WO2005094701A1 - 超音波照射方法及び超音波照射装置 - Google Patents
超音波照射方法及び超音波照射装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2005094701A1 WO2005094701A1 PCT/JP2005/005969 JP2005005969W WO2005094701A1 WO 2005094701 A1 WO2005094701 A1 WO 2005094701A1 JP 2005005969 W JP2005005969 W JP 2005005969W WO 2005094701 A1 WO2005094701 A1 WO 2005094701A1
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- ultrasonic
- cavitation
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- ultrasonic irradiation
- pressure
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B08—CLEANING
- B08B—CLEANING IN GENERAL; PREVENTION OF FOULING IN GENERAL
- B08B3/00—Cleaning by methods involving the use or presence of liquid or steam
- B08B3/04—Cleaning involving contact with liquid
- B08B3/10—Cleaning involving contact with liquid with additional treatment of the liquid or of the object being cleaned, e.g. by heat, by electricity or by vibration
- B08B3/12—Cleaning involving contact with liquid with additional treatment of the liquid or of the object being cleaned, e.g. by heat, by electricity or by vibration by sonic or ultrasonic vibrations
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods
- A61B17/22—Implements for squeezing-off ulcers or the like on inner organs of the body; Implements for scraping-out cavities of body organs, e.g. bones; for invasive removal or destruction of calculus using mechanical vibrations; for removing obstructions in blood vessels, not otherwise provided for
- A61B17/22004—Implements for squeezing-off ulcers or the like on inner organs of the body; Implements for scraping-out cavities of body organs, e.g. bones; for invasive removal or destruction of calculus using mechanical vibrations; for removing obstructions in blood vessels, not otherwise provided for using mechanical vibrations, e.g. ultrasonic shock waves
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods
- A61B17/22—Implements for squeezing-off ulcers or the like on inner organs of the body; Implements for scraping-out cavities of body organs, e.g. bones; for invasive removal or destruction of calculus using mechanical vibrations; for removing obstructions in blood vessels, not otherwise provided for
- A61B17/22004—Implements for squeezing-off ulcers or the like on inner organs of the body; Implements for scraping-out cavities of body organs, e.g. bones; for invasive removal or destruction of calculus using mechanical vibrations; for removing obstructions in blood vessels, not otherwise provided for using mechanical vibrations, e.g. ultrasonic shock waves
- A61B17/22029—Means for measuring shock waves
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an ultrasonic irradiation method and an ultrasonic irradiation device, and more particularly to crushing, cleaning, surface modification, and the like of an object using the collapse pressure of cavitation bubbles.
- the present invention will be described based on one preferred embodiment, calculus crushing, but the present invention is not limited to medical applications such as calculus crushing, but is also applied to ultrasonic cleaning. It is also useful in industrial applications such as cavitation 'peening.
- Shock wave lithotripsy is often regarded as an almost established treatment technique at present.
- calculus fragments are relatively large, and that normal tissue can be damaged by cavitation, leaving unsolved problems. Damage to body tissue is caused by the high impact pressure that occurs when the cavitation bubbles collapse rapidly (collapse).
- the collapse pressure of the cavitation bubbles is strong enough to scrape stones. If it can be localized only on the stone surface and generate cavitation bubbles, and even more effectively cause its collapse, it will minimize damage to normal tissue. It is thought that it is possible to crush only calculi.
- the inventors of the present application have developed a method of controlling ultrasonic cavitation using two types of focused ultrasonic waves and crushing so that only calculi are scraped off from the surface.
- this method only the calculus is crushed by erosion due to the collapse phenomenon of ultrasonic cavitation without using high pressure due to shock waves.
- a pressure wave for generating cavitation focused ultrasonic waves having a wavelength that is about one order of magnitude shorter than a shock wave generated by SWL are used, and cavitation is generated by generating cavitation in a localized region and causing collapse. High pressure only at the surface. This leads to high energy concentration.
- stable cloud cavitation means that the rate of change in the size and shape of the cloud cavitation is significantly reduced when a certain ultrasonic irradiation time is exceeded, as shown in FIG.
- the amount of crushing per unit time greatly depends on the number of collapses of the stable cloud cavitation per unit time, that is, the repetition frequency of high-frequency ultrasonic waves and low-frequency ultrasonic waves. It largely depends on the extinction time of residual bubbles after cloud cavitation collapse.
- a series of behaviors from generation, collapse, and disappearance of acoustic cavitation in a focused ultrasonic sound field are physically grasped. It is necessary to control the concentration of high pressure and high energy.
- Patent Document 1 JP 2004-33476
- the present invention provides a means for generating cavitation by high-frequency ultrasonic waves, disintegrating the cavitation with subsequent low-frequency ultrasonic waves, and generating very high energy in a limited spatiotemporal region. ⁇
- information that can be used to obtain the behavioral force of the generated cavitation bubbles is used. Therefore, it is an object to optimize the ultrasonic irradiation.
- the energy concentration efficiency greatly depends on the accuracy of stable cloud cavitation generation.Stable cloud cavitation generation depends on the pressure amplitude at the focal point, dissolved gas concentration, bubble nucleus concentration, saturated vapor pressure, etc. Because of the large dependence, the optimal ultrasonic irradiation method in the system greatly changes depending on these.
- the total amount of energy concentrated per unit time greatly depends on the number of times a stable cloud cavity collapses per unit time, that is, the repetition frequency of high-frequency ultrasonic waves and low-frequency ultrasonic waves. Depends greatly on the disappearance time of the residual bubbles after the collapse of the cloud cavitation. For this reason, it is necessary to control the concentration of the energy while constantly grasping the series of behaviors from the generation of ultrasonic power to the collapse and disappearance of the cavitation.
- a technical means adopted by the present invention is to irradiate high frequency ultrasonic waves toward an object in which liquid is present in at least a part of its surroundings, and to irradiate a region including the object.
- a first step having an interval time (interval step) after the two steps, a first step, and a sound wave emitted from the cavitation bubble are acquired, and the sound wave is subjected to signal processing to obtain ultrasonic irradiation conditions.
- the cavitation bubbles are generated in a local region near the object, and the cavitation bubbles are collapsed to locally apply high energy to the object.
