Host-Guest Interaction

The e-governance transformation of governance has reshaped state-citizen relations, shifting from one-way delivery of services to participatory democracy. Introducing and testing the ACACAE Model-six stages: Awareness, Communication/Consultation, Adoption, Collaboration involvement, Advocacy, and Empowerment is proposed as a model for interactive e-governance. Based on participatory communication and networked governance theories, this research examines the role of each stage in deepening citizen engagement, particularly in rural India. Primary data were gathered through semi-structured interviews with rural citizens from Purvanchal, Uttar Pradesh, while secondary data included scholarly literature and policy documents. Thematic and discourse analysis revealed that awareness is often informal and unsystematic, consultation mechanisms are weak or absent, and collaboration remains minimal. Digital service adoption occurs mainly out of necessity, not empowerment. Advocacy is limited to informal, youth-driven initiatives, while full empowerment remains an exception due to systemic barriers like digital illiteracy, language gaps, and infrastructural inadequacies. While the ACACAE model provides a potential theoretical roadmap, its empirical operationalization is bound by institutional and socio-cultural limits. The research suggests special digital literacy programs, local-language interfaces, official feedback systems, inclusive advocacy structures, and gender-based policies to close the participation gap. Institutionalizing every phase of the model, governance can move from centralized dispensation to co-designed democratic processes, transforming citizens from being mere recipients to being active authors of digital governance.

The e-governance transformation of governance has reshaped state-citizen relations, shifting from one-way delivery of services to participatory democracy. Introducing and testing the ACACAE Model-six stages: Awareness, Communication/Consultation, Adoption, Collaboration involvement, Advocacy, and Empowerment is proposed as a model for interactive e-governance. Based on participatory communication and networked governance theories, this research examines the role of each stage in deepening citizen engagement, particularly in rural India. Primary data were gathered through semi-structured interviews with rural citizens from Purvanchal, Uttar Pradesh, while secondary data included scholarly literature and policy documents. Thematic and discourse analysis revealed that awareness is often informal and unsystematic, consultation mechanisms are weak or absent, and collaboration remains minimal. Digital service adoption occurs mainly out of necessity, not empowerment. Advocacy is limited to informal, youth-driven initiatives, while full empowerment remains an exception due to systemic barriers like digital illiteracy, language gaps, and infrastructural inadequacies. While the ACACAE model provides a potential theoretical roadmap, its empirical operationalization is bound by institutional and socio-cultural limits. The research suggests special digital literacy programs, local-language interfaces, official feedback systems, inclusive advocacy structures, and gender-based policies to close the participation gap. Institutionalizing every phase of the model, governance can move from centralized dispensation to co-designed democratic processes, transforming citizens from being mere recipients to being active authors of digital governance.

This study aims to evaluate the perceptions of residents in Mardin, one of Turkey's most significant cultural tourism destinations, regarding community participation, social sustainability, and support for tourism. The study also examines whether social sustainability mediates the relationship between community participation and support for tourism. In this context, data were collected from 617 residents using the convenience sampling method, and 537 of them were analyzed through reliability analysis, descriptive statistics, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and structural equation modeling (SEM). The results indicated that community participation negatively affects host-guest conflict and positively influences social acceptance. It was also found that community participation has no significant impact on social tolerance. Similarly, it was revealed that host-guest conflict negatively affects support for tourism, while social acceptance positively affects support for tourism. However, social tolerance was found to have no significant impact on support for tourism. Furthermore, the study revealed that host-guest conflict and social acceptance, as dimensions of social sustainability, mediate the relationship between community participation and support for tourism.

Cucurbiturils are cage-like macrocyclic molecules that can form strong host-guest inclusion complexes, offering remarkably higher selectivity over conventional macrocycles towards guests with particular sizes and shapes. Here we use a combination of molecular docking, semiempirical quantum-chemical (PM6, PM7) and high-level DFT calculations along with all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to characterize 1:1 host-guest complexation between the cucurbit[n]urils (CB[n], where n = 6-8) and biologically active 2-[[5-(4-pyridinyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]thio]acetic acid (PTTA). While the molecular docking and the semiempirical calculations suggest that PTTA favors inserting into larger size cavities of CB[7] and CB[8], the classical OPLS-AA MD simulations of the potential of the mean force (PMF) in an aqueous solution demonstrate the favorable free binding energy of PTTA with all three studied CB[n]s (n = 6-8). These findings were further examined by refining the binding energy of the MD-derived PTTA-CB[n] structures by the high-level dispersion-corrected DFT calculations. Our combined MD/DFT approach provides the detailed host-guest complexation mechanism and suggests that the stability of the host-guest inclusion complex of PTTA with CB[n]s decreases in the order CB[6]> CB[7]>CB[8]. Finally, the formation of the stable inclusion complex of PTTA with CB[6] was validated by thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry measurements, pointing out that low-level quantum-chemical methods might be unable to capture the correct thermodynamics of host-guest supramolecular structures based on cucurbituril macrocycles.

Community-Based Tourism has been remarked as a cogent development strategy of transforming local economies, empowering communities, preserving sociocultural dignity and ecological resources across the globe. Yet, an astonishing question exists, is it a true game-changer for indigenous communities? This systematic literature review aims at assessing the studies absorbed on community based tourism businesses and sustainable livelihood practices published in the selected journals within Journal of Tourism Analysis: Revista de Análisis Turístico 99 a specified period. The review meticulously analyzes 32 quality assessed research papers using the PRISMA framework. The objective is to gain a deeper understanding on what are the key factors that influence the effectiveness of community-based tourism businesses in promoting sustainable livelihoods, particularly in terms of research themes, disciplinary perspectives, and methodologies. The findings reveal a significant increase in research related to community based tourism businesses and sustainable livelihood practices, particularly in rural homestays, agro tourism, and social tourism models. In addition, the review uncovers critical research gaps, especially regarding long-term sustainability. Furthermore, the review identifies a compelling direction for future research and serves as an important guide for advancing resilient and inclusive tourism models, mapping emerging trends and shaping the future of sustainable tourism practices around the similar global context.

