Struct pyo3::types::PyBytesCopy item path

Returns whether self and other point to the same object. To compare the equality of two objects (the == operator), use eq.

This is equivalent to the Python expression self is other.

Determines whether this object has the given attribute.

This is equivalent to the Python expression hasattr(self, attr_name).

To avoid repeated temporary allocations of Python strings, the intern! macro can be used to intern attr_name.

§Example: intern!ing the attribute name

#[pyfunction]
fn has_version(sys: &Bound<'_, PyModule>) -> PyResult<bool> {
    sys.hasattr(intern!(sys.py(), "version"))
}

Retrieves an attribute value.

This is equivalent to the Python expression self.attr_name.

To avoid repeated temporary allocations of Python strings, the intern! macro can be used to intern attr_name.

§Example: intern!ing the attribute name

#[pyfunction]
fn version<'py>(sys: &Bound<'py, PyModule>) -> PyResult<Bound<'py, PyAny>> {
    sys.getattr(intern!(sys.py(), "version"))
}

Sets an attribute value.

This is equivalent to the Python expression self.attr_name = value.

To avoid repeated temporary allocations of Python strings, the intern! macro can be used to intern name.

§Example: intern!ing the attribute name

#[pyfunction]
fn set_answer(ob: &Bound<'_, PyAny>) -> PyResult<()> {
    ob.setattr(intern!(ob.py(), "answer"), 42)
}

Deletes an attribute.

This is equivalent to the Python statement del self.attr_name.

To avoid repeated temporary allocations of Python strings, the intern! macro can be used to intern attr_name.

Returns an Ordering between self and other.

This is equivalent to the following Python code:

if self == other:
    return Equal
elif a < b:
    return Less
elif a > b:
    return Greater
else:
    raise TypeError("PyAny::compare(): All comparisons returned false")

§Examples

use pyo3::prelude::*;
use pyo3::types::PyFloat;
use std::cmp::Ordering;

Python::with_gil(|py| -> PyResult<()> {
    let a = PyFloat::new_bound(py, 0_f64);
    let b = PyFloat::new_bound(py, 42_f64);
    assert_eq!(a.compare(b)?, Ordering::Less);
    Ok(())
})?;

It will return PyErr for values that cannot be compared:

use pyo3::prelude::*;
use pyo3::types::{PyFloat, PyString};

Python::with_gil(|py| -> PyResult<()> {
    let a = PyFloat::new_bound(py, 0_f64);
    let b = PyString::new_bound(py, "zero");
    assert!(a.compare(b).is_err());
    Ok(())
})?;

Tests whether two Python objects obey a given CompareOp.

lt, le, eq, ne, gt and ge are the specialized versions of this function.

Depending on the value of compare_op, this is equivalent to one of the following Python expressions:

§Examples

use pyo3::class::basic::CompareOp;
use pyo3::prelude::*;
use pyo3::types::PyInt;

Python::with_gil(|py| -> PyResult<()> {
    let a: Bound<'_, PyInt> = 0_u8.into_py(py).into_bound(py).downcast_into()?;
    let b: Bound<'_, PyInt> = 42_u8.into_py(py).into_bound(py).downcast_into()?;
    assert!(a.rich_compare(b, CompareOp::Le)?.is_truthy()?);
    Ok(())
})?;

Tests whether this object is less than another.

This is equivalent to the Python expression self < other.

Tests whether this object is less than or equal to another.

This is equivalent to the Python expression self <= other.

Tests whether this object is equal to another.

This is equivalent to the Python expression self == other.

Tests whether this object is not equal to another.

This is equivalent to the Python expression self != other.

Tests whether this object is greater than another.

This is equivalent to the Python expression self > other.

Tests whether this object is greater than or equal to another.

This is equivalent to the Python expression self >= other.

Determines whether this object appears callable.

This is equivalent to Python’s callable() function.

§Examples

use pyo3::prelude::*;

Python::with_gil(|py| -> PyResult<()> {
    let builtins = PyModule::import_bound(py, "builtins")?;
    let print = builtins.getattr("print")?;
    assert!(print.is_callable());
    Ok(())
})?;

This is equivalent to the Python statement assert callable(print).

Note that unless an API needs to distinguish between callable and non-callable objects, there is no point in checking for callability. Instead, it is better to just do the call and handle potential exceptions.

Calls the object.

This is equivalent to the Python expression self(*args, **kwargs).