- the third step of the first step comprises, after the second step, ultrasonic waves of a moderate intensity without irradiating the object with ultrasonic waves or inducing the generation and growth of bubbles. This is the interval time during which only irradiation is performed.
- the signal processing in the second step includes determining whether or not a force has been generated by the first step in the first step to generate stable cavitation bubbles, and the controlled ultrasonic irradiation condition is high.
- the output of the ultrasonic wave at the frequency and the Z or irradiation time Judgment result If the force s is “No”, reset the output of high frequency ultrasonic wave and Z or irradiation time.
- the controlled ultrasonic irradiation condition may include a frequency of a high frequency ultrasonic wave.
- the controlled ultrasonic irradiation conditions may further include position adjustment (including phase) of the ultrasonic irradiation device.
- the determination as to whether or not a force has generated a stable cavitation bubble is performed by using the pressure amplitude and Z or the magnitude of the pressure of the received signal. In another preferred embodiment, the determination as to whether or not the force has generated stable cavitation bubbles is made by using the frequency component of the received signal.
- the signal processing in the second step includes a determination as to whether the collapse position of the cavitation bubble in the second step in the first step is appropriate, and the ultrasonic irradiation conditions to be controlled are controlled. Is positioning (including phase). If the judgment result is “No”, the position of the device is adjusted.
- the determination of whether the collapse position of the cavitation bubble is appropriate is made by measuring the time from the transmission of the low-frequency ultrasonic wave to the reception of the sound wave due to the collapse pressure.
- the signal processing in the second step includes determining whether the collapse pressure of the cavitation bubbles in the second step in the first step is appropriate (determining whether the crushing efficiency is appropriate). ), And the controlled ultrasonic irradiation conditions include at least one of the output, wave number, rising time constant, rising phase, and frequency of the low frequency ultrasound. Further, the controlled ultrasonic irradiation conditions may include at least one of parameters (output, irradiation time, frequency) of high-frequency ultrasonic waves, positioning, and phase correction. In one preferred embodiment, the determination as to whether the collapse pressure of the cavitation bubble is appropriate is made by measuring the pressure amplitude and Z or the magnitude of the pressure of the sound wave reception signal based on the collapse pressure.
- the signal processing in the second step includes a determination as to whether or not residual bubbles in the first step and the third step are sufficiently small.
- the repetition frequency In a preferred embodiment, the determination is made based on the collapse pressure of residual bubbles and Z or collapse time.
- the processing of the generated acoustic wave force generated sound wave may include obtaining an image of the cavity sound bubble based on the sound wave. Further, the method may include the step of acquiring and signal processing the object and Z or sound waves of the environmental forces around the object. Then, the signal processing is performed on the object and Z or the object. Surrounding environmental forces may also include acquiring an image of the object and the z using the sound wave signal, or an image of the surrounding of the object.
- the first step and the second step may include, in some preferred embodiments, crushing of an object, separation of foreign matter from the object, surface modification of the object, and thermal denaturation of the object. Including.
- the present invention is also provided as an ultrasonic irradiation device.
- An ultrasonic irradiation device includes an ultrasonic irradiation unit that irradiates an ultrasonic wave to an object based on set ultrasonic irradiation conditions, a sound wave reception unit, and a signal that processes a signal received by the sound wave reception unit.
- a processing unit, and a control unit that controls the ultrasonic irradiation conditions of the ultrasonic irradiation unit.
- the ultrasonic irradiation unit sends the high-frequency ultrasonic wave to at least a part of the surroundings by the control unit.
- the sound wave receiving unit is controlled so as to impart high energy to the object, receives the sound wave emitted from the cavitation bubble force, and processes the received sound wave by the signal processing unit to generate a signal.
- the control based on the processing result
- the unit is configured to control the ultrasonic irradiation conditions.
- the sound wave receiving section is an ultrasonic probe and a Z or hide mouth phone.
- the signal processing unit includes a sound pressure analyzing unit for the received sound wave.
- the sound pressure analyzer can analyze pressure amplitude, pressure magnitude, collapse position, collapse time, collapse pressure, and the like.
- the signal processing unit includes a frequency analysis unit for the received sound wave.
- the frequency analyzer can analyze pressure amplitude, pressure magnitude, collapse pressure, and the like.
- the apparatus further includes a means for irradiating an ultrasonic wave having such an intensity that does not induce the generation and growth of bubbles, so that the object and Z or the environment and Z around the object are irradiated.
- a means for irradiating an ultrasonic wave having such an intensity that does not induce the generation and growth of bubbles so that the object and Z or the environment and Z around the object are irradiated.
- it is configured such that the reflected sound wave of the ultrasonic wave having the cavitation force is processed by the sound wave receiving unit.
- the signal processing unit converts image information based on a received sound wave. It includes an image processing unit to be obtained.
- the ultrasonic irradiation conditions are preferably, but not limited to, the output of high-frequency ultrasonic waves, the irradiation time of high-frequency ultrasonic waves, the frequency of high-frequency ultrasonic waves, the positioning of the ultrasonic irradiation unit with respect to the object, and the repetition frequency. It includes one or more selected low-frequency ultrasonic power, wave number, rising time constant, rising phase, and group force including frequency force.
- the device has a storage unit, and the storage unit stores information indicating a relationship between the ultrasonic irradiation condition and the physical condition.
- the force or force at which the stable cloud cavitation is generated is determined whether the collapse position is appropriate or not. It is possible to determine whether the pressure is appropriate, whether the residual air bubbles are sufficiently small, etc., based on the result of the determination, reliably generate a stable cloud cavitation, and reliably and accurately obtain a stable cloud cavitation. It can lead to disintegration at an appropriate time and position, and reset the ultrasonic irradiation conditions to the optimal repetition frequency.
- FIG. 1 shows a schematic diagram of an ultrasonic cavitation experimental apparatus according to the present invention.
- a concave PZT (lead zirconate titanate) transducer with an aperture of 80 mm and a focal length of 80 mm fixed to an acrylic water tank was used.
- Two types of PZT devices one with a resonance frequency of 1.08 MHz and one with 545 kHz, were used.
