WO2010125712A1 - 温度測定システム及び温度測定方法 - Google Patents
温度測定システム及び温度測定方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2010125712A1 WO2010125712A1 PCT/JP2009/071302 JP2009071302W WO2010125712A1 WO 2010125712 A1 WO2010125712 A1 WO 2010125712A1 JP 2009071302 W JP2009071302 W JP 2009071302W WO 2010125712 A1 WO2010125712 A1 WO 2010125712A1
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- temperature
- optical fiber
- correction
- measurement
- temperature distribution
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01K—MEASURING TEMPERATURE; MEASURING QUANTITY OF HEAT; THERMALLY-SENSITIVE ELEMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01K11/00—Measuring temperature based upon physical or chemical changes not covered by groups G01K3/00, G01K5/00, G01K7/00 or G01K9/00
- G01K11/32—Measuring temperature based upon physical or chemical changes not covered by groups G01K3/00, G01K5/00, G01K7/00 or G01K9/00 using changes in transmittance, scattering or luminescence in optical fibres
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01K—MEASURING TEMPERATURE; MEASURING QUANTITY OF HEAT; THERMALLY-SENSITIVE ELEMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01K15/00—Testing or calibrating of thermometers
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01K—MEASURING TEMPERATURE; MEASURING QUANTITY OF HEAT; THERMALLY-SENSITIVE ELEMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01K11/00—Measuring temperature based upon physical or chemical changes not covered by groups G01K3/00, G01K5/00, G01K7/00 or G01K9/00
- G01K11/32—Measuring temperature based upon physical or chemical changes not covered by groups G01K3/00, G01K5/00, G01K7/00 or G01K9/00 using changes in transmittance, scattering or luminescence in optical fibres
- G01K11/324—Measuring temperature based upon physical or chemical changes not covered by groups G01K3/00, G01K5/00, G01K7/00 or G01K9/00 using changes in transmittance, scattering or luminescence in optical fibres using Raman scattering
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a temperature measurement system and a temperature measurement method.
- a method of cooling an electronic device for example, there are a method of controlling an air flow in a room in order to prevent an excessive accumulation of heat, and a method of cooling a room by air conditioning.
- the indoor cooling state In order to always keep the indoor cooling state optimal by these methods, it is effective to constantly monitor the indoor thermometer side point. In particular, if the three-dimensional temperature distribution in the room can be grasped, the temperature distribution can be used to control air conditioning and the like, and the indoor cooling state can be kept optimal.
- the purpose is to measure temperature with high accuracy in the temperature measurement system and temperature measurement method.
- a laser light source that outputs laser light, an optical fiber that is laid in a temperature measurement area and that receives the laser light, and backscattered light of the laser light that has entered the optical fiber
- a temperature measurement unit that detects the temperature distribution of the temperature in the temperature measurement area along the optical fiber laying path and calculates the corrected temperature distribution by correcting the measurement temperature distribution,
- the temperature measurement unit convolves the transfer function of the optical fiber along the laying path with the correction temperature distribution, and a square error between the measurement temperature distribution and the measurement temperature distribution is reduced with respect to the correction
- laser light is incident on an optical fiber laid in a temperature measurement area, backscattered light of the laser light in the optical fiber is detected, and the optical fiber
- the correction of the measured temperature distribution is sequentially performed so that the convolution of the transfer function of the optical fiber along the laying path and the corrected temperature distribution and the square error between the measured temperature distribution are reduced every time correction is performed.
- There is provided a temperature measurement method that is performed a plurality of times and replaces the temperature after correction at a specific point of the laying path with the estimated temperature at the specific point for each correction.
- the measurement temperature distribution is corrected sequentially, and the corrected temperature at a specific point of the optical fiber installation path is corrected at each specific point for each correction. It became clear that the corrected temperature distribution approaches the actual temperature distribution by substituting the estimated temperature.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing the structure of a computer room to which this embodiment is applied.
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view showing an example of laying optical fibers.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram showing the configuration of the temperature measurement system according to the present embodiment.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating a spectrum of light backscattered by the optical fiber.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating an example of a time series distribution of the intensity of Raman scattered light.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram obtained by calculating the I 1 / I 2 ratio for each time based on the time-series distribution of the intensity of Raman scattered light in FIG.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating a measured temperature distribution obtained using the thermometer side system according to the present embodiment.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing the structure of a computer room to which this embodiment is applied.
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view showing an example of laying optical fibers.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram
- FIG. 8 is a transfer function of the thermometer side system obtained from the step-type actual temperature distribution.
- FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating a function obtained by performing a Fourier transform on the transfer function.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram showing the measured temperature distribution obtained by measuring the actual temperature distribution in which the temperature changes at a relatively high spatial frequency with the temperature measurement system according to the present embodiment.
- FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating an example of an inverse filter used for correcting the measured temperature distribution.
- FIG. 12 is a diagram showing a corrected temperature distribution obtained by correcting the measured temperature distribution by applying an inverse filter to the measured temperature distribution.
- FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view showing an example of laying an optical fiber useful for correcting the measured temperature distribution in the present embodiment.
