Climate Change

This paper has focused on the integration of Hybrid Renewable Energy, specifically the solar energy resources into conventional electric grid and deployment of smart architecture of hybrid energy system in the user-centric pervasive computing concept in the context of Kyoto Protocol for sustainable development of the rural and urban sector. A concept of next generation mobile smart-grid city for efficient real-time collaborative use of renewable and non-renewable energy sources at smart usercentric device for sustainable green environment in the context of climate change is proposed.

This paper has focused on the integration of Hybrid Renewable Energy, specifically the solar energy resources into conventional electric grid and deployment of smart architecture of hybrid energy system in the user-centric pervasive computing concept in the context of Kyoto Protocol for sustainable development of the rural and urban sector. A concept of next generation mobile smart-grid city for efficient real-time collaborative use of renewable and non-renewable energy sources at smart usercentric device for sustainable green environment in the context of climate change is proposed.

Already climate-related hazards are impacting sanitation systems in Indonesia and elsewhere, and climate models indicate these hazards are likely to increase in frequency and intensity. Without due attention, to maintain existing progress on Sustainable Development Goal 6’s target 6.2 and to increase it to meet ambitions for 2030 will be difficult. City governments need new forms of evidence to respond, as well as approaches to enable them to consider sufficient breadth of strategies to adapt effectively. This paper describes a co-production research process which engaged local governments in four cities in Indonesia experiencing different climate hazards. Local government engagement took place across three stages of (i) inception and design, (ii) participation as key informants and (iii) joint analysis and engagement on the findings. We adapted and simplified a risk prioritisation process based on current literature and employed a novel framework of a ‘climate resilient sanitation ...

Humans and monkeys have similar abilities to discriminate the difference in frequency between two mechanical vibrations applied sequentially to the fingertips. A key component of this sensory task is that the second stimulus is compared with the trace left by the first (base) stimulus, which must involve working memory. Where and how is this trace held in the brain? This question was investigated by recording from single neurons in the prefrontal cortex of monkeys while they performed the somatosensory discrimination task. Here we describe neurons in the inferior convexity of the prefrontal cortex whose discharge rates varied, during the delay period between the two stimuli, as a monotonic function of the base stimulus frequency. We describe this as 'monotonic stimulus encoding', and we suggest that the result may generalize: monotonic stimulus encoding may be the basic representation of one-dimensional sensory stimulus quantities in working memory. Thus we predict that othe...

The stored carbon in the above and below ground biomass of Porteresia coarctata was monitored for 12 consecutive years (March 2011-March 2022) along the Hooghly estuary in the maritime State of West Bengal, India. The stored carbon in the Above Ground Biomass (AGB) ranged between 60.42 gm m-2 to 118.46 gm m-2 and in the Below Ground Biomass (BGB) the stored carbon ranged from 62.75 gm m-2 to 74.96 gm m-2. We observed significant spatio-temporal variations in AGB, BGB, AGC and BGC of the species (p < 0.01). The overall result suggests the salt marsh grass species as a unique sink of carbon.

Central Chile is heavily exploited for mineral and water resources, with agriculture and large urban populations all creating intensive landscape use. Few records of past environmental and climate change are available that afford a broader context. To aid in this assessment, we present a 700-year reconstruction from Laguna del Maule (LdM) in the high Andes of central Chile based on sedimentological, geochemical, diatom and pollen analyses. The age model is based on 210Pb/137Cs and 14C dating tied into known volcanic eruptions. Sedimentology consists of organic-rich sediments and diatom oozes with several interspersed volcanic-rich facies and two tephra deposits. Sediment geochemistry exhibits increased productivity (high Br/Ti, biosilica) and more dominant oxic conditions (high Fe/Mn) from AD 1300 to 1400 and from AD 1650 to 1850, likely during periods of relatively lower lake levels and better development of littoral environments. However, during this later period, high elevation v...