India is unmatched in variety and reflects a harmonious coexistence of many languages, cultures, and customs. From Gujarat in the west to Arunachal Pradesh in the east, the country presents a magnificent tapestry of geographical, cultural, linguistic, social, political, and historical diversity. From Jammu and Kashmir in the north to Kanyakumari in the south, with roots thousands of years old, India's cultural legacy attests to its historical significance. India is one of the world's most potent civilisations and among the oldest. Whether highlighting the philosophical profundity of the Vedas and Upanishads or the meticulously designed urban patterns of the Indus Valley Civilization, both underscore India's past as a birthplace of intellectual and spiritual thought. India, as the source of many major world religions like Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism, has a lasting impact on global ideas and behaviours by offering teachings grounded in non-violence, compassion, and self-realisation. The nation's cultural relevance derives from its ability to seamlessly blend its ancient traditions with contemporary sensibilities, encouraging practices like yoga, meditation, and Ayurveda, along with ideologies emphasising peace and harmony. These elements portray India as a vibrant centre for global arts, culture, and spirituality. Cultural diplomacy has enhanced India's soft power, illustrated by International Yoga Day, the influence of its diaspora, and the worldwide appeal of its cuisine and celebrations. Significant efforts are underway to preserve this heritage through digitising historical documents, restoration of monuments, and support for regional crafts. The advancement of cultural diplomacy goals heavily relies on the media. By amplifying India's cultural narratives, media channels help disseminate its legacy to a global audience. Strategic utilisation of digital platforms, social media campaigns, and international collaborations can enhance the exposure and influence of India's cultural wealth. Furthermore, the media's advocacy for India's rich traditions and values highlights its potential role as a primary driver of growth. This study discusses how cultural diplomacy through media can contribute to achieving the Viksit Bharat vision by 2047. It will explore the strategies, methods, policies, and initiatives undertaken by the Indian government to strengthen diplomatic ties with the global community. Additionally, it will emphasise the necessity of utilising digital channels and traditional media to enhance engagement with diverse audiences. This study clarifies how media can make Viksit Bharat more visible.

Accessibility of clean water and adequate sanitation has been perplexing issues in North Delhi. Street children are often termed as slum children. They are conceivably the most susceptible segment of the society who suffers from human deprivations of all forms. Many children are instinctive to live and earn on the street due to their helpless and distressed situation. The aim of the present study is to look at conditions and needs of north Delhi's children in a comprehensive manner through the lens of urban planning and design. This work delves into the children's disproportionate demographic status affecting living conditions, health, education and nourishment status of children.

Objective: One of the ways to solve the current energy challenges is to modify the consumption pattern and guide the consumer's behavior, and for effective governance in this field, we need a deep understanding of the citizens' behaviors and the factors affecting them. This research was done with the aim of knowing the factors affecting the culture of electricity consumption (education, income, values and material culture). Methods: The method of the current research is quantitative and the strategy used is survey, and the questionnaire technique was used to collect data. The statistical population of the study was the electricity subscribers of Golestan province, which according to the population ratio of the cities, 427 electricity subscribers were questioned by random sampling. Data analysis was done with SPSS software. Validity has been confirmed by reviewing the research literature and consulting with experts in the field of energy, and Cronbach's alpha above 0.7 of the electricity consumption behavior variables indicates the reliability of this variable. Results: The results show that among the independent variables, the average of material culture is 52.04 and the average behavior of electricity consumption is 51.5. Among the values, the highest score is related to religious value (4.18) and then national value (3.16). Inferential statistics show the confirmation of research hypotheses, that is, electricity consumption behavior is different among groups with different education and income levels, and educated people and households with lower income have better electricity consumption behavior. Also, there is a significant relationship between values and material culture with behavior, so that in different sectors of energy consumption, people have behaved according to their cultural and material conditions. Conclusions: The findings of this research show that for behavioral governance, it is necessary to distinguish different types of consumption cultures, because the motivation and concerns of subscribers are different based on the socioeconomic status and norms and values. Although price solutions are temporary solutions, paying attention to cultural and social differences in the long term helps to improve the pattern of electricity consumption.

It is challenging to read Lévinas—but it is perhaps doubly challenging to read him without at least taking into consideration the sympathies between his ethical philosophy of host/guest, and the Homeric world of the ancient Greeks, brimming with its florid depictions of reverential hospitality. But we should remain cautious, and not risk totalizing Lévinas’s ideas with a series of mythic analogues in order simply to explain or reify his ethics; rather, I propose to draw attention to the ethical substrate of a nascent civilization preceding the arrival of western philosophy—a literate, rational philosophy, which famously failed to provide adequate ethical interventions during the mid-twentieth century, and which left Lévinas haunted by its implications, as it did for so many holocaust survivors. We also ought not risk these comparisons becoming overdetermined (even strictly historical) but attempt to examine the phenomena of xenia as undergirding and informing the development of a culture which would flower forth into the ephemeral expression of Homer’s world, as a crystallization of early ethical principles, first as an oral culture and only later as literary (read. moral) artifacts.

Tourism is a major global industry with significant economic impacts, contributing approximately $8.9 trillion to global GDP in 2019, which represents about 10.3% of the total GDP. The sector also supports over 330 million jobs, or 10% of global employment (WTTC, 2020). This highlights tourism's crucial role in economic development, particularly in areas rich in natural beauty and cultural heritage.

From the past to the present day, various methods of printing have been used in terms of application, among which the most widely used method of them is electrophotography. The increasing demand for this technique increases the importance of obtaining high-resolution images in electrophotography. Therefore, the processes and the materials that are used are continuously improving and progressing. In this paper, at the first the toner and its components are introduced, then the properties of toner that effect on its quality is expressed. Followed by, different methods of toner production, especially the in situ emulsion polymerization method are described. The emulsion polymerization can be of great interest in toner production because of its ability to form composite particles with encapsulated structure and spherical shape as well as high reaction conversion. In this regard, different effective parameters and components of this method to produce of toner are introduced. Finally, the...

The corona virus, as a pandemic disease, has exposed the world to difficult and critical conditions. In the meantime, the health service delivery system has been at the forefront of confronting and controlling this crisis. Given the special circumstances of the crisis and the threat to public health in Iran, the need for creativity and innovation to manage the corona crisis is more pressing than ever. Open innovation is a phenomenon that significantly influences the innovation cycle and increases the research and development costs, as well as scarcity of resources. By leveraging these benefits and using new ideas, it is possible to manage the crises and reduce damage, especially the COVID -19 crisis and the damage caused by it.

The open innovation paradigm increases the success of the organization by using external and internal ideas. The basic idea behind open innovation is that there is an extensive knowledge that an organization cannot access to through its own proprietary research. Therefore, it must leverage other research through licensing, patenting, or purchasing them from other companies. In this model, organizations outsource some parts of the R&D process, use external ideas, constantly monitor the new products of competitors and leading companies and, in some cases, collaborate with competitors and other research centers (1,2). According to the studies investigating the process of innovation, the field of health and treatment has an open nature, and partnership with external organizations has become a key factor and vital capability (3,4). That way, valuable ideas can originate from outside the organization, and a successful activity process can be completed through partnerships with external factors (5). Open innovation has different meanings in the field of health (6), including the following:
• Technical and clinical innovations: New therapeutic drugs, diagnostic tests, medical devices, software, surgical techniques;
• Process and service innovations: Institutions, business models, service models, clinical pathways, roles, education;
• System innovations: Policy innovation, system reform.

