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- Fig. 8 The muscles of forceful breathing . The color code is the same as on the left. In addition to a more forceful and extensive contraction of the diaphragm, the intercostal muscles are aided by the accessory muscles of inhalation to exaggerate the movement of the ribs upwards, causing a greater expansion of the rib cage. During exhalation, apart from the relaxation of the muscles of inhalation, the abdominal muscles actively contract to pull the lower edges of the rib cage downwards decreasing the volume of the rib cage, while at the same time pushing the diaphragm upwards deep into the thorax. (en)
- Fig. 5 In this view of the rib cage the downward slope of the lower ribs from the midline outwards can be clearly seen. This allows a movement similar to the "pump handle effect", but in this case, it is called the bucket handle movement. The color of the ribs refers to their classification, and is not relevant here. (en)
- Fig. 12 A diagrammatic histological cross-section through a portion of lung tissue showing a normally inflated alveolus , and its walls containing the pulmonary capillaries . This illustrates how the pulmonary capillary blood is completely surrounded by alveolar air. In a normal human lung, all the alveoli together contain about 3 liters of alveolar air. All the pulmonary capillaries contain about 100ml of blood. (en)
- Fig. 7 The muscles of breathing at rest: inhalation on the left, exhalation on the right. Contracting muscles are shown in red; relaxed muscles in blue. Contraction of the diaphragm generally contributes the most to the expansion of the chest cavity . However, at the same time, the intercostal muscles pull the ribs upwards also causing the rib cage to expand during inhalation . The relaxation of all these muscles during exhalation causes the rib cage and abdomen to elastically return to their resting positions. Compare with Fig. 6, the MRI video of the chest movements during the breathing cycle. (en)
- Fig. 4 The effect of the muscles of inhalation in expanding the rib cage. The particular action illustrated here is called the pump handle movement of the rib cage. (en)
- Fig. 11 A highly diagrammatic illustration of the process of gas exchange in the mammalian lungs, emphasizing the differences between the gas compositions of the ambient air, the alveolar air with which the pulmonary capillary blood equilibrates, and the blood gas tensions in the pulmonary arterial and venous blood . All the gas tensions are in kPa. To convert to mm Hg, multiply by 7.5. (en)
- A complete, schematic view of the human respiratory system with their parts and functions (en)
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