- FIG. 14 shows an embodiment in which the section of ⁇ 1 m to 1 m of the optical fiber is heated to 55 ° C. with the heating center as a reference, and the temperature of the other section is maintained at room temperature (about 23 ° C.). It is a figure which shows the measurement temperature distribution obtained by the temperature measurement system which concerns on.
- FIG. 15 is a schematic diagram showing the laying length of the optical fiber in consideration of the influence from the heat source in the present embodiment.
- FIG. 16 is a flowchart illustrating the temperature measurement method according to the present embodiment.
- FIG. 17 is a diagram illustrating a measured temperature distribution obtained by the temperature measurement system according to the present embodiment.
- FIG. 18 is a diagram illustrating a corrected temperature distribution when the measured temperature distribution is corrected once by the temperature measuring system according to the present embodiment.
- FIG. 19 is a diagram illustrating a corrected temperature distribution when the temperature at a specific point is replaced after the correction is performed once by the temperature measurement system according to the present embodiment.
- FIG. 20 is a diagram illustrating a corrected temperature distribution when the measured temperature distribution is corrected 100 times by the temperature measurement system according to the present embodiment.
- FIG. 21 is a diagram illustrating a correction result according to the comparative example.
- FIG. 22 is a schematic diagram illustrating an installed state of the optical fiber according to the first embodiment.
- FIG. 23 is a diagram illustrating a temperature distribution measured by a thermocouple, a temperature distribution measured by an optical fiber temperature measurement system (before correction), and a temperature distribution after correction according to the present embodiment in Example 1.
- FIG. 24 is a schematic diagram illustrating an installed state of the optical fiber in the second embodiment.
- FIG. 25 is a diagram illustrating a temperature distribution measured by a thermocouple, a temperature distribution measured by an optical fiber temperature measurement system (before correction), and a temperature distribution after correction according to the present embodiment in
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing the structure of a computer room to which this embodiment is applied.
- the computer room is roughly divided into an equipment installation area 10 and a free access floor 15.
- each rack 11 stores a plurality of computers such as blade servers. Moreover, between each server rack 11, the management space used at the time of management of the channel
- the free access floor 15 is provided under the floor of the equipment installation area 10.
- various cables 16 such as power cables and communication cables connected to the racks 11 are arranged in a state of being housed in a cable duct 17.
- thermometer-side points are provided in the equipment installation area 10 and the free access floor 15, the temperature at each point is constantly monitored, and the air volume of the air conditioner 19 is controlled in real time according to the obtained temperature distribution. It is preferable to do this.
- thermometer side method for measuring the temperature in real time there is a method of measuring the temperature of the optical fiber at multiple points from the intensity change of Raman scattered light generated when an infrared laser pulse is incident on the optical fiber. is there.
- FIG. 2 is a sectional view showing an example of laying the optical fiber.
- the optical fiber 24 is introduced into the server rack 11 and in the vicinity thereof from the free access floor 15 that is constantly maintained at a substantially constant temperature by cold air.
- the optical fiber 24 is laid so as to pass through the vicinity of the intake port and the vicinity of the exhaust port of the rack 11 which is a point at which the temperature is to be measured.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram showing the configuration of the temperature measurement system 20 using the optical fiber 24.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing a spectrum of light backscattered by the optical fiber 24.
- thermometer side system 20 includes a laser light source 21, lenses 22a and 22b, a beam splitter 23, an optical fiber 24, a wavelength separator 25, a photodetector 26, and a temperature measurement. Part 27.
- Laser light with a predetermined pulse width is output from the laser light source 21 at a constant cycle. This laser light enters the optical fiber 24 from the light source side end of the optical fiber 24 through the lens 22a, the beam splitter 23, and the lens 22b.
- reference numeral 24 a indicates the cladding of the optical fiber 24, and reference numeral 24 b indicates the core of the optical fiber 24.
- the backscattered light includes Rayleigh scattered light, Brillouin scattered light, and Raman scattered light.
- Rayleigh scattered light is light having the same wavelength as incident light
- Brillouin scattered light and Raman scattered light are light having wavelengths shifted from the incident wavelength.
- Raman scattered light includes Stokes light shifted to a longer wavelength side than incident light and anti-Stokes light shifted to a shorter wavelength side than incident light.
- the shift amount of the Stokes light and the anti-Stokes light depends on the wavelength of the laser light and the material of the optical fiber 24, but is usually about 50 nm.
- the amount of change with temperature of the Stokes light is small, and the amount of change with temperature of the anti-Stokes light is large. That is, it can be said that the Stokes light has a small temperature dependency, and the anti-Stokes light has a large temperature dependency.
- the wavelength separation unit 25 includes beam splitters 31a, 31b, and 31c that transmit or reflect light according to the wavelength, and optical filters 33a, 33b, and 33c that transmit only light of a specific wavelength. Further, the wavelength separation unit 25 includes condensing lenses 34a, 34b, and 34c that condense the light transmitted through the optical filters 33a, 33b, and 33c onto the light receiving units 26a, 26b, and 26c of the photodetector 26, respectively.
- the light incident on the wavelength separator 25 is separated into Rayleigh scattered light, Stokes light, and anti-Stokes light by the beam splitters 31a, 31b, 31c and the optical filters 33a, 33b, 33c. , 26c.
- signals corresponding to the intensity of Rayleigh scattered light, Stokes light, and anti-Stokes light are output from the light receiving sections 26a, 26b, and 26c.
