Reactive Materials

This guide describes best available techniques (BAT) for the management of extractive waste and for the prevention and reduction of negative impacts from management of extractive waste. The guide is based on European Commission Joint Research Centre’s publication "Best Available Techniques Reference Document for the Management of Waste from Extractive Industries" and on Finnish national guidelines, guides and legislation. The guide discusses best available techniques for extractive waste management throughout the life cycle of the extractive waste sites. The generic BAT conclusions address corporate management, information and data management, and the waste hierarchy for extractive activities. The risk-specific BAT conclusions describe techniques for preventing and reducing adverse effects on the environment and human health, as well as techniques for ensuring the structural stability of extractive waste deposition sites, and ensuring physical and chemical stability of ext...

Use of reactive filter media (RFM) is an emerging technology in small-scale wastewater treatment to improve phosphorus (P) removal and filter material longevity for making this technology sustainable. In this study, long-term sorption kinetics and the spatial dynamics of sorbed P distribution were simulated in replaceable P-filter bags filled with 700 L of reactive material and used in real on-site treatment systems. The input data for model calibration were obtained in laboratory trials with Filtralite P ® , Polonite ® and Top16. The P concentration breakthrough threshold value was set at an effluent/influent (C/C 0 ) ratio of 1 and simulations were performed with P concentrations varying from 1 to 25 mg L -1 . The simulation results showed that influent P concentration was important for the breakthrough and longevity, and that Polonite performed best, followed by Top16 and Filtralite P. A 100-day break in simulated intermittent flow allowed the materials to recover, which for Polonite involved slight retardation of P saturation. The simulated spatial distribution of P accumulated in the filter bags showed large differences between the filter materials. The modelling insights from this study can be applied in design and operation of on-site treatment systems using reactive filter materials.

Groundwater across North America is still vulnerable to widespread contamination by metals and metalloids, left over from historic-industrial and mine activities. This review explores natural and engineered techniques employing geochemical barriers and precipitates to immobilize contaminants. Natural attenuating processes like arsenic removal by iron hydroxide at Elizabeth City, NC, and carbonate buffering at Sudbury Basin and Faro Mine, YK, highlight inherent systems' capacities to attenuate pollutant mobility. However, these are subject to stable geochemical environments and long-term management, especially with respect to increasing climate variability and its effect on hydrological regimes (Arnold, 2010). Engineered remedies like zero-valent permeable reactive iron barriers at Denver Federal Center, CO, and lead immobilization by phosphate amendment at Butte, MT, show high removal capacities; however, engineered remedies

High Calcium Fly Ashes are reactive materials that often do not meet the limits of the standards. Therefore, most of the quantity produced annually in the world, due to lignite burning, remains unexploited and charges the environment. Efforts of standardizing these materials as supplementary cementitious materials in Europe failed because there are some bad experiences with the material in the past and many doubts about the performance in concrete mixtures. The only way of utilization of these fly ashes is to be used in the blended cement industry. Actually, a low percentage of the materials is absorbed at a permanent basis from the cement industry and huge amounts are rejected or used for reclamation of mining areas. However, investigation on these materials has shown which are the weak points and how they could be overcome by using advances in materials technology. Moreover, they could be classified in categories relative to application fields where the addition in concrete mixtures is advantageous. Following this concept, National Specifications for the use of calcareous fly ash in concrete were established and are in force in Greece, where only such fly ashes are produced at the power stations of the Public Power Corporation. Therefore, categorization of calcareous fly ashes was made according to their free lime content, sulphate content and fineness, which are considered the most influential characteristics on the performance of fly ashes. Then, criteria for their pozzolanicity and volume stability were suggested, following the pattern of the EN 450 Standard for low-calcium fly ashes, but modified in order to be more realistic for calcareous fly ashes. A complete methodology of testing these fly ashes is accompanying the National Specification document, since it was found that some modifications on the relevant methodologies were necessary. The authors, who played a leading role in the more than five year old national effort, believe that this regulative frame provides flexibility in the utilization of calcareous fly ashes and promotes their marketing.

Bioretention has been promoted as a stormwater management technique that can reduce the loads of solids, heavy metals, and nutrients to surface waters. Many researchers have reported the treatment effectiveness of bioretention both in terms of percent removal and periodically in terms of effluent concentration. No studies, however, have evaluated the ability of carefully-selected bioretention media to treat pollutants to meet specific permit limits. This project focused on the selection of a bioretention media mixture from pre-selected components -a granular activated carbon (GAC), two zeolites, two sands, and a peat moss -with the goal of treating numerous constituents, including dioxins, mercury, perchlorate, oil and grease, and radioactive components to numeric permit limits. Two series of column tests, one focusing on long-term pollutant removal behavior and the other on the effect of depth/contact time on removal and using stormwater as the base test fluid, showed that a bioretention media containing a specific granular activated carbon (GAC) was able to treat these constituents to the permit limits under a wide range of likely site conditions. Supplemental batch tests, not reported here, also examined treatment capacity, kinetics, and holding ability under interevent aerobic and anaerobic conditions.

Uusia menetelmiä pohjaveden laadun monitorointiin LUKIJALLE Uumo -Uudet innovatiiviset menetelmät pohjavesien laadun monitorointiin -hankkeessa tarkasteltiin erilaisten mittaus-ja monitorointimenetelmien soveltumista pohjaveden laadun seurantaan ja etsittiin vaihtoehtoja perinteiselle näytteenotolle. Hankkeen toimenpiteiden tarkoituksena oli saada tietoa uusista, toistaiseksi vähän käytetyistä menetelmistä pohjaveden laadun ja siihen vaikuttavien tekijöiden seurannassa. Tämän julkaisun artikkelit käsittelevät veden laadun seurantaa jatkuvatoimisen monitoroinnin ja passiivisen näytteenoton avulla sekä ympäristön monitorointia dronekuvauksia ja erilaisia kameroita hyödyntäen. Lisäksi artikkeleissa selvitetään pohjaveden tilaan vaikuttavia tekijöitä ja menetelmien soveltuvuutta käyttötarkoituksiinsa.

