.\" -*-nroff-*-
.\"
.\" With the exception of the "install-sh" script and the "getopt.c" source,
.\" this software is released under a BSD-style license. See the LICENSE
.\" file for details.
.\"
.\" Copyright (c) 2003-2006 Brian M. Clapper, bmc <at> clapper <dot> org
.\"
.\" $Id$
.\" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
.\"
.ie n .ds Bu o
.el   .ds Bu \(bu
.\"
.TH daemonize 1 "August 2006" Unix "User Manuals"
.SH NAME
.PP
daemonize \- run a program as a Unix daemon
.SH SYNOPSIS
.PP
.B daemonize
[-a]
[-c \fIdirectory\fP]
[-e \fIstderr\fP]
[-o \fIstdout\fP]
[-p \fIpidfile\fP] 
[-l \fIlockfile\fP]
[-u \fIuser\fP]
[-v]
.I "path [arg] ..."
.SH DESCRIPTION
.PP
.B daemonize
runs a command as a Unix daemon. 
As defined in W. Richard Stevens' 1990 book,
.I "Unix Network Programming"
(Addison-Wesley, 1990), a daemon is
\*(lqa process that executes `in the background' (i.e., without an associated
terminal or login shell) either waiting for some event to occur, or waiting
to perform some specified task on a periodic basis.\*(rq Upon startup, a
typical daemon program will:
.IP \*(Bu 2
Close all open file descriptors (especially standard input, standard
output and standard error)
.IP \*(Bu 2
Change its working directory to the root filesystem, to ensure that
it doesn't tie up another filesystem and prevent it from being unmounted
.IP \*(Bu 2
Reset its
.I umask
value
.IP \*(Bu 2
Run in the background (i.e.,
.IR fork )
.IP \*(Bu 2
Disassociate from its process group (usually a shell), to insulate
itself from signals (such as HUP) sent to the process group
.IP \*(Bu 2
Ignore all terminal I/O signals
.IP \*(Bu 2
Disassociate from the control terminal (and take steps not to reacquire one)
.IP \*(Bu 2
Handle any
.SM SIGCLD
signals
.PP
Most programs that are designed to be run as daemons do that work for
themselves. However, you'll occasionally run across one that does not.
When you must run a daemon program that does not properly make
itself into a true Unix daemon, you can use 
.B daemonize
to force it to run as a true daemon.
.SH OPTIONS
.PP
.IP -a
Append to the output files, rather than overwriting them (which is the
default). Only applicable if
.I -e
and/or
.I -o
are specified.
.\"
.IP "-c \fIdirectory\fP"
Specifies the directory to which to change before running the program.
Defaults to "/". The choice for this option is important. The file system
containing the daemon's working directory cannot be unmounted while the
daemon is running. That's why most daemons are careful to use a working
directory on the root file system.
.\"
.IP "-e \fIstderr\fP"
Redirect standard error to the specified file, instead of "/dev/null".
.sp
.B Warning:
Be careful where you redirect the output! The file system containing the
open file cannot be unmounted as long as the file is open. For best
results, make sure that this output file is on the same file system as
the daemon's working directory. (See the
.I -c
option.)
.\"
.IP "-E \fIname=value\fP"
Add an environment variable to the environment the daemon will see. The
parameter must be of the form
.I name=value.
This parameter may be specified multiple times.
.\"
.IP "-o \fIstdout\fP"
Redirect standard output to the specified file, instead of "/dev/null".
.sp
.B Warning:
Be careful where you redirect the output! The file system containing the
open file cannot be unmounted as long as the file is open. For best
results, make sure that this output file is on the same file system as
the daemon's working directory. (See the
.I -c
option.)
.\"
.IP "-p \fIpidfile\fP"
Causes 
.B daemonize
to write the numeric process ID (PID) of the running daemon to the
specified file. This option is useful when the program being daemonized
doesn't create its own PID file.
.IP "-l \fIlockfile\fP"
Single-instance checking. Causes
.B daemonize
to ensure that no more than one instance of the daemon is running by
placing an exclusive lock on given lockfile. If another process already has
a lock on the lockfile,
.I daemonize
exits.
.PP
It 
.I is 
possible to use the
.I pidfile
as the lock file (e.g., "-p /var/run/foo -l /var/run/foo"),
though typical daemons use separate files.
.PP
NOTE: If the executed program decides to close all file descriptors, 
the single-instance locking will not work, since the lock depends on an
open file descriptor. (The operating system kernel removes the lock once
the process holding the lock closes the file or exits.)
Normal processes that do not daemonize themselves do not
usually close all file descriptors.
.\"
.IP "-u \fIuser\fP"
Run the program as the specified user. This option only works if
.B daemonize
is invoked by the superuser.
Note: For obvious reasons, it's very dangerous to install
.B daemonize
as a
.I setuid-to-root
executable. For that reason, 
.B daemonize
will refuse to run if it detects that it has been
installed that way.
.\"
.IP -v
Cause
.B daemonize
to write verbose messages to standard error, telling what it's doing
as it daemonizes the program.
.SH NOTES
.PP
If the host operating system provides the
.BR daemon (3)
library routine, 
.B daemonize
will use it. Otherwise,
.B daemonize
uses its own version of
.BR daemon (3).
This choice is made at compile time. (BSD 4.4-derived operating systems
tend to provide their own
.BR daemon (3)
routine.)
.PP
FreeBSD 5.0 introduced a
.BR daemon (1)
command that is similar to, but less functional, than
.BR daemonize .
.SH LICENSE
.PP
This program released under a BSD-style license. For more details,
consult the LICENSE file accompanying the source distribution, or
visit "http://software.clapper.org/daemonize/LICENSE".
.SH SEE ALSO
.PP
.BR daemon (3),
.BR setsid (2),
.BR flock(2)
.PP
.B daemonize
Home Page: http://software.clapper.org/daemonize/
.SH AUTHOR
.PP
Brian M. Clapper,
.I "bmc <at> clapper <dot> org"
.SH CONTRIBUTORS
.PP
Support for the
.I -e
and
.I -o
options is based on a patch submitted by
Tim Starling
.I "(tstarling <at> wikimedia <dot> org)."
.PP
Support for the
.I -l
option is based on a patch submitted by
Yakov Lerner
.I "(iler.ml <at> gmail <dot> com)."