PE20001142A1 - Procedimiento y catalizadores para el enriquecimiento de hidrocarburos con un punto de ebullicion dentro del regimen de la nafta - Google Patents
Procedimiento y catalizadores para el enriquecimiento de hidrocarburos con un punto de ebullicion dentro del regimen de la naftaInfo
- Publication number
- PE20001142A1 PE20001142A1 PE1999000810A PE00081099A PE20001142A1 PE 20001142 A1 PE20001142 A1 PE 20001142A1 PE 1999000810 A PE1999000810 A PE 1999000810A PE 00081099 A PE00081099 A PE 00081099A PE 20001142 A1 PE20001142 A1 PE 20001142A1
- Authority
- PE
- Peru
- Prior art keywords
- metal
- group
- aqueous solution
- catalyst
- soluble salt
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title abstract 5
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 title abstract 2
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 title abstract 2
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 title abstract 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 abstract 5
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 abstract 4
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 2
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 2
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 abstract 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 2
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 abstract 2
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 abstract 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 2
- 235000011007 phosphoric acid Nutrition 0.000 abstract 2
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000003009 desulfurizing effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000006317 isomerization reaction Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 abstract 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G35/00—Reforming naphtha
- C10G35/04—Catalytic reforming
- C10G35/06—Catalytic reforming characterised by the catalyst used
- C10G35/095—Catalytic reforming characterised by the catalyst used containing crystalline alumino-silicates, e.g. molecular sieves
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J27/00—Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
- B01J27/14—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof
- B01J27/186—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof with arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
- B01J27/188—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof with arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium with chromium, molybdenum, tungsten or polonium
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
- B01J29/04—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves having base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites
- B01J29/06—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof
- B01J29/65—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of the ferrierite type, e.g. types ZSM-21, ZSM-35 or ZSM-38, as exemplified by patent documents US4046859, US4016245 and US4046859, respectively
- B01J29/66—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of the ferrierite type, e.g. types ZSM-21, ZSM-35 or ZSM-38, as exemplified by patent documents US4046859, US4016245 and US4046859, respectively containing iron group metals, noble metals or copper
- B01J29/68—Iron group metals or copper
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
- B01J29/04—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves having base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites
- B01J29/06—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof
- B01J29/65—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of the ferrierite type, e.g. types ZSM-21, ZSM-35 or ZSM-38, as exemplified by patent documents US4046859, US4016245 and US4046859, respectively