The multi-proxy analysis of sediment cores recovered in karstic Lake Estanya (42°02' N, 0°32' E; 670 m a. s. l., NE Spain), located in the transitional area between the humid Pyrenees and the semi-arid Central Ebro Basin, provides the first high-resolution, continuous sedimentary record in the region, extending back the last 21 000 years. The integration of sedimentary facies, elemental and isotopical geochemistry and biogenic silica, together with a robust age model based on 17 AMS radiocarbon dates, enables precise reconstruction of the main hydrological and environmental changes in the region during the last deglaciation. Arid conditions, represented by shallow lake levels, predominantly saline waters and reduced organic productivity occurred throughout the Last Glacial Maximum (21 -18 cal kyrs BP) and the late glacial, reaching their maximum intensity during the period 18 -14.5 cal kyrs BP (including Heinrich event 1) and the Younger Dryas (12.9 -11.6 cal kyrs BP). Less saline conditions characterized the 14.5 -12.6 cal kyrs BP period, suggesting higher effective moisture during the Bölling/Allerød. The onset of more humid conditions started at 9.4 cal kyrs, indicating a delayed hydrological response to the onset of the Holocene which is also documented in several sites of the Mediterranean Basin. Higher, although fluctuating, Holocene lake levels were punctuated by a mid Holocene arid period between 4.8 and 4.0 cal kyrs BP. A major lake-level rise occurred at 1.2 cal kyrs BP, conducive to the establishment of conditions similar to the present and interrupted by a last major water level drop, occurring around 800 cal yrs BP, which coincides with the Medieval Climate Anomaly. The main hydrological stages in Lake Estanya are in phase with most Western Mediterranean and North Atlantic continental and marine records, but our results also show similarities with other Iberian and northern African reconstructions, emphasizing peculiarities of palaeohydrological evolution of the Iberian Peninsula during the last deglaciation.

A palaeobotanical analysis of the Pleistocene floras and vegetation in the Iberian Peninsula shows the existence of patched landscapes with Pinus woodlands, deciduous and mixed forests, parklands (savannah-like), shrublands, steppes and grasslands. Extinctions of Arctotertiary woody taxa are recorded during the Early and Middle Pleistocene, but glacial refugia facilitated the survival of a number of temperate, Mediterranean and Ibero-North African woody angiosperms. The responses of Iberian vegetation to climatic changes during the Pleistocene have been spatially and temporarily complex, including rapid changes of vegetation in parallel to orbital and suborbital variability, and situations of multi-centennial resilience or accommodation to climatic changes. Regional characteristics emerged as soon as for the Middle Pleistocene, if not earlier: Ericaceae in the Atlantic coast indicating wetter climate, thermo-mediterranean elements in the south as currently, and broad-leaf trees in the northeastern. Overall, steppe landscapes and open Pinus woodlands prevailed over many continental regions during the cold spells of the Late Pleistocene. The maintenance of a high phytodiversity during the glacials was linked to several refuge zones in the coastal shelves of the Mediterranean and intramountainous valleys. Northern Iberia, especially on coastal areas, was also patched with populations of tree species, and this is not only documented by palaeobotanical data (pollen, charcoal) but also postulated by phylogeographical models.

The multi-proxy study of sediment cores from karstic Lake Estanya (Pre-Pyrenean Range, NE Spain) provides the first complete, continuous record of the hydrological evolution in the northeastern Iberian Peninsula over the last 9,500 cal years. Six sedimentary facies and four main sedimentary units have been defined after integration of sedimentological, mineralogical and geochemical analyses. The use of Total Sulphur content and sedimentary facies as paleohydrological proxies allows reconstruction of relative changes in lake level. The Estanya record shows a large increase in water availability after 9.2 ka, fluctuating lake levels and salinity during the period 9.2 -4.2 ka; and generally higher lake levels after 1.7 ka. Periods of increased run-off and sediment delivery and less saline conditions occurred at 8.5-8.2, 6.7 -5.9, and 4.9 -4.2 ka. Dominant lower lake levels and concentrated waters during the period 4.2 -0.8 ka were punctuated by a higher lake level, higher clastic input episode ca. 1.7-1 ka. Fluctuating, but higher lake levels occurred during the last 800 years. The main hydrological phases in Lake Estanya are coherent with

Low-and high-frequency climatic fluctuations in northern Iberian Peninsula during the last glacial maximum (LGM) and deglaciation are documented in a stalagmite using δ 18 O and δ 13 C and hydrologically sensitive trace metal ratios Mg/Ca and Ba/Ca. U/Th dating indicates speleothem growth commenced at 25 kyr BP (Present = year 1950) and extended to 11.6 kyr BP making this one of few European speleothem growing during the last glacial period. Rapid climatic fluctuations as Heinrich event 2 (H2) and Greenland Interstadial (GI-) 2 are well characterized in this record by more arid and cold conditions and by more humid conditions, respectively. Speleothem growth ceased from 18.2 to 15.4 kyr BP (the so-called Mystery Interval) likely reflecting the driest and potentially coldest conditions of this record, coincident with the 2 kyr duration shutdown of the North Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC). A major gradual increase in humidity and possibly in temperature occurred from 15.5 to 13.5 kyr BP, beginning in the Bølling and culminating in the Allerød period. This gradual humidity change contrasts with more abrupt humidity shifts in the Mediterranean, suggesting a different climate threshold for Mediterranean vs. Atlantic margin precipitation.

