numtoa 0.1.0

//! The standard library provides a convenient method of converting numbers into strings, but these strings are
//! heap-allocated. If you have an application which needs to convert large volumes of numbers into strings, but don't
//! want to pay the price of heap allocation, this crate provides an efficient `no_std`-compatible method of heaplessly converting numbers
//! into their string representations, storing the representation within a reusable byte array.
//!
//! In addition to supporting the standard base 10 conversion, this implementation allows you to select the base of
//! your choice. Therefore, if you want a binary representation, set the base to 2. If you want hexadecimal, set the
//! base to 16.
//!
//! # Convenience Example
//!
//! ```
//! use numtoa::NumToA;
//!
//! let mut buf = [0u8; 20];
//! let mut string = String::new();
//!
//! for number in (1..10) {
//!     string.push_str(number.numtoa_str(10, &mut buf));
//!     string.push('\n');
//! }
//!
//! println!("{}", string);
//! ```
//!
//! ## Base 10 Example
//! ```
//! use numtoa::NumToA;
//! use std::io::{self, Write};
//!
//! let stdout = io::stdout();
//! let mut stdout = stdout.lock();
//! let mut buffer = [0u8; 20];
//!
//! let number: u32 = 162392;
//! let mut start_indice = number.numtoa(10, &mut buffer);
//! let _ = stdout.write(&buffer[start_indice..]);
//! let _ = stdout.write(b"\n");
//! assert_eq!(&buffer[start_indice..], b"162392");
//!
//! let other_number: i32 = -6235;
//! start_indice = other_number.numtoa(10, &mut buffer);
//! let _ = stdout.write(&buffer[start_indice..]);
//! let _ = stdout.write(b"\n");
//! assert_eq!(&buffer[start_indice..], b"-6235");
//!
//! let other_number: i8 = -128;
//! start_indice = other_number.numtoa(10, &mut buffer);
//! let _ = stdout.write(&buffer[start_indice..]);
//! let _ = stdout.write(b"\n");
//! assert_eq!(&buffer[start_indice..], b"-128");
//!
//! let other_number: i8 = 53;
//! start_indice = other_number.numtoa(10, &mut buffer);
//! let _ = stdout.write(&buffer[start_indice..]);
//! let _ = stdout.write(b"\n");
//! assert_eq!(&buffer[start_indice..], b"53");
//!
//! let other_number: i16 = -256;
//! start_indice = other_number.numtoa(10, &mut buffer);
//! let _ = stdout.write(&buffer[start_indice..]);
//! let _ = stdout.write(b"\n");
//! assert_eq!(&buffer[start_indice..], b"-256");
//!
//! let other_number: i16 = -32768;
//! start_indice = other_number.numtoa(10, &mut buffer);
//! let _ = stdout.write(&buffer[start_indice..]);
//! let _ = stdout.write(b"\n");
//! assert_eq!(&buffer[start_indice..], b"-32768");
//!
//! let large_num: u64 = 35320842;
//! start_indice = large_num.numtoa(10, &mut buffer);
//! let _ = stdout.write(&buffer[start_indice..]);
//! let _ = stdout.write(b"\n");
//! assert_eq!(&buffer[start_indice..], b"35320842");
//!
//! let max_u64: u64 = 18446744073709551615;
//! start_indice = max_u64.numtoa(10, &mut buffer);
//! let _ = stdout.write(&buffer[start_indice..]);
//! let _ = stdout.write(b"\n");
//! assert_eq!(&buffer[start_indice..], b"18446744073709551615");
//! ```

#![no_std]
use core::mem::size_of;

#[cfg(feature = "std")]
extern crate std;
#[cfg(feature = "std")]
use std::str;

/// Converts a number into a string representation, storing the conversion into a mutable byte slice.
pub trait NumToA<T> {
    /// Given a base for encoding and a mutable byte slice, write the number into the byte slice and return the
    /// indice where the inner string begins. The inner string can be extracted by slicing the byte slice from
    /// that indice.
    ///
    /// # Panics
    /// If the supplied buffer is smaller than the number of bytes needed to write the integer, this will panic.
    /// On debug builds, this function will perform a check on base 10 conversions to ensure that the input array
    /// is large enough to hold the largest possible value in digits.
    ///
    /// # Example
    /// ```
    /// use numtoa::NumToA;
    /// use std::io::{self, Write};
    ///
    /// let stdout = io::stdout();
    /// let stdout = &mut io::stdout();
    ///
    /// let mut buffer = [0u8; 20];
    /// let number = 15325;
    /// let start_indice = number.numtoa(10, &mut buffer);
    /// let _ = stdout.write(&buffer[start_indice..]);
    /// assert_eq!(&buffer[start_indice..], b"15325");
    /// ```
    fn numtoa(self, base: T, string: &mut [u8]) -> usize;

