walls (in the case of partition walls). The various types of blocks fundamentally intended for this purpose, according to the invention, are shown in Figures 17 to 20 and 28.

Thus, figures 17, 17' show a block which can be considered as deriving from the basic block according to the invention, shown in figure 1, and where on the inner face of the block 1', in alignment with one of the holes 2', a hollow 8 is provided which ends laterally with two inclined faces 4' intended to be placed on the faces 31 of the male socket of the block mounted perpendicularly to it, to start the perpendicular dividing wall.

The interlocking 8 is thus completely identical to the female lateral interlockings already described, formed laterally by the inclined surfaces 4'. In the same way as the block shown in figure 1, it has interlockings on its four sides, as can be seen from the figures.

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In figures 18 and 18', the block shown differs from the previous ones in that it has the flat face 7 and does not have a lower interlocking joint. This block is therefore intended to allow the insertion of a partition wall immediately next to the lintel of a window or door opening, and it does not have a lower female interlocking joint to be inserted on the first row, resting on the wall's foundation. The blocks mounted on the vertical row on blocks of this type are shown in figures 19 and 19', and for this purpose, they have a lower female interlocking joint 7'. Of course, these types of blocks can be left-handed or right-handed.

according to the side of the lower face 1' on which we find the hollow 8 and the surface 4' which form the female fit.

When it is desired to continue the construction of the partition wall on the opposite side of the wall towards which it converges (crossing of the walls), the block shown in figures 20, 20' is used according to the invention, and a detailed description will be given in light of what has been described previously with regard to these figures, or of what is shown in figure 28, when it is desired to make the junction of the partition wall with an exterior wall.

Figures 21 and 22 represent, according to the present invention, U-shaped or H-shaped blocks with and without holes, respectively. As shown in the figures, these blocks have a female interlocking joint at the bottom that is entirely identical to those of the blocks described above and is intended in principle to form the top terminal row of a wall, being thus mounted on the male interlocking joints of the blocks in the adjacent lower row.

Because of their shape, they allow the formation of grooves which will act as a framework for the concreting of lintels or beams, the reinforcements being of course placed inside the channel, as shown in figure 37. In the case where the possibility of intersection or passage through a pillar is envisaged, one can according to the invention use an H-shaped block with holes (figure 21), or for the construction of a lintel or a connecting beam, the block without holes of figure 22.

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Figures 23 and 24 represent corner blocks according to the invention, intended to be applied to the last top row following the H-type blocks described above.

These types of blocks can be considered as originating from the aforementioned H-type blocks, in which part of the inner face 1' (approximately half) is missing, allowing for the insertion of a corner pillar,

as desired. The block will, of course, have two visible faces 1 and 1", perpendicular and on the side of face 1' (interior side) from the cavity created by the interruption of face 1', it is the row of perpendicular blocks which are part of the perpendicular wall which will begin.

The blocks in figures 24, 25 and 26 are derived, according to the invention, from those shown in figures 21, 22 and 23 and are characterized by the fact that the inner face 1' is hollow compared to the visible face 1, so as to allow the installation of small prefabricated cover beams, as shown, for example, in figure 35.

All other characteristics of these blocks in Figures 21 to 26 will be understood in light of the descriptions that follow and the figures, all of which include,

even lower down, the female fitting is identical to that of the blocks described above.

Figures 27 and 27' are a perspective view and a plan view, respectively, of the type of block to be used according to the invention at the corners of the structure on all rows, with the exception of the topmost row, which will generally contain, as already explained, the perimeter beam in addition to the use of the blocks in II shown in Figures 21 to 26. This block differs from the block shown in Figures 18 and 18' in that, instead of a male interlocking joint, it has a smooth face next to the female interlocking joint 4', 8, 4' for the block that begins the perpendicular row. On the opposite side, the type shown in Figures 27 and 27' has a female interlocking joint. It is clear that it will be possible to provide a male interlocking joint instead of a female one, and also to ensure that

that the position of the four lateral interlockings 4', 8, 4' corresponding to the blocks starting the perpendicular rows be on the opposite side to that shown in the figure, for the purpose of application to the angles on the opposite side of the construction.

