Ein Volksfeind

Doctor Soumitra Chatterjee has been tracking the source of an epidemic and has concluded, after laboratory reports, that that water in the local temple has been polluted and causing the outbreak. Yet there are strong forces opposing him, not only the reigious conservatives, but business interests who see that temple as a souce of tourism and revenue. Even his brother is ranged against him, and more than willing to destroy him rather than close down the temple to fix the problem.

Satyajit Ray;s movie is based on Ibsen's 1882, and sticks mainly to the original's concerns, despite some changes made for its Indian setting. Ray's handling and ending is a little more standardized that the play, but it remains a powerful piece.

Title: Ganashatru (1989)

Director: Satyajit Ray

Genre: Drama

Review:

Satyajit Ray's "Ganashatru" (An Enemy of the People) is a powerful adaptation of Henrik Ibsen's play of the same name, translated into the socio-cultural milieu of contemporary India. Ray, known for his deft storytelling and nuanced exploration of human conditions, uses this film to address the conflict between truth and societal complacency, making it as relevant today as it was at the time of its release.

**Plot Summary:**

The story centers on Dr. Ashok Gupta (played by Soumitra Chatterjee), a dedicated and principled physician in the small town of Chandipur. Dr. Gupta discovers that the town's holy temple water, which attracts numerous pilgrims, is contaminated and causing a severe outbreak of jaundice. His findings set the stage for a moral and social battle as he tries to bring this truth to light.

Dr. Gupta's attempts to alert the public and the authorities are met with severe resistance. The local power structures, including the temple trustees and the municipal officials, are more interested in protecting their economic interests and the town's reputation than addressing the public health crisis. Even the local newspaper, which initially supports Dr. Gupta, is coerced into silence.

As Dr. Gupta's crusade for truth intensifies, he faces personal and professional ostracization. His brother, Nisith (played by Dhritiman Chatterjee), who is aligned with the temple trustees, and other prominent townsfolk turn against him. Despite the increasing opposition, Dr. Gupta remains resolute, embodying the spirit of an idealistic hero fighting against the entrenched corruption and ignorance.

Characters and Performances:

Soumitra Chatterjee delivers a standout performance as Dr. Ashok Gupta, imbuing the character with a compelling mix of empathy, determination, and vulnerability. His portrayal captures the essence of a man driven by a sense of duty and moral conviction, making his struggle deeply affecting and relatable.

Dhritiman Chatterjee as Nisith Gupta provides a stark contrast, representing the pragmatic and self-serving elements of society that often hinder progress. The supporting cast, including Mamata Shankar as Dr. Gupta's supportive wife and Ruma Guha Thakurta as the steadfast editor of the local newspaper, enrich the narrative with their nuanced performances.

Direction and Cinematography:

Satyajit Ray's direction is marked by his usual attention to detail and subtlety. He skillfully adapts Ibsen's play to an Indian context, retaining its core themes while making it resonate with local sensibilities. Ray's ability to build tension and drama through everyday interactions and dialogues is evident throughout the film.

Barun Raha's cinematography complements Ray's vision, using the small-town setting effectively to create a sense of intimacy and immediacy. The use of natural lighting and unembellished visuals enhances the realism of the film, drawing the audience into the lived experiences of the characters.

Themes and Social Commentary:

"Ganashatru" delves deep into the themes of truth, integrity, and societal resistance to change. Ray critiques the often self-serving nature of social and religious institutions, highlighting how economic interests can overshadow public welfare. The film is a scathing indictment of how truth is frequently manipulated or suppressed by those in power to maintain the status quo.

Ray also explores the isolation faced by individuals who challenge societal norms. Dr. Gupta's journey is a testament to the personal cost of standing up for one's principles. His character serves as a moral beacon, underscoring the importance of courage and perseverance in the face of widespread opposition.

Criticisms:

1. Pacing and Length: One of the primary criticisms of "Ganashatru" is its pacing. The film unfolds slowly, with long stretches of dialogue-heavy scenes that may test the patience of contemporary viewers. The deliberate pacing, while building tension, sometimes hampers the narrative drive, making the film feel longer than its actual runtime.