The paper will analyse some of the concepts and principles of green building in the context of cities adaptation to climate change, which could be applied more in Serbia in the future. Having in mind the problem and their impact on the adaptation, mitigation and resilience of cities to the new changes two different approaches have being considered. The first approach considers the city area as an environment defined through plans on a different level that integrates defining rules and tools for adapting to climate change. The second direction is focused on the impact of independent projects, which can be the initiators of adaptation to climate change on a wider scale. Belgrade", whose investor is "JKP Gradske pijace" (PE City markets), The second study analyses the competition entry for the former Beobanka building in Zeleni venac, Belgrade. The project's aim was to determine the possible ways of integrating the principles of green building in the processes of adaptation of existing buildings to new uses.

Climate change is affecting berry cultivation. Goodberry Project focuses on the improvement of berry crops, studying fruit quality in different cultivars and climatic zones. Goodberry aims to discover which berry cultivars have the highest quality, in order to produce year-round, tasty, healthy fruits. 1Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora” – University of MalagaConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry; Campus de Teatinos, 29071, Málaga, Spain. 2Sant&#39;Orsola Società Cooperativa Agricola, Via Lagorai, 131,38057 Pergine Valsugana (TN), Italy. 3 Ciref Création Variétale Fraises Fruits Rouge. Douville, 24140, Dordogne, France. 4Instytut Ogrodnictwa (INHORT), Skierniewice, Pologne. 5Hochschule Geisenheim University, 65366 Geisenheim, Germany. 6NIBIO, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, NO-1431, Ås, Norway. 7INRA, UMR1332 BFP, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France, Université de...

The impact of climate change on sediment transport in the Tigris River and its tributaries • Assessement on how sediment transport affects the design life of the makhool dam reservoir • The influence of the makhool dam reservoir on river flows is investigated • The research formulates adaptive strategies and implements measures to mitigate the consequences of climate change Makhool Dam is a proposed structure on the Tigris River in the Salah al-Din Governorate, northwest of Baiji. The reservoir's sediment sources encompass the Tigris River, the Greater Zab River, and the Lesser Zab River. Climate change exerts a significant influence on both sediment accumulation within the dam reservoir and associated water resources. This paper specifically investigates the impact of climate change on sediment dynamics within the Makhool Dam reservoir. HEC-RAS 6.3.1 has been used to simulate the sediment dynamics and flow for the three rivers entering the reservoir. The SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 emission scenarios were applied to the

Discussion of policy approaches to reducing greenhouse gas emissions currently centers on emission trading, virtually to the exclusion of all other options. While trading has a place in the policy portfolio needed to mitigate global warming, it alone will not be sufficient. Although the Clean Air Act is not a perfect fit for the problem of climate change, its cooperative federalism framework can help fill the gaps left by an emission trading strategy. A mandate, modeled on the State Implementation Plan program, that states inventory emission sources and meet emission-reduction targets is better suited than markets to motivate behavioral change. Technology-based regulation, with minimum standards set at the federal level with one or more states allowed to impose more stringent standards, can better drive innovation. In crafting federal climate change legislation, Congress should look to tailor these elements of the Clean Air Act to the greenhouse gas problem, rather than tossing them out in favor of a strictly market-based approach.

Despite the existence of a large and growing literature on the potential impact of climate change on agriculture, there still exists some disagreement about the magnitude and even the sign. Our own research suggests that the impact on U.S. agriculture is likely to be strongly negative, based on a series of studies in which we link farmland values to climate variables, and crop yields to both climate and yearly weather variables. Results are significant, robust, and consistent across data sets and methods. A recent but influential study by Deschênes and Greenstone (2007b) reports dramatically different results: based on regressions of agricultural profits and yields on weather variables, they conclude that the impact of climate change will be either insignificant or positive. In this paper we reconcile these conflicting results. Likely explanations for the divergence between our findings and theirs are: (1) missing and almost certainly incorrect weather and climate data in their study, amplified by the use of state-by-year fixed effects that absorb most year-to-year weather variation but leave data errors intact; (2) their unusual and in our judgment incorrect treatment of climatechange predictions; (3) their use of the older Hadley II climate model for climate change predictions rather than the more recent and less optimistic Hadley III climate model used in the Fourth IPCC Report and in our studies; and (4) theoretical difficulties in their profitbased approach due to the confounding effects of storage and possibly also capital and inventory adjustments and local price movements associated with weather fluctuations. A careful account of these factors shows that the balance of evidence weighs heavily on the side of severe adverse potential impacts on U.S. agriculture by the end of the century, and probably sooner, stemming from anticipated global warming.