Tämän Metsä Groupille tehdyn opinnäytetyön tarkoituksena oli tutkia yhtiön Metsä Board Oyj:n Kyron kartonkitehtaalla sijaitsevan Hämeenkyrön Voima Oy:n biovoimalaitoksella syntyvän tuhkan lisäaineistamista siten, että sitä voitaisiin käyttää hyödyksi metsälannoitteena sen sijaan, että syntynyt tuhka päätyisi jätteeksi kaatopaikalle. Parasta tuhkaa syntyy puuperäisten tuotteiden poltosta, jolloin tuhkaan jää enemmän ravinteita. Koska biovoimalaitoksella nykyisin syntyvä tuhka on ravinnepitoisuudeltaan niukkaa siellä poltettavan materiaalin vuoksi, kuten kartonkitehtaalla syntyvän lietteen ja puuperäisten ainesten poltosta, täytyy tuhkaan lisätä ravinteita sen tuotteistamistarkoitusta varten. Tuhkan määrän on ennustettu kasvavan Suomessa entisestään, koska uusi EU:n asetus vaatii uusiutuvien polttoaineiden käytön lisäämistä. Puun sekä muun senkaltaisen materiaalin polton lopputuotteena syntyy tuhkaa. Uusi jäteverolaki (2011) velvoittaa maksamaan veroa myös kaatopaikalle sijoitettavast...

Sulfate is ubiquitous in groundwater, with both natural and anthropogenic sources. Sulfate reduction reactions play a significant role in mediating redox conditions and biogeochemical processes for subsurface systems. They also serve as the basis for innovative in situ methods for groundwater remediation. An overview of sulfate reduction in subsurface environments is provided, along with a brief discussion of characterization methods and applications for addressing acid mine drainage. We then focus on two innovative, in situ methods for remediating sulfatecontaminated groundwater, the use of zero-valent iron and the addition of electron-donor substrates. The advantages and limitations associated with the methods are discussed, with examples of prior applications.

rikinpoistotuotteet ja lentotuhka maarakentamisessa. Jatkotutkimus [Use of coal combustion residues in earthworks. A follow-up study]. Espoo 1999, Technical Research Centre of Finland, VTT Tiedotteita-Meddelanden-Research Notes 1952. 61 p. + app. 3 p.

This publication explains how urban wastewater was treated in Finland at the end of 2007. The trends in treatment efficiency related to organic matter, phosphorus and nitrogen loads are given from 1970 to 2007. A short description on the national implementation of the European Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive is included in the publication. It fulfils Finland's obligations under Article 16 of the Directive to produce periodically national situation reports on the collection and treatment of wastewater and sewage sludge.

We present a facile, spontaneous, and surfactant‐free method to controllably self‐assemble aluminum and bismuth trioxide nanoparticles through the introduction of graphene oxide as a self‐assembly directing agent. The self‐assembled nanocomposites demonstrate significant combustion performance improvements in comparison to randomly mixed aluminum and bismuth trioxide nanoparticles with enhanced pressure generation from 60 to 200 MPa, pressurization rate from 3 to 16 MPa μs−1, burning rate from 1.15 to 1.55 km s−1, and specific impulse from 41 to 71 s. The sensitivity of the self‐assembled aluminum and bismuth trioxide to electrostatic discharge was reduced by four orders of magnitude, without decreasing the combustion performance. Graphene oxide directed self‐assembly can be used to synthesize nanocomposites with diverse combustion properties and controlled ignition sensitivity, which lays the foundation for preparing multi‐functional, highly‐reactive, combustion systems in the future.

Inactivation of aerosolized biologically viable Bacillus atrophaeus endospores (stimulant of the B. anthracis bio-agent) in combustion products of air-acetylene flames seeded with different aluminum-based powders was investigated. A flow of bioaerosol was introduced into the environment above the flame. The mixing of the combustion products with bioaerosol particles occurred when the combustion temperatures were cooled off to approximately 170-260°C (the cross-sectional weighted average temperature). The flame was seeded with pure Al powder as well as with composite AlÁI 2 and AlÁBÁI 2 powders prepared by mechanical milling. The iodine content was close to 20 and 15 wt.% for AlÁI 2 and AlÁBÁI 2 powders, respectively. The burn rate was highest for particles of pure Al and lowest for particles of AlÁBÁI 2. It was also observed that in the flame, particles of AlÁBÁI 2 had the lowest temperature compared to other materials. Despite a lower iodine concentration, the combustion products from the flame seeded with AlÁBÁI 2 exhibited the highest levels of inactivation of the aerosolized spores. The flame products of AlÁI 2 have also shown an effective inactivation. The inactivation levels observed for the unseeded flame and flame containing pure Al, were much lower and similar to each other; these inactivation levels were consistent with relatively weak thermal stress experienced by the bioaerosol at the relatively low temperatures of the exhaust gas. The highest level of inactivation observed for the combustion products of AlÁBÁI 2 composite powder is attributed to its lower burn rate and respectively more homogeneous mixing of the iodine-containing products with the exhaust gases.