- As a characteristic of the PZT element in addition to the fundamental mode resonance frequency, there are (2n + l) times higher-order mode resonance points, and higher output is possible compared to other frequencies.
- the waveform of the ultrasonic wave transmitted into the acrylic water tank is created on a PC, then generated by an arbitrary waveform generator (Agilent, 33120A), and an ultrasonic band amplifier (T & C Power Conversion) is used. , AG 1024) and sent to the PZT element.
- the transmitted ultrasonic wave is focused at the position of 80 mm, which is the geometric focal point of the concave PZT element.
- the maximum output of AG1024 is 2 kW for continuous sine wave transmission and 800 V for voltage amplitude during pulse transmission.
- the IMACON 200 a frame mode super high-speed camera manufactured by DRS Hadland, was used for observation of the phenomenon of cavitation.
- the IMACON 200 has a minimum exposure time of 5 ns and an interframe of 5 ns, and has sufficient performance to capture the cavitation phenomenon generated by ultrasonic waves on the order of MHz.
- a high-speed camera is equipped with a long-distance microscope (Quester, QM100, focal length 150-350).
- Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of the cavitation control method and a diagram of the acoustic cavitation control.
- the outline of the ultrasonic pulse waveform used is shown.
- the control of the acoustic cavitation is done by focused ultrasound with two different frequencies.
- One is high-frequency (about 1 to 4 mm) ultrasonic waves that generate cavitation in a narrow area (Figs. 2-1 and 2).
- High-frequency ultrasonic waves generate cloud cavitation in the focal region, which is composed of many microbubbles.
- the other ultrasonic wave is a low-frequency ultrasonic wave (approximately 100 kHz to 1 MHz) having a frequency near the resonance frequency as a group of cloud bubbles, which is lower by about one order than the high-frequency ultrasonic frequency.
- high-frequency ultrasonic waves are applied immediately after stopping. This low-frequency ultrasonic wave forcibly vibrates the cloud generated at high frequency, leading to collapse (Figs. 2-3 and 4).
- the shock wave is focused inside the cloud placed in the oscillating pressure field, and the bubble collapses violently in the center (Fig. 2-5, 6).
- cloud cavitation is generated at spatially controlled locations, and its collapse can be induced to achieve efficient lithotripsy.
- Figure 3 shows the behavior of the cavitation when the acoustic cavitation is actually generated and collapsed by focused ultrasound using the above method.
- Figure 3 (a) shows how cloud cavitation created by 2.75MHz high-frequency ultrasound is guided to collapse by 545kHz low-frequency ultrasound.
- a semi-elliptical cloud cavitation as seen in the first frame of Fig. 3 (a) is generated while maintaining a stable size 'shape if the frequency of the high frequency ultrasonic wave is the same. I can do it.
- cloud cavitations generated at different frequencies strongly depend on the wavelength of ultrasonic waves. Cloud cavitation can be generated. Supplement this. After continuous ultrasonic irradiation for 100 to 200 s, the state of cloud cavitation developed on the wall was observed.
- Figure 26A shows a semi-elliptic spherical cloud cavity of stable size and shape created by focused ultrasound at various frequencies.
- FIG. 26B shows the representative length of the chillon plotted against the frequency. The maximum length of the cloud in the direction normal to the solid wall was used as the representative length. According to Figure 26B, the length of the cloud cavitation generated on the solid wall surface by the ultrasonic wave has a strong correlation with the wavelength of the ultrasonic wave, and fits very well to the line that is a quarter of the wavelength. are doing.
- FIGS. 26A and 26B show that the cloud cavitation developed on the solid wall surface by the focused ultrasonic wave can control the generation region by the wavelength of the ultrasonic wave.
- an ultrasonic wave of 1.0 MHz or more can be guided to a localized area of 1.0 mm or less.
- FIG. 3 (b) is a shadow graph (shadow picture) image of the state of shock wave propagation due to the collapse of the cloud cavitation that occurs subsequent to FIG. 3 (a).
- the ultrasonic frequency corresponds to the phenomenon immediately after the collapse of the cloud cavitation in the third frame in Fig. 3 at different forces.
- the high frequency ultrasonic wave is 3.82 MHz, and the low frequency applied subsequently is 545 kHz.
- Fig. 3 (b) it can be seen that the spherical wave centered on the bubble cloud propagates outside.
- the shadow graph image a portion where the gradient of the density change is large appears as a shade of black and white. That is, the shadow of the shock wave shown in Fig. 3 (b) indicates that a very high pressure is generated at that location.
- the pressure value was at least three times greater than the impact pressure at the time when each single cavitation bubble collapsed.
- FIG. 4 (a) shows the results of applying this method to model calculi.
- Fig. 4 (a) shows the model stones for each ultrasonic irradiation time
- Fig. 4 (b) shows the crushed pieces.
- the cavitation control waveform was the same as that shown in Fig. 2.
- a group of high frequency and low frequency was defined as one pulse, and ultrasonic waves were irradiated at a repetition frequency of 25Hz. In other words, cloud cavitation collapses 1500 times per minute on the stone surface.
- Fig. 4 (c) shows the application of this method to cystine stones, which are the hardest kidney stones and are considered difficult to crush with existing SWL equipment.
- cystine stones which are the hardest kidney stones and are considered difficult to crush with existing SWL equipment.
- the model stone it can be seen that the stone has been scraped off to the crushed piece, very finely.
- 1) stones are removed by cavitation erosion, and crushed pieces can be very finely focused.
- Ultrasonic cavitation that causes crushing is localized only on the stone surface. Is done. Therefore, it has the potential to solve two problems of existing SWL devices: the relatively large size of calculus fragments and the damage to normal tissue in the body during crushing.
- JP-A-2004-33476 For the ultrasonic irradiation method using two kinds of frequencies, the description of JP-A-2004-33476 can be appropriately referred to.
- the magnitude of the ultrasonic output has a strong correlation with the magnitude of the pressure amplitude of the ultrasonic wave at the focal point, but in many cases, the effects of reflection, refraction, and scattering in the ultrasonic wave propagation process cannot be ignored.
- the relationship between the pressure amplitude at the focal point and the formation of a stable cloud cavitation is highly dependent on the dissolved gas concentration at the focal point, the bubble nucleus concentration at the focal point, the saturated vapor pressure at the focal point, and the atmospheric pressure at the focal point.