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Tourism has been a favorite segment around the globe for quick economic prosperity and social transformation for developing economies although this leisure industry was traditionally the remit of the western rich communities mostly after the World War II. Researchers stunned for a while whilst socio-cultural and environmental bearings appeared to surpass its economic spin-offs. As a result, a hypothesis of sustainable tourism emerged and became a buzzword thereafter in tourism domain. However, tourism’s unsustainable nature and multidimensional impacts has been challenging this hypothesis. Tourism is very often accused of being a despoiler of pristine ecology and bio-diversity, a destroyer of valued lifestyles and age-old cultures, and an exploiter of poor nations as a juggernaut, consuming one destination after another and then rolling on. Some view it as an oxymoron; bringing visitors to the fragile environments and ruining them rather than preserving. The view which says tourism not only dramatically transform cultures and create a homogenized world but counteracts other change agents to maintain socio-cultural sustainability is equally contending. In the mean time, the concept of sustainable development itself is still a contested hypothesis with a range of different and controversial interpretations and hence a delicate issue to be discussed in tourism management between economic prosperity and impacts on society, culture and environment. Therefore, Community Based Responsible Tourism (CBRT) in a GNCP modular format has been proposed in this paper as a theory of mean to reach to the end, i.e. sustainable development, for tourism in Nepalese context.

Background and objective Social responsibility is one of the most important social characteristics that becomes more important when natural and human hazards occur. The current research aims to examine the relationship between the feeling of insecurity and social responsibility after the COVID-19 pandemic in Tabriz, Iran. Method This is a quantitative survey study. Participants were 384 residents of Tabriz city aged 18-70 years who were selected using multi-stage cluster method. Data were collected using questionnaires. Results There was a significant and inverse relationship between the feeling of insecurity and social responsibility. People's social responsibility was significantly different based on gender, educational level, and occupation, but there was no significant difference based on age. Conclusion The COVID-19 pandemic had a role in reducing the social responsibility of people in Iran by creating a sense of insecurity in social interactions.

ٌذیکچ ٍمذقم : غت بث یی ط غِٛٛٙىت ی طثضبو ٚ ی قبٔ ٚ زاٛٔ ی ٗ سر تلاآ ی س اعفا ٖآ ـجت ٝث ٚ ی ف ّغق تبحاطر ٚ ثزاٛح ی بٙن ضز ی ـ ْٚعِ ،فّترٔ ِب٘آ ْبز٘ا ی ع ا ی ٕٙ ی ّغق ،ی ـظٛٔآ ٝئاضا بث ٜاطٕٞ ُٕقِاضٛتؾز ٚ بٞ بٞ ی اطرا یی ٔ مركٔ ی ا ظا فسٞ .زٛق ی ٗ محت ی ،ك ؾضطث ی حبت ی ـظٛٔآ ط ظضا سو طث ی ثب ی ض ی هؿ ، ٌضبث سحاٚ ضز ی ٝ٘بذط ِٛت توطق ی س ؾ ی ٖبٕ ت ظا ٗتفطٌ ٜطٟث بث ٙى ی ه ِب٘آ ی ع ا ی ٕٙ ی ّغق ی ٕو ی ٔ ٜسق ی .سقبث شير سررب ی : ا ی ٗ قغمٔ ٝقِبغٔ ی ، ّٝذاسٔ ؿٛ٘ ظا ا ی ، ٚض طث ی ٜز ٌضبث سحاٚ ضز ُغق ی ٝ٘بذط ِٛت توطق ی س ؾ ی ٖبٕ ظا ؽپ .تفطٌ تضٛن ٝتؾز ٚ ُغبكٔ ٖزٕٛ٘ مركٔ سٙث ی ث تاطغذ ٝ ؾٚ ی ّٝ ِب٘آ ی ع ا ی ٕٙ ی ّغق ی ( JSA ض َبٕتحا ٚ تسق ،) ی هؿ ا لٛهرٔ َٚاسر ظا زضاس٘بتؾ

Background & Aims: One of the psychological and social consequences of some diseases, especially infectious ones in any society is the patients’ fear of social reactions, the stigma of the disease, and being a transmission agent. Due to wide effects of this Illness on various aspects of the society, not much attention has been paid to this issue. Therefore, the present study aimed to explain the lived experiences of nurses regarding social stigmas of Covid-19 pandemic.
Materials & Methods: This qualitative study was conducted from march 2021 to march 2022 using
interpretative phenomenology analysis. The participants were 12 nurses selected purposefully from the nurses of Babol University of Medical Sciences who had the experience of nurses caring for the patients with Covid-19 and had social stigma. The data were collected through semi-structured and individual interviews and analyzed simultaneously and continuously using Van Manen's method.
Results: The lived experiences of nurses caring for the patients with Covid-19 include three main categories and six subcategories; the main categories were: Contradictory feelings (psychological tensions and positive attitude), Rejection (isolation and comprehensive rejection), and Adaptation strategies (self-awareness over time and the effective role of the media).
Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, there is a need for strategies by managers and
officials to check the level of mental health of nurses working in the Covid-19 unit in order to improve the quality of the patient care by identifying the psychological needs resulted from the social stigma of the medical staff working in the Covid ward. In addition, it is possible to improve this group's mental health and their families by designing psychosocial interventions related to destigmatization such as stress management courses and resilience training as well as conducting psychological counseling.
Keywords: COVID-19; Nurse, Qualitative Research; Social Stigma

Basically, the pharmaceutical industry and its distribution process are among the topics that are relevant to any society. Because if there is no need to ensure health in terms of medicine and other items of goods related to the medical industry, various threats can deprive a person of life. Whereas what has been brought to man by custom, morality, sharia and sociology, the preservation of life is one of his most important personal and social assets. For this reason, the category of medicine and medical equipment, which is closely related to the right to life and human health, can be a very important factor in this regard. Therefore, in this research, which has been written in an analytical-descriptive manner, the aim is to examine and look in depth at the category of transactions and commercial and legal rules in the field of medicine and other medical goods from the perspective of international trade law. In a nutshell, the international trade law mechanism, in the form of the most important measures that can be taken in this regard, can also use the issue of ownership and, using legal capacity, to maintain the mindset after the right to health in human rights law, reduce drug sanctions, discrimination. Being at the time of contracts and agreements between different countries by you Leaders, legal obligations and rights guarantees to reduce the quality of medicines and medical items in the midst of a health crisis in order to improve the profits of pharmaceutical companies, facilitate the process of trading and buying and selling medicines and medical

This study aims to examine the reviews of guests who had Airbnb experience in Mexico City, Athens, and Tokyo in terms of host-guest interaction. In this way, we intend to interpret guest's experience, satisfaction, recommend and revisit intention phenomenon in terms of depth and breadth of host's sincerity. We adopt an interpretive approach and a mixed method. That is, the study combines topic extracting technic by employing online secondary big data and explicating emerging themes and patterns. The paper highlights firstly sincerity of communication in sentences with host name emphasized. On the other hand, the host's responsive and communicative nature improves friendliness over time, which affects experience, satisfaction, recommend and revisit. Finally, Airbnb hosts are intermediator of local culture. In our research, a lexicon specific to our research topic (guest-host communication) was created by using topic extraction, Tf*Idf and named entity extraction techniques. The created lexicon can be used in other studies in this field. Furthermore, we conclude that using hosts' name in reviews by guest an important attribute of interaction. Findings from this study provides important managerial implications for hospitality industry and Airbnb hosts who attempt to interact with guest accurately. Thence the study suggests a communication should enclose diverse and accurate information, host should pay attention to be friendly and communicative, respond as quickly as possible.