Thus, in this case as in the other types of blocks already described, we can speak of "left" blocks and "right" blocks, possibilities which are of course considered to fall within the scope of the present invention, but which have not been described in order to avoid unnecessarily lengthening the description. Reference 4" represents a transverse notch.

Figure 28 shows another type of block according to the invention, which constitutes a variant embodiment of a partition wall 15. This block can be considered as deriving from the one described above with reference to Figures 20, 20' by replacing the male interlocking joint on one of the sides with a smooth face.

Finally, figures 29 and 29' show a type 20 block identical to the general type block shown in figure 1, but with, as a variant, a male interlocking joint on the inner face, instead of a female interlocking joint.

as in Figure 1. This type of block is intended to be mounted on the H-blocks shown in Figures 21 and 22, when they are used in the construction of beams or lintels for door or window openings, as shown in detail in Figure 38.

As shown in this figure, the lintel for the window opening is formed, according to the invention, from four H-shaped blocks that constitute the framework for reinforcement and concrete placement. To achieve proper interlocking and assembly precision, since the H-shaped blocks do not have the upper male interlocking joint that blocks according to the invention generally possess, the blocks shown in Figures 29 and 29' are assembled with the corresponding lower male interlocking joint. As shown in Figure 38, four H-shaped blocks were used to construct the lintel, with four blocks of the type shown in Figures 29 and 29' placed at the top.

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The other blocks in this row will be of types already described and adapted to the corresponding position.

Based on the above description of the different types of blocks according to the invention, it is easy to immediately deduce how they are applied, by implementing the construction process according to the invention.

Figure 30 shows a diagram of the first row of blocks of a simple rectangular construction with partitions.

Figure 31 shows a diagram of a row at the level of the lintels, with the representation of the bar reinforcements that form part of the lintels. For the construction of these lintels, the type of H-block shown in Figures 21 or 22 is used, placing the prefabricated reinforcements of the lintel bodies in the channel thus formed.

Figure 32 shows, in plan view, the row of blocks at the roof level. This row is made up of blocks of the types shown in Figures 21 to 26, to correspond to the variations required by this type of construction. In all cases, the main objective of any variation is, within this row, to form a channel (a groove) for placing the reinforcements and concreting the perimeter beam.

For example, one variant of the intersection is that 25 shown in detail in Figure 35 where, for the last row, blocks of the types shown in Figures 24, 25 or 26 were used, that is to say, blocks in which the inner face 1' is lower than the visible face 1. This arrangement, according to the invention, not only allows the concrete channel for the perimeter beam to be formed, but also, due to the reduction in height of the inner face, provides support for the small beams of a prefabricated roof, for example, as shown in detail in said Figure 35. A detail of the first two rows at a corner of a building is shown in perspective in Figure 33.

with a schematic representation of the block assembly process. As the figure shows, the cavity is taken advantage of

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formed by the corner blocks shown in figures 27, 27' to mount the reinforcements of a corner pillar.

Figure 3^- represents a cross-section along line A-S of figure 33» showing how the blocks of the first row and the second row are laid, and how a building is started according to the method of the invention.

In general, it will be necessary to start by leveling the floor of the building, opening and filling trenches and ensuring a strictly flat surface, so that the blocks can be laid with the greatest precision and the greatest conformity to the vertical, simply by fitting them together.

If the ground has already been paved, the outline of the walls to be built, or at least their center line, must be marked out. Following this outline, the mortar is placed when laying the blocks of the first row, since the mortar contained within the block acts as the binder that secures the first row to its foundation. This first row of blocks will later be embedded in the ground, once the concrete facing (0.05 mm) has been laid, as shown in Figure 34.

If vertical supports or reinforced concrete pillars need to be created, the reinforcements must be integrated into the footings from the beginning, although there is no need to place them immediately over the entire surface, so as not to make the placement of the blocks difficult.