- the optimum ultrasonic irradiation conditions in the system vary greatly depending on these. Therefore, it is important to monitor the state of the cavitation and provide feedback, even when it comes to "stable execution of stable cavitation".
- a sound wave that also generates a cavitation force can be used as a specific monitoring method.
- Figure 7 shows the sound generated from the cavitation.
- the target at the focal position whether or not the cavitation is generated, whether or not crushing is sufficiently performed, and optimization of the repetition frequency of the ultrasonic wave can be all performed.
- the signal corresponding to the irradiation time of the high-frequency ultrasonic wave changes. Therefore, it is determined whether stable cloud cavitation is generated by monitoring the signal change. It is. When the cloud collapses, an impact pressure corresponding to the strength of the collapse is observed.
- the collapse pressure is estimated from the pressure amplitude and Z or the magnitude of the pressure of the sound wave reception signal due to the impact pressure, and it can be determined whether the crushing efficiency is appropriate.
- the crushing efficiency is, for example, the amount of weight (mg / min) scraped off per unit time.
- the residual bubbles collapse after 100-200 s, generating acoustic waves.
- the optimal repetition frequency is determined from the pressure amplitude and Z or the magnitude of the pressure of the sound wave reception signal, and the collapse time.
- the overall configuration of the system will be described.
- the calculus breaking method (CCL: Cavitation Control Lithotripsy) using the collapse pressure of the cavity is configured as shown in Fig. 5.
- the system can be broadly divided into stone capture and stone crushing.
- Calculus capture includes calculus position measurement, coarse / fine movement of the ultrasonic generator, and phase correction of the ultrasonic generator.
- Fracture of a calculus involves two steps: high-frequency ultrasonic irradiation and low-frequency ultrasonic irradiation.
- the calculus crushing process is related to the process until the generation of cavitation bubbles also disappears. Disappearance is important.
- Irradiation of high-frequency ultrasonic waves is related to generation of stable cloud cavitation, and is performed during or after irradiation of high-frequency ultrasonic waves (including after irradiation of low-frequency ultrasonic waves). By monitoring the generation state of the cloud, it is determined whether or not the force is generating stable cloud cavitation.
- the irradiation of low-frequency ultrasonic waves is related to the collapse of cloud cavitation, and by monitoring the collapse phenomenon during or after the irradiation of low-frequency ultrasonic waves, it is possible to determine the force at which appropriate collapse is performed. I do.
- Steps (1) and (2) in the flowchart shown in FIG. 6 correspond to a calculus capturing block, and steps (3) to (8) correspond to a calculus crushing block.
- the ultrasonic irradiation apparatus receives the emitted sound waves. Have means to do so.
- a hide-and-mouth phone is used as a sound wave receiving means.
- One preferred form of the receiving means is an ultrasonic probe.
- FIG. 12 illustrates three types of receiving means.
- the left figure in Fig. 12 shows an ultrasonic probe installed inside a piezoelectric element that irradiates high frequency and Z or low frequency ultrasonic waves.
- the center figure irradiates high frequency and Z or low frequency ultrasonic waves.
- An ultrasonic probe is installed outside the piezoelectric element.
- a piezoelectric element that emits high-frequency and Z- or low-frequency ultrasonic waves or a type in which the piezoelectric element is divided into multiple segments as shown in the right figure.
- the power of these segments is responsible for the receiving function.
- These forms receive sound waves alone or in combination. Reception can have both the function of monitoring the cavitation bubbles and the function of normal ultrasound diagnosis for imaging of calculus' tissue.
- the combination of these receiving means changes the form of the treatment device, whether it is the S phased array system (the focal position can be changed by phase correction) or the single focus system.
- the sound pressure signal receiving probe may passively receive the sound wave emitted by the cavitation bubble force, or the probe itself may transmit the ultrasonic wave (the waveform generating device is connected to the probe), A reflected wave of the cavitation bubble force with respect to the ultrasonic wave may be received.
- the sound pressure signal received by the ultrasonic probe is subjected to signal processing in a signal processing unit.
- the signal processing unit has means for obtaining the pressure amplitude and Z or the magnitude of the pressure of the received sound pressure signal, and analyzes the sound pressure signal (frequency component extraction by frequency filter, Fourier transform such as FFT) Frequency analysis), and a means for obtaining image information from a sound pressure signal.
- the pressure amplitude of the sound pressure signal, the magnitude of Z or pressure, and the frequency component of the sound pressure signal can be used as parameters in the feedback loop.
- the acquired image information is displayed on the display unit, and the image information can be used for feedback control.
- the dependence of the physical parameters on the ultrasonic parameters is stored as a database in the storage unit of the device.
- the ultrasonic parameters are Means parameters including the focal position of the device, specifically the position of the ultrasonic generator and receiver (including those due to phase correction), the output of high-frequency ultrasonic waves, irradiation time, frequency, low frequency
- the ultrasonic wave output 'wave number' rise time constant 'rise phase' frequency and repetition frequency of the first step.
- Physical parameters include dissolved gas concentration, liquid type, liquid temperature, bubble nucleus concentration, saturated vapor pressure, atmospheric pressure, etc.S, and other factors such as the acoustic impedance and surface impedance of the object. Includes roughness and the like.
- the ultrasonic parameters are set based on the database and the information on the calculus position (Step 1).
- Information on the calculus position is obtained, for example, by ultrasonic diagnosis.
- positioning is first performed, then the parameters of the high-frequency and low-frequency ultrasonic waves and the repetition frequency are provisionally set, and then only the high-frequency ultrasonic waves are actually continuously irradiated.
- Receiving the sound waves from the cavitation, and resetting the parameters of the high-frequency ultrasonic waves using the feedback method of step 5 described later, and optimizing the low-frequency ultrasonic waves and the repetition frequency are performed in steps 2 to 8. This is performed in a loop.
- step 2 In order to follow the movement of the calculus, the position of the calculus is measured again, and the apparatus is positioned (including that obtained by phase correction) (step 2). At this time, if it is impossible to follow the movement of the calculus in real time, it is possible to return to step 1 again and set the initial force and the ultrasonic parameters again.