    #[cfg(feature = "std")]
    /// Convenience method for quickly getting a string from the input's array buffer.
    fn numtoa_str(self, base: T, buf: &mut [u8; 20]) -> &str;
}

// A lookup table to prevent the need for conditional branching
// The value of the remainder of each step will be used as the index
const LOOKUP: &[u8] = b"0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ";

// A lookup table optimized for decimal lookups. Each two indices represents one possible number.
const DEC_LOOKUP: &[u8; 200] = b"0001020304050607080910111213141516171819\
                                 2021222324252627282930313233343536373839\
                                 4041424344454647484950515253545556575859\
                                 6061626364656667686970717273747576777879\
                                 8081828384858687888990919293949596979899";

macro_rules! base_10 {
    ($number:ident, $index:ident, $string:ident) => {
        // Decode four characters at the same time
        while $number > 9999 {
            let rem = ($number % 10000) as u16;
            let (frst, scnd) = ((rem / 100) * 2, (rem % 100) * 2);
            $string[$index-3..$index-1].copy_from_slice(&DEC_LOOKUP[frst as usize..frst as usize+2]);
            $string[$index-1..$index+1].copy_from_slice(&DEC_LOOKUP[scnd as usize..scnd as usize+2]);
            $index = $index.wrapping_sub(4);
            $number /= 10000;
        }

        if $number > 999 {
            let (frst, scnd) = (($number / 100) * 2, ($number % 100) * 2);
            $string[$index-3..$index-1].copy_from_slice(&DEC_LOOKUP[frst as usize..frst as usize+2]);
            $string[$index-1..$index+1].copy_from_slice(&DEC_LOOKUP[scnd as usize..scnd as usize+2]);
            $index = $index.wrapping_sub(4);
        } else if $number > 99 {
            let section = ($number as u16 / 10) * 2;
            $string[$index-2..$index].copy_from_slice(&DEC_LOOKUP[section as usize..section as usize+2]);
            $string[$index] = LOOKUP[($number % 10) as usize];
            $index = $index.wrapping_sub(3);
        } else if $number > 9 {
            $number *= 2;
            $string[$index-1..$index+1].copy_from_slice(&DEC_LOOKUP[$number as usize..$number as usize+2]);
            $index = $index.wrapping_sub(2);
        } else {
            $string[$index] = LOOKUP[$number as usize];
            $index = $index.wrapping_sub(1);
        }
    }
}

macro_rules! impl_unsized_numtoa_for {
    ($t:ty) => {
        impl NumToA<$t> for $t {
            fn numtoa(mut self, base: $t, string: &mut [u8]) -> usize {
                // Check if the buffer is large enough and panic on debug builds if it isn't
                if cfg!(debug_assertions) {
                    if base == 10 {
                        match size_of::<$t>() {
                            2 => debug_assert!(string.len() >= 5,  "u16 base 10 conversions require at least 5 bytes"),
                            4 => debug_assert!(string.len() >= 10, "u32 base 10 conversions require at least 10 bytes"),
                            8 => debug_assert!(string.len() >= 20, "u64 base 10 conversions require at least 20 bytes"),
                            _ => unreachable!()
                        }
                    }
                }

                let mut index = string.len() - 1;
                if self == 0 {
                    string[index] = b'0';
                    return index;
                }

                if base == 10 {
                    // Convert using optimized base 10 algorithm
                    base_10!(self, index, string);
                } else {
                    while self != 0 {
                        let rem = self % base;
                        string[index] = LOOKUP[rem as usize];
                        index = index.wrapping_sub(1);
                        self /= base;
                    }
                }

                index.wrapping_add(1)
            }

            #[cfg(feature = "std")]
            fn numtoa_str(self, base: $t, buf: &mut [u8; 20]) -> &str {
                let s = self.numtoa(base, buf);
                unsafe { str::from_utf8_unchecked(&buf[s..]) }
            }
        }
    }
}

macro_rules! impl_sized_numtoa_for {
    ($t:ty) => {
        impl NumToA<$t> for $t {
            fn numtoa(mut self, base: $t, string: &mut [u8]) -> usize {
                if cfg!(debug_assertions) {
                    if base == 10 {
                        match size_of::<$t>() {
                            2 => debug_assert!(string.len() >= 6,  "i16 base 10 conversions require at least 6 bytes"),
                            4 => debug_assert!(string.len() >= 11, "i32 base 10 conversions require at least 11 bytes"),
                            8 => debug_assert!(string.len() >= 20, "i64 base 10 conversions require at least 20 bytes"),
                            _ => unreachable!()
                        }
                    }
                }