§Examples

use pyo3::prelude::*;
use pyo3::types::PyDict;

const CODE: &str = r#"
def function(*args, **kwargs):
    assert args == ("hello",)
    assert kwargs == {"cruel": "world"}
    return "called with args and kwargs"
"#;

Python::with_gil(|py| {
    let module = PyModule::from_code_bound(py, CODE, "", "")?;
    let fun = module.getattr("function")?;
    let args = ("hello",);
    let kwargs = PyDict::new_bound(py);
    kwargs.set_item("cruel", "world")?;
    let result = fun.call(args, Some(&kwargs))?;
    assert_eq!(result.extract::<String>()?, "called with args and kwargs");
    Ok(())
})

Calls the object without arguments.

This is equivalent to the Python expression self().

§Examples

use pyo3::prelude::*;

Python::with_gil(|py| -> PyResult<()> {
    let module = PyModule::import_bound(py, "builtins")?;
    let help = module.getattr("help")?;
    help.call0()?;
    Ok(())
})?;

This is equivalent to the Python expression help().

Calls the object with only positional arguments.

This is equivalent to the Python expression self(*args).

§Examples

use pyo3::prelude::*;

const CODE: &str = r#"
def function(*args, **kwargs):
    assert args == ("hello",)
    assert kwargs == {}
    return "called with args"
"#;

Python::with_gil(|py| {
    let module = PyModule::from_code_bound(py, CODE, "", "")?;
    let fun = module.getattr("function")?;
    let args = ("hello",);
    let result = fun.call1(args)?;
    assert_eq!(result.extract::<String>()?, "called with args");
    Ok(())
})

Calls a method on the object.

This is equivalent to the Python expression self.name(*args, **kwargs).

To avoid repeated temporary allocations of Python strings, the intern! macro can be used to intern name.

§Examples

use pyo3::prelude::*;
use pyo3::types::PyDict;

const CODE: &str = r#"
class A:
    def method(self, *args, **kwargs):
        assert args == ("hello",)
        assert kwargs == {"cruel": "world"}
        return "called with args and kwargs"
a = A()
"#;

Python::with_gil(|py| {
    let module = PyModule::from_code_bound(py, CODE, "", "")?;
    let instance = module.getattr("a")?;
    let args = ("hello",);
    let kwargs = PyDict::new_bound(py);
    kwargs.set_item("cruel", "world")?;
    let result = instance.call_method("method", args, Some(&kwargs))?;
    assert_eq!(result.extract::<String>()?, "called with args and kwargs");
    Ok(())
})

Calls a method on the object without arguments.

This is equivalent to the Python expression self.name().

To avoid repeated temporary allocations of Python strings, the intern! macro can be used to intern name.

§Examples

use pyo3::prelude::*;

const CODE: &str = r#"
class A:
    def method(self, *args, **kwargs):
        assert args == ()
        assert kwargs == {}
        return "called with no arguments"
a = A()
"#;

Python::with_gil(|py| {
    let module = PyModule::from_code_bound(py, CODE, "", "")?;
    let instance = module.getattr("a")?;
    let result = instance.call_method0("method")?;
    assert_eq!(result.extract::<String>()?, "called with no arguments");
    Ok(())
})

Calls a method on the object with only positional arguments.

This is equivalent to the Python expression self.name(*args).

To avoid repeated temporary allocations of Python strings, the intern! macro can be used to intern name.

§Examples

use pyo3::prelude::*;

const CODE: &str = r#"
class A:
    def method(self, *args, **kwargs):
        assert args == ("hello",)
        assert kwargs == {}
        return "called with args"
a = A()
"#;

Python::with_gil(|py| {
    let module = PyModule::from_code_bound(py, CODE, "", "")?;
    let instance = module.getattr("a")?;
    let args = ("hello",);
    let result = instance.call_method1("method", args)?;
    assert_eq!(result.extract::<String>()?, "called with args");
    Ok(())
})

Returns whether the object is considered to be true.

This is equivalent to the Python expression bool(self).

Returns whether the object is considered to be true.

This applies truth value testing equivalent to the Python expression bool(self).

Returns whether the object is considered to be None.

This is equivalent to the Python expression self is None.

Returns whether the object is Ellipsis, e.g. ....

This is equivalent to the Python expression self is ....

Returns true if the sequence or mapping has a length of 0.

This is equivalent to the Python expression len(self) == 0.

Gets an item from the collection.

This is equivalent to the Python expression self[key].

Sets a collection item value.

This is equivalent to the Python expression self[key] = value.