- Irradiate high frequency ultrasonic waves to generate stable cloud cavitation (step 3). Irradiation of high frequency ultrasound is performed based on the parameters set in step 1.
- the range of the high frequency is 100 kHz or more, preferably 500 kHz to 10 MHz.
- low-frequency ultrasonic waves are applied to induce cloud cavitation to collapse and crush stones (Step 4).
- the low frequency range is less than half the frequency of the ultrasonic wave applied in step 3.
- step 5 It is determined whether a stable cloud cavitation has been generated (step 5). Since the process of step 3 is completed in a very short time, for example 50 s, the monitoring of the cavitation generation is after step 4. This is because it takes about 50 seconds to receive the sound wave generation power from the cavitation. Of course, if this technique is used for different systems, this is not the case. It is desirable to do. Here, for example, the monitoring of the cavitation is performed using the characteristic sound wave at the time of the generation of the cavitation or the characteristic sound wave from the stable cavitation. If it is determined that stable cavitation has been generated, step
- step 6 It is determined whether or not the collapse position and Z of the cavitation bubble have the correct collapse time (step 6). From the sound wave reception timing by the collapsing pressure, it can be confirmed whether or not the collapsing occurs at a position apart by the focal length! /. For example, it is possible to perceive that a collapse has occurred in the side lobe just before the focal point. Furthermore, if it is determined that the collapse position of the cavitation bubble is correct, the process proceeds to step 7. If it is determined that the collapse position of the cavitation bubble is not correct, return to step 2.
- step 7 It is determined whether the collapse pressure of the cavitation bubble is appropriate (step 7). From the pressure amplitude of the sound wave due to the collapse pressure and the Z or pressure magnitude value, the collapse pressure at the focal point can be estimated. This makes it possible to check whether the pressure (or pressure amplitude) required for crushing has been obtained. If the collapse pressure is determined to be appropriate, proceed to step 8. If it is determined that the collapse pressure is not appropriate, return to step 2.
- Step 8 It is determined whether the residual air bubbles are sufficiently small.
- the reception of the sound wave from the bubble may be reception only, transmission / reception, or a combination thereof.
- the power of stable cloud cavitation is determined by the change in sound pressure amplitude 'stabilization of sound pressure amplitude' detection of harmonic signals generated from bubbles' and the actual collapse of the cloud at low frequencies
- a plurality of methods such as whether or not a signal can be obtained are conceivable.
- This information can be obtained by processing the signal of the received sound pressure of the cavitation bubble force.
- One preferable example of a normal cavitation control cycle is (1) generation of cavitation, (2) generation of stable cloud cavitation, (3) collapse of stable cloud cavitation, ( 4) The cavitation disappears and the power becomes stronger.
- processes (1), (2) and (3) are cheaper. It is a part that interacts with the generation of a stable cloud cavitation, and it is possible to check the generation of a stable cloud cavitation in this process.
- (1) the occurrence of cavitation is detected, and if it has occurred, it is possible to predict how long the irradiation time will lead to the generation of a stable cloud cavitation.
- (2) confirm whether the cloud cab is stable. However, if it is difficult to detect the sound wave of a stable cloud cavitation, it is possible to use a feature that makes it difficult to detect it. In order to increase the accuracy, it is possible to use (1), (3) It is thought that confirmation in the process of) will also be important. In (3), it can be confirmed that if the collapse according to the database (or sufficiently large) has occurred, a stable cloud cavitation can be generated as a result.
- FIG. 7 shows the relationship between the sound pressure of the received signal of the sound emitted from the cavitation cloud and time.
- FIG. 7 shows the relationship between the sound pressure of the received signal of the sound emitted from the cavitation cloud and time.
- the cloud when the cloud is stabilized, there is a change in the signal during irradiation of high-frequency ultrasonic waves.
- the pressure amplitude once increases with a change, the value is reduced with time, and the pressure amplitude is stabilized at a substantially constant pressure amplitude.
- the frequency component for example, since the sound pressure signal emitted in the process of generating the cavitation has a wide frequency band, it can be detected at a frequency lower or higher than the frequency of the irradiation ultrasonic wave. If this becomes a stable cavitation, the frequency component is almost limited to a harmonic component that is an integral multiple of the irradiated ultrasonic wave. Therefore, by examining (1) the distribution (spread and variation) of frequency components, and (2) specific frequency components (such as 1/2 times subharmonic components and 2 times higher harmonic components) It can be determined.
- the parameters to be back-controlled are high-frequency ultrasonic parameters (high-frequency irradiation time
- Figure 8 shows the relationship between the minimum output required for stable cloud cavitation and the minimum irradiation time.
- the generation of a stable cloud cavitation depends on the output of high-frequency ultrasonic waves and the irradiation time of ultrasonic waves. Furthermore, high-frequency frequencies are also controlled. As a result, the size of the cloud cavitation to be generated can be changed, and the crushing force (power, range, etc.) can be changed.
- the irradiation time of high frequency and the output of Z or high frequency are made longer and larger.
- the irradiation time of the high frequency and the Z or the output of the high frequency are merely increased for a long time. For example, if the bubble is not the target after passing a stable situation! / If it is also generated in a place, the high-frequency irradiation time and Z become.
- step 8 the process returns from step 8 to step 2.However, first, the output of the ultrasonic parameter high-frequency irradiation time is changed, and the high-frequency output For example, re-positioning will also redo the force.
- Other parameters include phased array For example, a change in phase between individual elements is a parameter.
- ⁇ confirmation of whether or not collapse has occurred at a position separated by the focal length from the sound wave reception time by the collapse pressure '' means measuring the time from low-frequency transmission to reception of the collapse pressure. Done by The time may be measured directly, for example, since the irradiation time of a high frequency is known, it may be measured indirectly by measuring the time of the transmitting power of a high frequency.
- the position of the device is adjusted by feedback control.
- the phase of each element is also a parameter as a positioning parameter.
- the collapse pressure at the focal point is estimated from the relationship between the crushing efficiency of the calculus itself and the received sound pressure. (Because the collapse pressure itself cannot be measured, the received sound pressure is considered to be a parameter that depends on the collapse pressure.)