Kalifornianripsiäisen torjuntaa leikkoruusulla pyrittiin tehostamaan seuraavilla tavoilla: (1) tutkimalla ripsiäisten biologiaa; (2) tutkimalla Amblyseius cucumeris -ripsiäispetopunkkien yhteiskäyttöä kasvualustassa saalistavien Hypoaspis-petopunkkien ja kasvualustan kemiallisten käsittelyjen kanssa; (3) testaamalla kasvinsuojeluaineiden sivuvaikutuksia hyötyeliöihin. Tutkimus osoitti, että aikuisten ja toukkien suhteellinen jakautuminen kukkien ja lehtien välille voidaan ennustaa avonaisten kukkien osuuden perusteella. Leikkoruusulla kr:t koteloituvat aina kasvualustaan. Siitä huolimatta Hypoaspis- ja A. cucumeris -petopunkkien yhteiskäyttö ei tehostanut ripsiäistorjuntaa kuin marginaalisesti. Amblyseiukset toimivat tehokkaammin kivivillasäkkipedeissä kuin avoturvepedeissä kasvavilla ruusuilla johtuen ripsiäisten huonommista koteloitumisolosuhteista kivivillasäkkipedeissä. Kesällä A. cucumeriksen pussilevitykset Escimo-leikkoruusun pystyversoille (4500-7000 kpl/m2/4 kk) pitivät kok...

This research develops and validates a novel experimental methodology for measurements of laminar flame speed of metal-air aerosols. The methodology is based on a recently developed laminar, lifted flame aerosol burner (LLFAB) using electrostatic fluidization to produce metal aerosol between the electrodes of a plate capacitor. An aerosol jet directed vertically up, and decelerating in a stagnant gas environment is produced. The jet is ignited, and the position of the propagating downward flame is stabilized at a location where the flame speed becomes equal to the jet velocity with the opposite sign. Therefore, the flame speed determines the vertical location of the lifted flame. Aerosol flame speed measurements using LLFAB are compared vs earlier measurements using Bunsen burner and flame tube in microgravity. The developed technique was used to compare the flame speed for pure aluminum and magnesium powders vs flame speed for a set of aluminum-based mechanical alloys using Mg, Ti, Zr, Li, MgH 2 , or C as alloying elements. It was observed that the flame speeds for all of the tested alloys, except the one with carbon, are higher than that of the pure aluminum aerosol.

Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää rumpukuorinnan puuhäviöiden pienentämismahdollisuuksia mallipohjaisten menetelmien avulla. Projektin kuluessa tutkimusta laajennettiin kuorimon toiminnan ja säädön kehittämiseen ja erilaisten kustannussäästömahdollisuuksien selvittämiseen. Tutkimus tehtiin pääosin UPM-Kymmenen tehtaalla Pietarsaaressa, mutta neljän viimeisen kuukauden aikana tutkimusta tehtiin myös Rauman Metsä-Botnian kuorimolla. Teoriaosuudessa kerrotaan lyhyesti kuorinnan syistä ja puuhäviöiden syntymisestä. Raportissa esitetään puuhäviöihin vaikuttavat tekijät sekä tarkasteltujen kuorimoiden uudet ajotapasuositukset, joilla puuhäviöt saadaan minimoitua, sekä ajatus kuorinnan optimoivasta säädöstä, joka kompensoi puunlaadun vaihtelun ulkoisena häiriönä. Tutkimusten mukaan puuhäviöitä saadaan vähennettyä puiden riittävän kuoriutumisen kärsimättä, kun lasketaan rummun kierrosnopeutta ja minimoidaan puiden kuorintaaika. Kuorinta-aika saadaan minimoitua pitämällä kapasiteetti korkeana ja sulkuportti alhaalla. Optimaalisen täyttöasteen määrittäminen riippuu hyvin pitkälti rummun rakenteesta, joten se on tehtävä tehdaskohtaisesti. Muodostut puuhäviömallit toimivat melko hyvin, mutta vielä paremmaksi niiden toiminta saataisiin, jos käytössä olisi reaaliaikaista tietoa puunlaadusta. Koska tätä ei ole saatavilla, projektissa pyrittiin määrittämään puunlaatua kuvaavia tunnuslukuja. Tutkimuksien mukaisella "hellemmällä" kuorinnalla voidaan saavuttaa satojen tuhansien eurojen säästöt vuodessa kuorimoa kohden. Lisäksi hakkeen laatu paranee, kun puita vaurioitetaan rummussa vähemmän. Hakkeen parempi laatu näkyy myös lopputuotteen laadussa. Optimaalinen kuorinta edellyttää korkeaa kapasiteettia. Tämä on hyvä uutinen tehtaille: kustannussäästöt ovat mahdollisia ja jatkossa voidaan vastata yhä korkeampiin tuotantovaatimuksiin taloudellisella kuorinnalla. Lisäksi kierrosnopeuden alentamisen myötä säästyy merkittävissä määrin sähköä. Tutkimus kuului osana TEKES:n rahoittamaan projektiin Keiton, pesun ja happidelignifioinnin älykäs ohjaus (KUHA), joka puolestaan oli Oulun yliopiston osuus Prosessi-Integraatio-teknologiaohjelmaan kuuluvassa hankkeessa Integroitu prosessilaitteiden ja prosessien hallinta. Yhteistyökumppaneina olivat UPM-Kymmene, Metso Automation Oy ja Metso Paper Pori Oy.

rikinpoistotuotteet ja lentotuhka maarakentamisessa. Jatkotutkimus [Use of coal combustion residues in earthworks. A follow-up study]. Espoo 1999, Technical Research Centre of Finland, VTT Tiedotteita-Meddelanden-Research Notes 1952. 61 p. + app. 3 p.

