Traffic Crossing Leeds Bridge

Roundhay Garden Scene (1888)

Traffic Crossing Leeds Bridge (1888)

If you've ever wondered what the first movies ever made were then here you go. Director Louise Le Prince shot these two films with a single lense camera he made in 1888. From what I've read, both were shot in October of 1888 because the director's mother died this month and she's featured in the first film (which I just had to watch twice). The first film has some sort of creepy feel along with it but if you're interested then you can see them at IMDb or Youtube. Both just last for two seconds but at least I can now say I saw the first film ever made.

Even though "Traffic Crossing the Leeds Bridge" and "Roundhay Garden Scene" are remembered as the first true movies ever shot, it is even more amazing how well they've aged. Despite being 130 years old this year, the prints of both appear to be crisp, detailed and very beautiful. Even though the entire clip of this film lasts only two seconds, the detail seen in those two seconds is remarkable. Pedestrians, horses and carriages, buildings etc. are all caught in this wonderfully framed short by the father of the motion picture, Louis le Prince.

Unlike the previous commentator who failed to understand the historical importance of this piece of film and tried to review it in the context of 21st century technology, I would give this 10 out of 10 for the fact that without Le Prince's pioneering work, cinema as we know it might still be a pipe dream.

In terms of 19th century technology, which is the context in which it should be reviewed, this film is cutting edge.

The subject is recognisably a road across a city centre bridge in Victorian times. We have all seen plenty of still photographs from that era but in this composition, the horses and people actually move. I come from Yorkshire and I know that one branch of my family was resident in Leeds at this time so, who knows, one of those people could be a long-lost ancestor of mine. That's a romantic view but you really can't take anything other than a romantic view of something like this.

To see the film, follow the IMDb video clip and enjoy a glimpse of a bygone age. The title mentions traffic but you won't see any horseless carriages!

Absolutely fascinating.

This is only one of two films (the other being Roundhay Garden Scene) that survive from Louis Aimé Augustin Le Prince. According to his son Adolphe Le Prince, this film was shot in Oct, 1888.

The elder Le Prince was a pioneer film-maker and the inventor of the first motion picture film camera to use perforated paper film. His work predates that of WKL Dickson working for Thomas Edison, and the films of the Lumière Brothers by a few years.

Alas, Louis Aimé Augustin Le Prince was not to reap the fruits of his labour. In Sept, 1890, as he was taking a train to Paris to show his discovery to the world, Le Prince and all his camera equipment disappeared without a trace. Edison, Dickson, and Lumière would claim the credit for inventing the motion picture. But, it was really Le Prince who made the first ones (the efforts of Marey and Muybridge notwithstanding).

Motion pictures are seemingly easy to define, but when faced with questions of the firsts in their invention, the once simple and intuitive definition becomes muddled. After all, people of the 19th Century were accustomed to such optical toys, such as the Zoetrope, that when rotated presented the illusion of moving images. The projection of animated drawings precedes that of animated photography, introduced as early as the 1840s by Leopold Ludwig Döbler and in the 1850s by Franz von Unchatius. Émile Reynaud took the projected animation further with his Théâtre Optique--patented in 1888--with elaborate animation drawn onto a film-like material and screened commercially from 1892 to 1900. As early as 1879, Eadweard Muybridge used his Zoopraxiscope projector for drawings based on his chronophotography. Ottomar Anschütz reproduced photographic motion on discs for the public beginning in 1887. Étienne-Jules Marey had invented cameras using paper and celluloid roll films in the same period as Louis Le Prince, i.e. from 1888-1890. Others, like Georges Demeny, Woodsworth Donisthorpe, William Friese-Greene, and William K.L. Dickson were also working on the invention of motion pictures around the same time.

Le Prince began experimenting with motion pictures in the 1880s, and by 1886, he applied for patents on a movie camera and projector. At first, he and his assistants--who included James William Longley, Fredrick Mason and his son, Adolphe--concentrated on the misguided notion of a multiple-lens camera and projector, but on 14 October 1888, Le Prince was able to take a series of photographs on sensitized paper film with a one-lens camera. According to Christopher Rawlence, Le Prince first photographed "Accordion Player" and then "Roundhay Garden Scene". They were photographed at about 12 frames per second, which it is now known, is rather slow for the illusion of movement. Le Prince photographed this film, "Traffic Crossing Leeds Bridge", at about 20 frames per second, which is a more appropriate speed for motion pictures. Most say it was filmed only a couple weeks after the Roundhay films, but Rawlence suggests it wasn't until the summer of 1889.

These are some of the earliest motion pictures ever made, if not the very first. Yet, Le Prince was far from perfecting (or even making it functional) his projector: the deliverer of the films. The only outside witness to Le Prince's experiments in film projection was the Secretary of the Paris Opéra, who witnessed the working of one of Le Prince's projectors for the purpose of authorizing his French patent. That was on 30 March 1890. He was planning to demonstrate motion pictures to the American public when he mysteriously disappeared--last seen on 16 September 1890.

There's an intriguing theory that doesn't have any evidence to support it, which Le Prince's widow believed and largely created, that Thomas Edison conspired to murder Le Prince with the motive of claiming authorship of motion pictures. Adolphe died not longer after having testified in a legal dispute over such authorship against Edison. Christopher Rawlence's book "The Missing Reel" goes into the details of this suspicion. Moreover, it's a good read, of the paranoia and secrecy surrounding the inventor, and it's rather cinematic in construction. Rawlence originally intended to make a screenplay out of the story, and he did make a small Channel Four Film in 1989 with the same title as the book.

Back to the film of Leeds Bridge: it is the greatest testimony to Le Prince's experiments extant today. It is a traffic scene, with the novelty merely being the movement--thus achieving a more lifelike representation than still photographs. It may also be noted that the traffic scene is undirected; the action appears that it may well have happened the same way without the camera's presence--a hidden camera. This is in contrast to Le Prince's earlier films, which are directed and staged. And, although this film is (now) only 20 frames, the overhead view from atop a building of the traffic and its position diagonal to the framing makes "Traffic Crossing Leeds Bridge" somewhat more interesting than other early film experiments. Traffic scenes would also prove to be a popular subject in early film, such as in the Lumière actualitiés.

This earliest filmmakers could not have anticipated the immense commercial and entertainment and cultural and artistic importance their invention would have upon the future. This is especially the case with these films by Le Prince because they were not commercially distributed (nor ready to); their influence is limited, unlike the films of the Edison and Lumière companies. Moreover, their influence has only begun recently with their reconstruction and availability on the Internet. The one exception, perhaps, is that Donisthorpe was in Leeds and may have heard of Le Prince's experiments, which would explain why Donisthorpe began experimenting again with motion pictures around that time. With the assistance of his cousin William Carr Crofts, he made his own experimental film of London's Trafalgar Square around the year 1900.

Nevertheless, this film, along with Le Prince's other three surviving films, including a man walking around a corner, Adolphe playing an accordion, and the scene at Roundhay Garden, are breathtaking for their historical value. It's special that we are today able to witness the beginning of a new art--even the beginning of it before it was an art.

(Note: This is the first in a series of my comments on 10 "firsts" in film history. The other films covered are Blacksmith Scene (1893), Annabelle Serpentine Dance (1895), The Execution of Mary, Queen of Scots (1895), La Sortie des usines Lumière (1895), L' Arroseur arose (1895), L' Arrivée d'un train à La Ciotat (1896), Panorama du Grand Canal vu d'un bateau (1896), Return of Lifeboat (1897) and Panorama of Eiffel Tower (1900).)