- the information we finally obtained is the calculus breaking efficiency and the amount of damage to body tissue. Since both of these have a strong correlation with the collapse pressure, it is also possible to create a database of each relationship through the collapse pressure predicted from the received sound pressure, and directly receive the sound pressure and the crushing efficiency and the magnitude of damage. It is also possible to make a database of the relationships between the two.
- the object of feedback control is to change the output and wave number of the low frequency, to change the time constant of the low frequency rise.
- the object of feedback control is to change the rising phase and the low frequency.
- any one of the high-frequency parameters, the repetition frequency, the positioning, and the phase correction (if the phase correction is possible), or a combination of a plurality of them is also a control target. For example, first adjust the low frequency parameters, and if the appropriate collapse pressure is still not obtained, combine the high frequency parameters, positioning, and phase correction to achieve the target state.
- one of the points is to use the cavitation limited to a narrow area.
- the residual bubbles after the collapse of the cavitation are stable cloud cavitation. Is generated or diffused in the region other than the region where the high frequency force is generated, so even if the cycle starting with the high frequency force is repeated as it is, it becomes impossible to control in a local region. Therefore, it is most efficient to start the next cycle when the residual bubbles have become negligibly small. Therefore, monitoring of the residual air bubbles is performed, and the time until the next cycle (that is, the repetition frequency) is determined.
- the state of the residual bubbles is monitored by receiving a sound wave from the residual bubbles after the collapse.
- the state of the residual bubbles means the size and the total volume of the residual bubbles. These parameters can be predicted from the magnitude of the collapse pressure (sound wave) from the residual bubbles and the time interval at which the collapse pressure occurs.
- the magnitude of the collapse pressure from the residual bubbles directly indicates the magnitude of the volume of the residual bubbles. This is because the collapse pressure of a single bubble increases as the bubble radius increases.
- the fact that the collapse pressure generation time is slow and the interval between the collapse pressure generation times is long also mean that the volume of the residual bubble is large. If the bubble is large, it is a force that naturally lowers the natural frequency of the bubble vibration.
- the repetition frequency is reset to a low value. If it is determined that the cavitation bubbles disappear quickly enough, the repetition frequency is set to a higher value.
- FIG. 11 shows a time chart of a protocol of ultrasonic irradiation and ultrasonic reception.
- pulse repetition frequency pulse repetition frequency
- a database of cavitation behavior by high-frequency and low-frequency ultrasonic waves (characteristics of cavitation behavior in a series of schemes) was created, and an experiment was performed to confirm the actual collapse behavior corresponding to the database.
- a pressure-sensitive sheet experiment and a calculus crushing experiment (FIGS. 24 and 25) based on (1), (2), and (3) were performed.
- FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram of the experimental apparatus used in this example.
- the experimental apparatus is an experimental system in which an ultrasonic sensor is arranged at a position simulating monitoring from outside the body.
- FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram of the experimental apparatus used in this example.
- the ultrasonic source used was a concave PZT transducer with an aperture diameter of 100 [mm] and a focal length of 80 [mm].
- the resonance frequency of the transducer is 555 [kHz] and has a fourth harmonic mode at 3.89 [MHz].
- the above two frequencies are used as the high frequency and low frequency of the cavitation control, that is, 3.89 [MHz] for the high frequency phase and 555 [kHz] for the low frequency phase.
- a high-speed camera IMACON2000 exposure 10 [nsec], inter-frame 10 [ms] in this experiment was used to photograph the behavior of the cavitation.
- IMACON2000 exposure 10 [nsec], inter-frame 10 [ms] in this experiment
- a concave-type closed-mouth phone with an aperture of 12 [mm] and a focal length of 78.3 [mm] was used for monitoring the sound pressure emitted from the cavitation.
- This concave-type microphone has almost the same focal length as the PZT transducer, and can receive the emitted sound pressure due to the cavitation phenomenon occurring at the focal point with high sensitivity.
- PCD Passive Cavitation Detector
- Figure 14 shows the results of a high-speed camera photographing the state of bubbles that occur and grow in the high frequency phase of 3.89 [MHz] on the wall.
- the ultrasonic output (vertical axis) in the graph is the magnitude of the maximum negative pressure at the focal point (
- p) 4.8-11.7 [MPa]. From these results, it is understood that the behavior of the cavitation bubble group can be largely classified into three types.
- the sound pressure ranges of (A), (B), and (C) indicate the values as described above in the case of this figure. These thresholds depend on the state of the medium (dissolved gas concentration, liquid type, liquid Temperature, bubble nucleus concentration, saturated vapor pressure, ambient pressure, impurity concentration, etc.), acoustic impedance and roughness of the solid wall. Because the absolute value itself is important, it is important to note that the "characteristic” that the cavitation behavior transitions by increasing the ultrasonic output from (A) to (B) to (C) is important. Keep it. In other words, by monitoring the "characteristic” and its “characteristic response to the characteristic”, it is possible to identify the state of the cavitation by monitoring the "characteristic response”.
- FIGS. 19 and 20 show examples of monitoring the "characteristic response" corresponding to the three states (A), (B) and (C) in this high-frequency phase.
- Fig. 15 shows the result of measuring the representative length in the ultrasonic wave propagation direction (normal direction of the solid wall surface) in a photograph of the cavitation bubble group in the same photographing as in Fig. 14. That is, the length corresponding to the horizontal axis direction in FIG. 14 is measured.
- the conditions are the same as in Fig. 14.
- the ultrasonic irradiation time (however, the time when the first ultrasonic wave was transmitted by the transducer force was set to zero, so the time when the ultrasonic wave reached the focal point was about 54 [sec]).
- the symbol “ ⁇ ” indicates the length of the semi-elliptical cavitation bubble group where the solid wall force also grows. The representative length of the cavitation, which can be regarded as a bubble group, is measured. Also, the " ⁇ " mark in the figure
- It has a length that covers the semi-elliptic bubbles and covers the secondary cavitation.
- FIG. 16 is a graph in which the ultrasonic output is arranged on the horizontal axis for the same result as in FIG.
- the ultrasonic irradiation time was set to 114 [sec], which is the time when 233 [periods] were applied.