2. Simplistic Characterization: Some characters in "Ganashatru" come across as one-dimensional. While Dr. Gupta is well-developed, others, such as the antagonistic town officials and his brother Nisith, are portrayed in a somewhat simplistic manner. This lack of depth in secondary characters can diminish the overall impact, making the conflict seem more black-and-white than nuanced.

3. Didactic Tone: At times, the film adopts a didactic tone, with dialogues that seem more focused on delivering a moral lesson than on naturalistic character interaction. This can make certain scenes feel preachy, detracting from the subtlety that Ray is typically known for.

4. Adaptation Challenges: Adapting a Western play to an Indian setting involves significant cultural translation, and while Ray handles this adeptly for the most part, some elements feel forced. The transplantation of Ibsen's themes into the Indian context, though largely successful, occasionally struggles to maintain the same level of dramatic tension and cultural coherence.

5. Lack of Visual Dynamism: The film's visual style, though realistic, lacks the dynamism seen in some of Ray's earlier works. The reliance on static camera work and limited locations can make the film visually monotonous, reducing the cinematic appeal for some viewers.

Conclusion:

"Ganashatru" is a thought-provoking and deeply relevant film that reflects Satyajit Ray's mastery as a storyteller and social commentator. It is a compelling exploration of the conflict between individual integrity and societal complacency, made powerful by its strong performances and Ray's nuanced direction.

In conclusion, "Ganashatru" is not just a cinematic adaptation of a classic play but a timeless critique of the moral and ethical dilemmas that plague societies. Ray's ability to contextualize these universal themes within the framework of contemporary India makes the film both poignant and profound. It remains a significant work in Ray's oeuvre, urging viewers to reflect on their own values and the societal structures they navigate.

"Ganashatru" is certainly one of the best movies of Satyajit Ray, though not one of his most popular ones. The story is set up in a small town of India and is brutally realistic. The film depicts the superstitions and ignorance one might find in an Indian town (or for that matter in any Indian City). The main characters are brilliantly portrayed by Soumitra Chatterjee, Dipankar Dey, Subhendu Chatterjee and Dhritiman. The reason this movie has not had any popularity is mainly because of the blind religious superstitions that lives amongst most of us and has blinded us in seeing the truth.

A must watch, if one believes that film makers have a duty towards educating the society.

A public health hazard threatens the lives of an entire city, but when a doctor discovers the truth about its cause, a politician fears that disclosing it will hurt tourism and the local economy. Moreover, in contradiction to science, religious leaders believe that the town will be protected without taking any action, relying on superstitious beliefs. The health issue thus becomes politicized, the heart of this drama, and the one who is trying to tell people the truth is branded an "enemy of the people" by those not acting in the community's best interest. It's brother against brother, when everyone should be working together to prevent an epidemic. The politician distorts the truth in a fiery speech to a crowd, playing on their anger and ignorance, and manipulates others into speaking against him as well.

Satyajit Ray saw in Ibsen's 1882 play truths that applied to India over a century later, and it's easy to see the parallels to the events in America and other nationalist countries over the past couple years, which are really quite striking. That's something that could have really resonated with me, but the trouble is, the film is too lethargic to really enjoy. Most of its scenes are indoors, dialogue-heavy, and repetitive. There is just not enough meat on the bones of this story, and the characters are flat. It has its heart in the right place, and imagining people in the current public eye as the characters in the film provided some level of enjoyment, so for those things it was worth seeing, even if it did fall a little short.

Poor health dogged Satyajit Ray during his last days. Critics have opined that his last works do not measure up to his earlier films. GANASHATRU, based on a play 'Enemy of the people' by Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen, is among the final works of the most famous Indian filmmaker ever. The film may be weaker in comparison to some of his best works, but this drama has a Contemporaneity in the Indian context, and in this respect, the film has a greater relevance than his well-appreciated works. The film which showcases the story of an upright doctor (Soumitro Chattopadhyay) facing a hostile municipal chairman his own brother (Dhritiman Chattopadhyay) and a hostile society for suspecting contaminated water from a temple to cause a lethal strain of Hepatitis killing several people in a mofussil town, is in essence a thought-provoking 'science versus religion' essay. Ray is possibly the only reputed Indian filmmaker who has questioned blind religious beliefs in his works (Devi, Mahapurush, Ganashatru).