- the temperature measuring unit 27 such as a personal computer acquires a measured temperature distribution along the laying path of the optical fiber 24 based on the signal output from the photodetector 26, and the measured temperature distribution is described later. Correct as follows.
- the pulse width of the backscattered light input to the photodetector 26 is related to the length of the optical fiber 24. Therefore, the interval between the laser pulses output from the laser light source 21 is set so that the backscattered light from each laser pulse does not overlap. In addition, if the power of the laser beam is too high, there is a possibility that a stimulated Raman scattering state occurs and correct measurement cannot be performed. Therefore, it is preferable to control the power of the laser light source 21 so that the stimulated Raman scattering state does not occur.
- the temperature at the position where the backscattering can be evaluated by the ratio between the two.
- the intensity ratio of Stokes light and anti-Stokes light is as follows when the angular frequency of incident light is ⁇ 0 , the angular frequency of optical phonons in the optical fiber is ⁇ k , the Planck constant is h, the Boltzmann constant is k, and the temperature is T. It is expressed by the following equation (1).
- the temperature at the position where backscattering can be calculated from the equation (1).
- the backscattered light generated in the optical fiber 24 is attenuated while returning through the optical fiber 24. Therefore, in order to correctly evaluate the temperature at the position where backscattering occurs, it is necessary to consider the attenuation of light.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram showing an example of a time-series distribution of the intensity of Raman scattered light, with time on the horizontal axis and the signal intensity output from the light receiving unit of the photodetector on the vertical axis.
- Stokes light and anti-Stokes light are detected by the photodetector 26 for a certain period immediately after the laser pulse is incident on the optical fiber 24.
- the signal intensity decreases with the passage of time when the laser pulse is incident on the optical fiber 24 as a reference.
- the time on the horizontal axis indicates the distance from the light source side end of the optical fiber 24 to the position where the backscattering occurs, and the decrease in signal intensity with time indicates the attenuation of light by the optical fiber 24. .
- the signal intensity of Stokes light and anti-Stokes light is not attenuated uniformly. As shown in FIG. 5, peaks and valleys appear on the curve indicating the change in signal intensity with time.
- the intensity of anti-Stokes light at a certain time t is I 1
- the intensity of Stokes light is I 2 .
- the temperature distribution in the length direction of the optical fiber 24 can be measured by calculating the intensity ratio (I 1 / I 2 ) between the anti-Stokes light and the Stokes light.
- thermometer side system 20 using such an optical fiber will be examined.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram showing a measured temperature distribution obtained using the thermometer side system 20.
- the stepped actual temperature distribution rising from room temperature to 55 ° C. was given by immersing the predetermined portion 24a of the optical fiber 24 in hot water of 55 ° C.
- the predetermined portion 24a has three lengths of 0.5 m, 1.0 m, and 2.0 m.
- each measured temperature distribution has a rounded shape obtained by applying a weighted moving average to the actual temperature distribution. From this, it can be understood that the thermometer side system 20 has only a low spatial frequency response, that is, the position resolution is poor.
- FIG. 8 is a transfer function h of the thermometer-side system 20 obtained from the step-type actual temperature distribution of FIG. 7, where the horizontal axis indicates the distance from the heating center, and the vertical axis indicates the relative intensity of the temperature.
- the power spectrum of the function g has a very small value in a region where the spatial frequency is about 0.6 m ⁇ 1 or more. From this, it can be seen that the thermometer side system 20 functions as a low-pass filter that cuts off a region where the spatial frequency is about 0.6 m ⁇ 1 or more, and loses most of the frequency information in this region.
- the actual temperature changes in a long cycle along the optical fiber laying path, so that a highly accurate position resolution is not required for the temperature measurement system.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram showing the measured temperature distribution obtained by measuring the actual temperature distribution in which the temperature changes at a relatively high spatial frequency with the temperature measurement system 20.
- the actual temperature distribution in FIG. 10 is a measured value distribution of the temperature by the thermocouple.
- the measured temperature distribution is shaped like a weighted moving average of the actual temperature distribution through a low-pass filter.
- the measured temperature distribution of the temperature measurement system 20 cannot be used as it is, and the measured temperature distribution is appropriately corrected to approach the actual temperature distribution. I understand that it is necessary.
- FIG. 11 is a diagram showing the characteristics of such an inverse filter.
- this inverse filter is designed on the assumption that the noise amplification is reduced when there is noise in the measured temperature distribution in the region where the spatial frequency is 0.6 m ⁇ 1 or higher.
- FIG. 12 is a diagram showing a corrected temperature distribution obtained by correcting the measured temperature distribution by applying this inverse filter to the measured temperature distribution of FIG.
- the frequency component in the spatial frequency domain lost by the action of the low-pass filter is smaller than the power spectrum of the frequency component in the spatial frequency domain included in the noise during measurement, the frequency component is good for the inverse filter Cannot recover.
- the measured temperature distribution is corrected as follows and brought closer to the actual temperature distribution.
- FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view showing an example of laying the optical fiber 24 useful for correcting the measured temperature distribution.
- the first winding portion 24x of the optical fiber 24 and the second winding are provided on the free access floor 15 where the temperature is kept constant by the cold air under the floor 12.
