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Struct Scalar

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pub struct Scalar(/* private fields */);
Available on crate feature arithmetic only.
Expand description

Scalars are elements in the finite field modulo n.

§Trait impls

Much of the important functionality of scalars is provided by traits from the ff crate, which is re-exported as p384::elliptic_curve::ff:

  • Field - represents elements of finite fields and provides:
  • PrimeField - represents elements of prime fields and provides:
    • from_repr/to_repr for converting field elements from/to big integers.
    • multiplicative_generator and root_of_unity constants.
  • PrimeFieldBits - operations over field elements represented as bits (requires bits feature)

Please see the documentation for the relevant traits for more information.

§serde support

When the serde feature of this crate is enabled, the Serialize and Deserialize traits are impl’d for this type.

The serialization is a fixed-width big endian encoding. When used with textual formats, the binary data is encoded as hexadecimal.

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impl Scalar

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pub const ZERO: Self

Zero element.

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pub const ONE: Self

Multiplicative identity.

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pub fn from_bytes(repr: &FieldBytes) -> CtOption<Self>

Create a Scalar from a canonical big-endian representation.

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pub fn from_slice(slice: &[u8]) -> Option<Self>

Decode Scalar from a big endian byte slice.

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pub fn from_uint(uint: U384) -> CtOption<Self>

Decode Scalar from U384 converting it into Montgomery form:

w * R^2 * R^-1 mod p = wR mod p
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pub const fn from_u64(w: u64) -> Self

Convert a u64 into a Scalar.

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pub fn to_bytes(self) -> FieldBytes

Returns the big-endian encoding of this Scalar.

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pub fn is_odd(&self) -> Choice

Determine if this Scalar is odd in the SEC1 sense: self mod 2 == 1.

§Returns

If odd, return Choice(1). Otherwise, return Choice(0).

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pub fn is_even(&self) -> Choice

Determine if this Scalar is even in the SEC1 sense: self mod 2 == 0.

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If even, return Choice(1). Otherwise, return Choice(0).

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pub fn is_zero(&self) -> Choice

Determine if this Scalar is zero.

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If zero, return Choice(1). Otherwise, return Choice(0).

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pub const fn pow_vartime(&self, exp: &[u64]) -> Self

Returns self^exp, where exp is a little-endian integer exponent.

This operation is variable time with respect to the exponent.

If the exponent is fixed, this operation is constant time.

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pub const fn shr(&self, shift: u32) -> Self

Right shifts the Scalar.

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pub const fn shr_vartime(&self, shift: u32) -> Self

Right shifts the Scalar.

Note: not constant-time with respect to the shift parameter.

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impl Scalar

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pub const fn to_canonical(self) -> U384

Translate Scalar out of the Montgomery domain, returning a U384 in canonical form.

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pub const fn add(&self, rhs: &Self) -> Self

Add elements.

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pub const fn double(&self) -> Self

Double element (add it to itself).

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pub const fn sub(&self, rhs: &Self) -> Self

Subtract elements.

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pub const fn multiply(&self, rhs: &Self) -> Self

Multiply elements.

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pub const fn neg(&self) -> Self

Negate element.

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pub const fn square(&self) -> Self

Compute modular square.

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pub fn invert(&self) -> CtOption<Self>

Compute Scalar inversion: 1 / self.

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impl Scalar

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pub fn sqrt(&self) -> CtOption<Self>

Compute modular square root.

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impl Add<&Scalar> for &Scalar

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type Output = Scalar

The resulting type after applying the + operator.
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fn add(self, rhs: &Scalar) -> Scalar

Performs the + operation. Read more
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impl Add<&Scalar> for Scalar

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type Output = Scalar

The resulting type after applying the + operator.
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fn add(self, rhs: &Scalar) -> Scalar

Performs the + operation. Read more
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impl Add for Scalar

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type Output = Scalar

The resulting type after applying the + operator.
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fn add(self, rhs: Scalar) -> Scalar

Performs the + operation. Read more
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impl AddAssign<&Scalar> for Scalar

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fn add_assign(&mut self, other: &Scalar)

Performs the += operation. Read more
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impl AddAssign for Scalar

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fn add_assign(&mut self, other: Scalar)

Performs the += operation. Read more
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impl AsRef<Scalar> for Scalar

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fn as_ref(&self) -> &Scalar

Converts this type into a shared reference of the (usually inferred) input type.
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impl Clone for Scalar