Iodine bearing reactive materials and fuel additives are being developed to inactivate harmful aerosolized spores and bacteria by combined thermal and chemical effects. Nanocomposite thermites with aluminum and boron serving as fuels and calcium iodate as an oxidizer were prepared by arrested reactive milling. Both materials contained 80 wt % of calcium iodate. Morphology and particle sizes of the prepared materials were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Both powders comprised particles finer than ca. 10 mm with fuel and oxidizer mixed on the submicrometer scale. Powders were exposed to room air to assess their stability. They were ignited as a thin coating on an electrically heated filament. Powders were injected in an air-acetylene flame to observe combustion of individual particles. Pressed pellets for both prepared materials were prepared and ignited using a CO 2 beam. Al • Ca (IO 3) 2 oxidizes rapidly in room air, whereas no aging was detected for B • Ca(IO 3) 2. Ignition of Al • Ca(IO 3) 2 occurs around 1150 K, after both aluminum and calcium iodate melt. Ignition is accompanied by ejection of sintered particles undergoing microexplosions while they are combusting. Ignition of B • Ca(IO 3) 2 occurs between 600 and 700 K, before either of the components melt. Combustion is accompanied by the formation of a luminous halo above the material, suggesting a vapor-phase reaction involving boron suboxides. Longer ignition delays are observed for the pellets of Al • Ca (IO 3) 2 heated by the CO 2 laser beam compared to similar pellets of B • Ca(IO 3) 2. Burn rates of B • Ca(IO 3) 2 pellets are nearly twice as fast as those of Al • Ca(IO 3) 2 , primarily due to the lower ignition temperature for the boron-based thermite. The flame temperatures obtained from the time-integrated optical spectra are close to 2140 and 2060 K for Al • Ca(IO 3) 2 and B • Ca(IO 3) 2 , respectively. Individual particles of B • Ca(IO 3) 2 injected into an air-acetylene flame burn slower than similar Al • Ca(IO 3) 2 particles. Based on their better stability, lower ignition temperatures, shorter ignition delays, and longer burn times leading to a more gradual release of iodine, B • Ca(IO 3) 2 composites are suggested to be better suited as components of energetic formulations aimed to defeat stockpiles of biological weapons.

Iodine bearing reactive materials and fuel additives are being developed to inactivate harmful aerosolized spores and bacteria by combined thermal and chemical effects. Nanocomposite thermites with aluminum and boron serving as fuels and calcium iodate as an oxidizer were prepared by arrested reactive milling. Both materials contained 80 wt % of calcium iodate. Morphology and particle sizes of the prepared materials were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Both powders comprised particles finer than ca. 10 mm with fuel and oxidizer mixed on the submicrometer scale. Powders were exposed to room air to assess their stability. They were ignited as a thin coating on an electrically heated filament. Powders were injected in an air-acetylene flame to observe combustion of individual particles. Pressed pellets for both prepared materials were prepared and ignited using a CO 2 beam. Al • Ca (IO 3) 2 oxidizes rapidly in room air, whereas no aging was detected for B • Ca(IO 3) 2. Ignition of Al • Ca(IO 3) 2 occurs around 1150 K, after both aluminum and calcium iodate melt. Ignition is accompanied by ejection of sintered particles undergoing microexplosions while they are combusting. Ignition of B • Ca(IO 3) 2 occurs between 600 and 700 K, before either of the components melt. Combustion is accompanied by the formation of a luminous halo above the material, suggesting a vapor-phase reaction involving boron suboxides. Longer ignition delays are observed for the pellets of Al • Ca (IO 3) 2 heated by the CO 2 laser beam compared to similar pellets of B • Ca(IO 3) 2. Burn rates of B • Ca(IO 3) 2 pellets are nearly twice as fast as those of Al • Ca(IO 3) 2 , primarily due to the lower ignition temperature for the boron-based thermite. The flame temperatures obtained from the time-integrated optical spectra are close to 2140 and 2060 K for Al • Ca(IO 3) 2 and B • Ca(IO 3) 2 , respectively. Individual particles of B • Ca(IO 3) 2 injected into an air-acetylene flame burn slower than similar Al • Ca(IO 3) 2 particles. Based on their better stability, lower ignition temperatures, shorter ignition delays, and longer burn times leading to a more gradual release of iodine, B • Ca(IO 3) 2 composites are suggested to be better suited as components of energetic formulations aimed to defeat stockpiles of biological weapons.

This research develops and validates a novel experimental methodology for measurements of laminar flame speed of metal-air aerosols. The methodology is based on a recently developed laminar, lifted flame aerosol burner (LLFAB) using electrostatic fluidization to produce metal aerosol between the electrodes of a plate capacitor. An aerosol jet directed vertically up, and decelerating in a stagnant gas environment is produced. The jet is ignited, and the position of the propagating downward flame is stabilized at a location where the flame speed becomes equal to the jet velocity with the opposite sign. Therefore, the flame speed determines the vertical location of the lifted flame. Aerosol flame speed measurements using LLFAB are compared vs earlier measurements using Bunsen burner and flame tube in microgravity. The developed technique was used to compare the flame speed for pure aluminum and magnesium powders vs flame speed for a set of aluminum-based mechanical alloys using Mg, Ti, Zr, Li, MgH 2 , or C as alloying elements. It was observed that the flame speeds for all of the tested alloys, except the one with carbon, are higher than that of the pure aluminum aerosol.

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are known for high thermal conductivity and have potential use as nano-radiators or heat exchangers. This paper focuses on the thermal performance of carpet-like arrays of vertically aligned CNTs on solid graphite substrates with the idea of investigating their behavior as a function of carpet dimensions and predicting their performance as thermal interface material (TIM) for electronic device cooling. Vertically aligned CNTs were grown on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) substrate, which creates a robust and durable all-carbon hierarchical structure. The multi-layer thermal analysis approach using Netzsch laser flash analysis system was used to evaluate their performance as a function of carpet height, from which their thermal properties can be determined. It was seen that the thermal resistance of the CNT array varies linearly with CNT carpet height, providing a unique way of decoupling the properties of the CNT carpet from its interface. This data was used to estimate the thermal conductivity of individual multi-walled nanotube strands in this carpet, which was about 35 W/m-K. The influence of CNT carpet parameters (aerial density, diameter, and length) on thermal resistance of the CNT carpet and its potential advantages and limitations as an integrated TIM are discussed.