- the diameter of the bubble group gradually increases up to an output of about 6.5 [MPa], and a stable shape of a semi-elliptic sphere of about 50 to 60 [ ⁇ m] at about 7 [MPa] ⁇ Size cavitation bubbles.
- around 10 [MPa] secondary cavitation bubbles are generated. start.
- the threshold varies depending on various surrounding conditions.
- the low sound pressure range is 6.5 [MPa] and the medium sound pressure range is 6.5 [MPa] to 10 [MPa].
- a high sound pressure range of 10 [MPa] or more and a range of three different states of the cavitation bubble group can be defined.
- FIGS. 17A, 17B, and 17C show the results of high-speed camera imaging and the detection of emitted sound pressure at the time of occurrence of cavitation at each frequency of 1.7, 2.8, and 3.9 [MHz].
- the emitted sound pressure is detected almost at the same time when the cavitation bubbles are confirmed in the photographed image.
- Figure 18 shows the monitoring of the emitted sound pressure throughout the high frequency phase.
- Figures 18A, 18B, and 18C show the results of monitoring the sound pressure from the cavitation bubbles using a concave transducer (in this case, the output is shown as the peak-to-peak amplitude of the function generator). The experiments were performed in the same conditions as in Fig. 18, Fig. 19, Fig. 20, and Fig. 24).
- Fig. 18A in the low sound pressure range of 100-300 [mV], there is no change in the received signal. From around 350 [mV], the emission sound pressure of the cavitation starts to be detected.
- Fig. 18A in the low sound pressure range of 100-300 [mV]
- the emission sound pressure of the cavitation force is always included in the received signal. Is detected.
- the received signal is detected even in the high sound pressure range of 700-1000 [mV], but its waveform fluctuates greatly, reflecting the generation of bubbles with irregular shapes and sizes. are doing .
- the waveform of the received signal shows stable amplitude and breakthrough lines, and the generation and response of the stable size and shape of the cavitation bubble group it seems to do.
- FIG. 19 shows the absolute value of the amplitude of the time-averaged waveform of the sound pressure emitted from the cavitation bubble group at each output in the same case as in FIG. Time average
- the waveforms are the sums of 10 different sampled received waveforms of the same case with the same time, and divided by 10 samples.
- the amplitude of random noise can be relatively reduced.
- the amplitude of the signal of the cavitation bubble group force in a stable state increases each time, and the amplitude of the signal from the cavitation bubble group, which exhibits irregular behavior and random behavior in time and phase, is relatively small. It is expected to become.
- FIG. 19 corresponding to the original waveform shown in FIG.
- reception signal processing makes it possible to monitor the cavitation bubble group in the focal region.
- FIGS. 20A, 20B, and 20C show the emission sound pressure and the frequency component of the force of the cavitation bubbles at each output in the same case as in FIG. Fig. 20A corresponds to the low sound pressure range where only minute cavitation occurs. At that time, the main frequency component is only 3.9 [MHz], which is the transmission frequency.
- Figure 20B corresponds to the medium sound pressure range where the semi-elliptical cavitation bubbles maintain a stable shape and size. At this time, the frequency component corresponding to a harmonic component such as 7.8 [MHz] is the transmission frequency. It rises to a value close to the component of 3.9 [MHz].
- Figure 20C shows the high sound pressure range where irregular secondary cavitation bubbles are generated to cover the periphery of the semi-elliptical sphere bubbles.
- This unstable cavitation causes the reception signal to break down. The line is disturbed, and the value of the component of the frequency lower than 3.9 [MHz] which is the transmission frequency increases.
- the received signal at the PCD has characteristic frequency components corresponding to each of the three types in FIG. 18, so that the frequency of the received signal is analyzed, or the low-pass filter and the high-pass filter are used. It can be seen that it is possible to monitor the cavitation bubble group in the focal region by applying a filter for frequency components such as a filter and a bandpass filter to the received signal.
- Fig. 21 shows an example of monitoring the collapse pressure in the low-frequency (555 [kHz]) phase after the high-frequency ultrasonic wave is completed.
- the upper part shows the original waveform of the PCD reception sound pressure in the low frequency phase, and the lower part cuts the reflected wave due to the low frequency component of 555 [kHz] from the reception signal and extracts the collapse pressure itself of the cavitation bubble group.
- the pressure amplitude of the low frequency applied from left to right increases.
- High-frequency ultrasonic waves have a medium sound pressure range of 9.5 [MPa] (maximum negative pressure), under conditions where a stable shape and size of a semi-elliptical spherical cloud cavity are generated. is there. Looking at the upper row, it can be seen that the collapse pressure of the bubbles was observed during the reception of the low-frequency reflected wave. In addition, it can be seen that the received sound pressure of bubble group collapse has increased with the increase in sound pressure at low frequencies.
- FIG. 22 shows a relationship between cavitation bubble group and collapse pressure.
- the horizontal axis in FIG. 22 is the "high frequency ultrasound" pressure amplitude.
- the same graph shows the magnitude of the collapse pressure in the “low-frequency phase” with respect to the pressure amplitude of the high-frequency ultrasonic waves, and the diameter of the cavitation bubble group generated by the “high-frequency ultrasonic waves” at that time.
- the magnitude of the collapse pressure signal of the bubble group as shown in Fig. 21 was obtained by averaging the absolute values by taking 100 cases each for various high-frequency ultrasonic wave outputs. Is the thing. From FIG.
- the collapse pressure of the cavitation bubbles is also significantly related to the three types of cavitation in the high frequency phase.
- A in the low sound pressure range (0-6.5 [MPa]), no cavitation bubbles are generated, or only very small cavitation bubbles are generated. Not observed or very small.
- B In the medium sound pressure range (6.5-10 [MPa]), the cavitation bubble group gradually increases in size, and the magnitude of the collapse pressure increases accordingly, and 9 [MPa]. Take the maximum value in the vicinity. This is consistent with the area where bubbles of a semi-elliptical spherical shape and shape are stable. Over 9 [MPa] Then the magnitude of the collapse pressure starts to fall.
- Figure 23 shows the result of measuring the magnitude of the collapse pressure.
- the collapse pressure increases from the low sound pressure range to the medium sound pressure range, and decreases when the sound pressure reaches the high sound pressure range.