- B01J29/69—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of the ferrierite type, e.g. types ZSM-21, ZSM-35 or ZSM-38, as exemplified by patent documents US4046859, US4016245 and US4046859, respectively containing arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G45/00—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds
- C10G45/02—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds to eliminate hetero atoms without changing the skeleton of the hydrocarbon involved and without cracking into lower boiling hydrocarbons; Hydrofinishing
- C10G45/04—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds to eliminate hetero atoms without changing the skeleton of the hydrocarbon involved and without cracking into lower boiling hydrocarbons; Hydrofinishing characterised by the catalyst used
- C10G45/12—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds to eliminate hetero atoms without changing the skeleton of the hydrocarbon involved and without cracking into lower boiling hydrocarbons; Hydrofinishing characterised by the catalyst used containing crystalline alumino-silicates, e.g. molecular sieves
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G45/00—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds
- C10G45/58—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds to change the structural skeleton of some of the hydrocarbon content without cracking the other hydrocarbons present, e.g. lowering pour point; Selective hydrocracking of normal paraffins
- C10G45/60—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds to change the structural skeleton of some of the hydrocarbon content without cracking the other hydrocarbons present, e.g. lowering pour point; Selective hydrocracking of normal paraffins characterised by the catalyst used
- C10G45/64—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds to change the structural skeleton of some of the hydrocarbon content without cracking the other hydrocarbons present, e.g. lowering pour point; Selective hydrocracking of normal paraffins characterised by the catalyst used containing crystalline alumino-silicates, e.g. molecular sieves
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Catalysts (AREA)
- Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)
- Low-Molecular Organic Synthesis Reactions Using Catalysts (AREA)
Abstract
EL CUAL COMPRENDE DESULFURIZAR HIDROCARBUROS CON UN PUNTO DE EBULLICION DENTRO DEL ORDEN DE 35°C A 250°C, CONTENIENDO OLEFINAS Y MAS DE 150 ppm DE AZUFRE, CON POSIBLE ISOMERIZACION ELEMENTAL DE OLEFINAS, USANDO UN CATALIZADOR QUE COMPRENDE UN METAL DEL GRUPO VIII, UNO DEL GRUPO VI, UN OXIDO METALICO COMO PORTADOR Y UN COMPONENTE A QUE PUEDE SER: a) DE 5% A 30% EN PESO, RESPECTO AL PESO TOTAL DEL CATALIZADOR, DE ZEOLITA; b) DE 0,1% A 10% POR PESO, RESPECTO AL PESO TOTAL DEL CATALIZADOR, DE FOSFORO; Y c) MEZCLA DE ESTOS. EL CATALIZADOR SE OBTIENE MEDIANTE IMPREGNACION DEL PORTADOR DE OXIDO METALICO CON UNA SOLUCION ACUOSA DE H3PO4, SEGUIDO POR IMPREGNACION CON UNA SOLUCION ACUOSA DEL METAL DEL GRUPO VIII Y UNA SOLUCION ACUOSA DEL METAL DEL GRUPO VI, O BIEN ES OBTENIDO POR SECADO Y CALCINACION DE UN GEL OBTENIDO MEZCLANDO UNA DISPERSION DE ALCOHOL CONTENIENDO UNA SAL SOLUBLE DEL METAL DEL GRUPO VIII Y UNA FUENTE ORGANICA DE ALUMINIO CON UNA SOLUCION ACUOSA CONTENIENDO UNA SAL SOLUBLE DEL METAL DEL GRUPO VI Y H3PO4, O BIEN ES OBTENIDO POR IMPREGNACION CON UNA SOLUCION ACUOSA DE H3PO4 DE UN GEL, SECADO Y CALCINADO, OBTENIDO MEZCLANDO UNA DISPERSION DE ALCOHOL CONTENIENDO UNA SAL SOLUBLE DEL METAL DEL GRUPO VIII Y UNA FUENTE ORGANICA DE ALUMINIO CON UNA SOLUCION ACUOSA CONTENIENDO UNA SAL SOLUBLE DEL METAL DEL GRUPO VI
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP98202744A EP0980908A1 (en) | 1998-08-15 | 1998-08-15 | Process and catalysts for upgrading of hydrocarbons boiling in the naphtha range |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| PE20001142A1 true PE20001142A1 (es) | 2000-10-26 |
