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Operating systems are foundational software that manage computer hardware, software resources, and provide services for applications and users. They handle critical functions such as process scheduling, memory management, device control, file systems, and security. Operating systems provide a user interface—either graphical (GUI) or command-line—that allows individuals to interact with the machine. They also offer APIs and system calls that enable developers to build and run applications consistently across devices. From personal computers to servers, mobile devices, and embedded systems, operating systems are essential for ensuring stability, efficiency, and usability in modern computing environments.

IoT operating systems (OS) are specialized software platforms designed to run on Internet of Things (IoT) devices, providing the necessary functionality for resource management, communication, and real-time processing. These operating systems are optimized for low power consumption, small memory footprints, and efficient processing, allowing IoT devices to operate in environments with limited resources. IoT operating systems typically offer features like device control, sensor management, connectivity protocols, and security to ensure that IoT devices perform reliably and securely. They are used in a variety of IoT applications, such as smart home devices, wearables, industrial machinery, and automotive systems.

A real-time operating system (RTOS) is a specialized OS designed to process data and execute tasks within strict timing constraints. Unlike general-purpose operating systems, RTOS platforms prioritize predictability and determinism, ensuring tasks are completed within guaranteed time frames. They are widely used in embedded systems, robotics, aerospace, automotive electronics, medical devices, and industrial automation where delays could compromise safety or functionality. RTOS platforms often provide lightweight kernels, task scheduling, inter-process communication, and resource management optimized for reliability and low latency. By enabling consistent, time-critical performance, RTOS software ensures that mission-critical applications run smoothly under real-world conditions.