Water in the coastal areas of Ostrobothnia typically contains high levels of humus, iron and manganese. Organic matter and iron contained in groundwater form compounds that make water treatment more difficult. The treatment process of such water usually resembles that used in a traditional chemical water treatment plant. This kind of chemical treatment process is, however, an expensive alternative in view of the resources of a small or a medium-sized treatment plant. The aim of this research was to find out whether ozonation and oxidation with hydrogen peroxide can be used for the treatment of water containing high amounts of organic matter. Ozone is rather widely used in surface water plants for the final treatment of water. The most common applications include the disinfection and oxidation of substances that cause unpleasant taste and odour in water. This research deals with the use of ozone for the treatment of groundwater containing iron and manganese. Since ozone is a powerful oxidizer, it is able to oxidize iron and manganese contained in water into an insoluble form. Also a noticeable amount of organic matter is precipitated in the same process. However, in some of the researched cases the precipitate was so fine that it was impossible to separate it with traditional methods. A combination of ozonation and microfiltration proved to be a successful form of treatment when dealing with this type of water. Ozonation increased the AOC of water in all of the researched cases. The content of bromide is reasonably low in Finnish groundwater. The median measured in coastal Northern Ostrobothnia was 0.025 mgl-1. With the used ozone dosage, the bromate formed in the process stayed below the limit value of 10 µgl-1. Therefore it can be stated that the formation of bromate does not hinder ozone treatment from becoming a more common form of water treatment in Finland. However, the formation of bromate must be taken into consideration, especially if ozonation is made in hig pH. Hydrogen peroxide can be used as an alternative chemical in the oxidation and precipitation processes of iron in groundwater. The chemical is used for the oxidation of iron before filtration. If the formed precipitate is fine, microfiltration or flocking chemical can be used to remove the precipitate.

W ep resent af acile, spontaneous, and surfactantfree methodt oc ontrollably self-assemble aluminum and bismuth trioxide nanoparticles through the introductiono f grapheneo xide as as elf-assembly directing agent. The selfassembled nanocomposites demonstrate significant combustion performance improvements in comparison to randomly mixed aluminum and bismuth trioxide nanoparticles with enhanced pressure generation from 60 to 200 MPa, pressurization rate from 3t o1 6MPa ms À1 ,b urning rate from 1.15 to 1.55 km s À1 ,a nd specifici mpulse from4 1t o 71 s. The sensitivity of the self-assembled aluminum and bismuth trioxide to electrostatic dischargew as reducedb y four orders of magnitude, without decreasing the combustion performance. Graphene oxide directed self-assembly can be used to synthesize nanocomposites with diverse combustionp roperties and controlledi gnition sensitivity, which lays the foundation for preparing multi-functional, highly-reactive, combustions ystems in the future.

A critical survey concerning biocidal energetics is proposed according to a classification depending on their chemical structure. The need of optimizing the performances of such compounds is an important target for the inertization of biological weapons, requiring a synergy between the thermal effects of combustion/detonation with the biocidal effects of reaction products released into the environment. The main physicochemical aspects related to the synthesis technique, the thermodynamic variables and the antimicrobial activity have been discussed and compared. In particular, different kinds of biocides have been taken into account, with particular attention to the role of iodine as one of the most promising and eco-friendly chemical species to this purpose, in line with the paradigms of environmental protection and the rational utilization of chemicals. Furthermore, the protocols adopted to assess the effectiveness of biocidal agents have been thoroughly examined according to the r...

Salaojitusmenetelmien vertailu Zaitsevon kenttäkokeessa Julkaisun laji Toimeksiantaja Toimielimen asettamispvm Tutkimusraportti Julkaisun osat Tiivistelmä Suomalais-neuvostoliittolaisen tieteellisteknillisen yhteistoimintakomitean maanparannuksen ja vesitalouden työryhmässä päätettiin vuonna 1985 perustaa yhteinen salaojituskoekenttä. Koekentän kokonaispinta-ala on 72 ha, joka on jaettu kahteen samankokoiseen lohkoon. Koekentällä tutkittiin sekä venäläisiä että suomalaisia salaojitustapoja, ojitusten toimivuutta ja ympäristövaikutuksia. Kenttäkokeissa mittaukset tehtiin pääosin venäläisin voimin. Myös suomalainen tutkijaryhmä teki koekentällä tarkistusmittauksia. Koekentältä otetuista maanäytteistä tehtiin fysikaalisia ja kemiallisia analyysejä Suomessa. Koekentän venäläinen puoli on toteutettu venäläisin ojitusmenetelmin ja suomalainen puoli suomalaisten itsensä rakentamana. Koekentän perustamisvaiheessa salaojituksen työnlaatua valvottiin molemmilla koelohkoilla. Laadun kriteerinä käytettiin suomalaisia käytännön salaojitusohjeita. Ojitustyön valvonnassa saatuja mittaustuloksia on kuitenkin pidettävä koealueen laajuuden vuoksi suuntaa antavina. Eri ojitusmenetelmien kuivatustehoa arvioitiin mm. pohjaveden korkeuden ja valunnan välisen riippuvuuden perusteella. Pohjaveden korkeuden vertailussa ei koejäsenten välillä ollut tilastollisesti merkitseviä eroja. Koekentän salaojasysteemien toiminta laskettiin maaprofiilin k-arvoihin ja vedenpidätyskäyriin perustuvan elementtimenetelmän avulla. Mallin tuloksia vertailtiin koekentällä mitattuihin valuntoihin ja pohjaveden korkeuteen. Lasketut arvot ja mittaustulokset vastasivat tyydyttävästi toisiaan. Alueelta vesistöihin joutuva typpi-ja fosforikuormitus oli suhteellisen vähäistä. Salaojavesien biologinen ja kemiallinen hapenkulutus tutkitulla jaksolla oli erittäin suuri. Happea kuluttavien aineiden alkuperä oli todennäköisesti peräisin maanparannukseen käytetystä hyvin suuresta karjalantamäärästä. Tätä käsitystä tuki myös salaojavesien poikkeuksellisen suuri ammoniumtypen osuus kokonaistypestä. Luotettavien kuormitusarvioiden tekemistä vaikeutti vesianalyysien vähäisyys ja venäläisten analyysimenetelmien poikkeavuus suomalaisista. Vaikka taloudellinen näkökulma jäi kenttätutkimuksissa vähäiselle huomiolle, voitiin aikaisempaan kokemukseen pohjautuen todeta, että taloudellisesti on kannattavampaa pitää yllä hyvää maan rakennetta viljelyteknisin keinoin kuin suurentaa panostusta salaojitukseen, esim. ojatiheyteen. Koeolosuhteissa 13 m ojaväli todettiin riittäväksi maan kuivattamiseksi viljelykuntoon.