Family
ID=8234042
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PE1999000810A PE20001142A1 (es) | 1998-08-15 | 1999-08-11 | Procedimiento y catalizadores para el enriquecimiento de hidrocarburos con un punto de ebullicion dentro del regimen de la nafta |
Country Status (16)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (2) | US6746598B1 (es) |
| EP (1) | EP0980908A1 (es) |
| JP (1) | JP2002522625A (es) |
| KR (1) | KR20010099621A (es) |
| CN (1) | CN1318095A (es) |
| AR (1) | AR020178A1 (es) |
| AU (1) | AU761053B2 (es) |
| BR (1) | BR9914613A (es) |
| CA (1) | CA2340707A1 (es) |
| CZ (1) | CZ2001582A3 (es) |
| HU (1) | HUP0103220A3 (es) |
| NO (1) | NO20010748L (es) |
| PE (1) | PE20001142A1 (es) |
| PL (1) | PL346129A1 (es) |
| WO (1) | WO2000009632A1 (es) |
| ZA (1) | ZA200101147B (es) |
Families Citing this family (14)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KR100419288B1 (ko) * | 2001-06-22 | 2004-02-19 | 인천정유 주식회사 | 경질유의 탈방향족화용 촉매의 제조방법 |
| FR2840315B1 (fr) * | 2002-06-03 | 2004-08-20 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | Procede d'hydrodesulfuration de coupes contenant des composes soufres et des olefines en presence d'un catalyseur supporte comprenant des metaux des groupes viii et vib |
| EP1403358A1 (en) * | 2002-09-27 | 2004-03-31 | ENI S.p.A. | Process and catalysts for deep desulphurization of fuels |
| US7141529B2 (en) * | 2003-03-21 | 2006-11-28 | Chevron U.S.A. Inc. | Metal loaded microporous material for hydrocarbon isomerization processes |
| US7288181B2 (en) * | 2003-08-01 | 2007-10-30 | Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Company | Producing low sulfur naphtha products through improved olefin isomerization |
| US20050023191A1 (en) * | 2003-08-01 | 2005-02-03 | Shih Stuart S. | Process to manufacture low sulfur fuels |
| US7763164B1 (en) * | 2006-05-04 | 2010-07-27 | Marathon Petroleum Company Llc | Gasoline sulfur reduction in FCCU cracking |
| CN101357338B (zh) * | 2007-07-30 | 2011-11-30 | 南京大学 | 一种用于FCC石脑油中烯烃骨架异构的Co/Co-MCM-41催化剂 |
| US8263517B2 (en) * | 2007-12-28 | 2012-09-11 | Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Company | Hydroprocessing catalysts with low surface area binders |
| FR2998488B1 (fr) | 2012-11-29 | 2015-02-06 | Ifp Energies Now | Catalyseur d hydrotraitement a partir d alumine gel et methode de preparation d un tel catalyseur |
| CN106622314B (zh) * | 2016-12-15 | 2020-01-07 | 中国海洋石油集团有限公司 | 一种高活性加氢精制催化剂及其制备方法 |
| CN106582738B (zh) * | 2016-12-15 | 2020-01-03 | 中国海洋石油集团有限公司 | 一种加氢精制催化剂及其制备方法 |
| CN108587673B (zh) * | 2018-04-23 | 2020-12-01 | 安徽理工大学 | 一种球磨预处理微晶纤维素热解制备生物油的方法 |
| FR3116826B1 (fr) | 2020-11-27 | 2023-11-03 | Ifp Energies Now | Procede d’hydrodesulfuration mettant en œuvre un catalyseur comprenant un support d’alumine flash |
Family Cites Families (21)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NL126095C (es) | 1959-07-13 | 1900-01-01 | ||
| GB917091A (en) | 1960-09-09 | 1963-01-30 | Shell Int Research | Improvements in or relating to the catalytic isomerization of hydrocarbons |
| FR2457317A1 (fr) | 1979-05-21 | 1980-12-19 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | Procede et catalyseurs de desulfuration selective de coupes olefiniques |
| JPH0631333B2 (ja) * | 1984-11-22 | 1994-04-27 | 重質油対策技術研究組合 | 炭化水素類の水素化分解方法 |
| US4808560A (en) * | 1985-05-13 | 1989-02-28 | Mobil Oil Corporation | Catalyst for simultaneous desulfurization and dewaxing of residua |
| US4629717A (en) * | 1985-06-11 | 1986-12-16 | Uop Inc. | Phosphorus-modified alumina composite, method of manufacture and use thereof |
| US4628717A (en) | 1985-10-03 | 1986-12-16 | Blum Alvin S | Protective key holder |
| US5043520A (en) * | 1989-12-21 | 1991-08-27 | Shell Oil Company | Concurrent isomerization and disproportionation of olefins |