The reinforcement bars must be mounted subsequently, with the required overlap of the bars.

The concrete poured into the holes of the blocks to build pillars can be compacted, for example, by vibrating the reinforcement bars.

Figures 36 and 37 show non-limiting examples of frameworks for beams and columns to carry out the corresponding concrete pouring. The flexibility afforded by the design of the building blocks according to the invention allows for countless combinations accessible to anyone carrying out the construction, even without being a technician, thanks to the ease of manufacturing these types of strong elements. Therefore, the solutions in Figures 36 and 37 are merely examples.

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Figure 39 is a schematic perspective view of the possibilities and advantages that the blocks according to the invention offer for the assembly of internal water distribution networks. The variant shown is in no way limiting, as countless variations are possible and are self-evident to specialists.

In the case shown in Figure 39, the blocks in the shape of II, forming the perimeter beam described previously, are used to embed the horizontal branches of the 10 supply and distribution pipes to and from a drinking water reservoir, for example, in a dwelling. The coincident vertical holes in the assembled blocks, as shown, can be used to place the vertical branches of the pipes, and in the 15th room intended for the installation of, for example, a meter, an H-type block, as shown in Figures 21 and 22, can be fitted, which will constitute the necessary housing for it.

It is possible to draw the same conclusions in 20 with regard to figure 40 which represents a method of mounting an electrical installation using the channels 6 formed on the upper faces of the bands 2 of the blocks described previously.

The blocks according to the invention will generally be made of 25 concrete or cement and sand mortar, although it is possible to use other moldable materials allowing easy mechanical production.

In fact, as previously indicated, the blocks according to the invention have remarkable finishing characteristics which, considered in association with the interlocking system of the four assembly faces of the blocks, offer considerable ease of assembly and speed of installation, making it possible to solve the problem of the rapid and perfect execution of infill walls of reduced strength in cantilevered structures.

With the blocks and construction methods according to the invention, the speed and ease of construction are therefore guaranteed, making construction accessible to

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non-specialist (build it yourself), with labor savings previously unmatched, and it should be emphasized that the interlocking system and the precision of finish guaranteed by the design of the blocks allow, as already mentioned previously, both dry laying without harming the precision of assembly and the use of glues instead of mortar, all of which lead to significant savings and obvious ease of application.

10 The blocks according to the invention can be molded from the most diverse materials generally used in civil engineering for this type of element.

As a preferred material, it is worth mentioning concrete with a particle size suitable for inert materials and a cement content suitable for molding this type of construction element with machines.

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Claims (1)