Valumisvesien kiinteiden hiukkasten merkitys vesistöjen kuormittajana voi olla paljon suurempi kuin vesiliukoisesta fosforista koituva kuormitus. Hapettomissa olosuhteissa jopa 35 60 % kiinteitten hiukkasten fosforista voi olla leville käyttökelpoista. Suomessa tärkeimmät eroosion mekanismit savimaissa ovat sadepisaroitten iskut maan pintaan ja saveshiukkasten diffuusio (lämpöliike) kiinteästä maasta maan veteen. Savimaan pinnan liettyminen ja kuorettuminen vähenevät maan jäykkyyden kasvaessa. Sen sijaan diffuusioeroosio kasvaa savespitoisuuden kohotessa. Diffuusioeroosion mekanismeihin ja torjuntaan on kiinnitetty tutkimuksissa vähän huomiota, vaikka se on maissamme ilmeisesti tärkein eroosion muoto. Tutkimushankkeen tavoitteena oli selvittää savimaittemme 1)eroosiomekanismeja, 2)eroosion voimakkuuteen vaikuttavia tekijöitä, 3)keinoja vähentää savimaittemme eroosiota ja 4)tutkia eroosion mallintamista oloissamme. Maan fysikaalis-kemiallisesti aktiivisia komponentteja ovat saviminer...

Nowadays, endocrine disruptor compounds in the water system have become a concern due to the risk of contamination to wild life and humans even at the nanogram level. Excess estrogens and androgens are a major contributor group of endocrine compounds. Statistical surveys have shown that dairy farms contribute to over 90% of the total estrogens in the UK and US. Reporter gene assays (RGAs) is being developed to assess the efficiency of reactive materials to remove target hormonal contaminants from dairy farm wastewater. This study demonstrates that 2 g of reactive materials (granular activated carbon (GAC), zero-valent iron (ZVI) and organoclay) efficiently removed over 50% of 17β-estradiol and 92% Testosterone over a 24 h period from 20 ml of HPLC grade water spiked at a concentration of 1000 ng l-1. Therefore, these materials may be useful adsorbents for the advanced treatment of residual natural hormones in dairy farm wastewater.

Ympäristön saastuminen teollisen toiminnan seurauksena aiheuttaa yhteiskunnille riskejä ympäristöterveyden ja aluekehityksen osalta. Näiden riskien vähentäminen kustannus- ja ekotehokkaasti on haastava tehtävä. Tärkeässä roolissa saastuneen ympäristön kunnostamisessa on uusien tehokkaiden in situ teknologioiden kehittäminen ja soveltaminen. Kansainvälisesti merkittävää huomiota ovat saaneet elektrokineettiset ja kemialliset in situ kunnostusmenetelmät. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli tutkia lähdekirjallisuuden avulla menetelmien tieteellistä taustaa ja sovelluksia, mallintaa menetelmiä laboratoriomittakaavassa koereaktoreissa, sekä soveltaa tuloksia pilot-mittakaavan kenttäkokeessa. Laboratoriomittakaavan mallinnuskokeissa käytettiin viittä koereaktoriasetelmaa, joissa nollanäytteeseen verrattiin kemiallista hapetusta, elektrokinetiikkaan yhdistettyä kemiallista hapetusta, elektrokemiaan yhdistettyä kemiallista hapetusta, sekä elektrokemiallista hapetusta. Kokeessa tutkittiin mineraaliö...

The Big Idea Exchange (BIX)Includes presentation slidesA burning aluminum cube releases much more energy than a detonating TNT cube. What if we could force aluminum to burn very rapidly? Next generation weapons may pack a bigger bang in a smaller package by clever use of metal combustion