- a portion 24y is provided.
- a third winding portion 24z of the optical fiber 24 is provided in the vicinity of the exhaust port 11a of the server rack 11, a third winding portion 24z of the optical fiber 24 is provided.
- the exhaust port 11a is a part where the air heated by the computer that has generated heat is exhausted, and the third winding part 24z is heated to a temperature higher than room temperature by the hot air.
- the optical fiber 24 is laid so that the round trip path to the third winding portion 24z is the same path.
- each winding part 24x, 24y, 24z is not particularly limited, but the lower limit is preferably twice the minimum bending radius (about 15 mm) allowed for the optical fiber 24.
- the upper limit of the diameter of each of the winding parts 24x, 24y, and 24z is preferably set to a diameter that allows the winding parts to be accommodated in a region that can be regarded as the same spatial temperature, for example, 45 mm. If it does in this way, it can be considered that the area wound by each winding part 24x, 24y, 24z among the installation paths
- the optical fiber 24 in the section wound around the first winding part 24x and the second winding part 24y is held at the temperature of the free access floor.
- the optical fiber 24 of the area wound by the 3rd winding part 24z is hold
- the length of the section wound around the first winding portion 24x and the second winding portion 24y in the laying path of the optical fiber 24 is not particularly limited, but in the present embodiment, the length is as follows. Determine the length of the section.
- FIG. 14 shows the temperature measurement when the section of ⁇ 1 m to 1 m of the optical fiber 24 is heated to 55 ° C. with the heating center as the reference, and the temperature of the other section is maintained at room temperature (about 23 ° C.).
- FIG. 3 is a diagram showing a measured temperature distribution obtained by the system 20.
- the measured temperature distribution has a base portion outside the heated section of ⁇ 1 m to 1 m, and the measured temperature of the portion is not equal to the actual room temperature. This is because if there is a temperature difference between two points on the optical fiber installation path, the temperature measurement result at each point is affected by the temperature difference.
- the winding unit 24x if more than the absolute value of the zero point X 3 the length of the section to be wound on each 24y, a heat source outside the installation path of the section Even if there is, there is a temperature measurement point corresponding to the actual temperature at the winding parts 24x and 24y that is not affected by the heat source.
- FIG. 15 is a schematic diagram showing the laying length of the optical fiber 24 in consideration of the influence from such a heat source.
- the length of the optical fiber 24 between the adjacent server racks 11 is D 1
- the optical fiber 24 extends from the winding portions 24 x and 24 y to the region above the floor 12 that is a higher temperature portion than the free access floor 15.
- a length of up to enter are the D 2.
- the heat source is a computer in the server rack 11. Moreover, it can be considered that the area G in the free access floor 15 in the laying path of the optical fiber 24 is kept at a constant temperature by the cold air.
- the section G is assigned to each winding section 24x, 24y, the starting point of the section G is the floor 12, and the end point is the middle point P of the adjacent rack 11.
- the length L of the optical fiber 24 in that section G is each turn 24x, the length of the optical fiber 24 of the wound portion 24y When D 3, the D 1/2 + D 2 + D 3. If this length L is set to be equal to or greater than the absolute value of the zero point X 3 of the transfer function h described above, a temperature measurement point that is not affected by the heat of the computer in the server rack 11, for example, the midpoint P exists in the section G. To do.
- the section G when there are a plurality of temperature measurement points in the section G, it can be estimated that one of the measurement points, for example, the temperature at the midpoint P and the temperature of the remaining measurement points in the section G are the same. .
- the measurement temperature distribution is corrected by utilizing the identity of the measurement temperature in such a section G.
- Each length D 1 , D 2 , D 3 is particularly suitable if the length L of the optical fiber 24 in the section G is equal to or greater than the absolute value (3.3 m) of the zero point X 3 of the transfer function h. It is not limited. In this example, by setting D 1 to 1.0 m, D 2 to 0.5 m, and D 3 to 2.3 m, the length L is set to 3.3 m, and the length L is set to the zero X 3 of the transfer function h. The absolute value of (3.3 m) or more.
- the optical fiber 24 is laid so that the reciprocating path to the third winding portion 24z is the same path.
- any point of the optical fiber 24 in the third winding portion 24z can be regarded as the overlapping point K i having substantially the same temperature, and the correction temperature at each overlapping point K i is A condition that the temperature is the same can be added.
- the temperature measurement area by the temperature measurement system 20 is the equipment installation area 10 and the free access floor 15, and the emphasis is particularly on temperature measurement in the server rack 11 and in the vicinity thereof.
- FIG. 16 is a flowchart showing the temperature measurement method according to this embodiment. Each step in the flowchart is performed in the temperature measuring unit 27 described above.
- the temperature was measured at a plurality of temperature measurement points of the optical fiber 24, and the distance between each temperature measurement point was set to 0.1 m.
- some of the temperature measurement points are provided with thermocouples for measuring the actual temperature.
- the measured temperature distribution obtained by the temperature measuring system 20 deviates from the actual temperature distribution by the thermocouple.
- the measured temperature distribution is corrected as follows to bring it closer to the actual distribution.
- the subscript k in the component y k represents a measurement point along the optical fiber laying path
- the component y k is a temperature measurement value in a region where there is no temperature change from the temperature measurement value at the measurement point k (see FIG. 15).