Mounting evidence indicates that climate tipping points can have large, potentially irreversible, impacts on the earth system and human societies. Yet, climate change metrics applied in current sustainability assessment methods generally do not consider these tipping points, with the use of arbitrarily determined time horizons and assumptions that the climate impact of a product or service is independent of emission timing. Here, we propose a new method for calculating climate tipping characterization factors for greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide) at midpoint. It covers 13 projected tipping points, incorporates the effect that the crossing of a given tipping point has on accelerating the crossing of other tipping points, and addresses uncertainties in the temperature thresholds that trigger the tipping points. To demonstrate the added value of the new metric, we apply it to emissions stemming from end-of-life of plastic polymers and compare them with commonly used metrics. This highlights the need to consider climate tipping in sustainability assessment of products and services.

Tree diversity in Asia&#39;s tropical and subtropical forests is central to nature‐based solutions. Species vulnerability to multiple threats, which affect provision of ecosystem services, is poorly understood. We conducted a region‐wide, spatially explicit assessment of the vulnerability of 63 socioeconomically important tree species to overexploitation, fire, overgrazing, habitat conversion, and climate change. Trees were selected for assessment from national priority lists, and selections were validated by an expert network representing 20 countries. We used Maxent suitability modeling to predict species distribution ranges, freely accessible spatial data sets to map threat exposures, and functional traits to estimate threat sensitivities. Species‐specific vulnerability maps were created as the product of exposure maps and sensitivity estimates. Based on vulnerability to current threats and climate change, we identified priority areas for conservation and restoration. Overall, 74...

Code Jaune, design et créativité Québec (Québec) Canada ISBN version imprimée : 978-2-89481-084-2 ISBN version électronique : 978-2-89481-085-9 Ce document de synthèse a été préparé par ÉcoRessources Consultants pour le compte de l'Institut de l'énergie et de l'environnement de la Francophonie (IEPF) et ne représente pas nécessairement le point de vue de l'une ou l'autre de ces organisations. La version complète du Guide des négocations pour la CdP-17 est disponible sur le site Internet de l'IEPF : www.iepf.org/ressources/ressources-pub.php?id=13

Recent assessments of future risk to atoll habitability have focused on island erosion and submergence, and have overlooked the effects of other climate-related drivers, as well as differences between ocean basins and island types. Here we investigate the cumulative risk arising from multiple drivers (sea-level rise; changes in rainfall, ocean-atmosphere oscillations and tropical cyclone intensity; ocean warming and acidification) to five Habitability Pillars: Land, Freshwater supply, Food supply, Settlements and infrastructure, and Economic activities. Risk is assessed for urban and rural islands of the Pacific and Indian Oceans, under RCP2.6 and RCP8.5, in 2050 and 2090, and considering a moderate adaptation scenario. Risks will be highest in the Western Pacific which will experience increased island destabilization together with a high threat to freshwater, and decreased land-based and marine food supply from reef-dependent fish and tuna and tuna-like resources. Risk accumulation will occur at a lower rate in the Central Pacific (lower pressure on land, with more limited cascading effects on other Habitability Pillars; increase in pelagic fish stocks) and the Central Indian Ocean (mostly experiencing increased land destabilization and reef degradation). Risk levels will vary significantly between urban islands, depending on geomorphology and local shoreline disturbances. Rural islands will

Cumulative and synergistic impacts from environmental pressures, particularly in low-lying tropical coastal regions, present challenges for the governance of ecosystems, which provide natural resource-based livelihoods for communities. Here, we seek to understand the relationship between responses to the impacts of El Niño and La Niña events and the vulnerability of mangrove-dependent communities in the Caribbean region of Colombia. Using two case study sites, we show how communities are impacted by, and undertake reactive short-term responses to, El Niño and La Niña events, and how such responses can affect their adaptive capacity to progressive environmental deterioration. We show that certain coping measures to climate variability currently deliver maladaptive outcomes, resulting in circumstances that could contribute to system ‘lock-in’ and engender undesirable ecological states, exacerbating future livelihood vulnerabilities. We highlight the significant role of social barriers...