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fn clone(&self) -> Scalar

Returns a copy of the value. Read more
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fn clone_from(&mut self, source: &Self)

Performs copy-assignment from source. Read more
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impl ConditionallySelectable for Scalar

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fn conditional_select(a: &Self, b: &Self, choice: Choice) -> Self

Select a or b according to choice. Read more
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fn conditional_assign(&mut self, other: &Self, choice: Choice)

Conditionally assign other to self, according to choice. Read more
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fn conditional_swap(a: &mut Self, b: &mut Self, choice: Choice)

Conditionally swap self and other if choice == 1; otherwise, reassign both unto themselves. Read more
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impl ConstantTimeEq for Scalar

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fn ct_eq(&self, other: &Self) -> Choice

Determine if two items are equal. Read more
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fn ct_ne(&self, other: &Self) -> Choice

Determine if two items are NOT equal. Read more
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impl ConstantTimeGreater for Scalar

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fn ct_gt(&self, other: &Self) -> Choice

Determine whether self > other. Read more
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impl ConstantTimeLess for Scalar

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fn ct_lt(&self, other: &Self) -> Choice

Determine whether self < other. Read more
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impl Debug for Scalar

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fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> Result

Formats the value using the given formatter. Read more
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impl Default for Scalar

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fn default() -> Self

Returns the “default value” for a type. Read more
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impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for Scalar

Available on crate feature serde only.
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fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
where D: Deserializer<'de>,

Deserialize this value from the given Serde deserializer. Read more
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impl Field for Scalar

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const ZERO: Self = Self::ZERO

The zero element of the field, the additive identity.
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const ONE: Self = Self::ONE

The one element of the field, the multiplicative identity.
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fn try_from_rng<R: TryRngCore + ?Sized>(rng: &mut R) -> Result<Self, R::Error>

Returns an element chosen uniformly at random using a user-provided RNG.
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fn is_zero(&self) -> Choice

Returns true iff this element is zero.
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fn square(&self) -> Self

Squares this element.
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fn double(&self) -> Self

Doubles this element.
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fn invert(&self) -> CtOption<Self>

Computes the multiplicative inverse of this element, failing if the element is zero.
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fn sqrt(&self) -> CtOption<Self>

Returns the square root of the field element, if it is quadratic residue. Read more
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fn sqrt_ratio(num: &Self, div: &Self) -> (Choice, Self)

Computes: Read more
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fn random<R>(rng: &mut R) -> Self
where R: RngCore + ?Sized,

Returns an element chosen uniformly at random using a user-provided RNG.
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fn is_zero_vartime(&self) -> bool

Returns true iff this element is zero. Read more
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fn cube(&self) -> Self

Cubes this element.
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fn sqrt_alt(&self) -> (Choice, Self)

Equivalent to Self::sqrt_ratio(self, one()). Read more
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fn pow<S>(&self, exp: S) -> Self
where S: AsRef<[u64]>,

Exponentiates self by exp, where exp is a little-endian order integer exponent. Read more
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fn pow_vartime<S>(&self, exp: S) -> Self
where S: AsRef<[u64]>,

Exponentiates self by exp, where exp is a little-endian order integer exponent. Read more
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impl From<&NonZeroScalar<NistP384>> for Scalar

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fn from(scalar: &NonZeroScalar<NistP384>) -> Self

Converts to this type from the input type.
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impl From<&Scalar> for FieldBytes

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fn from(fe: &Scalar) -> Self

Converts to this type from the input type.
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impl From<&Scalar> for ScalarPrimitive<NistP384>

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fn from(scalar: &Scalar) -> ScalarPrimitive<NistP384>

Converts to this type from the input type.
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impl From<&Scalar> for U384

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fn from(fe: &Scalar) -> U384

Converts to this type from the input type.
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impl From<&ScalarPrimitive<NistP384>> for Scalar

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fn from(w: &ScalarPrimitive<NistP384>) -> Scalar

Converts to this type from the input type.
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impl From<&SecretKey<NistP384>> for Scalar

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fn from(secret_key: &SecretKey<NistP384>) -> Scalar

Converts to this type from the input type.
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impl From<NonZeroScalar<NistP384>> for Scalar

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fn from(scalar: NonZeroScalar<NistP384>) -> Self

Converts to this type from the input type.
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impl From<Scalar> for FieldBytes