- a value obtained by subtracting the temperature value T AB ) at the midpoint P is shown.
- the subscript i in the component x i represents the measurement point
- the component x i is the temperature measurement value in the region where the temperature does not change from the actual temperature at the measurement point i (in the example shown in FIG. 15).
- a value obtained by subtracting the temperature value T AB ) at the midpoint P is shown.
- the measured temperature distribution y can be expressed by the following equation (4) as a convolution of the actual temperature distribution x and the transfer function h.
- the range of i is a range satisfying that the subscript k-i is 0 or more.
- each component h ij of the transfer function can be calculated using the least square method or the like, with the equation (5) as a simultaneous equation for h j .
- the actual temperature distribution x and the measured temperature distribution y when obtaining each component h ij of the transfer function for example, a step-type actual temperature distribution as shown in FIG. 14 and a measured temperature distribution corresponding thereto are used. Can do.
- the transfer function h changes according to the distance from the light source because the optical fiber 24 has a group delay characteristic. Therefore, the transfer function h cannot be uniquely defined over the entire length of the optical fiber 24. However, in the short section of the optical fiber 24, the loss and delay of the optical signal in the optical fiber 24 are considered to be uniform, and the transfer function h can be uniquely defined in the section.
- the transfer function h differs depending not only on the distance from the light source but also on the material of the optical fiber 24, the pulse waveform of the incident laser, and the pulse response characteristics of the photodetector 26. Therefore, when obtaining each component h ij of the transfer function, it is preferable to obtain each component h ij according to the same conditions as when actually measuring the temperature.
- each component 0 in the region where there is no temperature change is meaningless which is not necessary for the calculation, and thus is 0 before and after the attention region where the temperature change exists from each component in Equation (2).
- a column vector obtained by collecting only the components excluding all components is expressed as the following equation (7).
- the numbers of column vector components in equations (6) and (7) are n + 1 and m + 1, respectively, but for m and n, m is larger than n. This is because, as shown in FIG. 14, the measured temperature distribution spreads more in the horizontal direction than the actual temperature distribution, and therefore the number of non-zero components is larger in the measured temperature distribution.
- Equation (8) when the actual temperature distribution x and the measured temperature distribution y are finite-dimensional column vectors, and equation (5) is expressed in the following equation (8), [H ] Is configured based on the transfer function h and has (m + 1) ⁇ (n + 1) finite number of components. [H] configured in this way is referred to as a transfer function matrix display.
- each component y i of y is m + 1 values obtained by temperature measurement, and [H] can be regarded as a (m + 1) ⁇ (n + 1) counting matrix of simultaneous equations. Since there is a relationship of m> n as described above, this simultaneous equation cannot be uniquely solved for x.
- column vector X in the equation (9) is an n-dimensional vector having a component as in the following equation (10), like the actual temperature distribution.
- Equation (9) The distribution X for reducing e in Equation (9) approximately satisfies Equation (8). Then, as e in Equation (9) becomes smaller, the accuracy of approximation increases, and the distribution X approaches the actual temperature distribution x.
- the distribution X is referred to as a corrected temperature distribution of the measured temperature distribution y.
- equation (9) can be said to be an equation for calculating the square error e between the convolution of the transfer function h of the optical fiber 24 along the laying path and the corrected temperature distribution X and the measured temperature distribution y. .
- the gradient vector ⁇ e / ⁇ X of the square error e is calculated from the following equation (11) from the equation (9).
- the least square method is to determine each component X i of X so that the gradient vector ⁇ e / ⁇ X becomes zero.
- Equation (11) If the diagonal component of [H] t [H] in Equation (11) is slightly increased in consideration of the noise at the time of measurement, amplification of the high frequency component of noise can be suppressed and margin tolerance can be increased.
- the above-described correction by the inverse filter corresponds to the correction calculated by the least square method.
- the square error e decreases if the direction of the reverse sign - ⁇ e / ⁇ X is advanced.
- k indicates the number of correction iterations
- X (k) is a corrected temperature distribution when the correction is performed k times.
- the component of X (k) can be expressed as in the following equation (13).
- ⁇ is a positive correction count such that the expression (12) converges and can be selected in the range of 0.5 to 1 empirically. In the following calculation, ⁇ is set to 0.5.
- Equation (11) is used.
- the iterative calculation is performed using the equation (12), whereby the correction temperature distribution X (k + 1) where the square error e becomes smaller than X (k) is sequentially calculated a plurality of times. .
- the temperatures of the plurality of measurement points i in the section G in the laying path of the optical fiber 24 are the same as the temperatures at the midpoint P. .
- the component X i corresponding to the plurality of measurement points i included in the first and second winding portions 24x and 24y in the section G is obtained each time the correction calculation is performed according to Expression (12).
- each component of the column vectors x, y, and X is obtained by subtracting the measured temperature T AB at the midpoint P from the actual value.
- T AB is the value of the component at the measurement point corresponding to the middle point P among the plurality of components y i of the measured temperature distribution y. It has significance as a common estimated temperature in G.
- an average value of a plurality of components y i of a measurement temperature distribution y corresponding to a plurality of measurement points i in a region where the actual temperature included in each winding part 24x, 24y is measured is an estimated temperature common to the measurement points It is good.