                let mut index = string.len() - 1;
                let mut is_negative = false;

                if self < 0 {
                    is_negative = true;
                    self = match self.checked_abs() {
                        Some(value) => value,
                        None        => {
                            let value = <$t>::max_value();
                            string[index] = LOOKUP[((value % base + 1) % base) as usize];
                            index -= 1;
                            value / base + ((value % base == base - 1) as $t)
                        }
                    };
                } else if self == 0 {
                    string[index] = b'0';
                    return index;
                }

                if base == 10 {
                    // Convert using optimized base 10 algorithm
                    base_10!(self, index, string);
                } else {
                    while self != 0 {
                        let rem = self % base;
                        string[index] = LOOKUP[rem as usize];
                        index = index.wrapping_sub(1);
                        self /= base;
                    }
                }

                if is_negative {
                    string[index] = b'-';
                    index = index.wrapping_sub(1);
                }

                index.wrapping_add(1)
            }

            #[cfg(feature = "std")]
            fn numtoa_str(self, base: $t, buf: &mut [u8; 20]) -> &str {
                let s = self.numtoa(base, buf);
                unsafe { str::from_utf8_unchecked(&buf[s..]) }
            }
        }
    }
}

impl_sized_numtoa_for!(i16);
impl_sized_numtoa_for!(i32);
impl_sized_numtoa_for!(i64);
impl_sized_numtoa_for!(isize);
impl_unsized_numtoa_for!(u16);
impl_unsized_numtoa_for!(u32);
impl_unsized_numtoa_for!(u64);
impl_unsized_numtoa_for!(usize);

impl NumToA<i8> for i8 {
    fn numtoa(mut self, base: i8, string: &mut [u8]) -> usize {
        if cfg!(debug_assertions) {
            if base == 10 {
                debug_assert!(string.len() >= 4, "i8 conversions need at least 4 bytes");
            }
        }

        let mut index = string.len() - 1;
        let mut is_negative = false;

        if self < 0 {
            is_negative = true;
            self = match self.checked_abs() {
                Some(value) => value,
                None        => {
                    let value = <i8>::max_value();
                    string[index] = LOOKUP[((value % base + 1) % base) as usize];
                    index -= 1;
                    value / base + ((value % base == base - 1) as i8)
                }
            };
        } else if self == 0 {
            string[index] = b'0';
            return index;
        }

        if base == 10 {
            if self > 99 {
                let section = (self / 10) * 2;
                string[index-2..index].copy_from_slice(&DEC_LOOKUP[section as usize..section as usize+2]);
                string[index] = LOOKUP[(self % 10) as usize];
                index = index.wrapping_sub(3);
            } else if self > 9 {
                self *= 2;
                string[index-1..index+1].copy_from_slice(&DEC_LOOKUP[self as usize..self as usize+2]);
                index = index.wrapping_sub(2);
            } else {
                string[index] = LOOKUP[self as usize];
                index = index.wrapping_sub(1);
            }
        } else {
            while self != 0 {
                let rem = self % base;
                string[index] = LOOKUP[rem as usize];
                index = index.wrapping_sub(1);
                self /= base;
            }
        }

        if is_negative {
            string[index] = b'-';
            index = index.wrapping_sub(1);
        }

        index.wrapping_add(1)
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "std")]
    fn numtoa_str(self, base: Self, buf: &mut [u8; 20]) -> &str {
        let s = self.numtoa(base, buf);
        unsafe { str::from_utf8_unchecked(&buf[s..]) }
    }
}

impl NumToA<u8> for u8 {
    fn numtoa(mut self, base: u8, string: &mut [u8]) -> usize {
        if cfg!(debug_assertions) {
            if base == 10 {
                debug_assert!(string.len() >= 3, "u8 conversions need at least 3 bytes");
            }
        }

        let mut index = string.len() - 1;
        if self == 0 {
            string[index] = b'0';
            return index;
        }

        if base == 10 {
            if self > 99 {
                let section = (self / 10) * 2;
                string[index-2..index].copy_from_slice(&DEC_LOOKUP[section as usize..section as usize+2]);
                string[index] = LOOKUP[(self % 10) as usize];
                index = index.wrapping_sub(3);
            } else if self > 9 {
                self *= 2;
                string[index-1..index+1].copy_from_slice(&DEC_LOOKUP[self as usize..self as usize+2]);
                index = index.wrapping_sub(2);
            } else {
                string[index] = LOOKUP[self as usize];
                index = index.wrapping_sub(1);
            }
        } else {
            while self != 0 {
                let rem = self % base;
                string[index] = LOOKUP[rem as usize];
                index = index.wrapping_sub(1);
                self /= base;
            }
        }

        index.wrapping_add(1)
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "std")]
    fn numtoa_str(self, base: Self, buf: &mut [u8; 20]) -> &str {
        let s = self.numtoa(base, buf);
        unsafe { str::from_utf8_unchecked(&buf[s..]) }
    }
}