Opinnäytetyössä tutkittiin Mikkelin ammattikorkeakoulussa patentoidun hiilidioksidin talteenottoprosessin absorptiovaiheen tehostamista. Absorptio toteutetaan kuplakolonnissa, jossa kuplakoko määrää aineensiirtopinta-alan. Vesiprosessissa kaasun liukoisuuden teoreettisen maksimin määrää Henryn laki, jonka perusteella prosessista tehtiin Excel-mallinnus. Mallinnuksen avulla huomattiin, että absorption tehostuminen voidaan erottaa savukaasun hiilidioksidipitoisuuden noususta, jonka muutoksille prosessi on herkkä. Absorption tehostamiskeinoja etsittiin mallinnuksen avulla ja kirjallisuudesta. Myötävirtaan toimivalla jälkiabsorptiolaitteella olisi mahdollista ottaa talteen kuplakolonnista poistuvan kaasun hiilidioksidia. Tällöin prosessin talteenottoastetta voidaan parantaa ilman kuplakolonnin korkeuden kasvattamista. Kirjallisuudesta löytyneet lisäaineet silika-nanofluidi ja etanoli paransivat tutkimusten mukaan hiilidioksidin vesiabsorptiota jo pienessä pitoisuudessa. Kokeissa silika-nanofluidia ei ollut saatavilla, ja se korvattiin kolloidisella silikalla. Etanolikokeissa käytettiin denaturoitua etanolia. Tärkeimmät kokeet tehtiin Savonlinnan Pääskylahden voimalaitoksen savukaasulla Carbon ReUse Finland Oy:n omistamalla pilot-kokoluokan hiilidioksidin talteenottoprosessilla. Kokeita tehtiin kahdella tavalla siten, että ensimmäisessä prosessista ei otettu ulos tuotekaasua ja toisessa otettiin. Ensimmäistä ajotapaa kutsuttiin kyllästyskokeeksi ja toista tuotekaasukokeeksi. Kokeet tehtiin niin, että kyllästyskokeesta siirryttiin tuotekaasukokeeseen muutaman tunnin viiveellä, joka syntyi prosessin siirtyessä vakiotilaan. Etanoli paransi tuloksia verrattuna tasoon ilman lisäaineita. Poistokaasun hiilidioksidivirtaus laski tuotekaasukokeessa n. 22 %, kun etanolipitoisuus kiertovedessä oli n. 47 m-ppm. Silikakokeita tehtiin käyttäen kahta kolloidista silikaa, Levasil CC301 ja KemSil 517. Näistä KemSil ei vaikuttanut kokeiden tuloksiin havaittavasti. Levasil paransi tuloksia siten, että tuotekaasukokeessa poistokaasun hiilidioksidivirtaus laski n. 14 %. Tällöin silikapitoisuus kiertovedessä oli n. 0,025 m-%. Toisaalta, Levasil sisälsi hieman etanolia, kun taas KemSil ei sisältänyt. Poistokaasun mittaaminen oli suuremman mittaustarkkuuden takia parempi mittari absorption tehostumiselle, kuin tuotekaasun mittaaminen. Jälkiabsorptiolaitteen ja silika-nanofluidin testaaminen prosessissa ovat jatkotutkimuksen arvoisia aiheita.

Nanothermites show great developmental promise in the near future in civilian, military and aerospace applications due to their tuneable reactive properties (ignition delay time, combustion velocity and pressure release). However, the high mechanical sensitivities of some of these energetic nanocomposites can make transportation and handling of them hazardous. Here, a mechanical desensitization (shock and friction) of an Al/WO3 nanothermite is successfully obtained by means of carbon adding through the pyrolysis of naturally occurring molecules (carbohydrates). The combustion behaviour of the carbon-based energetic mixtures were also evaluated and a respectable reactivity has been evidenced.

New kind of slags and ashes will be generated in Finland as waste incineration becomes common in the near future. Treatment and disposal of these residues will significantly affect the operating costs of a waste incineration plant. When disposed without utilization the slags and ashes will burden landfills. This project consisted of a broad scale survey on how the ashes from municipal solid waste incineration potentially generated in Finland can be safely landfilled minimizing emissions and how utilization of slags in e.g. road construction can be further developed. Name of project Commissioned by New effective treatment techniques for slags and ashes

Reactive material warhead cases have the potential to greatly increase ordnance lethality by the addition of metal combustion, to explosive and fragmentation effects. Efficient combustion of the reactive metal relies on adequate dispersion of fine metal debris following detonation or impact. This thesis examines the use of tin as a soft binder for cold-isostatically pressed aluminum powder. The tin can potentially shock melt under rapid loading, increasing the dispersion of the aluminum by dynamically creating liquid failure regions. Several mechanical tests, including Split-Hopkinson Pressure Bar compression and Brazilian tension tests, gas gun impact tests, and three-point bend tests, as well as scanning electron microscopy, were used to determine dynamic strength, fragmentation properties, fracture toughness, and other mechanical properties of aluminum-tin composites of varying composition. Samples with lower tin content (5–10% by volume) were highly homogeneous and had low poros...

Promoting the circular economy of water supply in the urban environment Efficient nutrient recovery plays an important role in the transition to a circular economy and a more sustainable food system, and the role of cities should also become an increasingly prominent part of the circular economy and nutrient recovery. The development and implementation of new solutions is also supported by the interest of cities in profiling themselves as pioneers for sustainable development. In cities, e.g. nutrient recovery can mean nutrient-wise sanitation, such as separating and treating black water separately from other wastewater. This makes it possible to produce more nutrient-rich products with fewer pollutants than in current system and enable energy production locally. The Nutricity project which is coordinated by the City of Tampere and promotes nutrient recovery, has explored the possibility of applying sanitary technologies based on source separation and technical solutions for nutrient recovery in the new Hiedanranta residential area on a super-block scale. The project has e.g. piloted various sanitation system alternatives at Hiedanranta Manor and Drying Plant, conducted surveys on their use, tested techniques for further processing of sanitation wastewater fractions and researched source-separated urine treatment options in a real environment. The operating model presented in this report is aimed at cities and municipalities as a tool to promote nutrient recycling in new urban housing areas and, where applicable, also in areas under renovation. The experience gained from the project shows that it is a challenge to break the current business and service models. The change challenges existing organizations to develop their operations and find new partners and practices that can be limited by legislation. The implementation of circular economy in cities requires the development of cooperation between different sectors and the creation of new ways of working, as well as e.g. training of designers. There is a gap between strategic goals and practical planning and implementation, which makes it difficult to achieve the goals. Urban planning as well as urban investments should be increasingly used as experimental and development environments. International examples show that experiments in smaller-scale source-separating sanitation sites have enabled a shift to larger-scale design and implementation. Source-separation systems based on nutrient recovery are seen as contributing to a sustainable future and pioneering as a whole. In urban areas, such solutions could be particularly relevant in new residential areas or areas undergoing renovation, in which case the integration of source-separating sanitation into measures to reduce the carbon footprint of housing would be a key. Construction should be guided holistically in a more sustainable direction, with nutrient recovery as an area that is strongly linked to other areas such as local energy production and consumption. In addition to technical changes in wastewater collection and treatment, sanitation solutions that support nutrient recovery also require legislative changes. Source-separating sanitation can produce completely new recycled nutrients of human origin, the utilization of which should be allowed under certain boundary conditions.