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fn from(fe: Scalar) -> Self

Converts to this type from the input type.
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impl From<Scalar> for ScalarPrimitive<NistP384>

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fn from(scalar: Scalar) -> ScalarPrimitive<NistP384>

Converts to this type from the input type.
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impl From<Scalar> for U384

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fn from(fe: Scalar) -> U384

Converts to this type from the input type.
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impl From<ScalarPrimitive<NistP384>> for Scalar

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fn from(w: ScalarPrimitive<NistP384>) -> Self

Converts to this type from the input type.
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impl From<u128> for Scalar

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fn from(n: u128) -> Scalar

Converts to this type from the input type.
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impl From<u32> for Scalar

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fn from(n: u32) -> Scalar

Converts to this type from the input type.
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impl From<u64> for Scalar

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fn from(n: u64) -> Scalar

Converts to this type from the input type.
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impl FromOkm for Scalar

Available on crate feature hash2curve only.
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type Length = UInt<UInt<UInt<UInt<UInt<UInt<UInt<UTerm, B1>, B0>, B0>, B1>, B0>, B0>, B0>

The number of bytes needed to convert to a field element.
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fn from_okm(data: &Array<u8, Self::Length>) -> Self

Convert a byte sequence into a field element.
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impl FromUintUnchecked for Scalar

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type Uint = Uint<crypto_bigint::::uint::U384::{constant#0}>

Unsigned integer type (i.e. Curve::Uint)
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fn from_uint_unchecked(uint: Self::Uint) -> Self

Instantiate scalar from an unsigned integer without checking whether the value overflows the field modulus. Read more
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impl Invert for Scalar

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type Output = CtOption<Scalar>

Output of the inversion.
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fn invert(&self) -> CtOption<Self>

Computes the inverse.
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fn invert_vartime(&self) -> Self::Output

Computes the inverse in variable-time.
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impl IsHigh for Scalar

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fn is_high(&self) -> Choice

Is this scalar greater than n / 2?
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impl Mul<&<NistP384 as CurveArithmetic>::AffinePoint> for &Scalar

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type Output = <NistP384 as CurveArithmetic>::ProjectivePoint

The resulting type after applying the * operator.
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fn mul(self, rhs: &AffinePoint<NistP384>) -> ProjectivePoint<NistP384>

Performs the * operation. Read more
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impl Mul<&<NistP384 as CurveArithmetic>::AffinePoint> for Scalar

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type Output = <NistP384 as CurveArithmetic>::ProjectivePoint

The resulting type after applying the * operator.
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fn mul(self, rhs: &AffinePoint<NistP384>) -> ProjectivePoint<NistP384>

Performs the * operation. Read more
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impl Mul<&<NistP384 as CurveArithmetic>::ProjectivePoint> for &Scalar

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type Output = <NistP384 as CurveArithmetic>::ProjectivePoint

The resulting type after applying the * operator.
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fn mul(self, rhs: &ProjectivePoint<NistP384>) -> ProjectivePoint<NistP384>

Performs the * operation. Read more
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impl Mul<&<NistP384 as CurveArithmetic>::ProjectivePoint> for Scalar

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type Output = <NistP384 as CurveArithmetic>::ProjectivePoint

The resulting type after applying the * operator.
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fn mul(self, rhs: &ProjectivePoint<NistP384>) -> ProjectivePoint<NistP384>

Performs the * operation. Read more
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impl Mul<&Scalar> for &Scalar

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type Output = Scalar

The resulting type after applying the * operator.
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fn mul(self, rhs: &Scalar) -> Scalar

Performs the * operation. Read more
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impl Mul<&Scalar> for Scalar

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type Output = Scalar

The resulting type after applying the * operator.
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fn mul(self, rhs: &Scalar) -> Scalar

Performs the * operation. Read more
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impl Mul<<NistP384 as CurveArithmetic>::AffinePoint> for &Scalar

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type Output = <NistP384 as CurveArithmetic>::ProjectivePoint

The resulting type after applying the * operator.
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fn mul(self, rhs: AffinePoint<NistP384>) -> ProjectivePoint<NistP384>

Performs the * operation. Read more
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impl Mul<<NistP384 as CurveArithmetic>::AffinePoint> for Scalar

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type Output = <NistP384 as CurveArithmetic>::ProjectivePoint