- the "characteristics of the present technology" shown in the previous examples where the collapse pressure increases as the output increases.
- the optimum collapse pressure was obtained at a high frequency of 9.5 [MPa] and a low frequency of 30 [MPa]. Optimization can be performed by changing the control target parameter.
- Figure 23 shows the results of mapping the collapse pressure by monitoring the collapse pressure at a distance.
- a confirmation test was performed to confirm whether this actually corresponds to the generation of high pressure on the solid wall in the focal region.
- an experiment was conducted in which a pressure-sensitive sheet that changes color with respect to high pressure was installed in the focal region, and the output of high-frequency and low-frequency ultrasonic waves was changed in the same manner as in Fig. 23.
- Fig. 24 for the output of high-frequency ultrasonic waves, the collapse pressure increases from the low sound pressure range to the middle sound pressure range, and a large discoloration is observed at the center in the middle sound pressure range.
- Figure 24B is a cross-sectional view of the luminance distribution.In the middle sound pressure range of 400 mV, strong color development is seen in the center of the pressure-sensitive sheet, and in the high sound pressure range of 800 and 1000 mV, the color development in the center is weak. Is confirmed.
- the present invention is also effective in industrial applications such as ultrasonic cleaning and cavitation 'Pyung, which are not limited to medical applications such as calculus crushing.
- FIG. 1 is an overall system diagram of an ultrasonic irradiation apparatus.
- FIG. 2 shows a schematic diagram of a cavitation control method and an outline of an ultrasonic pulse waveform used for acoustic cavitation control.
- FIG. 3 shows the behavior of the cavitation when the acoustic cavitation using focused ultrasound is generated and collapsed using the above-described method.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing a result of applying the present method to a model stone.
- FIG. 5 is a view showing a configuration of a calculus breaking system according to the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is a flowchart of a calculus breaking method using the collapse pressure of a cavity.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram showing sound emitted from the cavitation cloud, where the horizontal axis is time and the vertical axis is sound pressure.
- FIG. 8A is a diagram showing a minimum output required for stable cloud cavitation.
- the vertical line A indicates the threshold (minimum applied voltage) of the occurrence of cavitation
- the vertical line B indicates the threshold (applied voltage) of the stable cloud cavitation.
- the applied voltage physically corresponds to the ultrasonic pressure amplitude on a one-to-one basis.
- FIG. 8B is a diagram showing a minimum irradiation time required for stable cloud cavitation. Vertical line
- C indicates a stable cloud cavitation threshold (irradiation time).
- FIG. 9 is a flowchart illustrating a stable cloud calibration monitoring rig.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram showing monitoring of collapse and disappearance of cavitation bubbles.
- FIG. 11 is a diagram showing an ultrasonic irradiation / reception protocol.
- FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram illustrating a sound wave receiving unit.
- FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram of an experimental apparatus.
- FIG. 14 shows the classification of cavitation in the high frequency phase (high frequency pressure amplitude 4.8-11.7 [MPa]).
- FIG. 15A Shown is the representative length of the cavitation bubble group with respect to the ultrasonic irradiation time in the low sound pressure range of 4.7 [MPa].
- ⁇ Cloud cavitation with semi-elliptical sphere;
- ⁇ Shielding cavitation that covers cloud cavitation with semi-elliptical sphere.
- the bubble cloud has grown up! /, Na! / ,.
- FIG. 15B Shown is the representative length of the cavitation bubble group with respect to the ultrasonic irradiation time in the medium sound pressure range of 8.7 [MPa].
- ⁇ Cloud cavitation with semi-elliptical sphere;
- ⁇ Shielding cavitation that covers cloud cavitation with semi-elliptical sphere.
- FIG. 17A Detection of emitted sound pressure at the occurrence of cavitation at each frequency of 1.7 [MHz].
- FIG. 17B Detection of emitted sound pressure when cavitation occurs at each frequency of 2.8 [MHz].
- FIG. 17C Detection of emitted sound pressure when cavitation occurs at each frequency of 3.9 [MHz].
- FIG. 19 Example of monitoring the dynamics of cavitation using sound pressure waveform-1: Indicates the amplitude of the time-averaged waveform.
- A No signal is detected in the low sound pressure range.
- B In the medium sound pressure range, the amplitude of the time-average waveform takes a stable amplitude because the signal has the same amplitude and phase.
- C In the high sound pressure range, the magnitude of the pressure amplitude is reduced by canceling the irregular component.
- ⁇ 21 Indicates detection of collapse pressure in the low-frequency phase (upper row: raw waveform of received sound pressure, lower row: waveform after removal of low-frequency (555 [kHz]) component).
- high-frequency ultrasonic waves have a medium sound pressure range of 9.5 [MPa] (maximum negative pressure), which is a condition for generating a stable shape and size of a semi-elliptical spherical cloud cavity.
- FIG. 22 shows the relationship between the cavitation bubbles generated in the high frequency phase and the collapse pressure in the low frequency phase.
- FIG. 23 shows an example of a database of collapse pressure with respect to the ultrasonic pressure amplitude of high frequency and low frequency.
- FIG. 24A shows the experimental results for the high frequency and low frequency amplitudes.
- FIG. 24B shows a pressure-sensitive sheet experiment.
- Figure 24B shows the luminance in the case of low frequency 26.6 [MPa]. It is a cross section of the distribution.
- FIG. 26A Cloud cavities of semi-elliptical spheres with stable size 'shapes created by focused ultrasound at various frequencies (1.67, 2.75, 3.27, 3.82 MHz).
- FIG. 26B is a plot of the representative length of a cloud cavitation as shown in FIG. 26A versus frequency.
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Abstract
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| JP7723943B2 (ja) | 2020-07-20 | 2025-08-15 | ウニベルシタット・ポリテクニカ・デ・バレンシア | 音響渦ビームによる固形物の制御された破砕のためのシステム |
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| WO2024111768A1 (ko) * | 2022-11-25 | 2024-05-30 | 알피니언메디칼시스템 주식회사 | 캐비테이션 버블 제어를 위한 초음파 신호 발생 방법 및 이를 적용한 초음파 치료 장치 |
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