Introduction and Objective: Implementing management practices and involving stakeholders is associated with challenges due to changing perceptions and expectations of stakeholders. Active participation in decision making of watershed management measures is determining the community characteristics, involved people and diverse groups of stakeholders. In this regards, the present research was planned to determine the different groups approach in participatory decision-making for watershed management measures in the Unar Chay Watershed of Meshgin Shahr, Ardabil Province via Policy Profile Ratio (PPR) and Index of Resolution (IR). Material and Methods: To achieve the considered goal, the target experts/managers have been chosen based on different background including natural resources, environment, regional water company, nomadic affairs, Jahad griculture, NGOs members, watershed residents, students, university professors and citizen groups. Through designing a questionnaire, the approach of different groups was examined based on analyzing the effect of watershed management projects on improving the income of watershed residents and evaluating the watershed community participation in the projects implementation and conflict reducing and increasing of local community's cooperation. Then, the PPR and IR were calculated and analyzed for all stakeholder groups. Results: The results showed that the value of PPR is between zero and-11. So that, among the study groups, the least PPR value was related to the subject of improving the watershed community income for the NGOs group which they were as opponents of the decision. Some of the study groups have a moderate approach towards the considered subjects. Additionally, the IR value was ranged between-50 and 12. The lowest value of IR was obtained for students group (opponents of the decision) towards the Women's empowerment and support via local cooperatives and organizations. Conclusion: The social profile ratio, while determining and prioritizing the views of different decision-maker and stakeholder groups, can be useful in effectively managing actions based on the strengths and weaknesses of the watershed participation process. In this regard, strengthening the participation of stakeholders and effective groups as well as removing barriers in low-impact groups can be considered in the planning process.

Objective: Quality of life compared to health or illness has a special position for policymakers and health-care specialists. The goal of this study was to evaluate the expanded model of health-related quality of life in patients with coronary artery disease. Method: This is a descriptive correlational study that is based on structural equation modeling. The statistical population includes all patients with coronary artery disease who referred to Tehran and Karaj medical centers and received a diagnosis by a specialist. 650 persons were selected by available sampling method and responded to Illness Perception Questionnaire, Quality of Life Questionnaire, Self-Care of Heart Failure Index, Emotional Well-being Scale, Psychological Well-being Questionnaire of Reef, Social Well-being Questionnaire of Keyesand Seattle Angina Questionnaire. Findings: The results of this study showed that the developed model of Wilson has a good fit. That is, by adding self-management and psychological, social, and emotional well-being, this model can be adopted to explain the quality of life. However, compared to the original model of well-being indices, due to the multidimensionality and the multiple relationships, it should be considered as a comprehensive well-being construct. Self-management can also explain comprehensive well-being. Conclusion: Selfmanagement and positive indicators of well-being can have a special role in the process of health-related quality of life in patients with coronary artery disease.

Accommodation is the single most essential part of any stay in a destination. Accordingly, accommodation is available everywhere and forms the foundation of tourism industry. Regarding to their travelling patterns and trip characteristics, travelers choose luxury hotel with variety of services to budget hotels with limited facilities. During two main school holidays in Iran, New Year and summer, lots of families travel to different part of the country. Schools can be considered as one of the accommodations options for particular travellers. Due to the lenghth of those holidays and since during school holiday, schools are not occupied with students; they can be available for groups of domestic travellers to stay overnight. The reason behind uniqueness of this type of accommodation is long school holiday in Iran which let the education department use the school buildings for travelers' accommodation. There is no such a thing as school for accommodation in literature at present. This paper is going to find the condition of this unique kind of accommodation as well as available service provided for travelers. Qualitative analysis was done by interviewing a service provider to find the available services as well as the improvement of this particular type of accomodation, school stay, during last years.

A crisis is an accident occurs suddenly as a result of natural and human events and actions and causes hardship and damage to a human community or society, and eliminating it requires emergency and extraordinary actions and operations and depends on identifying the crisis and raising awareness at the right time. In this context, the best and most effective way to attract social collaboration is through a new combination of different ideas and forms of cooperation and creating an entirely new approach to a social issue called social innovation. This study seeks to identify the dimensions of social innovation based on public participation in the event of the COVID-19 crisis. This research has practical objectives in which the grounded theory strategy has been used qualitatively. In this study, experts from the statistical community were selected from the Ministry of Health and Medical Education. Exploratory analysis method has also been used to identify the effective factors in social innovation. Based on the analysis of research data, the categories including: effectiveness of public participation, investment to attract participation, management ability, networking ability, general policymaking ability, necessary cultural and educational infrastructure, the existence of capable legal organizations to solve executive problems, facilitate Coordination, control, containment and mitigation of the effects of the crisis were identified as the eight main factors in social innovation based on the public participation and the government. The COVID-19 pandemic proved that government institutions and the structure of the health system in all countries were insufficient to respond to such a widespread crisis. The results of this study enable policymakers to have a model for social innovation in order to maintain and ensure the health of society, especially in times of crisis, by attracting public participation.

The continuing Covid-19 crisis has caused irreparable damage in many industries. Considering that we are witnessing these losses in the hotel industry, so this study seeks to identify and determine the components and dimensions of the crisis in the financial field in the critical situation of Covid-19 in the hotel industry of Alborz province. There are 15 hotels. The research method is applied and the research design is descriptive-correlational research. Field and library methods have been used to collect data. The data collection tool was a standard online questionnaire whose validity was estimated by experts and its reliability was estimated using Cronbach's alpha. The main basis for gathering information is to conduct in-depth interviews with hotel managers and academic experts until the theoretical saturation is reached; a total of 22 interviews were conducted. The statistical population includes all hotels in Alborz province and its time zone in the first half of 1400. After performing the three steps of open, axial and selective coding, the final research model has been obtained; in this model, 6 general categories, 15 sub-categories and 53 main concepts are mentioned. The results show that in this situation, the categories of executive instructions, organizational level strategies of hotels in managing financial crisis and inefficiency of crisis organization have the highest frequency and executive instructions are in the first priority; and the consequences of these categories have had a significant impact on increasing the costs of this industry.