The resulting type after applying the * operator.
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fn mul(self, rhs: AffinePoint<NistP384>) -> ProjectivePoint<NistP384>

Performs the * operation. Read more
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impl Mul<<NistP384 as CurveArithmetic>::ProjectivePoint> for &Scalar

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type Output = <NistP384 as CurveArithmetic>::ProjectivePoint

The resulting type after applying the * operator.
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fn mul(self, rhs: ProjectivePoint<NistP384>) -> ProjectivePoint<NistP384>

Performs the * operation. Read more
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impl Mul<<NistP384 as CurveArithmetic>::ProjectivePoint> for Scalar

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type Output = <NistP384 as CurveArithmetic>::ProjectivePoint

The resulting type after applying the * operator.
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fn mul(self, rhs: ProjectivePoint<NistP384>) -> ProjectivePoint<NistP384>

Performs the * operation. Read more
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impl Mul for Scalar

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type Output = Scalar

The resulting type after applying the * operator.
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fn mul(self, rhs: Scalar) -> Scalar

Performs the * operation. Read more
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impl MulAssign<&Scalar> for Scalar

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fn mul_assign(&mut self, other: &Scalar)

Performs the *= operation. Read more
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impl MulAssign for Scalar

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fn mul_assign(&mut self, other: Scalar)

Performs the *= operation. Read more
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impl Neg for &Scalar

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type Output = Scalar

The resulting type after applying the - operator.
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fn neg(self) -> Scalar

Performs the unary - operation. Read more
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impl Neg for Scalar

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type Output = Scalar

The resulting type after applying the - operator.
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fn neg(self) -> Scalar

Performs the unary - operation. Read more
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impl Ord for Scalar

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fn cmp(&self, other: &Scalar) -> Ordering

This method returns an Ordering between self and other. Read more
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fn max(self, other: Self) -> Self
where Self: Sized,

Compares and returns the maximum of two values. Read more
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fn min(self, other: Self) -> Self
where Self: Sized,

Compares and returns the minimum of two values. Read more
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fn clamp(self, min: Self, max: Self) -> Self
where Self: Sized,

Restrict a value to a certain interval. Read more
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impl PartialEq for Scalar

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fn eq(&self, rhs: &Self) -> bool

Tests for self and other values to be equal, and is used by ==.
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fn ne(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests for !=. The default implementation is almost always sufficient, and should not be overridden without very good reason.
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impl PartialOrd for Scalar

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fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Scalar) -> Option<Ordering>

This method returns an ordering between self and other values if one exists. Read more
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fn lt(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests less than (for self and other) and is used by the < operator. Read more
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fn le(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests less than or equal to (for self and other) and is used by the <= operator. Read more
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fn gt(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests greater than (for self and other) and is used by the > operator. Read more
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fn ge(&self, other: &Rhs) -> bool

Tests greater than or equal to (for self and other) and is used by the >= operator. Read more
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impl PrimeField for Scalar

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const MODULUS: &'static str = ORDER_HEX

Modulus of the field written as a string for debugging purposes. Read more
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const CAPACITY: u32 = 383u32

How many bits of information can be reliably stored in the field element. Read more
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const NUM_BITS: u32 = 384u32

How many bits are needed to represent an element of this field.
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const TWO_INV: Self

Inverse of $2$ in the field.
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const MULTIPLICATIVE_GENERATOR: Self

A fixed multiplicative generator of modulus - 1 order. This element must also be a quadratic nonresidue. Read more
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const S: u32 = 1u32

An integer s satisfying the equation 2^s * t = modulus - 1 with t odd. Read more
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const ROOT_OF_UNITY: Self

The 2^s root of unity. Read more
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const ROOT_OF_UNITY_INV: Self

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const DELTA: Self

Generator of the t-order multiplicative subgroup. Read more
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type Repr = Array<u8, <NistP384 as Curve>::FieldBytesSize>

The prime field can be converted back and forth into this binary representation.
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fn from_repr(bytes: FieldBytes) -> CtOption<Self>

Attempts to convert a byte representation of a field element into an element of this prime field, failing if the input is not canonical (is not smaller than the field’s modulus). Read more
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fn to_repr(&self) -> FieldBytes

Converts an element of the prime field into the standard byte representation for this field. Read more
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fn is_odd(&self) -> Choice

Returns true iff this element is odd.
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fn from_str_vartime(s: &str) -> Option<Self>