- each turn 24x, winding portion of the length D 3 by longer than previously described 2.3m of optical fibers 24 of the wound portion 24y 24x, actual temperature comprised 24y is The number of measurement points i corresponding to the region to be measured is increased, and the temperature estimation accuracy is improved. Furthermore, by increasing the length D 3 in this way, it is possible to make it less susceptible to the temperature of the adjacent server rack 11.
- the corrected temperatures X i1 (k) and X i2 (k) are the measurement points i 1 and x 2 corresponding to the overlapping points H 1 and H 2 among the plurality of components X i (k) of the corrected temperature distribution X (k) . It is the value of the component at i2, and the average value X avg1 has a significance as an estimated temperature common to the overlapping points H 1 and H 2 .
- the component X i of the measured temperature distribution at each overlapping point K i is obtained every time correction calculation according to the equation (12) is performed. (k) is replaced with the average value X avg2 of the correction temperature X i (k) at each of these overlapping points K i .
- the correction temperature X i (k) is the value of the component at the measurement point i corresponding to each overlapping point K i among the plurality of components X i (k) of the correction temperature distribution X (k). It is.
- the average value X avg1 has significance as an estimated temperature common to the overlapping points K i .
- the interval between the temperature measurement points of the optical fiber 24 is set to 0.1 m, so that the length of the optical fiber 24 in the portion wound around the third winding portion 24z is 0.
- the distance is 0.5 m
- each winding 24x as described above, a plurality of measurement points i in each 24y can be regarded as the temperature at the same temperature T AB.
- Equation (6) has a value as mentioned, the components of the column vector x, y, X is obtained by subtracting the T AB from the value of the actual temperature when defining the (7). Therefore, in order to obtain the final corrected temperature distribution T IOMP _ i is again the temperature T AB as the following equation (14) after the calculation of the required number of iterations (n times) has been completed for formula (12) Should be added.
- the first and second winding portions 24x and 24y are prevented from rising in temperature by the cold air, while the other portions are floors that are hotter than the free access floor 15. Therefore, the temperature does not fall below the winding portions 24x and 24y.
- the component X i (k) is set to 0, and then the k + 1-th calculation is performed.
- the corrected temperature of the portion using Equation (12) is lower than the predetermined temperature. In some cases, it is preferable to simplify the calculation by replacing the corrected temperature in the portion with the predetermined temperature.
- the corrected temperature of the part using Expression (12) is higher than the predetermined temperature. Even when the temperature becomes higher, it is preferable to replace the corrected temperature in this portion with the predetermined temperature.
- step S2 correction calculation is repeatedly performed using the equation (12) as described above, and an index for a reduction amount of the square error e, for example, e (n) -e (n-1) is less than a predetermined value.
- the final corrected temperature distribution T iomp — i is obtained from X i (n) .
- e (n) is a square error obtained from the equation (9) using X (n) obtained by performing the correction by the equation (12) n times.
- the corrected temperature distribution X i (k) at a specific point on the laying path of the optical fiber 24 is replaced with a predetermined value for each correction using the equation (12).
- the plurality of overlapping points K i in the third winding part 24z are also replaced with the average value X avg2 .
- 18 to 20 are diagrams showing the measured temperature distribution after correction.
- the horizontal axis indicates the distance from the end of the optical fiber 24, and the vertical axis indicates the temperature.
- FIG. 18 is a diagram when the correction by the equation (12) is performed once. As shown in FIG. 18, the deviation between the actual temperature distribution and the corrected temperature distribution has not been eliminated by one correction.
- the corrected temperature distribution of the replaced portion has a temperature value that is substantially the same as the actual distribution.
- FIG. 20 is a diagram when such correction calculation is repeated 100 times. As shown in FIG. 20, when the correction calculation is performed 100 times, the corrected temperature distribution substantially matches the actual temperature distribution.
- FIG. 21 is a diagram illustrating a correction result according to the comparative example.
- the correction by the equation (12) is performed 100 times without replacing the corrected temperature distribution X i (k) at a specific point on the laying path of the optical fiber 24 with a predetermined value. .
- FIG. 21 it can be seen that the deviation from the actual temperature distribution is not eliminated in the comparative example.
- the correction temperature distribution X i (k) at a specific point on the laying path of the optical fiber 24 is replaced with a predetermined value every time correction calculation is performed according to Expression (12). A close correction temperature distribution can be obtained.
- Example 1 As shown in FIG. 22, an optical fiber 24 was laid on the door on the exhaust side of the server rack 11. That is, the winding portions 24x and 24y of the optical fiber 24 are arranged at the same location in the free access floor, and the optical fiber 24 between the winding portions 24x and 24y is drawn into the rack 11 and along the exhaust door from the bottom to the top. Laying back and forth.
- reference numeral 241 indicates an optical fiber on the forward path side
- reference numeral 242 indicates an optical fiber on the return path side.
- a plurality of thermocouples were arranged along the optical fiber 24, and the temperature distribution of the rack 11 and the free access floor was also measured using these thermocouples.
- the horizontal axis indicates the position in the length direction of the optical fiber 24, and the vertical axis indicates the temperature distribution measured by the thermocouple, and the temperature distribution measured by the optical fiber temperature measurement system 20 (before correction). And a temperature distribution after correction according to the present embodiment.