DEMANDS 1.- Interlocking block for the construction of buildings, characterized in that it comprises two rectangular lateral faces constituting respectively a front or visible face (1) of the block and a rear face (1') parallel to the first, the front face having, along the upper longitudinal edge and along a contiguous vertical edge, hollows (5) intended for junction with the corresponding face of the upper block, and in that the lateral faces are joined by transverse bands (2) defining rectangular through cavities (2'), the extreme bands located on the lateral faces of the blocks providing, by their position, on one side and the other respectively, male and female interlockings, said bands being further situated in relation to the lateral faces so that at the top and bottom there are also male and female interlockings, thus providing male(s) and female(s) interlockings on the four non-visible faces of the block. 2.- Block according to claim 1, characterized in that the lateral faces of the bands which protrude from the top of the front and rear faces of the blocks, together with the wall sections which join them (3) a male interlocking, are inclined to facilitate interlocking with the lower female interlockings of contiguous blocks, channels or grooves (6) being present in alignment with the upper part of the bands (2) which protrude from the front (1) and rear (1') faces of the block. 3. A block according to claim 1, characterized in that the large inner faces of the cavities that pass through the blocks are slightly divergent from their upper edges at the base of the transverse strips, forming, in association with the inner faces of the strips, truncated pyramid sections to facilitate the removal of the blocks from the molds of the molding machine, the same large faces further diverging downwards from the lower edges to provide, in association with the wall sections joining them, a female interlocking (h) with the inclined faces of the strips (3) that protrude from the front faces 20 (l) and posterior (l1) of the other block placed below. 4. Block according to claim 1, characterized in that the parts of the inner zones of the front and rear faces that project laterally beyond 5 of the extreme transverse band (41) constitute a female lateral interlocking of the block, and are divergent. 5. Block according to claim 1, characterized in that the lateral surfaces of the extreme transverse band protrude and form a lateral interlocking 10 male of the block (31) are inclined convergently for the purpose of adaptation with the female lateral socket (4') of the contiguous lateral block. 6. A block according to all the preceding claims, characterized in that it comprises at the top 15 a male socket (3)» below a female socket (4), and on both sides lateral female sockets (4') (figures 6, 6'). 7. Block according to all claims 1 to 5, characterized in that it comprises at its upper end a socket- 20 male (3), below a female (4) fitting and on both sides of the male sockets (3') (figures 7, 7')- 8. A block according to all claims 1 to 5, characterized in that it comprises a male socket (3) at the top and a female socket (4) at the bottom, of a 25 on the side there is a male interlocking (3') or a female interlocking (4') and in that, on the other side, it does not have any interlocking ending with a flat face (7) to constitute a terminal block delimiting a window or door opening (figures 9» 9'» 11» 11'). 30 9.- Block according to all claims 1 to 5 characterized in that it has a male (3) joint at the top and a male (3') or female (4') joint at the bottom, and in that it has no joint at the bottom, and on the opposite side it has no joint 35 in total, ending with a flat face (7) to form a terminal block of the first row after the foundations, delimiting a door or window opening (figures 8, 8', 10, 10'). 21 10. A block according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it comprises only two extreme bands (2) which, in association with the anterior faces (1) and (11) of the block, delimit a single transverse cavity. 5 health (figures 13, 13', 12*, 14', 15, 15', 16, 16 • ) . 11. Block according to any one of the claims 1 to 9, characterized in that it has on the inner face (1') opposite the visible face (l), on one of the sides, a female socket (8) intended to allow the reception of the male socket of a perpendicular block of a row to form a crossing with a perpendicular wall, for example a partition wall (figures 18, 18', 19, 19') • 12. Block according to claim 11, characterized in that it also comprises a female lateral socket on 15 its other side (figures 20, 20'). 13- Block according to claim 11, characterized in that the female lateral socket (8) is located next to the flat lateral face of the block (j), so that the latter can form a corner block, the flat lateral face (7) of the block playing the role of the visible face, the male socket of the blocks of the perpendicular row (figures 27, 271) fitting into the female lateral socket (8). 14.- Interlocking block for the construction of buildings to be used in association with the blocks according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it is formed by two vertical rectangular rims constituting respectively the front (l) and rear (l') faces of the block, which are joined below by a transverse band located at an adequate distance from the lower edges of the faces, so that a female interlocking (4) adaptable to the upper male interlockings of the blocks according to the preceding claims can be obtained, the transverse band having openings (21) in a position coinciding with the cavities passing through the blocks according to the preceding claims, the block being intended to constitute a framework for beams or lintels with through pillars or to form grooves or channels for laying pipes or cables (figure 21). 