Interpret a string of numbers as a (congruent) prime field element. Does not accept unnecessary leading zeroes or a blank string. Read more
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fn from_u128(v: u128) -> Self

Obtains a field element congruent to the integer v. Read more
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fn from_repr_vartime(repr: Self::Repr) -> Option<Self>

Attempts to convert a byte representation of a field element into an element of this prime field, failing if the input is not canonical (is not smaller than the field’s modulus). Read more
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fn is_even(&self) -> Choice

Returns true iff this element is even.
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impl PrimeFieldBits for Scalar

Available on crate feature bits only.
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type ReprBits = [u64; 6]

The backing store for a bit representation of a prime field element.
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fn to_le_bits(&self) -> ScalarBits

Converts an element of the prime field into a little-endian sequence of bits.
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fn char_le_bits() -> ScalarBits

Returns the bits of the field characteristic (the modulus) in little-endian order.
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impl<'a> Product<&'a Scalar> for Scalar

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fn product<I: Iterator<Item = &'a Self>>(iter: I) -> Self

Takes an iterator and generates Self from the elements by multiplying the items.
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impl Product for Scalar

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fn product<I: Iterator<Item = Self>>(iter: I) -> Self

Takes an iterator and generates Self from the elements by multiplying the items.
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impl Reduce<Uint<crypto_bigint::::uint::U384::{constant#0}>> for Scalar

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type Bytes = Array<u8, <NistP384 as Curve>::FieldBytesSize>

Bytes used as input to Reduce::reduce_bytes.
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fn reduce(w: U384) -> Self

Perform a modular reduction, returning a field element.
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fn reduce_bytes(bytes: &FieldBytes) -> Self

Interpret the given bytes as an integer and perform a modular reduction.
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impl ReduceNonZero<Uint<crypto_bigint::::uint::U384::{constant#0}>> for Scalar

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fn reduce_nonzero(w: U384) -> Self

Perform a modular reduction, returning a field element.
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fn reduce_nonzero_bytes(bytes: &FieldBytes) -> Self

Interpret the given bytes as an integer and perform a modular reduction to a non-zero output.
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impl Serialize for Scalar

Available on crate feature serde only.
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fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
where S: Serializer,

Serialize this value into the given Serde serializer. Read more
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impl Shr<u32> for &Scalar

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type Output = &Scalar

The resulting type after applying the >> operator.
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fn shr(self, rhs: u32) -> Self

Performs the >> operation. Read more
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impl Shr<u32> for Scalar

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type Output = Scalar

The resulting type after applying the >> operator.
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fn shr(self, rhs: u32) -> Self

Performs the >> operation. Read more
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impl Shr<usize> for &Scalar

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type Output = &Scalar

The resulting type after applying the >> operator.
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fn shr(self, rhs: usize) -> Self

Performs the >> operation. Read more
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impl Shr<usize> for Scalar

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type Output = Scalar

The resulting type after applying the >> operator.
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fn shr(self, rhs: usize) -> Self

Performs the >> operation. Read more
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impl ShrAssign<u32> for Scalar

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fn shr_assign(&mut self, rhs: u32)

Performs the >>= operation. Read more
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impl ShrAssign<usize> for Scalar

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fn shr_assign(&mut self, rhs: usize)

Performs the >>= operation. Read more
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impl Sub<&Scalar> for &Scalar

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type Output = Scalar

The resulting type after applying the - operator.
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fn sub(self, rhs: &Scalar) -> Scalar

Performs the - operation. Read more
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impl Sub<&Scalar> for Scalar

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type Output = Scalar

The resulting type after applying the - operator.
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fn sub(self, rhs: &Scalar) -> Scalar

Performs the - operation. Read more
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impl Sub for Scalar

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type Output = Scalar

The resulting type after applying the - operator.
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fn sub(self, rhs: Scalar) -> Scalar

Performs the - operation. Read more
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impl SubAssign<&Scalar> for Scalar

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fn sub_assign(&mut self, other: &Scalar)

Performs the -= operation. Read more
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impl SubAssign for Scalar

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fn sub_assign(&mut self, other: Scalar)

Performs the -= operation. Read more
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impl<'a> Sum<&'a Scalar> for Scalar

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fn sum<I: Iterator<Item = &'a Scalar>>(iter: I) -> Self

Takes an iterator and generates Self from the elements by “summing up” the items.
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impl Sum for Scalar

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fn sum<I: Iterator<Item = Self>>(iter: I) -> Self

Takes an iterator and generates Self from the elements by “summing up” the items.
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impl TryFrom<Scalar> for NonZeroScalar<NistP384>

The constant-time alternative is available at [$crate::elliptic_curve::NonZeroScalar<$curve>::new()].