Chapter 6 Stratospheric Chemistry Lead Authors: Martyn Chipperfield & Douglas Kinnison Co-Authors: Slimane Bekki Huisheng Bian Christoph Bruhl Tim Canty Irene Cionni Sandip Dhomse Lucien Froidevaux Ryan Fuller Rolf Muller Michael Prather Ross Salawitch Michelle Santee Wenshou Tian Simone Tilmes Acknowledgements: Anu Dudhia, Ben Johnson, Ashley Jones, Perrine Lemennais, Beiping Luo, Alexei Rozanov, Thomas Peter, Virginie Poulain, Bjorn-Martin Sinnhuber, Jo Urban, Kaley Walker

Climate change makes conditions suitable or unsuitable for growing crops in different regions. The greatest threat posed by climate change is change in monsoon. A period of drought is defined by low average precipitation, poor rain or higher evaporation rates which reduces crop growth and yield. In this study, an attempt was made to characterize agricultural drought with the help of rainfed rice crop yield rate and rainfall. Rainfall data and rainfed rice or Aman rice yield rate data from 1978 to 2020 of Malda district in West Bengal were analyzed for determining the probability of rainfed rice specific drought in Malda. An amount of 36.3 mm rainfall for three consecutive weeks was identified as drought threshold value in the test location. The recurrence of drought for the study area has also been studied.

The present study was conducted to identify the best fitted time series model to describe the annual and monsoon rainfall in Cooch Behar District of West Bengal. Rainfall data for 40 years, i.e. from 1978 to 2017 was collected from Indian Meteorological Department, Pune. The three stage Box Jenkins procedure for selection of Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average model was performed. From the evaluation of model combinations, it was found that ARIMA (0,0,1) is the most appropriate model for fitting both monsoon as well as annual rainfall data. ARIMA (0,0,1) possessed lowest Bayesian Information Criteria and Root Mean Square Error. The Absolute Relative Percent Forecast Error was utilized for confirming the predictive power of the identified best fitted model. The same model was used for predicting the annual and monsoon rainfall for the next three years.

A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar o custo das emissões de gases causadores do efeito estufa aos resultados das empresas, verificando qual seria o impacto no lucro, como se comportam os setores empresariais, comparando-os quanto à eficiência de emissões em função da receita gerada. O estudo baseou-se nas demonstrações financeiras publicadas por todas as empresas participantes do Índice Carbono Eficiente, no ano de 2010. Em seguida procedeu-se ao cálculo de dois indicadores para analisar a eficiência de emissões das empresas e setores, representando a capacidade das companhias em gerar receitas líquidas e lucro operacional para cada unidade de tCO 2 e emitida. O estudo evidenciou que as empresas dos setores de Serviços e Intermediários Financeiros possuem menores alterações em seus resultados, com redução de 0,05% e 0,06%, respectivamente. Sob uma perspectiva geral notou-se que o resultado das empresas é afetado apenas marginalmente. Sob uma observação global o custo ambiental das emissões de GEE reduzem o resultado das empresas em 1,82%. Excetuam-se os setores de Aviação e Químicas com diminuições bem mais expressivas. Obviamente diversos outros custos ambientais, decorrentes do impacto das empresas no meio ambiente, não foram objeto de verificação o que poderia alterar o posicionamento dos setores empresariais.

A Systematic study has been carried out to assess the water quality index of Buhana Teshil of Jhunjhunu district. 35 water samples from 35 sampling stations were collected and analysed for physico -chemical parameters (PH,EC Alkalinity, Cl-,TH, TDS, Ca2+, Mg2+,NO3-,F-,SO42-). The analytical data of various physico Chemical parameters indicates that some parameters like PH,EC,TDS,TSS,Ca2+,Mg2+ are found to be in excess than the prescribed limit in some water samples of the study areas. The WQI value indicates that water samples of some sampling stations are quite unfit for drinking purpose because of high value of Ca2+, Mg2+, TH etc. suitable suggestions were made to improve the water quality.