| EP0448117B1 (en) * | 1990-03-23 | 1994-09-28 | Cosmo Research Institute | Process for producing a catalyst composition for hydrodesulphurization of hydrocarbon oil. |
| JP2547115B2 (ja) * | 1990-03-30 | 1996-10-23 | 財団法人石油産業活性化センター | 炭化水素油用水素化処理触媒組成物ならびにそれを用いる水素化処理方法 |
| US5411658A (en) * | 1991-08-15 | 1995-05-02 | Mobil Oil Corporation | Gasoline upgrading process |
| JP3272384B2 (ja) | 1991-10-24 | 2002-04-08 | 財団法人石油産業活性化センター | 触媒組成物及びその製造方法ならびに該触媒組成物を用いる含硫炭化水素の水素化脱硫方法 |
| AU658937B2 (en) * | 1991-11-19 | 1995-05-04 | Mobil Oil Corporation | Hydrocarbon upgrading process |
| IT1252647B (it) | 1991-12-06 | 1995-06-20 | Eniricerche Spa | Catalizzatore estruso a base di gel di silice ed allumina e procedimento per la sua preparazione |
| US5482617A (en) * | 1993-03-08 | 1996-01-09 | Mobil Oil Corporation | Desulfurization of hydrocarbon streams |
| DE69424398T2 (de) * | 1993-12-30 | 2000-10-19 | Cosmo Oil Co. Ltd., Tokio/Tokyo | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Hydroentschwefelungskatalysator |
| US5576256A (en) * | 1994-05-23 | 1996-11-19 | Intevep, S.A. | Hydroprocessing scheme for production of premium isomerized light gasoline |
| US5871635A (en) * | 1995-05-09 | 1999-02-16 | Exxon Research And Engineering Company | Hydroprocessing of petroleum fractions with a dual catalyst system |
| US6582590B1 (en) * | 1997-07-15 | 2003-06-24 | Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Company | Multistage hydroprocessing using bulk multimetallic catalyst |
| IT1295300B1 (it) | 1997-10-09 | 1999-05-04 | Agip Petroli | Procedimento per l'idroisomerizzazione di n-paraffine a catena lunga e catalizzatore adatto allo scopo |
| IT1304792B1 (it) * | 1998-12-22 | 2001-03-29 | Agip Petroli | Composizione catalitica per l'upgrading di idrocarburi aventi puntidi ebollizione nell'intervallo della nafta. |
-
1998
- 1998-08-15 EP EP98202744A patent/EP0980908A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
1999
- 1999-08-03 US US09/744,978 patent/US6746598B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-08-03 WO PCT/EP1999/005577 patent/WO2000009632A1/en not_active Ceased
- 1999-08-03 CA CA002340707A patent/CA2340707A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1999-08-03 CN CN99810912A patent/CN1318095A/zh active Pending
- 1999-08-03 BR BR9914613-4A patent/BR9914613A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-08-03 CZ CZ2001582A patent/CZ2001582A3/cs unknown
- 1999-08-03 KR KR1020017001944A patent/KR20010099621A/ko not_active Withdrawn
- 1999-08-03 PL PL99346129A patent/PL346129A1/xx unknown
- 1999-08-03 JP JP2000565069A patent/JP2002522625A/ja active Pending
- 1999-08-03 HU HU0103220A patent/HUP0103220A3/hu unknown
- 1999-08-03 AU AU54182/99A patent/AU761053B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1999-08-11 PE PE1999000810A patent/PE20001142A1/es not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1999-08-12 AR ARP990104045A patent/AR020178A1/es not_active Application Discontinuation
-
2001
- 2001-02-09 ZA ZA200101147A patent/ZA200101147B/en unknown
- 2001-02-14 NO NO20010748A patent/NO20010748L/no unknown
-
2004
- 2004-04-07 US US10/819,211 patent/US7196029B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN1318095A (zh) | 2001-10-17 |
| CA2340707A1 (en) | 2000-02-24 |
| JP2002522625A (ja) | 2002-07-23 |
| PL346129A1 (en) | 2002-01-28 |
| AU5418299A (en) | 2000-03-06 |
| AU761053B2 (en) | 2003-05-29 |
| NO20010748D0 (no) | 2001-02-14 |
| KR20010099621A (ko) | 2001-11-09 |
| US7196029B2 (en) | 2007-03-27 |
| CZ2001582A3 (cs) | 2002-01-16 |
| BR9914613A (pt) | 2001-07-03 |
| ZA200101147B (en) | 2001-08-14 |
| NO20010748L (no) | 2001-04-11 |
| HUP0103220A2 (hu) | 2001-12-28 |
| WO2000009632A1 (en) | 2000-02-24 |
| EP0980908A1 (en) | 2000-02-23 |
| AR020178A1 (es) | 2002-05-02 |
| US6746598B1 (en) | 2004-06-08 |
| HUP0103220A3 (en) | 2003-04-28 |
| US20040192540A1 (en) | 2004-09-30 |
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