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type Error = Error

The type returned in the event of a conversion error.
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fn try_from(scalar: Scalar) -> Result<Self>

Performs the conversion.
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impl TryFrom<Uint<crypto_bigint::::uint::U384::{constant#0}>> for Scalar

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type Error = Error

The type returned in the event of a conversion error.
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fn try_from(w: U384) -> Result<Self>

Performs the conversion.
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impl Copy for Scalar

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impl DefaultIsZeroes for Scalar

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impl Eq for Scalar

Auto Trait Implementations§

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impl Freeze for Scalar

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impl RefUnwindSafe for Scalar

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impl Send for Scalar

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impl Sync for Scalar

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impl Unpin for Scalar

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impl UnwindSafe for Scalar

Blanket Implementations§

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impl<T> Any for T
where T: 'static + ?Sized,

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fn type_id(&self) -> TypeId

Gets the TypeId of self. Read more
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impl<T> BatchInvert<&[T]> for T
where T: Field,

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type Output = Vec<T>

The output of batch inversion. A container of field elements.
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fn batch_invert(field_elements: &[T]) -> CtOption<Vec<T>>

Invert a batch of field elements.
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impl<'this, T> BatchInvert<&'this mut [T]> for T
where T: Field,

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type Output = &'this mut [T]

The output of batch inversion. A container of field elements.
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fn batch_invert(field_elements: &'this mut [T]) -> CtOption<&'this mut [T]>

Invert a batch of field elements.
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impl<const N: usize, T> BatchInvert<[T; N]> for T
where T: Field,

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type Output = [T; N]

The output of batch inversion. A container of field elements.
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fn batch_invert(field_elements: [T; N]) -> CtOption<[T; N]>

Invert a batch of field elements.
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impl<T> BatchInvert<Vec<T>> for T
where T: Field,

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type Output = Vec<T>

The output of batch inversion. A container of field elements.
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fn batch_invert(field_elements: Vec<T>) -> CtOption<Vec<T>>

Invert a batch of field elements.
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impl<T> Borrow<T> for T
where T: ?Sized,

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fn borrow(&self) -> &T

Immutably borrows from an owned value. Read more
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impl<T> BorrowMut<T> for T
where T: ?Sized,

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fn borrow_mut(&mut self) -> &mut T

Mutably borrows from an owned value. Read more
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impl<T> CloneToUninit for T
where T: Clone,

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unsafe fn clone_to_uninit(&self, dest: *mut u8)

🔬This is a nightly-only experimental API. (clone_to_uninit)
Performs copy-assignment from self to dest. Read more
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impl<T> ConditionallyNegatable for T
where T: ConditionallySelectable, &'a T: for<'a> Neg<Output = T>,

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fn conditional_negate(&mut self, choice: Choice)

Negate self if choice == Choice(1); otherwise, leave it unchanged. Read more
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impl<T> ConstantTimeSelect for T

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fn ct_select(a: &T, b: &T, choice: Choice) -> T

Select a or b according to choice. Read more
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fn ct_assign(&mut self, other: &T, choice: Choice)

Conditionally assign other to self, according to choice.
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fn ct_swap(a: &mut T, b: &mut T, choice: Choice)

Conditionally swap self and other if choice == 1; otherwise, reassign both unto themselves.
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impl<T> Conv for T

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fn conv<T>(self) -> T
where Self: Into<T>,

Converts self into T using Into<T>. Read more
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impl<T> FmtForward for T

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fn fmt_binary(self) -> FmtBinary<Self>
where Self: Binary,

Causes self to use its Binary implementation when Debug-formatted.
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fn fmt_display(self) -> FmtDisplay<Self>
where Self: Display,

Causes self to use its Display implementation when Debug-formatted.
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fn fmt_lower_exp(self) -> FmtLowerExp<Self>
where Self: LowerExp,

Causes self to use its LowerExp implementation when Debug-formatted.
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fn fmt_lower_hex(self) -> FmtLowerHex<Self>
where Self: LowerHex,