Various poverty reduction programs targeting women as actors have been carried out decades, one example being the Maju Mandiri Indonesian Women's Village Model (PRIMA Village). However, only a few of those programs have succeeded in increasing women's capacity, to be a decision-makers in using livelihood assets. This livelihood asset research model is used to determine the survival strategies of women in Sambirejo Village through two steeps of identification (1) identification of village potential and product potential, (2) identification of human resources. Sambirejo Village, Gunung Kidul regency, DIY province is an example of the PRIMA Village Model in the form of the "Kelorisation Program" means planting Moringa in the fields and processing Moringa as a household product for economic improvement. This study is a descriptive qualitative approach based on primary and secondary data. Some techniques for obtain data are in-depth interviews, observation, Focus Group Discussion and research document. Then data analysis is classified into data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and data conclusion in order to understand how far the women group in the village use and maintain livelihood assets throughout their lives. This study found that the program of prima has succeeded in increasing women's house hold income, as well as improving self-confidence. Women have succeeded in using all potential/resources, both natural and social in order to increase their capacity as human beings. Economic development impacted on women capacity and independency in refusing sharkloan and it positively impacts on their mental health.

Interest in the impacts of climate change and extreme weather events on regions throughout the world has taken on a new and more urgent focus in recent years. As attention has turned to understanding climate change adaptation, researches have begun considering the ways in which social vulnerability to climate related events can be understood and analysed so as to aid in policy development. This paper continues this growing research theme by developing a social vulnerability index for flood using the Gold Coast region as an example. Using data from a variety of sources the paper illustrates how when the social dimension of flood vulnerability is incorporated into an understanding of the physical threat of flood, a more meaningful focus on potential adaptation measures is attained. In the middle of the last century 30 percent of the globe's approximately 2.5 billion people lived in cities. Now, a little more than 50 years later, half the world's population live in urban settlements. Historically the concentration of population in the urban form has been to the greater social benefit: to defend together, to produce together and to exchange amongst each other. The consequences of global warming, however, are exacerbated by urban settlement. Large concentrations of people fixed in space are particularly vulnerable to the structural effects of global and regional climate change such as rising sea-levels, 1

Alhamdulillah, I am very grateful to ALLAH SWT for giving me the key and opportunity to accomplish my Final Year Project. My deepest thanks to my dearest family which is always supports and prays on me throughout this project. Their blessing gave me strength and motivated me to face any problem that occurred and overcome them appropriately. I would like to take this opportunity to express gratitude to my dedicated supervisor, Mr Syahmi bin Jamaludin for his guide that help this project at every stage and getting things done by sharing his valuable ideas and knowledge. 1 would also like to thank to all UNIMAS ' s lecturers and staff whom had helped directly or indirectly thus making this project a reality. Not forgotten to my friends, Hamizah, Asyraf, Azim, Faqih, Shafiq, Zane Fauzan and Hafizi for their openhandedly and compassionately guided, assisted and supported me to make this project successful. The great cooperation, kindheartedness and readiness to share worth experiences that have been shown by them will be always appreciated and treasured by me, thank you . Asyraf, Azim, Faqih, compassionately guided, assisted and supported them will be always appreciated and treasured by me, thank you. Alhamdulillah, I am very grateful to ALLAH SWT for giving me the key and opportunity to accomplish my Final Year Project. My deepest thanks to my dearest family which is always supports and prays on me throughout this project. Their blessing gave me strength and motivated me to face any problem that occurred and overcome them appropriately. I would like to take this opportunity to express gratitude to my dedicated supervisor, Mr Syahmi bin Jamaludin for his guide that help this project at every stage and getting things done by sharing his valuable ideas and knowledge. I would also like to thank to all UNIMAS's lecturers and staff whom had helped directly or indirectly thus making this project a reality. Not forgotten to my friends, Hamizah, Shafiq, Zane Fauzan and Hafizi for their openhandedly and me to make this project successful. The great cooperation, kindheartedness and readiness to share worth experiences that have been shown by

Water one of the main sources for human survival and growth. The Government of India has recognized the importance of proper utilization of this very special solution and has mentioned the special challenges faced with its management. Through this research we have attempted to understand and evaluate the main causes of lack of proper water management in urban cities by using available literature as well involving the officials of local bodies involved in its management. In this research we collected opinions through an open-ended questionnaire from the people mostly involved in its management. The respondents were of the favor of setting up of boards and accountable bodies for proper management of resources.