Permeable reactive barrier (PRB) technology is a passive groundwater treatment method for the remediation of chlorinated hydrocarbons, metals and radionuclides. Various materials are used for the construction of the reactive zone, with the most common being granular zero valent iron (Fe0). Reduction, reductive precipitation, precipitation and sorption are the processes usually employed for the immobilization or destruction of the pollutants. Furthermore, reactive materials are required to be environmentally safe and to possess stability, sufficient permeability and low cost. Permeable barriers in many US sites successfully intercept uranium plumes either in full or pilot scale installations. Zero valent iron and different forms of iron oxide are usually employed as reactive materials with encouraging results. In the present paper, currently available reactive materials are critically evaluated and the reaction mechanisms taking place are presented.

Use of reactive filter media (RFM) is an emerging technology in small-scale wastewater treatment to improve phosphorus (P) removal and filter material longevity for making this technology sustainable. In this study, long-term sorption kinetics and the spatial dynamics of sorbed P distribution were simulated in replaceable P-filter bags filled with 700 L of reactive material and used in real on-site treatment systems. The input data for model calibration were obtained in laboratory trials with Filtralite P®, Polonite® and Top16. The P concentration breakthrough threshold value was set at an effluent/influent (C/C0) ratio of 1 and simulations were performed with P concentrations varying from 1 to 25 mg L−1. The simulation results showed that influent P concentration was important for the breakthrough and longevity, and that Polonite performed best, followed by Top16 and Filtralite P. A 100-day break in simulated intermittent flow allowed the materials to recover, which for Polonite in...

anometer aluminum fuel particles demonstrate orders of magnitude higher ignition sensitivity and reactivity than micrometer aluminum particles. This enhanced ignition sensitivity could enable a submerged reaction to propagate and react to completion without quenching. Energetic composites consisting of micrometer Al fuel particles cannot react submerged because too much energy from the reaction is lost to the surrounding water, causing the reactants to quench. However, Al nanoparticles can be synthesized with significantly higher surface-area-to-volume ratios that enable them to exhibit new and unique combustion properties that are much improved over their micron scale counterparts. One such property is enhanced ignition sensitivity, which has the potential to open a new realm of underwater reaction applications. These could include fuses, propulsion, underwater ordnance, torch or metal cutting technologies, offshore oil drilling, blasting, and welding, as well as alternative power ...

Sidantal 33 Språk finska Nyckelord rivning, cirkulär ekonomi, bygg-och rivningsavfall, materialåtervinning, återvinning, återanvändning Referat När det gäller bygg-och rivningsavfall har Finland som mål att senast nästa år (2020) uppnå den materialåtervinningsgrad på 70 procent som fastställts i EU:s avfallsdirektiv. Enligt den senaste uppskattningen från 2017 var återvinningsgraden ca 54 procent. Återvinning av rivningsmaterial hör till de centrala åtgärderna när det gäller cirkulär ekonomi inom byggandet. Sammanlagt 85 procent av bygg-och rivningsavfallet uppkommer i samband med reparationer och rivning av hela byggnader. Därför bör allt större uppmärksamhet fästas vid hanteringen av rivningsprocesserna. Det finns skäl att i högre grad betona rivningens roll som en projekthelhet som föregår bland annat nybyggnadsprojekt. Rivningsinventering är en ny, frivillig åtgärd för kartläggning av material och skadliga ämnen i byggnader som ska rivas. Syftet med inventeringen är att skapa goda förutsättningar för ändamålsenlig återvinning av rivningsmaterial, för undvikande av miljö-och hälsorisker och för en högklassig rivningsprocess i alla slag av rivningsprojekt. Inventering inför rivning bygger på EU-förfarandet Pre-demolition audit. Handledningen ingår i en tredelad serie som ska bidra till högre kvalitet på rivningsprojekt. De två övriga delarna behandlar genomförandet av hela rivningsprocessen samt upphandling av rivning.

Predictive mechanisms for particle ignition and combustion rates are required in order to develop optimized propellant and energetic formulations using micron-sized metal powders, such as aluminum. Most current descriptions are based on laboratory experiments performed in stationary or laminar combustion configurations. However, turbulent environments exist in most applications and validity of the present descriptions for such environments has not been established. This experimental study is aimed to measure burn times for aluminum particles burning in environments with different levels of turbulence. A laminar air-acetylene flame is produced, and auxiliary tangential jets of air with adjustable flow rates are used to achieve different controlled levels of turbulence. Fine spherical aluminum powder is injected in the flame axially using a flow of nitrogen. The streaks of burning particles are photographed using a camera placed behind a mechanical chopper interrupting the photo-exposure with a pre-set frequency. The obtained dashed streaks are used to measure the particle burn times for different flow conditions. The particle burn times are correlated with the particle size distribution to obtain the burn time as a function of the particle size. The results are processed to obtain a correction for the Al particle burn rate as a function of the turbulence intensity, I. The measured burn times are longer than predicted for the micronsized Al particles using a correlation based on survey of earlier experiments, mostly with coarser Al powders. Increased turbulence intensity results in substantial reduction of the particle burn time. Present data suggest that the burn rate for particle combustion in a laminar environment should be multiplied by 1 + 18.2I, to estimate the acceleration of aluminum combustion in turbulent environments.