Causes self to use its LowerHex implementation when Debug-formatted.
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fn fmt_octal(self) -> FmtOctal<Self>
where Self: Octal,

Causes self to use its Octal implementation when Debug-formatted.
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fn fmt_pointer(self) -> FmtPointer<Self>
where Self: Pointer,

Causes self to use its Pointer implementation when Debug-formatted.
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fn fmt_upper_exp(self) -> FmtUpperExp<Self>
where Self: UpperExp,

Causes self to use its UpperExp implementation when Debug-formatted.
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fn fmt_upper_hex(self) -> FmtUpperHex<Self>
where Self: UpperHex,

Causes self to use its UpperHex implementation when Debug-formatted.
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fn fmt_list(self) -> FmtList<Self>
where &'a Self: for<'a> IntoIterator,

Formats each item in a sequence. Read more
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impl<T> From<T> for T

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fn from(t: T) -> T

Returns the argument unchanged.

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impl<T, U> Into<U> for T
where U: From<T>,

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fn into(self) -> U

Calls U::from(self).

That is, this conversion is whatever the implementation of From<T> for U chooses to do.

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impl<T> Pipe for T
where T: ?Sized,

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fn pipe<R>(self, func: impl FnOnce(Self) -> R) -> R
where Self: Sized,

Pipes by value. This is generally the method you want to use. Read more
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fn pipe_ref<'a, R>(&'a self, func: impl FnOnce(&'a Self) -> R) -> R
where R: 'a,

Borrows self and passes that borrow into the pipe function. Read more
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fn pipe_ref_mut<'a, R>(&'a mut self, func: impl FnOnce(&'a mut Self) -> R) -> R
where R: 'a,

Mutably borrows self and passes that borrow into the pipe function. Read more
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fn pipe_borrow<'a, B, R>(&'a self, func: impl FnOnce(&'a B) -> R) -> R
where Self: Borrow<B>, B: 'a + ?Sized, R: 'a,

Borrows self, then passes self.borrow() into the pipe function. Read more
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fn pipe_borrow_mut<'a, B, R>( &'a mut self, func: impl FnOnce(&'a mut B) -> R, ) -> R
where Self: BorrowMut<B>, B: 'a + ?Sized, R: 'a,

Mutably borrows self, then passes self.borrow_mut() into the pipe function. Read more
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fn pipe_as_ref<'a, U, R>(&'a self, func: impl FnOnce(&'a U) -> R) -> R
where Self: AsRef<U>, U: 'a + ?Sized, R: 'a,

Borrows self, then passes self.as_ref() into the pipe function.
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fn pipe_as_mut<'a, U, R>(&'a mut self, func: impl FnOnce(&'a mut U) -> R) -> R
where Self: AsMut<U>, U: 'a + ?Sized, R: 'a,

Mutably borrows self, then passes self.as_mut() into the pipe function.
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fn pipe_deref<'a, T, R>(&'a self, func: impl FnOnce(&'a T) -> R) -> R
where Self: Deref<Target = T>, T: 'a + ?Sized, R: 'a,

Borrows self, then passes self.deref() into the pipe function.
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fn pipe_deref_mut<'a, T, R>( &'a mut self, func: impl FnOnce(&'a mut T) -> R, ) -> R
where Self: DerefMut<Target = T> + Deref, T: 'a + ?Sized, R: 'a,

Mutably borrows self, then passes self.deref_mut() into the pipe function.
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impl<T> Same for T

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type Output = T

Should always be Self
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impl<T> Tap for T

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fn tap(self, func: impl FnOnce(&Self)) -> Self

Immutable access to a value. Read more
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fn tap_mut(self, func: impl FnOnce(&mut Self)) -> Self

Mutable access to a value. Read more
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fn tap_borrow<B>(self, func: impl FnOnce(&B)) -> Self
where Self: Borrow<B>, B: ?Sized,

Immutable access to the Borrow<B> of a value. Read more
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fn tap_borrow_mut<B>(self, func: impl FnOnce(&mut B)) -> Self
where Self: BorrowMut<B>, B: ?Sized,

Mutable access to the BorrowMut<B> of a value. Read more
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fn tap_ref<R>(self, func: impl FnOnce(&R)) -> Self
where Self: AsRef<R>, R: ?Sized,