#[test]
fn str_convenience() {
    let mut buffer = [0u8; 20];
    assert_eq!("256123", 256123.numtoa_str(10, &mut buffer));
}

#[test]
#[should_panic]
fn base10_u8_array_too_small() {
    let mut buffer = [0u8; 2];
    let _ = 0u8.numtoa(10, &mut buffer);
}

#[test]
fn base10_u8_array_just_right() {
    let mut buffer = [0u8; 3];
    let _ = 0u8.numtoa(10, &mut buffer);
}

#[test]
#[should_panic]
fn base10_i8_array_too_small() {
    let mut buffer = [0u8; 3];
    let _ = 0i8.numtoa(10, &mut buffer);
}

#[test]
fn base10_i8_array_just_right() {
    let mut buffer = [0u8; 4];
    let i = (-127i8).numtoa(10, &mut buffer);
    assert_eq!(&buffer[i..], b"-127");
}

#[test]
#[should_panic]
fn base10_i16_array_too_small() {
    let mut buffer = [0u8; 5];
    let _ = 0i16.numtoa(10, &mut buffer);
}

#[test]
fn base10_i16_array_just_right() {
    let mut buffer = [0u8; 6];
    let i = (-12768i16).numtoa(10, &mut buffer);
    assert_eq!(&buffer[i..], b"-12768");
}

#[test]
#[should_panic]
fn base10_u16_array_too_small() {
    let mut buffer = [0u8; 4];
    let _ = 0u16.numtoa(10, &mut buffer);
}

#[test]
fn base10_u16_array_just_right() {
    let mut buffer = [0u8; 5];
    let _ = 0u16.numtoa(10, &mut buffer);
}

#[test]
#[should_panic]
fn base10_i32_array_too_small() {
    let mut buffer = [0u8; 10];
    let _ = 0i32.numtoa(10, &mut buffer);
}

#[test]
fn base10_i32_array_just_right() {
    let mut buffer = [0u8; 11];
    let _ = 0i32.numtoa(10, &mut buffer);
}

#[test]
#[should_panic]
fn base10_u32_array_too_small() {
    let mut buffer = [0u8; 9];
    let _ = 0u32.numtoa(10, &mut buffer);
}

#[test]
fn base10_u32_array_just_right() {
    let mut buffer = [0u8; 10];
    let _ = 0u32.numtoa(10, &mut buffer);
}

#[test]
#[should_panic]
fn base10_i64_array_too_small() {
    let mut buffer = [0u8; 19];
    let _ = 0i64.numtoa(10, &mut buffer);
}

#[test]
fn base10_i64_array_just_right() {
    let mut buffer = [0u8; 20];
    let _ = 0i64.numtoa(10, &mut buffer);
}

#[test]
#[should_panic]
fn base10_u64_array_too_small() {
    let mut buffer = [0u8; 19];
    let _ = 0u64.numtoa(10, &mut buffer);
}

#[test]
fn base10_u64_array_just_right() {
    let mut buffer = [0u8; 20];
    let _ = 0u64.numtoa(10, &mut buffer);
}

#[test]
fn base8_min_signed_number() {
    let mut buffer = [0u8; 30];
    let i = (-128i8).numtoa(8, &mut buffer);
    assert_eq!(&buffer[i..], b"-200");

    let i = (-32768i16).numtoa(8, &mut buffer);
    assert_eq!(&buffer[i..], b"-100000");

    let i = (-2147483648i32).numtoa(8, &mut buffer);
    assert_eq!(&buffer[i..], b"-20000000000");

    let i = (-9223372036854775808i64).numtoa(8, &mut buffer);
    assert_eq!(&buffer[i..], b"-1000000000000000000000");
}

#[test]
fn base16_min_signed_number() {
    let mut buffer = [0u8; 20];
    let i = (-128i8).numtoa(16, &mut buffer);
    assert_eq!(&buffer[i..], b"-80");

    let i = (-32768i16).numtoa(16, &mut buffer);
    assert_eq!(&buffer[i..], b"-8000");

    let i = (-2147483648i32).numtoa(16, &mut buffer);
    assert_eq!(&buffer[i..], b"-80000000");

    let i = (-9223372036854775808i64).numtoa(16, &mut buffer);
    assert_eq!(&buffer[i..], b"-8000000000000000");
}