Deletes an item from the collection.

This is equivalent to the Python expression del self[key].

Takes an object and returns an iterator for it.

This is typically a new iterator but if the argument is an iterator, this returns itself.

Returns the Python type object for this object’s type.

Returns the Python type pointer for this object.

Downcast this PyAny to a concrete Python type or pyclass.

Note that you can often avoid downcasting yourself by just specifying the desired type in function or method signatures. However, manual downcasting is sometimes necessary.

For extracting a Rust-only type, see PyAny::extract.

§Example: Downcasting to a specific Python object

use pyo3::prelude::*;
use pyo3::types::{PyDict, PyList};

Python::with_gil(|py| {
    let dict = PyDict::new_bound(py);
    assert!(dict.is_instance_of::<PyAny>());
    let any = dict.as_any();

    assert!(any.downcast::<PyDict>().is_ok());
    assert!(any.downcast::<PyList>().is_err());
});

§Example: Getting a reference to a pyclass

This is useful if you want to mutate a PyObject that might actually be a pyclass.

use pyo3::prelude::*;

#[pyclass]
struct Class {
    i: i32,
}

Python::with_gil(|py| {
    let class = Py::new(py, Class { i: 0 }).unwrap().into_bound(py).into_any();

    let class_bound: &Bound<'_, Class> = class.downcast()?;

    class_bound.borrow_mut().i += 1;

    // Alternatively you can get a `PyRefMut` directly
    let class_ref: PyRefMut<'_, Class> = class.extract()?;
    assert_eq!(class_ref.i, 1);
    Ok(())
})

Downcast this PyAny to a concrete Python type or pyclass (but not a subclass of it).

It is almost always better to use PyAny::downcast because it accounts for Python subtyping. Use this method only when you do not want to allow subtypes.

The advantage of this method over PyAny::downcast is that it is faster. The implementation of downcast_exact uses the equivalent of the Python expression type(self) is T, whereas downcast uses isinstance(self, T).

For extracting a Rust-only type, see PyAny::extract.

§Example: Downcasting to a specific Python object but not a subtype

use pyo3::prelude::*;
use pyo3::types::{PyBool, PyLong};

Python::with_gil(|py| {
    let b = PyBool::new_bound(py, true);
    assert!(b.is_instance_of::<PyBool>());
    let any: &Bound<'_, PyAny> = b.as_any();

    // `bool` is a subtype of `int`, so `downcast` will accept a `bool` as an `int`
    // but `downcast_exact` will not.
    assert!(any.downcast::<PyLong>().is_ok());
    assert!(any.downcast_exact::<PyLong>().is_err());

    assert!(any.downcast_exact::<PyBool>().is_ok());
});

Converts this PyAny to a concrete Python type without checking validity.

§Safety

Callers must ensure that the type is valid or risk type confusion.

Extracts some type from the Python object.

This is a wrapper function around FromPyObject::extract().

Returns the reference count for the Python object.

Computes the “repr” representation of self.

This is equivalent to the Python expression repr(self).

Computes the “str” representation of self.

This is equivalent to the Python expression str(self).

Retrieves the hash code of self.

This is equivalent to the Python expression hash(self).

Returns the length of the sequence or mapping.

This is equivalent to the Python expression len(self).

Returns the list of attributes of this object.

This is equivalent to the Python expression dir(self).

Checks whether this object is an instance of type ty.

This is equivalent to the Python expression isinstance(self, ty).

Checks whether this object is an instance of exactly type ty (not a subclass).

This is equivalent to the Python expression type(self) is ty.

Checks whether this object is an instance of type T.

This is equivalent to the Python expression isinstance(self, T), if the type T is known at compile time.

Checks whether this object is an instance of exactly type T.

This is equivalent to the Python expression type(self) is T, if the type T is known at compile time.

Determines if self contains value.

This is equivalent to the Python expression value in self.

Returns a GIL marker constrained to the lifetime of this type.

Returns the raw FFI pointer represented by self.

§Safety

Callers are responsible for ensuring that the pointer does not outlive self.

The reference is borrowed; callers should not decrease the reference count when they are finished with the pointer.

Returns an owned raw FFI pointer represented by self.

§Safety

The reference is owned; when finished the caller should either transfer ownership of the pointer or decrease the reference count (e.g. with pyo3::ffi::Py_DecRef).

Return a proxy object that delegates method calls to a parent or sibling class of type.

This is equivalent to the Python expression super()