Immutable access to the AsRef<R> view of a value. Read more
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fn tap_ref_mut<R>(self, func: impl FnOnce(&mut R)) -> Self
where Self: AsMut<R>, R: ?Sized,

Mutable access to the AsMut<R> view of a value. Read more
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fn tap_deref<T>(self, func: impl FnOnce(&T)) -> Self
where Self: Deref<Target = T>, T: ?Sized,

Immutable access to the Deref::Target of a value. Read more
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fn tap_deref_mut<T>(self, func: impl FnOnce(&mut T)) -> Self
where Self: DerefMut<Target = T> + Deref, T: ?Sized,

Mutable access to the Deref::Target of a value. Read more
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fn tap_dbg(self, func: impl FnOnce(&Self)) -> Self

Calls .tap() only in debug builds, and is erased in release builds.
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fn tap_mut_dbg(self, func: impl FnOnce(&mut Self)) -> Self

Calls .tap_mut() only in debug builds, and is erased in release builds.
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fn tap_borrow_dbg<B>(self, func: impl FnOnce(&B)) -> Self
where Self: Borrow<B>, B: ?Sized,

Calls .tap_borrow() only in debug builds, and is erased in release builds.
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fn tap_borrow_mut_dbg<B>(self, func: impl FnOnce(&mut B)) -> Self
where Self: BorrowMut<B>, B: ?Sized,

Calls .tap_borrow_mut() only in debug builds, and is erased in release builds.
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fn tap_ref_dbg<R>(self, func: impl FnOnce(&R)) -> Self
where Self: AsRef<R>, R: ?Sized,

Calls .tap_ref() only in debug builds, and is erased in release builds.
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fn tap_ref_mut_dbg<R>(self, func: impl FnOnce(&mut R)) -> Self
where Self: AsMut<R>, R: ?Sized,

Calls .tap_ref_mut() only in debug builds, and is erased in release builds.
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fn tap_deref_dbg<T>(self, func: impl FnOnce(&T)) -> Self
where Self: Deref<Target = T>, T: ?Sized,

Calls .tap_deref() only in debug builds, and is erased in release builds.
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fn tap_deref_mut_dbg<T>(self, func: impl FnOnce(&mut T)) -> Self
where Self: DerefMut<Target = T> + Deref, T: ?Sized,

Calls .tap_deref_mut() only in debug builds, and is erased in release builds.
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impl<T> ToOwned for T
where T: Clone,

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type Owned = T

The resulting type after obtaining ownership.
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fn to_owned(&self) -> T

Creates owned data from borrowed data, usually by cloning. Read more
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fn clone_into(&self, target: &mut T)

Uses borrowed data to replace owned data, usually by cloning. Read more
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impl<T> TryConv for T

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fn try_conv<T>(self) -> Result<T, Self::Error>
where Self: TryInto<T>,

Attempts to convert self into T using TryInto<T>. Read more
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impl<T, U> TryFrom<U> for T
where U: Into<T>,

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type Error = Infallible

The type returned in the event of a conversion error.
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fn try_from(value: U) -> Result<T, <T as TryFrom<U>>::Error>

Performs the conversion.
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impl<T, U> TryInto<U> for T
where U: TryFrom<T>,

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type Error = <U as TryFrom<T>>::Error

The type returned in the event of a conversion error.
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fn try_into(self) -> Result<U, <U as TryFrom<T>>::Error>

Performs the conversion.
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impl<Z> Zeroize for Z
where Z: DefaultIsZeroes,

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fn zeroize(&mut self)

Zero out this object from memory using Rust intrinsics which ensure the zeroization operation is not “optimized away” by the compiler.
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impl<T> DeserializeOwned for T
where T: for<'de> Deserialize<'de>,

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impl<T, Rhs, Output> GroupOps<Rhs, Output> for T
where T: Add<Rhs, Output = Output> + Sub<Rhs, Output = Output> + AddAssign<Rhs> + SubAssign<Rhs>,

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impl<T, Rhs, Output> GroupOpsOwned<Rhs, Output> for T
where T: for<'r> GroupOps<&'r Rhs, Output>,

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impl<T, Rhs, Output> ScalarMul<Rhs, Output> for T
where T: Mul<Rhs, Output = Output> + MulAssign<Rhs>,

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impl<T, Rhs, Output> ScalarMulOwned<Rhs, Output> for T
where T: for<'r> ScalarMul<&'r Rhs, Output>,