22 15. A block according to claim 14, characterized in that the transverse band does not have holes, the block being intended for use in the framing of beams or lintels or for » i. , form grooves or channels to lay pipes in (figure 22). 16. Block according to any one of the claims 14 and 15, characterized in that the rear face is interrupted to form a joint which allows the block to be used as a corner block on the last upper row which will form the perimeter beam (figures 23, 24). 17. A block according to any one of claims 1 to 13, characterized in that it comprises, on its lower side, not a female socket, but a male socket (3) for application to the blocks according to any one of the claims 15 14 and 15, when the latter are used as framework for lintels, when it comes to window or door openings (figures 29, 29'). 18. Block according to any one of the claims 14 to 16, characterized in that the rear face (l') is not as high as the front face (1) to allow structural elements or prefabricated roof infill elements, steps or floorboards to be placed on the block, and subsequently covered and concreted to form a general perimeter beam (figures 25, 25, 26, 35). 19. A block according to any one of claims 1 to 17, characterized in that the interlocking surfaces (3, 3', 4, 4') of the block have a finish that allows the blocks to be assembled and installed by bonding with adhesives based on synthetic resins. 30 thetiques, or allows the installation to be done in the dry state, making the blocks regular by an appropriate coating of the coatings obtained, in particular with coatings based on glass fibers or synthetic resins. 20.- Building construction method, characterized in that appropriate combinations of blocks are used according to any one of the preceding claims for the construction of walls, partitions and building structures. 23 21. A method according to claim 20, characterized in that after the normal ground preparation operations on the construction site, and the execution and filling- ♦ i. , •' In the foundations of the walls, the first row is laid with blocks according to claims 1 to 13, laying them with mortar which first fills part of the through cavities to bond the blocks to the foundations, continuing with the following rows laid by bonding or in a dry state and in such a way as to obtain a vertical coincidence of the through cavities of the blocks (figures 30 to Jk), 22.- A method according to all claims 20 and 21, characterized in that the corner pillars are made using as a framework the superimposed and aligned cavities of the external parts of the corner blocks according to claim 13, by forming the pillars by threading and positioning the appropriate bars and by filling the channel formed with concrete (figure 33)• 23.- Method according to any one of claims 20 and 21, characterized in that the pillars which are not corner pillars are constructed by leaving together the female junctions of the block in each of the wall support faces at the level of the pillar and by placing framing boards on both sides of the wall, thus delimiting the space for placing the pillar and the concrete reinforcement (figure 36). 24.- Method according to claim 23, characterized in that a pillar is made protruding from the wall, the part of the pillar from the wall is finished with structural boards with an appropriate shape, thus forming the concrete framework of the pillar (figure 36). 25.- A method according to any one of claims 20 to 24, characterized in that the last row of blocks on which the roof is supported is formed with blocks according to claim 18, the row being mounted with the lower face of the blocks facing inwards and using at the corners of the blocks according to claim 16, with resting on the edge of said face, the small beams and filling elements of a prefabricated opening 24 or the reinforcement of a concrete slab or step, with reinforcing rods placed in the channel or cavity formed longitudinally between the front and back faces * Vi1, • rimens of the block to concret a peripheral beam (figure 35). 26. A method according to all claims 20 to 25, characterized in that the water distribution pipes are laid on their horizontal sections in the channel formed by the blocks of the last row, these pipe sections being surrounded by the concrete of the peripheral connecting beam (Figure 39)* 27.- Method according to all claims 20 at 26, characterized in that vertical pipes branching from horizontal pipes are laid in vertical channels formed by the superposition of holes through blocks, filling these channels with mortar, if desired (figure 39). 28. A method according to all claims 20 at 27, characterized in that a block according to any one of claims 14 and 15 is fitted into the housing intended for the meter, thus constituting a suitable housing for the water meter (figure 39)• 29.- Method according to all claims 20 to 27, characterized in that the horizontal branches of the electrical installations are housed in the channel formed by the cavities (S) aligned in the upper part of the strips according to claim 2, by mounting vertical sections of the branches in the vertical channels formed by the superposition of the holes passing through the blocks (figure 4o). 30. A method according to all claims 20 to 29, characterized in that holes are formed at appropriate points by drilling to bring cables or pipes out and to mount devices to allow the use of water or electricity (figures 39, 4o). 31.- Method according to all claims 20 to 30, characterized in that the blocks are assembled in a dry state, by covering the resulting coatings with an appropriate layer, in particular layers of glass fibers and synthetic resin, or by leaving them without coating, the blocks being able to be reused in the latter case. - 25 - LAST PAGE OF THE DESCRIPTION Word added: N/A Word crossed out: N/A C\Vf)Q\ COm p\ÇO fg v° . o v n Sov^ç, C€f\v/'9»S i n. (no\$ movS <^\oo\es ^ José Coelho dos Santos By Power of Attorney