The Geomitrini is the most species-rich group of land snails in the Madeiran Archipelago. The phylogeny of the group is reconstructed based on mitochondrial and nuclear genetic markers. The timing of diversifi cation, the colonisation history of the islands of the Madeiran Archipelago and the evolution of characters of the dart apparatus are studied. The results of the phylogenetic analyses confi rm the sister group relationship of Geomitrini and Cochlicellini, but also show that several previously accepted genus-group taxa are not monophyletic. A new classifi cation for the Geomitrini is proposed, including the description of two new genera, Brozzo, De Mattia, Harl & Neiber, n. gen. and Brozzo, De Mattia, Harl & Neiber, n. gen. The onset of diversifi cation of Geomitrini was dated in our analysis at 13 Ma, which largely coincides with the emergence of the present-day islands. The ancestral state estimation recovered the presence of two appendiculae in the reproductive system as the ancestral state in Geomitrini. One appendicula was lost three times independently within the tribe and is even missing completely in one group. The ancestral area estimation suggests recurrent colonisations of Madeira (and the Ilhas Desertas) from the older island Porto Santo.

In 1959, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) began its routine operation of weather forecasting with an electronic computer. It was based on previous work carried out by researchers who had formed a study group called the "Tokyo NP group." The present lecture attempts to describe the early developments of numerical prediction by those meteorologists in the 1950s. Particular attention will be paid to the prediction of the movement of a typhoon, the method for which was developed independently in Japan. Numerical weather prediction with an electronic computer was first conducted in 1950 in the United States. It was done by a research group led by J. Charney at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton. The results of Charney and others greatly impressed S. Syono, then professor at Tokyo University and an expert in dynamical meteorology. One of Syono's students, K. Gambo, made contact with Charney and studied at Princeton from 1952 to 1954. The American success pushed Japanese meteorologists to investigate numerical prediction, and Syono organized the "NP group" at the end of 1953. Gambo became a de facto leader after his return to Japan.

In 1959, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) began its routine operation of weather forecasting with an electronic computer. It was based on previous work carried out by researchers who had formed a study group called the ”Tokyo NP group.” The present lecture attempts to describe the early developments of numerical prediction by those meteorologists in the 1950s. Particular attention will be paid to the prediction of the movement of a typhoon, the method for which was developed independently in Japan.

Introduction: It is important to assess the impact of floods in any region, since knowledge of which could facilitate health and other sector planning during disasters. People in disaster areas face various challenges including disease outbreaks, inadequate sanitation, lack of essential services, displacement and so on. Objective: To assess the challenges faced by the people during disasters using Participatory Rural/Research Appraisal (PRA) tools in rural areas of districts of Bihar. Methodology: Study was conducted during the period of August-September 2017 among the people residing in villages in Bihar. Data was collected using Participatory research tools such as Focus Group Discussions (FGD), In Depth Interviews (IDI) and cause outcome analysis. Thematic frame work approach was used for data analysis. Results: A total of four FGDs, eight IDIs and three cause outcome analyses were conducted. Challenges faced by the people in pre & post disaster phases include: Medical-Injuries, ...

Indonesia is experiencing dynamic land change. One area in Indonesia that has experienced high land use change is Central Cikarang District. Landsat 9 image sensing and land cover data from the Ministry of Environment and Forestry show the increased temperature in the Central Cikarang District area since 2004. Based on the NDVI analysis, the residential area has increased, and the area of green vegetation has decreased. Analysis of temperature changes using satellite imagery also shows a wider distribution of hot temperatures in the 2004-2022 range. From the two data analyses that were carried out, a regression test was carried out to determine the correlation between air temperature and vegetation density. The results of the regression test obtained an R2 value of 7.2%. It is also known that the value of the regression coefficient is negative, which means that the correlation of the two data is inversely proportional. So this research analyzes changes in land cover to changes in temperature.

Soppsjukdommer i skog-, jord-og hagebruk, 2) Skogproduksjon og teknologi, 3) Bioteknologi og molekylaer genetikk, 4) Terrestrisk økologi, 5) Skadedyr og ugras i skog-, jord-og hagebruk, 6) Skoggenetikk og biomangfold (NIBIO); 7) Vitenskapskomiteen for mat og miljø (VKM), 8) Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA), 9) UiT Norges Arktiske Universitet, 10) Norsk institutt for luftforskning (NILU)

This article summarizes the first results of the Interreg IIIB project &quot;Sea Level Change Affecting the Spatial Development of the Baltic Sea Region&quot; (SEAREG). The effects of climate change scenarios have been widely discussed in public and within the scientific community in recent years. The SEAREG project addresses socio-economic and environmental aspects of sea level rise in the Baltic Sea region (BSR) by finding appropriate applications of climate modelling in local and regional planning systems. A rise of the sea level might lead to major flooding events, having severe impacts on the spatial development of cities and regions of the BSR. One basic task in the SEAREG project is to outline the major impact zones caused by sea level rise in the Baltic Sea region by using GIS-based methods. Ocean model and land uplift rate are factors that must be taken into account in addressing flood prone areas. The Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI) utilized two em...