Objectives: Regarding the daily developments achieved in science and technology, Research and Development is now known as the key to success for industries. Moreover, the production of knowledge and its distribution and application play a vital role in creating noble commodities and can finally lead to technological innovation within industrial complexes’ R&D units. Having acknowledged scientific collaboration’s vitality en-route the achievement of products’ know-how and paying cautious attention to modeling acceleration plus creating differentiation for the end product, the present study has taken an inter-disciplinary approach to finding the best way of applying knowledge to industry. It also seeks a proper counter to the challenging question of “What are the varieties to knowledge-based collaborations within the Research and Development value chain?”
Methodology: The present study is descriptive-dynamic in terms of coherence and a functional one in terms of objectives. The employed statistical society comprises 15 elites chosen judgmentally. Being a composition of two qualitative methods, utilizing Delphi and Fuzzy methods and quantitative by Cluster Analysis employing SPSS and R softwares, the study has tried its best to examine theoretical basics in real-life situations so that the most tangible results are obtained and presented.
Finding: the gained results from elites’ approaches over Delphi’s twin levels that identify the required criteria as well as scientific collaborations in addition to the cluster analysis on knowledge-based cooperation over the value chain all depict that four questionnaires plus 12 components together form the varieties of knowledge-based collaborations within the R&D value chain.
Conclusion: The results of the 3-level analyses depict that knowledge-based collaborations within Iran’s national innovation system can be categorized into four groups: leading, creation, distribution, and science absorption. The mentioned categories possess 12 sub-branches leading to knowledge-based collaborations via 4 clusters—the varieties, including strategic innovations and sciences, together with cover 15 activities. In comparison, the varieties including scientific creations and innovations cover 33 activities, and those concerning strategic innovations and sciences seem to cover 13 activities. Last but not least, absorbing sciences and innovation strategies cover 26 activities out of the total 80 activities throughout the research and development value chain. Knowledge-based collaborations can expand cooperation in 4 various clusters, which itself can reduce errors throughout the process of achieving the know-how and modeling and evolution acceleration plus creating differentiation for the end product. R&D sections’ Knowledge-based collaborations bear 4 clusters and 3 levels. The 4-elemented 1st level utters the knowledge-based nature of interactions within productions chains and innovative services resulting in the production, spread and absorption of knowledge throughout the national system of innovation if proper strategies are determined. The 12-elemented 2nd level displays interactions’ variety plus R&D’s complexity covering the production cycle from ideas formation until its abrogation. The 80-elemented 3rd level depicts the conducted efforts within the R&D value chain aligned with interior and exterior interactions that together lead to innovative technologies.

Abstract:
Purpose: Community-Based Tourism (CBT) is an approach for sustainable tourism development. CBT can help
to bring economic prosperity, conservation of the environment, and preservation of cultural heritage. This paper
analyses the development of community-based tourism can play a crucial role for the cultural heritage
conservation of Dukpa community in Alipurduar district, India.
Methods: Data have been collected both by Qualitative and Quantitative methods. Qualitative method includes
observation and interview, whereas Quantitative methods applied in this study comprise Mean, Pearson
correlation, and Independent sample t-test. The study has been conducted on 176 sample population on the basis
of purposive sampling by using a structured questionnaire.
Results: The findings indicate that community-based tourism is positively correlated with cultural heritage
conservation. The results show that there are statistically significant differences in residents' perceptions of CBT
development in terms of gender, age, education, and income. Also, the level of education and monthly income of
the respondents influence the conservation of cultural heritage.
Conclusions: The study concludes with the fact that CBT can contribute significantly to the conservation of
cultural heritage and enhance the standard of living by generating employment opportunities from tourism
activities.
Keywords: Community-Based Tourism, Conservation, Cultural Heritage, Dukpa Community

Background & Aim: Moral intelligence is linked with doing right work and adherence to ethics. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between moral intelligence and quality of work life of nurses in Tabriz hospitals. Material & Methods: It was a cross-sectional descriptive correlational study. The study population consisted of all nurses working in hospitals of Tabriz in 2014. Using stratified random sampling, 186 nurses were recruited as the research sample. Lennick and Kiel's (2005) moral intelligence questionnaire and Brooks and Anderson's (2005) quality of work life survey were used to collect the data. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and inferential statistical methods including Pearson's correlation coefficient and regression analysis using SPSS-PC (v. 20). Results: According to findings, there was significant positive relationships between the elements of moral intelligence and quality of work life-home , quality of work context and quality of work world (P = 0.001). There was no significant relationship between moral intelligence and quality of work design. The regression analysis showed that moral intelligence could predict the quality of work life/home life, the quality of work context and the quality of work world. However, it did not have a significant role in the prediction of quality of work design. Conclusion: Considering that the quality of nursing work life is predictable through moral intelligence, it seems that appropriate levels of moral intelligence could lead nurses to play a significant role in hospitals. Meanwhile, approaches such as encouraging moral behavior would improve the present situation.

بحران ها، آسیب پذیری و تاب آوری از مسائل اصلی بوده که صنعت گردشگری همواره با آن در گیر هستند. این مطالعه به درک رابطه بین روند مدیریت بحران و پاسخ های تاب‌آوری جامعه محلی مقصد گردشگری شهر همدان می‌پردازد. با توجه به بحران پاندمیک ویروس کویید-19 این مطالعه مطرح می کند که تاب‌آوری جامعه فرآیندی است که در تصمیم‌گیری پیرامون کاهش اثرات بحران تأثیر می‌گذارد. روش این پژوهش کیفی و به روش داده بنیاد (گراندد تئوری) صورت پذیرفته است. داده‌ها با روش نمونه‌گیری گلوله برفی و با استفاده از ابزار مصاحبه‌ی نیمه‌ساختار یافته‌ عمیق با 13 نفر از خبرگان و فعالان صنعت گردشگری شهر همدان گردآوری و از طریق اصول تحلیل داده ها و مبانی کد گذاری، تحلیل و مدل نهایی پژوهش با استفاده از نرم‌افزار اطلس– تی ارائه شده است. پس از انجام مصاحبه ها و بررسی و تفسیر داده ها، 56 زیر مقوله در قالب 12مقوله اصلی و 2 مقوله محوری استخراج گردید و اشباع نظری حاصل شد. نتایج این پژوهش بیان می‌کند که تفسیر پاسخ جامعه‌ی میزبان به مدیریت بحران از دریچه‌ی تاب‌آوری به تصمیم‌گیرندگان این امکان را می‌دهد تا به طور کامل تاثیرات بحران پاندم...

The purpose of this study is to provide a framework for identifying the executive contexts of the professionalization of human resource management. In this research, the methodology of multiple-grounded theory is used. Data obtained from the systematic review of related studies and researches of the last five decades (41 studies) in the area of human resource management on professionalization in combining with data obtained from interviews with 15 theoretical or academics experts and HR executives or practitioners, which were selected by combining sampling methods including purposive and snowball, were combined for analysis. Experts' opinions were used to validate the mentioned framework in two sequential stages to confirm the results. Based on meta-synthesis approach, eight sub-categories were identified in the form of three general categories of environmental, organizational and behavioral factors. As well, based on the results of interviews with these experts, sub-categories in the form of two general categories of driving and restraining factors was added to the final framework, which conceptualizes the status of the professionalization contexts. Managers and experts in the field of human resources are recommended to pay attention to the hard i.e. training and recruitment, and soft i.e. development, performance management, aspects of professionalization of human resources, and moreover, to consider the separation of policy level from administration level. Furthermore, it's recommended to create a competent-based organization in managing public organizations.