- the correction using the equation (12) is repeated 100 times, and the temperature of the measurement point in the region corresponding to the winding portions 24x and 24y is measured corresponding to the midpoint P in the section G of FIG. Replaced with point temperature.
- the corrected temperature distribution almost coincides with the temperature distribution measured by the thermocouple.
- the corrected temperature distribution can capture the difference in temperature distribution between the forward path 241 and the return path 242 of the optical fiber.
- Example 2 As shown in FIG. 24, an optical fiber 24 was laid on the door on the exhaust side of the server rack. That is, the winding portions 24x and 24y of the optical fiber 24 are arranged at the same location in the free access floor, and the optical fiber 24 between the winding portions 24x and 24y is drawn into the rack 11 and along the exhaust door from the bottom to the top. Laying back and forth. However, in the forward path, optical fiber winding portions A, B, C, and D are arranged at positions corresponding to exhaust ports of four servers (not shown) mounted in the rack. The return optical fiber is laid so as to pass through the same position as the forward optical fiber except for the winding portions A, B, C, and D and the vicinity thereof. Further, for comparison, a plurality of thermocouples are arranged along the optical fiber 24, and the temperature distribution of the rack 11 and the free access floor is also measured by these thermocouples.
- FIG. 25 shows the temperature distribution measured by the thermocouple and the temperature distribution measured by the optical fiber temperature measurement system 20 (before correction), with the horizontal axis representing the position in the length direction of the optical fiber 24 and the vertical axis representing the temperature. And a temperature distribution after correction according to the present embodiment.
- the correction using the equation (12) is repeated 100 times, and the temperature of the measurement point in the region corresponding to the winding portions 24x and 24y is measured corresponding to the midpoint P in the section G of FIG. Replaced with point temperature.
- the corrected temperature distribution almost coincides with the temperature distribution measured by the thermocouple. Further, a wide range of temperature distributions including the winding parts A, B, C, D and their peripheral parts can be captured.
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Abstract
Description
図22に示すように、サーバラック11の排気側の扉に光ファイバ24を敷設した。すなわち、フリーアクセスフロア内の同一箇所に光ファイバ24の巻回部24x、24yを配置し、巻回部24x、24y間の光ファイバ24をラック11内に引き出して排気扉に沿って下から上へ往復するように敷設した。図22中の符号241は往路側の光ファイバを示し、符号242は復路側の光ファイバを示している。また、比較のために光ファイバ24に沿って複数の熱電対を配置し、これらの熱電対によってもラック11及びフリーアクセスフロアの温度分布を測定した。
図24に示すように、サーバラックの排気側の扉に光ファイバ24を敷設した。すなわち、フリーアクセスフロア内の同一箇所に光ファイバ24の巻回部24x、24yを配置し、巻回部24x、24y間の光ファイバ24をラック11内に引き出して排気扉に沿って下から上へ往復するように敷設した。但し、往路ではラック内に搭載された4台のサーバ(図示せず)の排気口に対応する位置に光ファイバの巻回部A、B、C、Dを配置している。また、復路の光ファイバは、巻回部A、B、C、Dの部分及びその近傍の部分を除き、往路の光ファイバと同じ位置を通るように敷設している。更に、比較のために光ファイバ24に沿って複数の熱電対を配置し、これらの熱電対によってもラック11及びフリーアクセスフロアの温度分布を測定した。
Claims (20)
- レーザ光を出力するレーザ光源と、
温度測定エリアに敷設され、前記レーザ光が入射する光ファイバと、