Zooplankton play an important role in the marine food web and are abundant on the Namibian coast, which is part of the highly productive Benguela upwelling system. In the Benguela system zooplankton populations are dominated by copepods and euphausiids. The abundance and distribution of zooplankton are affected by various environmental factors such as temperature, light intensity and dissolved oxygen (DO). This study investigated the relationship between DO and the diversity of zooplankton at different depths in the water column on the continental shelf off the Namibian coast. There was a positive correlation between DO and diversity of zooplankton offshore (Pearson’s r =0.83), while there exists a very weak positive correlation between DO and zooplankton diversity onshore (r= 0.196). Diversity of zooplankton does not differ significantly with depth at both onshore and offshore stations (Shannon’s Index H 0 &lt; 1). However, Divesity of zooplankton between offshore (H 0 =2.8 to 3.6)...

Scale has a central role in the modelling of an urban heat island (UHI). In the present study, the effects of the spatial extent of explanatory variables and modelling approach were explored in Turku (179 000 inhabitants), SW Finland, based on the average temperatures recorded by 50 temperature loggers over a 2 yr period. First, the optimal monthly circle of influence around temperature measurement points was determined for 6 urban and 6 non-urban explanatory variables. Second, the independent effect of the intercorrelated urban variables was tested using hierarchical partitioning (HP), a method for tackling multicollinearity. Third, the relative importance of the strongest urban variable was explored with 6 non-urban variables utilizing HP and multiple linear regression (LR). The mode of the optimal monthly buffer size was 1000 m for the urban variables and 2000 m for the non-urban variables. The optimal buffer size of the urban variables was largest in spring and smallest in autumn and winter. A clear seasonal trend was not observed with the non-urban variables. Based on HP, the strongest urban variable had a more independent effect on temperatures than the non-urban variables. The importance of the 'best' urban variable was also revealed in LR. Of the non-urban variables, the importance of the Landsat ETM+ derived 'greenness' variable was highlighted in HP and 'water bodies' in LR. In conclusion, the circle of influence of the explanatory variables varied substantially. Scale should be considered before doing multivariate analyses in UHI studies. Methodologically, the HP technique complements traditional UHI studies in multivariate model settings.

In this work, the prediction of the distribution of M. urundeuva Fr. All. was performed based on the region of natural occurrence of the species. Its geographic coordinates were obtained from online databases CRIA and SpecialLinks, from scientific articles and fieldwork carried out by Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) in Ilha Solteira, São Paulo, Brazil. M. urundeuva is a native tree species with great potential for commercial use in Brazil. For this purpose, ecological niche modeling was used, with current layers of climate variables and layers prepared for future climate scenarios, according to the 4th Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (AR4/IPCC), using Worldclim data on Brazil. With the Open Modeller and ArcGIS programs, maps were generated to predict its occurrence for the current period and future climate scenarios, made according to the projections of global climate changes. With the projection of increases in temperature and precipitation in the are...

A master plan to strengthen the weak links in the coastal defence line in the Belgium is established based on coastal flooding risk calculations. This plan takes into account an average climate change scenario to be expected in the coming decades until 2050, namely an increase of surge levels of 30 cm. More long term climate change scenarios were also investigated. A worst credible extreme scenario for the 21st century change of the hydrometeorological North Sea climate was defined, with a mean sea level rise of 2 m combined with a 8% increase of extreme wind speeds. Alternative measures to manage coastal flooding risks under such climate scenario were studied to find robust measures to adapt coastal protection to climate change until 2100. The Belgian coastal zone is low-lying, highly populated and it is very vulnerable to increased coastal flooding risks by climate change. The methodology for the coastal flooding risk calculations is based on a chain of numerical models describing...

Disasters, both natural and man-made, are important factors that not only bring about widespread damages and socioeconomic losses, but seriously retard human progress. At the same time, human societies, now more than ever before, are faced with delicate issues of achieving development and ensuring that development processes are sustained. Since the end of the last century, the issue of sustainability of developmental processes had become an issue of much dialogue and academic discourse, which has substantially dominated multilateral and international relations. This paper examines how disaster management strategies can be integrated with those of sustainable development. The paper discusses the disaster management cycle and shows how development considerations contribute to all its aspects. It concluded that for sustainable disaster management to be achieved and risk to disaster reduced, environmental considerations must be a central part of government and industry decision-making p...