هدف از این مطالعه بررسی اثرات بیماری کووید ۱۹ بر شهروندان استان کردستان است. همه‌گیری چه تأثیرات اجتماعی و روانی بر شهروندان و خانواده‌های منطقه هدف دارد؟ این همه‌گیری چگونه بر روابط فردی و اجتماعی شهروندان و خانواده‌ها به‌ ویژه در مناطق کمتر برخوردار مانند حاشیه و حومه سنندج تأثیر گذاشته است؟
پژوهش حاضر، نوعی مطالعۀ کیفی از نوع تحلیل محتوا با رویکرد استقرایی است. داده‌ها و اطلاعات پژوهش از طریق مصاحبۀ نیمه­ ساختاریافته با متخصصان و نخبگان دانشگاهی و غیردانشگاهی جمع‌آوری شد که با رسیدن به اشباع نظری با 15 نفر خاتمه یافت.
براساس یافته‌‌ها اثرات اجتماعی و فرهنگی بیماری عبارت‌اند از: واگرایی جمعی، آنومی اجتماعی، بازنمود ناکارآمدی نظام حمایت اجتماعی، تنگناهای معیشتی، استحالۀ دین و گزاره‌‌های دینی، گسست معرفتی-فرهنگی، بحران در نظام آموزشی و ترومای روحی-روانی. همچنین مضمون اصلی معرفی‌شده در این راستا با عنوان «ترومای جمعی: از بیماری تا فاجعه» از گستردگی و شدت پیامدهای کرونا در ابعاد مختلف و امکان شکل‌‌گیری فاجعه درنتیجۀ مواجهه‌نداشتن صحیح و فوری با پیامدهای کرونا به‌ویژه در مناطق کمتر برخوردار حکایت می‌کند.
گستردگی پیامدها و اثرات زیان‌بار و فاجعه‌آفرین کرونا ویروس در ابعاد شخصیتی، اقتصادی، اجتماعی و حتی فرهنگی که در بروز مسائلی مانند اختلالات شخصیتی، اضطراب و استرس، بیکاری و بی‌پولی، بحران در روابط اجتماعی و جمعی، فرسایش انواع اعتماد و در رأس آن‌ها بر بی‌اعتمادی نهادی و حتی مسائل فرهنگی مانند بحران دینی و گسست معرفتی تأثیرگذار است؛ بنابراین می‌توان گسترش ویروس کرونا را نوعی تروما دانست که بخشی از حافظۀ جمعی شهروندان در ایران و به‌ویژه کردستان را مرتبط با نوعی فاجعه مشغول کرده است.

A successful urban space is a space that causes social interactions between citizens. But with the advent of the Covid virus, urban spaces have lost their viability. The spread of Covid 19 has been significant for human disease, and there have been many changes in mobility patterns and all humans lives, especially in cities. However, urban spaces can play an important role in the spread and prevention of this disease. Epidemics have shaped the way cities are planned and configured. Throughout history, cities have evolved to solve health problems and create healthiness while providing space and opportunities for urban residents. Covid 19 will have important implications for how cities are planned. This study aimed to investigate the life experiences of the people of Rasht during the outbreak of Covid 19. The city of Rasht was one of the first areas of Covid 19 outbreak in Iran, and due to the unknown nature of this disease, the initial measures in this city were carried out slowly and without the sympathy and social support of the citizens. Therefore, during this crisis, Rasht has always been one of the cities in the red zone in terms of disease prevalence. By examining the life experience of the people in this period, it is possible to understand the dialectical relationship between the city and epidemics and to prepare cities for the not-too-distant future. The research method of this paper is quantitative and data collection has been done through surveys and documents. 413 questionnaires were published online among the citizens of Rasht and the data was analyzed in SPSS software by Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA). Also, to confirm the accuracy of the questionnaire, its Cronbach's alpha value was checked, which was calculated to be 0.844. This number indicates a very good and reliable internal validity of the questionnaire questions. The results identified 12 important factors, which are: The Degree of Nostalgia, Presence, Impact of the Corona-Social Restriction, Impact of the Corona-Occupational and Economic, Impact of the Corona-Mental and Psychological, Confidence in Governance Performance, Continuity of Electronic Services, Consciousness, Travel Pattern, Attitudes Towards Solutions, Physical Activity, Economics of the City. The obtained factors show the life pattern of the citizens in this period. From the results, it can be inferred that the Corona Virus has had a great impact on the human relationship with urban space and has limited citizens. The results of the research show the desire and interest of citizens to be present in urban places and spaces. The outbreak of coronavirus has prevented people from attending indoor, public gatherings and ceremonies, shopping in person, and engaging in religious activities. It has also limited communication between neighborhoods and neighbors. Citizens have also suffered from psychological problems due to not being in urban spaces and touching the sense of life and interacting with their fellow human beings. This has caused people to miss the urban spaces and places and everyone wants to be in the city and lively urban spaces.

Cultural heritage preservation is crucial to preserving communities' history, traditions, and societies. Urbanisation, globalisation, and natural calamities make cultural heritage preservation more crucial. Homestay programmes could help preserve cultural heritage. This study examines how homestays may preserve cultural heritage. Community-based tourism allows visitors to stay with local families and experience indigenous culture. Tourists can learn about, appreciate, and accept cultural variety by immersing themselves in local communities. Homestays encourage human interactions that help tourists and locals relate, unlike traditional cultural heritage conservation strategies that focus on goods and buildings. Tourists can learn about cultural heritage through daily activities, handicrafts, communal meals, and oral traditions. This study emphasises the need for creative and precise methods to protect material and immaterial cultural assets. Homestays can help preserve at-risk cultures, promote sustainable development, and provide local jobs. The study's findings can help other cultural heritage sites preserve history through homestays. Stakeholder participation, infrastructural development, and cultural sensitivity in cultural heritage homestays are examined in this study. The study also examines homestay marketing, promotion, training, and capacity-building to determine their cultural heritage preservation potential. This research may help lawmakers, tourism workers, and citizens preserve cultural practises through homestay schemes.

Uttarakhand, in the Himalayas of India, is a popular tourist destination due to its beautiful landscapes, diversified culture, and spiritual significance. Tourists seeking nature-based adventures are flocking to Uttarakhand. Snow-capped summits, calm lakes, verdant valleys, and pilgrimage sites draw people to the region. This study examines Uttarakhand's tourism potential and sustainability. The report emphasises homestays' role in Uttarakhand's sustainable tourism.As the tourism industry grows, so does the importance of sustainable tourism practises that protect the environment, preserve culture, and help indigenous peoples. Homestays have become a popular sustainable tourism alternative to traditional housing. Homestays allow guests to stay with locals for immersive experiences, cultural interaction, and community engagement. This study defines and analyses homestays in Uttarakhand. It examines their ability to promote sustainable tourism and their impact on local populations. The study's goals are two. This study examines Uttarakhand's diverse geographical and cultural landscape and homestays' unique qualities and potential. This study's second goal is to analyse

This study aims to examine the reviews of guests who had Airbnb experience in Mexico City, Athens, and Tokyo in terms of host-guest interaction. In this way, we intend to interpret guest's experience, satisfaction, recommend and revisit intention phenomenon in terms of depth and breadth of host's sincerity. We adopt an interpretive approach and a mixed method. That is, the study combines topic extracting technic by employing online secondary big data and explicating emerging themes and patterns. The paper highlights firstly sincerity of communication in sentences with host name emphasized. On the other hand, the host's responsive and communicative nature improves friendliness over time, which affects experience, satisfaction, recommend and revisit. Finally, Airbnb hosts are intermediator of local culture. In our research, a lexicon specific to our research topic (guest-host communication) was created by using topic extraction, Tf*Idf and named entity extraction techniques. The created lexicon can be used in other studies in this field. Furthermore, we conclude that using hosts' name in reviews by guest an important attribute of interaction. Findings from this study provides important managerial implications for hospitality industry and Airbnb hosts who attempt to interact with guest accurately. Thence the study suggests a communication should enclose diverse and accurate information, host should pay attention to be friendly and communicative, respond as quickly as possible.