前記光ファイバ内に入射した前記レーザ光の後方散乱光を検出して前記光ファイバの敷設経路に沿った前記温度測定エリアの温度の測定温度分布を取得すると共に、該測定温度分布を補正して補正温度分布を算出する温度測定部とを有し、
前記温度測定部が、前記敷設経路に沿った前記光ファイバの伝達関数と前記補正温度分布との畳み込みと、前記測定温度分布との二乗誤差が補正の度に小さくなるように該測定温度分布に対する補正を逐次的に複数回行うと共に、各回の補正の度に前記敷設経路の特定点での補正後の温度を、該特定点での推定温度に置き換えることを特徴とする温度測定システム。 - 前記特定点は、前記光ファイバが重複して配置された区間内に存在する複数の温度測定点であり、
前記推定温度は、前記補正温度分布における前記複数の温度測定点の平均温度であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の温度測定システム。 - 前記特定点は、前記敷設経路において一定温度に保持された区間内に存在する複数の温度測定点であり、
前記推定温度は、前記測定温度分布において、前記複数の測定点のうちの一つにおける温度、又は前記複数の測定点の平均温度であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の温度測定システム。 - 前記区間の長さは、前記光ファイバの伝達関数の3番目の零点の絶対値以上の長さであることを特徴とする請求項3に記載の温度測定システム。
- 前記温度測定エリアの中に、温度が所定温度以上となることが既知の部分がある場合に、該部分での補正後の温度が前記所定温度よりも低くなったときに該部分での前記補正後の前記温度を前記所定温度に置き換えることを特徴とする請求項1乃至4のいずれか1項に記載の温度測定システム。
- 前記温度測定エリアの中に、温度が所定温度以下となることが既知の部分がある場合に、該部分での補正後の温度が前記所定温度よりも高くなったときに該部分での前記補正後の前記温度を前記所定温度に置き換えることを特徴とする請求項1乃至4のいずれか1項に記載の温度測定システム。
- 前記温度計側エリアは、計算機室内で複数の計算機を収容したラック内の領域を含むことを特徴とする請求項1乃至6のいずれか1項に記載の温度測定システム。
- 前記光ファイバは、前記ラックの排気側の扉に沿って配置されることを特著とする請求項7に記載の温度測定システム。
- 前記光ファイバは、前記ラックの外側に巻回部を有すると共に、前記ラック内に収納された前記計算機の排気口に対応する位置に巻回部を有することを特徴とする請求項7に記載の温度測定システム。
- 温度測定エリアに敷設された光ファイバにレーザ光を入射し、前記光ファイバ内での前記レーザ光の後方散乱光を検出して、前記光ファイバの敷設経路に沿った前記温度測定エリアの温度の測定温度分布を取得するステップと、 前記測定温度分布を補正して補正温度分布を取得するステップとを有し、
前記補正温度分布を取得するステップにおいて、前記敷設経路に沿った前記光ファイバの伝達関数と前記補正温度分布との畳み込みと、前記測定温度分布との二乗誤差が補正の度に小さくなるように該測定温度分布に対する補正を逐次的に複数回行うと共に、各回の補正の度に前記敷設経路の特定点での補正後の温度を該特定点での推定温度に置き換えることを特徴とする温度測定方法。 - 前記補正温度分布を取得するステップにおいて、前記二乗誤差の減少量が所定値以下になったところで前記補正を終了することを特徴とする請求項10に記載の温度測定方法。
- 前記特定点は、前記光ファイバが重複して配置された区間内に存在する複数の温度測定点であり、
前記推定温度は、前記補正温度分布における前記複数の温度測定点の平均温度であることを特徴とする請求項10に記載の温度測定方法。 - 前記特定点は、前記敷設経路において一定温度に保持された区間内に存在する複数の温度の測定点であり、
前記推定温度は、前記測定温度分布において、前記複数の測定点のうちの一つにおける温度、又は前記複数の測定点の平均温度であることを特徴とする請求項10に記載の温度測定方法。 - 前記温度測定エリアの中に温度が所定温度以上となることが既知の部分がある場合に、該部分での補正後の温度が前記所定温度よりも低くなったときに該部分での前記補正後の前記温度を前記所定温度に置き換えることを特徴とする請求項10に記載の温度測定方法。
- 前記温度測定エリアの中に温度が所定温度以下となることが既知の部分がある場合に、該部分での補正後の温度が前記所定温度よりも高くなったときに該部分での前記補正後の前記温度を前記所定温度に置き換えることを特徴とする請求項10に記載の温度測定方法。
- 光ファイバ内に入射したレーザ光の後方散乱を検出して前記光ファイバの敷設経路に沿った温度計測エリアの測定温度分布を取得すると共に、該測定温度分布を補正して補正温度分布を算出する温度測定部を有し、
前記温度測定部が、前記敷設経路に沿った前記光ファイバの伝達関数と前記補正温度分布との畳み込みと、前記測定温度分布との二乗誤差が補正の度に小さくなるように該測定温度分布に対する補正を逐次的に複数回行うと共に、各回の補正の度に前記敷設経路の特定点での補正後の温度を、該特定点での推定温度に置き換えることを特徴とする温度測定装置。 - 前記特定点は、前記光ファイバが重複して配置された区間内に存在する複数の温度測定点であり、
前記推定温度は、前記補正温度分布における複数の温度測定点の平均温度であることを特徴とする請求項16に記載の温度測定装置。 - 前記特定点は、前記敷設経路において一定温度に保持された区間内に存在する複数の温度測定点であり、
前記推定温度は、前記測定温度分布において、複数の測定点のうちの一つにおける温度、又は前記複数の測定点の平均温度であることを特徴とする請求項16に記載の温度測定装置。 - 前記区間の長さは、前記光ファイバの伝達関数の3番目の零点の絶対値以上の長さであることを特徴とする請求項16に記載の温度測定装置。
- 前記温度測定エリアの中に、温度が所定温度以上となることが既知の部分がある場合に、該部分での補正後の温度が前記所定温度よりも低くなったときに該部分での前記補正後の前記温度を前記所定温度に置き換えることを特徴とする請求項16乃至19のいずれか1項に記載の温度測定装置。
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| JPWO2012056567A1 (ja) * | 2010-10-29 | 2014-03-20 | 富士通株式会社 | 温度測定システム及び温度測定方法 |
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US20120033709A1 (en) | 2012-02-09 |
| EP2431719B1 (en) | 2018-07-04 |
| US8636408B2 (en) | 2014-01-28 |
| CN102365536B (zh) | 2014-06-11 |
| EP2431719A1 (en) | 2012-03-21 |
| JPWO2010125712A1 (ja) | 2012-10-25 |
| CN102365536A (zh) | 2012-02-29 |
| JP5218648B2 (ja) | 2013-06-26 |
| EP2431719A4 (en) | 2016-01-20 |
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