Objectives: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused many deaths in Indonesia. This pandemic has caused changes in social life. There is no research that explores the public perceptions of the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. This phenomenological study aims to survey the public perceptions of the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. Methods: Ten people living in Indonesia were selected purposively. A semi-structured in-depth interview was used to collect data. The records were analysed using Colaizzi’s (1978) seven-step phenomenological analysis method. Results: Six themes were extracted from the perceptions: “COVID-19 is very dangerous”, “threats to social life”, “threats to the economic sector”, “threats to the education sector”, “Global conspiracy”, and “ Creating new jobs”. Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic in Indoensia has changed the social life of people and has affected various sectors such as education and economy. Information about the public perceptions during the pa...

Purpose: Diabetes, as one of the most common metabolic diseases, causes the death of a large number of people every year. It is predicted that the prevalence of this disease in the Middle East region will increase significantly by 2030. For this reason, this study has been conducted to compare the results of research conducted in the field of diabetes by researchers from the Middle East countries in the Web of Science database during 2010-2019 with indicators of intellectual and social influence. Intellectual influence, in the sense of the use of research results, is determined by calculating contemporary H, G, and H indices. Social influence is also calculated in terms of identifying authors and collaborations between them. This concept is identified through the calculation of coauthorship and also the indicators of degree, betweenness, and closeness centrality. Methodology: The current study is applied research. The indicators of intellectual influence and social influence of the Middle East countries and institutions in the field of diabetes were investigated using social network analysis. The community of this research includes articles indexed in the Web of Science database related to the authors of the Middle East countries in the field of diabetes from 2010 to 2019. Excel, BibExcel, and Pajek software have been used to calculate the indicators of intellectual influence and social influence. Findings: The findings showed that Turkey was the most prolific country in the field of diabetes in the Middle East, with 6701 articles. Iran was

The success of all institutes and organizations no matter the service one or productive one governmental or non_governmental depend on different factors one of which is customers satisfaction. In order to achieve in organization.Now a days satisfying the custamers is one of necessary factors in quality management systems. The different characteristics of services result in complexities in services quality evaluation and its improvement. This needs to a useful tool for evaluating the quality of a product. So considering the improvement in services qualities is necessary. Not using the scientific methods in evaluating and improving quality / inefficient usage of social capitals and poor policy in public acts will result in poor service quality.In this paper, the service and quality will be defined then we will present some of service quality domains like service quality in public sector (SERVQUAL Model) the relation between service quality and castomers, satisfaction in police section.

Introduction: Active aging is an important concept in the positive paradigm of aging that has attracted policy makers’ attention in the past two decades. However, active aging has been less underscored as an issue of research which can provide real and reliable insight about the aging population. Thus, the present study explored the nature, context, and influencing factors of active aging based on the experiences of the elderly. Method: This qualitative study was conducted through grounded theory method in 2014-2015. Sampling was initiated with purposeful sampling method and continued with theoretical sampling method. The study environment consisted of cultural centers, artistic-cultural associations, and parks in Tehran, Iran. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 35 elderly adults until data saturation was achieved. Data were analyzed and coded through 3 phases of open, axial, and selective coding suggested by Strauss and Corbin. Results: “Reduction of roles”...

The current research study investigates the local community's perception of yachting tourism amid the epidemic threat of COVID-19. The theoretical base of social exchange theory (SET), revised SET and protection motivation theory (PMT) were utilized for the purpose of this study. The conceptual model built within this study includes four exogenous variables (place community attachment, economic gain, environmental impacts and COVID-19 threat) and their impact on support yachting tourism, with the usage of two moderators (positive and negative impacts). The survey took place at a well-established yachting area in Greece, consisting of Volos, Skiathos, Skopelos and Alonissos. The proportional stratified random sampling method was utilized, and 410 questionnaires were collected from residents of the above cities. Results were analyzed with the PLS-SEM method. The study confirmed the residents' support to yachting tourism amid COVID-19 for four main reasons: It considered to add value to the overall image of the destination, an element highly appreciated from a community with strong place and community attachment, while generate economic profit. Additionally, the environmental impact of yachting tourism was perceived as low, making yachting an environmentally friendly activity in residents' minds. Finally, the local community seemed to feel confident about the effectiveness of measures taken and the adequacy of infrastructure in their area regarding the COVID-19 threat. Consequently, the epidemic did not constitute a strong reason against supporting yachting tourism, in comparison with the benefits for the local community. Finally, the study confirms the mediating role of positive impacts (PI) and negative impacts (NI) in our conceptual model, in accordance with SET and revised SET.

Introduction: Scientific evidence suggests the role of environmental pollutants, especially particulate mater in oxidative stress. However, the regular aerobic training has an important role in enhancing antioxidant defense and resistance to oxidative stress. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 6 weeks of aerobic training on the oxidative stress condition of male Wistar rats exposed to particulate matter. Methods: In this experimental study, 32 male rats (245 ± 8.5 g) aged 10 weeks, were divided into 4 groups of 8 rats each. The rats received the infusion of the particulate matter for 6 weeks through the nose. The exercise program included 6 weeks of aerobic training with 50% of maximum exercise; at the end of 6 weeks of the program, 24 hours after the last exercise session, blood samples were taken. Descriptive one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used in different groups. If analysis were significant, differences between groups were estimated ...

This research aims to investigate the effect of social media marketing on consumer behavior by means of brand equity, brand relationship quality and attitude towards brand among the customers of online shops in Tehran who have followed the social media of those online shops.<br /> In terms of research objectives; this research is an applied research and in terms of research strategies is a quantitative and survey- descriptive study. The sampling method of this study is random sampling and the data required to test the hypotheses were gathered by questionnaire. Finally, 391 questionnaires were gathered to analyze.<br /> The hypotheses of this research are analyzed and tested by using of structural equation modeling.<br /> The results show that the effect of social media marketing activities on brand equity and brand relationship quality are positive and significant. On the other hand, brand equity and brand relationship quality have positive and significant effect o...

Objective
Emerging crises such as the Covid-19 Pandemic raise many uncertainties and create information needs. Media are the most available sources to fulfill this need. Adopting appropriate strategies at the beginning of a crisis is a critical task the media can do to manage the situation. Based on crisis communication studies, rapid response to a crisis is needed, so the response at the outset is beneficial. Iranian Formal and social media during the Covid-19 pandemic adopted strategies to meet the information needs of the people and also to help solve the crisis, which makes it necessary to study their ways of responding to the crisis. Understanding the strategies of these two types of media both creates a context for evaluating their performance in crisis conditions and reveals the power and management style of informal media in Iran. A conceptual review of the published articles shows that no study has been reported with a direct focus on media management, especially traditional media. Also, studies related to crisis response strategies mainly focus on commercial companies and so far no article has been published about the response strategies of the Iranian media in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic.
Because the media messages in crises are indicative of their crisis response strategies, this paper focused on the situational crisis communication theory. Coombs (1955) suggested 5 types of strategies: Nonexistence which includes four tactics (deny, clarification, attack, intimidation); Distance by two tactics (Excuse and Justification); Ingratiation which consists of three tactics (bolstering, transcendence, and praising others); Mortification that is made of two tactics (remediation and repentance), and Suffering.
Research Methodology
News and content of the first 7 months of the epidemic on TV and Instagram are analyzed to study both the differences and similarities of crisis response strategies in them and to reveal the way of media management at the mentioned time. A total of 257 news items related to Corona virus have been broadcast by the first channel of the TV at 21.00, and 659 pieces of content related to the topic have been produced on Instagram sample pages all of which are analyzed.  The method used in this research article is a thematic analysis that is a type of qualitative data analysis. To find themes, structural coding is used. First, the coded text was described and the basic themes were identified. Then interpretative coding was done and the basic themes were divided into core themes or codes based on repetitive and distinctive features. Finally, global themes have been identified. In the heart of the global themes, there is a distinct concept that is called the macro theme. The validity of the research has been achieved by using a large amount of news and Instagram content in the research period which is named pluralism. The reliability of the research was measured in two stages of coding and the percentage of agreement was calculated during them. The percentage of agreement or PAO reliability coefficient in this study was 0.91, which is favorable.
Findings
The findings show the presence of three mega-themes in both media, which include the conditions of encountering the disease, the actors of the crisis, and the solutions to the crisis. In the news, Iran has been represented in the face of the coronavirus from two perspectives, that is, the conditions of governance and underlying factors. Iranian people are seen in two categories including good citizens and bad citizens which creates distance between different social groups. The problems of the medical system, the government's passivity, inaction, and sanctions are issues related to the theme of governance in Iran, which can be recognized in the news. Sanctions are caused by external factors and enemies, and the problems of the medical system have occurred due to the increase in the number of patients, which is different from the weakness and incompetence of the management of the medical system. This situation can be an indication of the suffering and hardship that the government has faced in the face of the Covid-19 pandemic. In the news, solutions are presented by three global themes, which include individual, collective, and political solutions. In total, political solutions were repeated 82 times, individual solutions 62 times, and collective solutions 12 times in the samples. Political solutions show the government's efforts to face the coronavirus and manage the pandemic in Iran. On Instagram, the issue of Covid- 19 pandemic is identified with three main themes, which are the nature of the disease, background conditions, and consequences. On Instagram, the dominant image is negative for the general public and positive for officials and medical staff. The reason for the negative portrayal of the people is the non-compliance with the guidelines. This way of narrating or portraying the actors creates a distance between the people and the officials and the medical staff. The solutions offered on Instagram are based on four global themes and include treatment, lifestyle changes, prevention, and management. In total, individual solutions (170) are thirteen times the number of non-individual solutions (13). The predominance of individual solutions to collective ones can be considered equivalent to assigning responsibility to individuals and emphasizing individual responsibility to solve the pandemic crisis.
Discussion & Conclusion
Applying the themes to crisis response strategies shows that both media have used four strategies of ingratiation, distance, suffering, and mortification. The tactic used in the two analyzed media for ingratiation strategy is praising. Creating two categories of good and bad agents, which are done in the form of negative activism of people/positive activism of officials on Instagram, or good and bad citizens on TV news, reveals the distancing strategy. The strategy of suffering by portraying Iran as a victim of the intentionality of malicious foreign enemies such as the United States, which is the cause of sanctions, is present in both media, but it is prominent on television. The strategy of mortification has been carried out with an emphasis on the allocation of support packages to the affected businesses and the implementation of the faithful sympathy plan by distributing food packages to families and disadvantaged groups. The two strategies of distance and suffering prevent the attribution of too much responsibility to the officials, and the two strategies of ingratiation and mortification try to prevent the attribution of responsibility for the crisis to the officials by spreading positive interpretations of the officials among the public opinion. The present study has implications for media management and is an attempt to enrich the research literature in the field of crisis communication and the role of the media in responding to the crisis.

Background & Aims: One of the psychological and social consequences of some diseases, especially infectious ones in any society is the patients' fear of social reactions, the stigma of the disease, and being a transmission agent. Due to wide effects of this Illness on various aspects of the society, not much attention has been paid to this issue. Therefore, the present study aimed to explain the lived experiences of nurses regarding social stigmas of Covid-19 pandemic. Materials & Methods: This qualitative study was conducted from march 2021 to march 2022 using interpretative phenomenology analysis. The participants were 12 nurses selected purposefully from the nurses of Babol University of Medical Sciences who had the experience of nurses caring for the patients with Covid-19 and had social stigma. The data were collected through semi-structured and individual interviews and analyzed simultaneously and continuously using Van Manen's method. Results: The lived experiences of nurses caring for the patients with Covid-19 include three main categories and six subcategories; the main categories were: Contradictory feelings (psychological tensions and positive attitude), Rejection (isolation and comprehensive rejection), and Adaptation strategies (self-awareness over time and the effective role of the media). Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, there is a need for strategies by managers and officials to check the level of mental health of nurses working in the Covid-19 unit in order to improve the quality of the patient care by identifying the psychological needs resulted from the social stigma of the medical staff working in the Covid ward. In addition, it is possible to improve this group's mental health and their families by designing psychosocial interventions related to destigmatization such as stress management courses and resilience training as well as conducting psychological counseling.

Introduction and Objective: Today, the flood phenomenon is one of the most complex and dangerous events that, more than other natural disasters, leads to human and financial losses and destruction of agricultural lands in different parts of the world every year. Material and Methods: Due to the flooding of Zolachai Watershed, Salmas County, it seems necessary to study and simulate the risk of floods in this area. Therefore, in this study, a combination of artificial perceptron neural network (MLP) and GIS has been used. First, the effective parameters in simulating flood areas such as: slope layer, height, flow direction, soil and land use were examined and these information layers were entered into GIS software. The information layers were processed with the Fishnet command. And each layer became a point.This data, along with the educational data received from Google Earth, was introduced to the perceptron neural network. Results: In the perceptron neural network, the input layers including 5 neurons and 16 nodes entered the model and the results showed that the height has the lowest weight (R 2 =0.713) and the highest weight related to the flow direction (R 2 =0.913) in simulating the Zolachai Watershedflood., Is the city of Salmas. Conclusion: It can be said that the combination of GIS and artificial neural network can be very useful for modeling and simulating floods in different spatial environments to prevent and reduce environmental hazards.